CHAPTER 10 LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND TRIM

A ship floating at equal draught all along is said to be on an even keel, or to have zero trim. If the fraughts are not the same from bow to stern, the ship is floting with a trim. Deeper draughts aft than forward result in trim by the stern. If the draught forward exceeds the draught aft, the condition is called trim by the head or bu the bow. The measure of the amount of trim is simply the difference between the after and forward draughts.
ML

d w w W1 W F G1 B1 G B L L1

Figure 10.1. Two waterlines (or waterplanes) are shown on the ship in Figure 10.1; a trimmed waterline (W1L1) and the even keel waterline (WL) corresponding to the same displacement. They are shown intersecting at the centre of flotation of the even keel waterplane. The quantities shown in the figure are defined as follows Centre of Flotation (F): Geometric center of the ship's waterline plane. The ship trims about this point. May be forward or aft of the midships depending on the ship's hull shape at the waterline. Longitudinal Centre of Flotation (LCF) : Distance from the centre of flotation (F) to the midships. Used to distribute changes of trim between the fwd and aft draughts. Trim (t) : The difference between the forward and after draughts Parallel Rise/Sinkage (PR/PS): When weight is removed/added from/to a ship at LCF, the forward and aft drafts will change by the same amount. Change in Trim (CT): The sum total of the absolute values of the change in forward and after drafts. Trimming Arm (TA): The distance from the center of gravity of the weight to the LCF. If the weight is shifted, TA is the distance shifted.

Trimming Moment (TM): Moment about the LCF produced by weight additions, removals, or shifts (wd), where w is the amount of weight added, removed, or shifted. Moment to Trim One cm (MT1cm): The moment necessary to produce a change in trim (CT) of one cm. Found using the hydrostatic curves. Tons Per cm Immersion (TPcm): The number of tons added or removed necessary to produce a change in mean draft of one cm. TF : Draught forward TA : Draught aft TM : Mean draught at amidships. It is the average of TF and TA. TO : Draught at centre of flottion, also called the corresponding even keel draught. tF : Forward difference in draughts tA : Aft difference in draughts Trim angle ( ) : Trim could be specified by stating the angle of trim, the way heel is characterizaed by its angle. But the practical consequences or trim are associated with the draughts at the ends of the ship rather than with the angle of trim, so trim is defined as the difference in the draughts aft and forward. t = TF TA = t F + t A The angle of trim may be expressed as follows tan = tF tA t TO TM = = = L L L LCF + LCF LCF 2 2

LONGITUDINAL WEIGHT SHIFTS When a weight is shifted longitudinally (fore 'n' aft) the net effect on a ship is similar to a see-saw, one end goes up and the other goes down. The pivot of the "see-saw" is located at the Longitudinal Center of Flotation (LCF). To calculate the effect of shifting a weight longitudinally on the ships drafts, follow these steps: 1. Calculate the Trimming Moment (TM): 2. Calculate the Change in Trim (CT): 3. Calculate the change in forward draft (DdFWD): The + or - sign depends on the location of LCF. If LCF is aft of MP use "+" and if LCF is forward of MP use "-". 4. Calculate the change in aft draft (DdAFT):

NOTE: If the weight was shifted forward, DdFWD will be positive and DdAFT will be negative. If the weight was shifted aft, DdAFT will be positive and DdFWD will be negative. Example Problem The FOWK just completed a transfer of 6500 gallons of diesel fuel (diesel = 322 Gallons/LT). The fuel is now located 135 FT forward of its original position. Prior to transfer, the ships drafts were 169" fwd and 173" aft. Design Drag is 0. LBP is 450 FT, MT1"=825 FT-Tons/inch and LCF is 24 FT aft of MP. The CHENG wants to know the new drafts and trim. 1. Calculate weight of fuel transferred: 2. Calculate the trimming moment: 3. Calculate the change in trim: 4. Calculate the change in forward draft: 5. Calculate the change in aft draft: NOTE: Since the weight was shifted forward, the draft change at the bow is positive, and at the stern is negative. 6. Determine the new drafts and trim: Forward Aft Trim Original: 16'9.00" 17'3.00" 6.0" b/s Change: + 1.83" - 1.47" 3.3" b/b Final: 16'10.83" 17'1.53" 2.7" b/s

LONGITUDINAL WEIGHT ADDITIONS AND REMOVALS When weight is added or removed to/from a ship, the effects on longitudinal stability are evaluated as well. With the weight change, two things will happen: 1. The ship will sink or rise a few inches 2. The ship will trim about the Center of Flotation (LCF) The easiest way to calculate the draft changes due to a weight addition/removal not located at LCF is to divide the weight change into two steps. First, assume the weight is added at LCF: The added weight causes the entire ship to sink symmetrically in the water. This is called Parallel Sinkage. If the weight was removed, the ship would rise symmetrically out of the water, called Parallel Rise. To calculate the amount each draft changes due to parallel sinkage/parallel rise (PS/PR) use: Next, transfer the weight from LCF to it's actual location. Although the weight was never really added at LCF then shifted, the end mathematical result will be the same as when the weight was added directly to its actual location. This step of moving the weight to its actual location is identical to a weight shift problem. Again, to determine the change in the ships drafts due to trim:

1. Calculate the Trimming Moment (TM): 2. Calculate the Change in Trim (CT): 3. Calculate the change in forward draft (DdFWD): The + or - sign depends on the location of LCF. If LCF is aft of MP use "+" and if LCF is forward of MP use "-". 4. Calculate the change in aft draft (DdAFT): NOTE: If the weight was shifted forward, DdFWD will be positive and DdAFT will be negative. If the weight was shifted aft, DdAFT will be positive and DdFWD will be negative. The final step is to calculate the total change in draft forward and draft aft by considering both Parallel Rise/Sinkage and change in trim: Example Problem During VERTREP, all JP-5 in tanks 5-328-0-J and 5-344-0-J is transferred. The Liquid Loading Report shows 57 LT in these tanks prior to transfer. The center of gravity of the combined tanks is 146 FT aft of MP. The CHENG wants to know the new drafts and new trim of the ship. Design Drag is 16" by stern. LBP = 408FT MT1" = 775 FT-Ton/inch TPI = 32.4 LT/inch DraftFWD = 146" DraftAFT = 150" LCF = 24FT aft of MP

1. Calculate parallel rise (PR):

2. Determine the Trimming Arm (TA): 3. Calculate the Trimming Moment (TM): 4. Calculate the Change in Trim (CT): 5. Calculate the change in draft forward due to trim (DdFWD): 6. Calculate the change in draft aft due to trim (DdAFT): Since weight was removed aft, this is a forward trimming moment. The forward draft will increase and the stern draft will decrease. 7. Calculate the total change in draft forward (DDRAFTFWD): 8. Calculate the total change in draft aft (DDRAFTAFT): 9. Calculate the final drafts and ships trim: FWD Draft AFT Draft Trim Original: 14 6.00" 15 0.00" 10.00" by the bow Change: +3.25" -5.72" 8.97" by the bow New: 14 9.25" 14 6.28" 18.97" by the bow

EFFECT OF TRIM ON STABILITY The Draft Diagram & Functions of Form and Cross Curves of Stability are prepared for ships based on the design condition: No Trim. For most surface ships, so long as trim does not become excessive (more than 1% of the length) these curves are still applicable. RULES OF THUMB FOR TRIM

1. Maximum acceptable Trim is 1% LBP 2. Follow Liquid Loading Instructions 3. Watch for Hogging and Sagging Stresses

PLUNGING Definition: When the Trimming Moment exceeds the Longitudinal Righting Moment, and the ship sinks by the bow or the stern. Loss of ships by plunging occurs more often in the merchant or auxiliary type ship than in the combatant type, although some destroyers have been lost in this manner. Merchant ships have much larger compartments, and the flooding of these compartments at the bow or stern trims the ship heavily. TRIM CALCULATION SHEET It is often desirable to consider the effects of several weights at once when computing draft changes. The Trim Calculation Sheet is a tabular form used to calculate the net trimming moment created by several weight movements.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

1. In columns 1 and 2, describe the weight, tank number, flooded compartment, etc. and determine the weight (Long Tons) of each object. 2. Sum total the weights in column 2 to calculate the net weight addition or removal. 3. In column 3, determine the Trimming Arm (TA), the distance from the center of gravity of the weight to the ships LCF. 4. In either column 4 or 5, calculate the Trimming Moment by multiplying each weight by its Trimming Arm. A weight change causing the bow to sink lower in the water is a forward trimming moment, a weight change causing the stern to sink lower in the water is an aft trimming moment. 5. Sum total the forward trimming moments and aft trimming moments in columns 4 and 5. Take the difference between these totals as the NET Trimming Moment (will either be forward or aft based on the greater column total.) 6. Calculate Parallel Rise or Parallel Sinkage (PR/PS). Divide the net weight addition/removal by Tons per Inch Immersion (TPI, found using Draft Diagram and Functions of Form and ORIGINAL DISPLACEMENT.) 7. Calculate the Change in Trim (CT). Divide the net trimming moment by the Moment to Change Trim by 1" (MT1", found using Draft Diagram and Functions of Form and FINAL DISPLACEMENT.) 8. Calculate the change in draft forward due to trim (DdFWD) and change in draft aft due to trim (DdAFT) using the equations. If the net trimming moment was forward, DdFWD is positive and DdAFT is negative. If the net trimming moment is aft, DdAFT is positive and DdFWD is negative. 9. Fill in the box in the lower right corner by applying all changes to the original conditions.

Example Problem: USS STEPHEN W. GROVES (FFG 29) Original Drafts: Fwd: 15'0" Aft: 15'3" LBP = 408 FT 1. 200 LT is added 20 FT forward of MP

2. 20 LT is removed 80 FT forward of MP 3. 50 LT is removed 30 FT aft of MP 4. 40 LT is shifted forward 20 FT FIND: New drafts and new trim