SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS Third Edition FRANK AYRES, JR., Ph.D. Formerly Professor and Head Department of Mathematics Dickinson College and ELLIOTT MENDELSON, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics Queens College SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogou Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoFRANK AYRES, Jr., Ph.D., was formerly Professor and Head of the Department of Mathematics at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania. He is the author of eight Schaum's Outlines, including TRI- GONOMETRY, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, FIRST YEAR COL- LEGE MATH, and MATRICES. ELLIOTT MENDELSON, Ph.D., is Professor of Mathematics at Queens College. He is the author of Schaum's Outlines of BEGINNING CAL- CULUS and BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of CALCULUS Copyright © 1990, 1962 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, In. All Rights Reserved, Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part ofthis pub- lication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, oF stored in a data base or retrieval system. without the prior writen permission of the publisher. 9 1011 12 13 34 15 16 17 18 19 20 BAW BAW 9.876 ISBN 0-07-002bb2-9 ‘Sponsoring Editor, David Beckwith Production Supervisor, Leroy Young Editing Supervisor, Meg Tobin ‘Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ayres, Frank, Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of differential and integral calculus / Frank Ayres, J, and Elliott Mendelson. -- 3rd ed. P. cm. -- (Schaum's outline series) ISBN 0-07-002662-9 1. Cateulus--Outlines, syitat exercises. etc. I. Mendelson, OA303.A9 1990 515--de20 89.13068 cP ete. 2. Caleulus--Problems, jou. IL. Tile McGraw-Hill A Division of The McGraw Hill CimpaniesPreface ‘This third edition of the well-known calculus review book by Frank Ayres, Jr., has been thoroughly revised and includes many new features. Here are some of the more significant changes: 1. Analytic geometry, knowledge of which was presupposed in the first two editions, is now treated in detail from the beginning. Chapters 1 through 5 are completely mew and introduce the reader to the basic ideas and results. 2, Exponential and logarithmic functions are now treated in two places, They are first discussed briefly in Chapter 14, in the classical manner of earlier editions. Then, in Chapter 40, they are introduced and studied Tigorously as is now customary in calculus courses. A thorough treatment of exponential growth and decay also is included in that chapter. 3. Terminology, notation, and standards of rigor have been brought up to date. This is especially true in connection with limits, continuity, the chain rule, and the derivative tests for extreme values. 4, Definitions of the trigonometric functions and information about the important trigonometric identities have been provided, 5. The chapter on curve tracing has been thoroughly revised, with the emphasis shifted from singular points to examples that occur more frequently in current calculus courses. The purpose and method of the original text have nonetheless been pre- served. In particular, the direct and concise exposition typical of the Schaum Outline Series has been retained. The basic aim is to offer to students a collection of carefully solved problems that are representative of those they will encounter in elementary calculus courses (generally, the first two or three semesters of a calculus sequence). Moreover, since all fundamental concepts are defined and the most important theorems are proved, this hook may be used as a text for a regular calculus course, in both colleges and secondary schools. Each chapter begins with statements of definitions, principles, and theorems. These are followed by the solved problems that form the core of the book. They give step-by-step practice in applying the principles and provide derivations of some of the theorems. In choosing these problems, we have attempted to anticipate the difficulties that normally beset the beginner. Every chapter ends with a carefully selected group of supplementary problems (with answers) whose solution is essential to the effective use of this book ELtiorr MENDELSON