SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE

HET 560 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS AND CONTROL LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION (SEMESTER 1, 2012)

PREPARED BY: TRISTA YUDHITIA BINTORO (4204751)

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

I.

OBJECTIVES
1) To compute short circuit currents when a fault occurs in power systems 2) To compute the normal load current to calculate the rated continuous current. 3) To select suitable circuit breakers

II.

INTRODUCTION
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines a circuit breaker as: A

mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions. Also capable of making and carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions, such as those of a short circuit. The standard circuit breaker are based on symmetrical interrupting current and usually is calculated by considering the symmetrical fault current at the system location and the symmetrical interrupting current is chosen equal or above the calculated current. If X/R ratio at the system located is less than 15, the breakers are capable of interrupting the dc offset in addition to the sub-transient fault current. If X/R is greater than 15, the dc offset may not decay to a sufficiently low value. And it X/R is unknown, the calculated fault current should not be greater than 80% of the breaker interrupting capability. To calculate the circuit breaker rating in generator, we need to consider the subtransient fault current and hence the sub-transient machine reactance is used depending on circuit breaker. In this experiment, the circuit breaker will be selected based on following ratings: Rated maximum voltage, rated continuous current and rated short circuit current.

III.

EQUIPMENTS

a) PowerWorld Simulator

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

1|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

IV.

PRELIMINARIES

Figure 1. single line diagram

Length 2 = 50km The positive sequence reactance data per unit value: Zbase =(V baseL-L)2/S base 3p = (230)2 / 1x105 = 529 ohm Ybase = 1/ Zbase = 0.00189 S Z1= 0.008+j0.5/km; Z0 = 0.2+j1.5/km; Y1 = j3.3x10-6 S/km
LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION 2|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

Impedance Z1 = Z1*L1 = Z2 = Z1*L2= Z3 = Z1*L3= Z4= Z1*L4= Z5 = Z1*L5= 4+j25 3.2+j20 4+j25

Per unit 1.2+j7.5 Z1,Zbase = Z2/Zbase = Z3/Zbase = Z5/Zbase = 0.0023+j0.0142 p.u 0.00756+j0.047 p.u 0.006+j0.0378 p.u 0.0023+j0.0142 p.u 0.00756+j0.047 p.u

1.2+j7.4 Z4/Zbase =

Admittance Y1 = Y1*L1 = Y2 = Y1*L2 = Y3 = Y1*L3 = Y4 = Y1*L4 = Y5 = Y1*L5 = XT1 = 0.1 XT2 = 0.05 j0.000165 j0.000132 j0.000165

Per unit j0.0000495 Y1/Ybase = Y2/Ybase = Y3/Ybase = Y5/Ybase = j0.0262 p.u j0.087 p.u j0.0698 p.u j0.0262 p.u j0.087 p.u

j0.0000495 Y4/Ybase =

XG1-1 = 0.12 pu, XG1-2 = 0.14 pu, XG1-0 = 0.05 pu, P = 80 MW, Q=60 MVAR XG2-1 = 0.06 pu, XG2-1 = 0.07 pu, XG2-0 MVAR = 0.025 pu, P = 180 MW, Q=80

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

3|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

XTH,3

= j(0.12+0.1+0.0142)//j(0.047+0.02469+0.05+0.06) = j0.1023 = 0.1023<90

assuming Vf = 1

= = 9.77 < 90 pu,.

Ibase =

3 3

Ibase =

100 1000 3 230

= 251.022A

Ifault at 3_1 = 2453.78 Circuit breaker selection for bus 3 Given that we have now calculated out fault current, we need to examine what rating to determine the value of circuit breaker. The maximum operating voltage, the X/R ratio, the rated continuous current and soon. -The first consideration is we know that the operating voltage maximum is 230kV -The standard circuit breaker are based on symmetrical interrupting current and usually is calculated by considering the symmetrical fault current at the system location and the symmetrical interrupting current is chosen equal or above the calculated current. Then the symmetrical interrupting current equal to 2.45kA or above -As Normal load current =
00 1000 3 230

= 1004.9 A,

Hence, 30 % of Normal load current + Normal load current = (1004.9 30 100) + 1004.9 = 1.305kA Examining the lines at bus 3, the rating is 400 MVA, therefore the CB needs to be able to carry a continuous current of 1.305kA The breaker was compared and chosen from Table 7.10 in the book by Glover & Sarma and therefore, a 230 kV CB is selected with a continuous rating of 1600A and a breaking rating of 31.5kA

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

4|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

V.

PROCEDURES

1. PowerWorld Simulator was run and figure 1 was drawn. 2. Positive sequence reactance data per unit was stored and simulated. 3. Fault Analysis was run to find the fault current at bus 3 as stated in preliminary. The result was compared. 4. The maximum operating voltage was determined based on the data in each location. 5. A normal load current was computed following the step: Edit Mode->solve Right click the the desired transmission line or transformer -> Add New Field Around Line/Xfmr -> choose any Pos (Pos 1, Pos 2, ..Pos 4 )-> on the Type of field, choose Amp. Flow -> OK. The normal load current was then calculated into the rated continuous current for at least 30% larger. 6. The fault current on each location was computed by following these steps: 6.1 Run Mode->Simulate->solve and animate->stop simulation/animation. (To see the power flow) 6.2 Tool-> Fault Analysis-> choose which line that is needed to computed >Fault Type-> Single Phase to ground->Data Type Shown->Amp. Repeat again by using fault type->3 phase balanced. 6.3 The highest values of fault currents bus to bus (i.e bus 3 and bus 4) were computed and taken as consideration for maximum short circuit current at any type of fault. 7. The data from PowerWorld Simulator was then compared with table 7.10 from textbook Power System and Analysis by Glover & Sarma. 8. Circuit breaker was chosen based on these 3 following citeria: Rated voltage was larger than maximum operating voltage Rated continuous current was at least 30% larger than the normal load current. Rated short circuit was larger than the maximum fault current for any type of fault types. X/R value was assumed to be less than 15 The cost was taken into account when choosing the circuit breaker

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

5|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

VI.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

PowerWorld Simulator was run and the transmission line, transformer, and machine was created as shown in figure 2. The data were computed based on the preliminary result.

Figure 2. PowerWorld Simulator single line diagram

The system was tested for a bolted three-phase to ground short circuit at bus 3 to confirm the preliminary, and results were obtained as shown below in figure 3. The fault current is 1615.03A or 6.34pu.

Figure 3. PowerWorld Simulator single line diagram- 3 phase to ground fault at bus 3

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

6|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION The circuit breaker must have the rated continuous current is 30% larger than the normal load current. To find the normal load current, PowerWorld Simulator was run by following the IV.PROCEDURE : step 5 and given the result in figure 4. The normal load current in each bus to bus is shown in table 1.

Figure 4. normal load current in single line diagram

Bus to Bus 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 4-6 5-6 6-7

Normal Load Current (Amp) 5371.06 179.53 122.71 90.99 239.34 140.92 531.9

Rated continuous current (30% of normal load current)(Amp) 6982.378 233.389 159.523 118.287 311.142 183.196 691.47

Table 1. Normal load current and the rated continuous current for each bus

The fault current was observed by using fault analysis menu from PowerWorld Simulator (refer to IV.Procedure step 6). The circuit breaker must have a rated short circuit current larger than maximum fault current for any type of fault at the bust where the breaker is
LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION 7|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

located. Short circuit current for all fault types (single-line to ground, line to line, 3 phase balanced, double line to ground) in figure 5-figure 8.

Figure 5. Single line to ground fault current at bus 1

Figure 6. Line to line fault current at bus 1

Figure 7. 3 phase balanced fault current at bus 1

Figure 8. double line to ground fault current at bus 1

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

8|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

The simulation was performed and the result obtained in each bus for each case is shown in table 2.
Fault types and fault current FAULT BUS
Single lineto-ground Fault (Amps) Line-toline Fault (Amps) Balanced three-phase Fault (Amps) Double lineto-ground Fault (Amps)

Highest fault current (kA)

45.1988

BUS 1

FAULT CURRENT

1550.850

16786.80

45198.8

1296.760

Fault Current-Lines (phase A) Bus 2-1 BUS 2 FAULT CURRENT 4361.19 84.024 12775.56 984.363 6692.23 1689.04 12962.1 59.587 21.52071

Fault Current-Lines (phase A) Bus 1-2 Bus 3-2 BUS 3 FAULT CURRENT 5537.36 120.6 83.68 10934.82 456.70 979.800 21520.71 511.85 1615.03 10966.64 464.37 58.076 1.61503

Fault Current-Lines (phase A) Bus 2-3 Bus 4-3 BUS 4 FAULT CURRENT 200.4 91.31 86.812 445.99 296.07 953.343 1206.41 529.75 1410.71 452.99 316.80 56.531 1.41071

Fault Current-Lines (phase A) Bus 3-4 Bus 5-4 Bus 6-4 BUS 5 FAULT CURRENT Bus 4-5 Bus 6-5 BUS 6 FAULT CURRENT Bus 5-6 Bus 7-6 BUS 7 FAULT CURRENT Bus 6-7 134.29 96.17 152.89 289.94 91.13 90.56 93.274 249.26 608.92 1787.95 588.97 275.55 125.50 156.37 921.312 123.38 251.65 933.364 251.47 562.5 12843.5 557.27 970.92 277.37 307.11 1308.63 591.72 753.18 1322.99 414.17 608.92 16343.3 591.15 294.92 144.71 173.38 57.267 141.75 356.94 59.13 256.46 573.85 1058.95 539.21 16.3433 1.32299 1.30863

Fault Current-Lines (phase A)

Fault Current-Lines (phase A)

Fault Current-Lines (phase A)

Table 2. Short circuit current fault

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

9|Pa ge

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

1. Circuit breaker selection for bus 1- bus 2 Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 1 to bus 2. There is one circuit breaker is placed on higher voltage side, which is 230kV. Hence, it can be concluded that the circuit breaker have the maximum operating system of 230kV. By refering to table 1 and table 2, we obtained the rated continuous current and the maximum fault current occurred on any type of faults value. Comparing the table 7.10 of textbook by Glover & Sarma, the suitable circuit breakers located at bus 1 and bus 2 are the one with the specifications table 3 below:
Nominal Voltage Class (Kv,rms) Rated Max Voltage (kV, rms) 230 242 Rated Voltage Range Factor (K) 1.0 Rated Values Rated Continuous 60Hz (Amp,rms) 3000 sec Related Required Capabilities Max Symmetrical Interrupting 3 Capability short-time Closing carrying capability (kA) 63 63
Table 3 circuit breaker rating

Rated short current (kA,rms) 63

Rated time(cycle)

Rated tripping delay (sec)

Interrupting permissible

Current at circuit

1 and 1.6K latching times

current capability

rated short circuit current 101

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

10 | P a g e

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

2. Circuit breaker selection for bus 2- bus 3 (line 2) Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 2 to bus 3 the maximum operating system in line 1 is 230kV From table 1, the rated continuous current is 233.389 A From table 3, the maximum fault current occurred at any type of fault is: 21.52kA

Hence, the suitable circuit breaker have the following ratings (table 4) and placed on each side of bus 2 and bus 3 lines.
Nominal Voltage Class (Kv,rms) Rated Max Voltage (kV, rms) 230 242 Rated Voltage Range Factor (K) 1.0 Rated Values Rated Continuous 60Hz (Amp,rms) 1600 sec Related Required Capabilities Max Symmetrical Interrupting 3 Capability short-time Closing carrying capability (kA) 31.5 31.5
Table 4 circuit breaker rating

Rated short current (kA,rms) 31.5

Rated time(cycle)

Rated tripping delay (sec)

Interrupting permissible

Current at circuit

1 and 1.6K latching times

current capability

rated short circuit current 50

3. Circuit breaker selection for bus 3- bus 4 (line 2) Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 4 to bus 3 the maximum operating system in line 1 is 230kV From table 1, the rated continuous current is 159.523 A From table 3, the maximum fault current occurred at any type of fault is: 1.615kA

Hence, the suitable circuit breakers have the same ratings with circuit breaker on bus2bus3 which is 230kV class circuit breaker. (more specification rating, refer to table 4). The circuit breaker is placed on each side of bus 3 and bus 4 lines.

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

11 | P a g e

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

4. Circuit breaker selection for bus 4- bus 5 (Line 3) Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 5 to bus 4. the maximum operating system in line 1 is 230kV From table 1, the rated continuous current is 118.287 A From table 3, the maximum fault current occurred at any type of fault is: 1.41kA

Hence, the suitable circuit breakers have the same ratings with circuit breaker on bus2-bus3 which is 230kV class circuit breaker with 1600 rated continuous current. (for more specification rating, refer to table 4). The circuit breaker is placed on each side of bus 4 and bus 5 lines. 5. Circuit breaker selection for bus 4- bus 6 (line 5) Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 6 to bus 4 the maximum operating system in line 1 is 230kV From table 1, the rated continuous current is 311.142 A From table 3, the maximum fault current occurred at any type of fault is: 1.41kA

Hence, the suitable circuit breakers have the same ratings with circuit breaker on bus2bus3 which is 230kV class circuit breaker. (for more specification rating, refer to table 4). The circuit breaker is placed on each side of bus 4 and bus 6 lines. 6. Circuit breaker selection for bus 5- bus 6 (line 4) Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 6 to bus 5 the maximum operating system in line 1 is 230kV From table 1, the rated continuous current is 183.196 A From table 3, the maximum fault current occurred at any type of fault is: 1.32kA

Hence, the suitable circuit breakers have the same ratings with circuit breaker on bus2bus3 which is 230kV class circuit breaker. (for more specification rating, refer to table 4). The circuit breaker is placed on each side of bus 5 and bus 6 lines.

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

12 | P a g e

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (SEM1,2012)

7. Circuit breaker selection for bus 6- bus 7 (Transformer 2) Based on single diagram on figure 2, the power flow is run from bus 7 to bus 6 and the circuit breaker is placed on higher voltage side which is 230kV. Hence, the maximum operating system in line 1 is 230kV From table 1, the rated continuous current is 697.47 A From table 3, the maximum fault current occurred at any type of fault is: 16.343kA

Hence, the suitable circuit breakers have the same ratings with circuit breaker on bus2bus3 which is 230kV class circuit breaker. (For more specification rating, refer to table 4). The circuit breaker is installed on the higher voltage side.

VII.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

From simulation results and preliminary calculations, analysis was made. The circuit breakers located on the transmission lines and transformer 2 have the same rating because of the same base and the maximum fault current is less than 31.5kA while the rated continuous current is less than 1600. The cost has been considered efficiently. However, for transformer 1, the circuit breaker has the bigger value due to the maximum fault current occurred. We have to use the circuit breaker that interrupts 63kA. However, in the real application, a lower rated (i.e 63kV is changed to 31.5Kv) one could be used if available to save more costs. All circuit breakers that were selected has the rated maximum voltage is greater than operating voltage, the rated continues current is 30% larger than normal load current and a rated short-circuit current larger than the maximum fault current for any type of fault at the bus where the breaker is located.

LAB 3 CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

13 | P a g e