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PUBLIC CITY
Places For People 18 January 3 March 2007 New London Architecture The Building Centre 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT
WWW.NEWLONDONARCHITECTURE.ORG

A PUBLIC CENTRE SHOWING WHATS HAPPENING NOW IN ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN LONDON WWW.NEWLONDONARCHITECTURE.ORG

Public City Maps Projects Index Credits Breakfast Talks Programme

2 10 16 76 78 79

Speakers Corner, Hyde Park

PUBLIC CITY

by Peter Murray, Exhibition Director, NLA The two most important tendencies in urban planning in Britain in the 20th century were the Garden City Movement led by Ebenezer Howard and the Modernist ideal promulgated by Le Corbusier through his vision of La Ville Radieuse. The first is typified by images of suburban homes, each with their own garden, facing onto tree-lined streets, the latter by tall residential towers set in rolling public parkland. In London these two conflicting concepts about the quality of life in urban environments are exemplified by Hampstead Garden Suburb on the one hand, and by LCC housing at Roehampton and the myriad of housing estates built in the 50s and 60s on the other. Both these ideals emerged from the revulsion against the overcrowded and unhygienic Victorian city and engendered a general abhorrence among planners for the sort of high density mixed use urban experience of city centres. They also had a major impact on perceptions of the role of public space in the city. In line with Ebenezer Howards ideas, the Greater London Plan of 1944 by Sir Patrick Abercrombie led to the post war exodus from London to the New Towns. It set out the current Green Belt arrangements and formulated a plan for a closely linked park system and a per capita increase of open space. We have Abercrombie to thank for the Lea Valley Regional Park, the less successful Burgess Park and the splendid Thames Walkway. He also suggested that London squares should be opened to full public access and that there should
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be more amenity gardens and squares in the city where sandwiches can be eaten or a lunch hour stroll can be taken. As far the provision of parks and green spaces was concerned, Abercrombies thinking was in line with that of Modernists like Ralph Tubbs who in 1942 in his book Living in Cities produced a plan for a network of parks that could be built on bomb damaged land as well as land compulsorily purchased by local authorities. As a result of this desire for clean, open environments, the denser central parts of cities throughout Britain were either comprehensively redeveloped or chopped around in a forlorn attempt to satisfy the demands of burgeoning motor car usage. Ring roads and flyovers chopped up communities. Pedestrians were treated as second class citizens and consigned to unappealing subways or bleak overhead walkways in an environment where the car was king. The nadir of this relationship was the publication of the Buchanan Report Traffic in Towns in 1963 which proposed extensive remodeling of cities to accommodate the car. Planners had become subservient to traffic engineers. Things began to change when in 1970 the Greater London Council (GLC) gave up on proposals for a motorway box around central London (a throw back to Abercrombie) in the face of the grass roots Homes before Roads campaign. The GLC was also defeated in its plans to drive a dual carriageway through Covent Garden; the councils volte-face and, latterly, its support of the restoration of the Market buildings up until its abolition in 1986, created an exemplar public space for London.

Broadgate Ice Rink

Brompton Cemetery

Brompton Cemetery

Riverwalk at Hammersmith

Meanwhile, the influence of Jane Jacobs book The Death and Life of Great American Cities helped people realise that successful communities were created not by grand architectural gestures but by intensive mixed use urban centres like Greenwich Village in New York, which she had helped save from redevelopment. Unfortunately, in the 70s and 80s the planning profession in Britain had somehow transmogrified from urban designers into development control officers a problem that has yet to be solved. Planning initiatives that started to change our attitudes to public space came from the private sector. The Broadgate development which began construction in 1985 in the City was the first of its type to focus its buildings around public open space; its wintertime skating rink borrowed from the Rockefeller Centre in New York, its layout designed around the movement patterns relating to the surrounding environment, its public art designed to create a real sense of place. In 1986 at the Royal Academy Richard Rogers showed his utopian project for a linear park along the Victoria Embankment. But London was being outclassed by other European cities. From 1962 the centre of Copenhagen was developed into a cohesive network of pedestrian streets. Since the 1970s Barcelona had been carrying out a programme of creating new public spaces so that every quarter had its own living room vital evidence of the democratization of Spain and the liberation of Catalunya. From 1989 Lyon has been working on a green plan for public spaces and a blue plan that deals with the citys relationship with the Rhne and the Sane rivers that run through it. During the 90s Strasburg carried out major urban improvements and a new tramline which
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prompted the development of a linear public space where conditions for pedestrians and cyclists were improved, surfaces enhanced and major squares renovated. A major policy change came with the Governments Urban Task Force under the chairmanship of Richard Rogers, which advocated a stronger policy towards the improvement of public space a view of the use of the city which owes much to the European tradition of the public city with spaces that can be enjoyed and experienced rather than the more pragmatic British view that piazzas are only appropriate for Mediterranean climates. The Task Force promoted the concept of denser more compact cities cities that demanded high quality shared spaces. Rogers appointment as the Mayor of Londons advisor on architecture has meant that he has been able to pursue these policies in the capital over recent years. As a result there has been a sea change in attitudes to public space. It meant there was a need to design real urban spaces, not just parks and gardens. In 2002 the Mayor pledged to create or upgrade 100 public spaces a plan that in central London would take advantage of the reduced traffic as a result of congestion charging. This programme was designed to demonstrate the difference improved public space can make, and the ways in which the highest quality designs can be secured without excessive expenditure. It was a strategy that borrowed much from Barcelona and was put on display at the NLA in September 2005. The response to the exhibition and the realization that many more than a hundred spaces were being created around London by Boroughs and by developers meant that, less than two years later,

Improvements at Hyde Park Corner have made it a popular pedestrian route

there was enough content and enthusiasm to justify another show on the subject of public space. Jan Gehl and Lars Gemzoe, the Danish architects and leaders in design thinking on city centres, have added momentum and intellectual rigour to the changing environment. Following a commission by Central London Partnership and TfL in 2004, Gehl published the report Public Space and Public Life which provided a devastating and detailed analysis of the way the city is used. The team is now working with the Grosvenor Estate to propose ways of improving public spaces in Mayfair and Belgravia. Gehl believes that London has to develop a better balance between traffic, pedestrians and cyclists, it has to improve conditions for walking and cycling, for resting and just passing time and it must upgrade the physical quality of the urban environment. But perhaps most importantly we need a shift of mindset towards a people-oriented city culture. London needs to shift from being a city that people simply pass through as part of a functional journey. It needs to become a series of more interactive spaces that offer opportunities for a wide range of activities to take place in each area. Gehl calls for more and better squares, more activities, more resting places. He wants railings removed from squares to reinforce their relationship with the city, to clean up the streetscape, enliven building facades and improve maintenance. All these ideas of course fit within the Mayors strategies for a sustainable city and his plans to make London one of the worlds most walking friendly city by 2015. The first stage of the Legible London programme, developed by Central London Partnership and TfL
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(who had jointly published A walking strategy for Central London in 2001), sets out a strategy for wayfinding and for encouraging walking. It proposes a range of improvements from street signs and maps through to digital journey planning technology. Legible London aims to make it easier to walk in and around the capital, for Londoners and visitors alike. The City of London has been carrying out a major series of public space enhancements under its Street Scene Challenge initiative, which was set up in 2003 to manage the appearance of streets, enhance the public realm and street level environment and facilitate the flow of both pedestrian and motor traffic around the City of London. These works have been part funded by the private developers who have been building in the City through Section 106 agreements the tax on developers when they receive planning permission. Section 106 is an essential element of any strategy for improvements to public space in the capital. Proposals by the GLAs Architecture and Urbanism Unit (now part of Design for London) for a Green Grid in East London brings to that part of the city the benefits of nearby parks that residents of central London have enjoyed for generations. It will create the sort of linkage and experience that makes a journey from Kensington Palace Gardens, through Hyde Park and Green Park to St Jamess Park such a delight; it also echoes the aspirations of Abercrombie. When we talk of public space it is easy to imagine fine parks and civilising squares, but too often streets the citys most ubiquitous public space are forgotten; where signage, barriers and obstructions seems to appear with little logic or aesthetic judgment. Our streets are too often an

Chewing gum at Baker Street

Underpass at Chiswick

Public space off Oxford Street

Recycling bins, Fulham

ad hoc assemblage of hardware erected by highway engineers to outdated concepts of speed and safety. This is thankfully about to change when the Governments Design Bulletin 32 will be superseded in March this year by the Manual for Streets which will provide guidance on effective street design. However, the increase in public space provision is of little value unless they are places that are safe perceptions of personal safety are a major and increasing problem in London today and unless people want to use them. Too much public space is badly maintained and badly used. Along with all the excellent proposals there must be a programme for maintenance; along with surface improvements there should be assurance from the utility companies that when they dig them up they will repair them with the same materials. Too often one comes across expensive new paviors that within weeks are dug up and the trench covered with untidy tarmac. Utility companies are required to give local authorities notice under the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 that they are about to dig up a road. The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea alone receives 12,000 such notices every year, so perhaps one can understand why they are not better policed. A better system must be found. In a survey carried out by CABE people were asked what they would like to change about the overall appearance of their local area. Top of the list was General Cleanliness. Perhaps the solution to what is seen as the greatest problem is in our own hands. There are few more depressing sights than the instant accretion of chewing gum on streets that have just been upgraded. Damage left unrepaired and rubbish that remains uncollected can quickly destroy the benefits of new spaces.

As Londoners we need to care more about spaces and take some ownership of streets and places. The experience of Business Improvement Districts in the States has had a dramatic effect on the public face of areas like Times Square in New York, and the New West End company is having some impact on the culture of Oxford Street, sending the message that spaces that work best are spaces that are loved and looked after. This exhibition and its range of projects illustrate the change that has occurred in thinking about the public city in the past decade. As well as the parks, planning is now concerned with the mechanism of dealing with the dense city cores, the vibrant streets and bringing pleasure to the day to day experience of the capital; it is the antithesis of T S Eliots commute as described in The Waste Land: And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.

Pavements coated with chewing gum reflect a cavalier attitude to our streets. General cleanliness was top of complaints about public space in a CABE survey

The County of London Open Space Plan

Forshaw and Abercrombie attempted to link green spaces across the capital in 1943.

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Londons Green Grid

Design for Londons map of green and open spaces showing the proposed East London Green Grid.

Ralph Tubbs Green Fingers

Proposals from Ralph Tubbs Living in Cities (1942) which included a network of parks created from bomb sites or through compulsory purchase.

East London Green Grid Metropolitan Open Land Green Belt Blue Ribbon Network TLRN Strategic walking routes Cycle routes

13 TLRN Open London Walking RoutesRoutes W routesalking Green/Open Space

Space Syntax map

Detail of Space Syntaxs map of London showing the intensity of use of streets. Red lines represent high spatial integration down to blue for lowest spatial integration.

The Mayors 2015 targets for walking

To increase the number of walking trips for under 2 miles by 10% on existing levels; To increase the average number of trips made on foot per person/per year by 10%; and To increase the level of Londons walkability both in terms of peoples perceptions and in actual measured terms against other world cities.

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69

70

71

72

73

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Index
100 Bishopsgate A1 / Highbury Corner A4 Green Corridor Acton Town Square Aldermanbury Square Aldgate Aldgate Subways Arena Square, Wembley Arena Arundel Square Bankside 123 Barking Town Square BECaD, Central Middlesex Hospital Bermondsey Square Bishop Square, Spitalfields Bloomsbury masterplan Borough Market Boundary Estate Playground Bow Bells Bow Church British Waterways Schemes Brixton Central Square Broadgate Public Spaces Broadway Theatre Brockwell Park Lido Brompton Estate Brown Hart Gardens Cardinal Place Central St Giles Central Venture Park Centre Point / St Giles Circus Cornmill Gardens Covent Garden Area 3 Crystal Palace Park Dagenham Heathway to the Thames EC1 Public Space Strategy Edgware Road Elephant and Castle Erith Town Centre Exhibition Road Fellows Court Estate Community Spirit Garden Gallions Reach Gillett Square Granite Wharf Greenwich Reach The Guildhall Guys and St Thomas Hospital 76 41 21 20 16 42 61 60 17 38 50 66 18 50 61 34 51 62 42 62 74 56 43 67 57 21 32 23 35 51 33 68 33 74 67 38 24 52 72 22 59 65 59 69 70 43 52 Harrow Town Centre Islington Green Jubilee Gardens Jubilee Gardens Park Kender Triangle Kew Plaza Kings Cross Estate Kingston Upon Thames The Leadenhall Building Leamouth Peninsula Leicester Square Light at the end of the tunnel Lighting the way to a safer Camden London Bridge Station London Pedestrian Routemap Marble Arch Marsham Street & Monck Street Marylebone Euston Road Merchant Square, Paddington Meridian Gardens Masterplan The Monument More London Mornington Crescent New Public Square, EC3 New Exchange New Street Square Northala Fields Old Bailey Old Quebec Street One Coleman Street One New Change PaddingtonCentral Park Place Parliament Square Peninsula Square, Greenwich Portobello Road Potters Fields Park Promenade of Light, Old Street Queen Street Rainham Regent Quarter Riverside Quarter, Wandsworth Riverside Walk Royal Victoria Square St Martins-in-the-Fields Sedley Place 17 39 57 63 69 73 35 73 44 63 24 55 36 53 75 25 25 34 26 70 44 53 36 47 64 45 16 45 26 41 46 31 72 27 71 22 54 40 46 68 40 49 47 66 28 27

Sloane Square Somerset House Courtyard The Strand and Aldwych Strand Courts and Alleys Stratford DLR Extension Streatham Swiss Cottage Open Space Tabard Square Theatreland Initiative Tottenham Hale Tower Hill Tower Place Trafalgar Square Triton Square Urban Oasis Victoria Embankment Victoria Square Waterloo Bridge Waterloo Road Watermark Place Wembley Wembley Stadium Station Square & White Horse Bridge Westfield London West Smithfield / Giltspur Street White Cube, Masons Yard Whites Grounds Playground Woodberry Down Woolwich New Civic Quarter

23 28 29 29 65 58 37 54 30 20 64 48 30 37 75 32 31 56 58 48 18 19 19 49 39 55 60 71

77

Credits
Peter Murray Exhibition Director Nick McKeogh Managing Director Debbie Whitfield Assistant Director Nick Freeman Creative Director Martin Page Design and production Will Tomlinson Design and production Bill Young Research and production Fabiola Cedillo Research Sue James, Lovejoy, London Contributor Sun Display Exhibition build James Pool and Sons Exhibition graphics and catalogue Caro Communications Public Relations

Breakfast Talks Programme

Wednesday 24 January

People Make Places: How to grow the public life of cities

Melissa Mean, Head of the Self Build Cities Programme, Demos Thursday 25 January

Civilising Streets and Public Spaces

Gordon Chard, Director of Planning & City Development, Westminster City Council Wednesday 21 February

Wednesday 14 February

Current Work in the Public Realm

Martha Schwartz, Principal, Martha Schwartz Partners Wednesday 31 January

Public Space: Many Happy Returns!

Malcolm Naish, Director and Head of Investment Management, DTZ Thursday 22 February

Getting it Done for London

Designs on our Streets

Sarah Gaventa, Director, CABE Space Wednesday 28 February

Ted Kyzer, Group Director, Olympics & Pan London Infrastructure Development, London Development Agency One-off Evening Talk: Monday 5 February, 6.30pm 7.30pm

How Movement Makes Places

Professor Bill Hillier, Chairman, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies at UCL, and Director, Space Syntax Friday 2 March

Public Spaces for a Changing Public Life

Professor Jan Gehl, Founding Partner, Gehl Architects Wednesday 7 February

Better Places for People: Proposals for Mayfair and Belgravia

Peter Vernon, Executive Director, Grosvenor

Parliament Square: Achieving the Right Balance

Spencer de Grey, Deputy Chairman, Foster + Partners Deborah Saunt, Director, DSDHA Peter Heath, Principal Public Realm Specialist, Atkins

Booking Information
Registration essential. Free entry. For tickets, email talks@newlondonarchitecture.org. Doors open and breakfast from 8am. All talks start promptly at 8.30am, unless otherwise stated. Check website for latest information.

Book market under Warterloo Bridge