Interpersonal Metafunction

Section 2 Mohd Muttaqin Bin Awang Senik 1029509 Muhammad Nazrin Arramadan Bin Mohamad Nabori 1028721 Muhammad Asyraf Bin Md. Nor 1021835 Muhammad Nazif Aimaan Bin Othman

 From this chapter we will: -Explore how the clause is structured to enable us to express interpersonal meaning. -Establish a relationship between the semantic organization of interaction and grammatical differences in the mood structures of clauses. -Identify the functional constituents and their configurations in clauses of different Mood types -Look at the role of modality (modalization and modulation) in interaction

Interpersonal Meaning and The Structure of Dialogue

Through engaging in sustained dialogue, we can establish and develop the social roles we are playing with other people. Establishing social identities is done through talk. The general function of a dialogue is the means language gives us for expressing interpersonal meaning about roles and attitudes.

Cont
Taking part in a dialogue means we are being able : to negotiate the exchange of interpersonal meanings : to realize social relationships with other language users. Being able to describe the structure of clauses to enable dialogue should allow us to uncover and explain how interpersonal meanings are being realized in interactive texts.

Semantics of Interaction: Commodity Exchanged

Speech role Giving Information Statement Goods and services Offer

Demanding

Question

Command

Halliday refers these four basic move types as speech functions. Then, there is also a choice between initiating and responding moves.

Speech functions pair (initiations and responses)

Initiating speech function Supporting Offer Command Statement Question Acceptance (may be non-verbal) Compliance (may be non-verbal) Acknowledgement Answer Responding speech function

Confronting Rejection Refusal Contradiction Disclaimer

Speech functions and typical mood of clause

Speech function Statement Typical mood in clause Declarative Mood

Question
Command Offer Answer

Interrogative Mood
Imperative Mood Modulated interrogative Mood Elliptical declarative Mood

Acknowledgement
Accept Compliance

Elliptical declarative Mood

Minor clause Minor clause

Questions can also be expressed by modulated declaratives Statements can also be expressed by tagged declaratives

Summary of Dialogue
Speech function Typical clause Mood Non-typical clause Mood

Command

Imperative

Modulated interrogative declarative

Imperative declarative

Offer

Modulated interrogative

Statement

Declarative

Tagged declarative

Question

Interrogative

Modulated interrogative

Exchanging Information: The Grammatical Structure of Propositions

MOOD, RESIDUE and TAG - A MOOD element functions to carry the argument - A RESIDUE element can be left out or ellipsed. - A TAG is what you can put at the end of any declarative to turn it into a question.

Constituents of the MOOD

MOOD = SUBJECT + FINITE SUBJECT -Definition: it realizes the thing by reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied. -Identification: can be achieved by the TAG test or changing the verb from singular to plural.

 FINITE -Definition: Halliday defines Finite in terms of its function in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it. -Identification: can be identify by TAG test also.

Finite Verbal Operator

Temporal Finite Verbal Operators -reference to time (past, present and future) -polarity (negative and positive) Finite Modal Operators -reference to modality (e.g. : must, would) -polarity (negative and positive)

Constituents of The RESIDUE

PREDICATOR the lexical or content part of the verbal group. -e.g. Predicators functions: -adds time secondary tense -specifies aspects and phases -specifies the voice of the clause (passive and active)

 Tests to determine whether a particular verb + adverb/preposition is a phrasal verb or whether there is a Predicator followed by a separate circumstantial Adjunct: - Movability - Substitution - The adverbial component of a phrasal verb can be moved to the end of the clause.

 COMPLEMENT - A non-essential participant in the clause, somehow effected by the main argument of the proposition. -has the potential of being a SUBJECT but is not.

Type Experiential Interpersonal (modal)

Sub-type Circumstantial Mood

Meanings Time, manner, location, etc. Intensity, probability, usuality, presumption Negative or positive Speakers assessment of whole message Nominating next speaker Logical linking of message

Class of item Prepositional phrase, adverb Adverb

Location in analysis In RESIDUE In MOOD

Polarity Comment

YES/NO (elliptical) Adverb, prepositional phrase Name Conjunction

In MOOD Not in MOOD or RESIDUE Not in MOOD or RESIDUE Not in MOOD or RESIDUE

Vocative Textual Conjunctive

Continuity

Message coming

Minor clause Adverbs (yeah/nah)

Not in mood or RESIDUE

Polar Interrogatives
The structure of the polar interrogative involves the positioning of the FINITE before the SUBJECT. For fused Finite/Predicator, we need to introduce a Finite element (the do auxillary verb). Verb to be clause structure: - Finite + Subject + Complement Verb to have clause structure: - Finite + Subject + Predicator + Complement (does must go with have, and has must go with got)

WH- Interrogatives
Need to recognize the presence of a WH element. WH-elements are conflated with: - Subject (who) - part of MOOD - Complement (what) - part of RESIDUE - Circumstantial Adjuncts (when) - part of RESIDUE

Exclamatives
Also require the presence of a WH element, conflate with - Complement (what): part of RESIDUE - Attributive Complement (how): part of RESIDUE - Adjunct (circumstantial): part of RESIDUE The typical response to this is polarity of agreement or disagreement, involving ellipsis of all but the polarity Adjunct. Ellipsis may leave the Subject, a Mood Adjunct, and the Finite and replaced by a minor clause.

Modality: (1)Modalization
Modalization involves the expressions of two kinds of meanings: - Probability - likelihood or probability - Usuality - frequency Can be present in the clause in three ways: - Through the choice of a finite modal operator - Through the use of Mood Adjuncts of probability, certainty, etc. - Through both together: a modal Finite and a Mood Adjunct.

Grammatical Metaphor: Metaphors of Modality LOW: I reckon, I guess MEDIAN: I think, I suppose HIGH: Im sure - All above are technically complete clauses with their own MOOD and RESIDUE. Use of modality does not make a clause looked certain but less certain actually.

Exchanging Goods and Services: The Grammar of Proposal

i. Demanding goods and services: the structure of imperatives. An imperative consisting of: > a MOOD element of Finite + Subject > a MOOD element of Finite only (no Subject) > a MOOD element of subject only (no Finite) > only a RESIDUE (no MOOD element at all)

ii. Giving good and services: the grammar of offer. Modulation expressed in the Finite: will or shall expresses a meaning of willingness. Modulation expressed in the Predicator: verb of liking or desiring where the Finite expresses a meaning of modalization (e.g. would) Modulation in a complex Predicator: involving a verb such as like, need followed by a second verb in infinitive form.

Modality: (2) Modulation

The second dimension of modality, complementing modalization in propositions. First, modulation may be expressed in the Finite as a modulated verbal operator. Second, meanings of inclination may be expressed subjectively, by making the speakers inclination an adjectival element, which is then followed by an infinitive clause.

 Two situations where it is difficult to decide whether what is being exchanged is information or good and services are: - when you are talking to someone about the behaviour of a third person. - the second situation in which the distinction is not to clear-cut is when we use modulation to demand direction, advice or permission.