Present Continuous

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USED WHEN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Actions happening at the moment of speaking (now, at the moment) Fixed plan in the near future Temporary actions Actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer Trends Repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

EXAMPLES Peter is reading a book now. She is going to Basel on Saturday. His father is working in Rome this month. My friend is preparing for his exams More and more people are using their computers to listen to music. Andrew is always coming in late. (I don't like it)

AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form to be (AM/ARE/IS) + V1 (ING) I AM SLEEPING IM SLEEPING

NEGATIVE AM/ARE/IS + NOT + V1 (ING) I AM NOT SLEEPING IM NOT SLEEPING

INTERROGATIVE AM/ARE/IS + I/YOU/SHE + V1 (ING) AM I SLEEPING?

Monday, May 31, 2010

Present Perfect
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USED WHEN 1. Result of an action in the past is important in the present (It is not important when this action happened. When we use a specific time in the past - e.g. yesterday - then we use the Simple Past. Recently completed actions Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)

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EXAMPLES

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I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.) He has just played handball. (It is over now.) We have lived in Canada since 1986. (We still live there.) He has not written the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.) I have been to London recently. (no specific point of time)

2. 3.

4.

Together with lately, recently, yet

AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE I HAVE PLAYED FOOTBALL. IVE PLAYED FOOTBALL

NEGATIVE HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE I HAVE NOT PLAYED FOOTBALL. I HAVENT PLAYED FOOTBALL

INTERROGATIVE HAVE/HAS + YOU/SHE + PAST PARTICIPLE HAS SHE PLAYED FOOTBALL?

DO NOT USE with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan,

at that moment, that day, one day, etc

USE with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Monday, May 31, 2010

Present Perfect Continuous

USED WHEN 1. Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)

EXAMPLES I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It was a long time.)

2.

Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)

He has just played handball. (It is over now.)

AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V1(ING) I HAVE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL. IVE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL

NEGATIVE HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + V1(ING) SHE HAS NOT BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL. I HAVENT BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL

INTERROGATIVE HAVE/HAS + YOU/SHE + BEEN + V1 (ING) HAS SHE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL?

Monday, May 31, 2010

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: PRESENT PERFECT

emphasize result or completed action Signal words: how often, ....times HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

emphasize the duration or continuous course of an action signal words: how long, since, for HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V1(ING) Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.) Desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.) Since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning:It's years ago that I last played that game.)

Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.) Unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.) Since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.) Temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)

Monday, May 31, 2010

Past Continuous
A1 starts X

A2

Now
A1 ends X

Now Future Past

A1 starts X A1 ends X

Now Future Past

A1 starts X A1 ends X

Past

Future

USED WHEN 1. 2. 3. 4. Action in the past which was in progress (A1) when a new action (Simple Past) happened (A2). Action was in progress at special time in the past Two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) Repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

EXAMPLES While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. Peter was reading a book yesterday evening. Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times Andrew was always coming in late. (I don't like it.)

AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form WAS/WERE + V1 (ING) I WAS SLEEPING

NEGATIVE WAS/WERE + NOT + V1 (ING) I WAS NOT SLEEPING I WASNT SLEEPING

INTERROGATIVE WAS/WERE + I/YOU/SHE + V1 (ING) WAS + I SLEEPING?

Monday, May 31, 2010

Past Perfect
A1 Past Perfect

Past

A2 Past Simple

Now Future

USED WHEN 1. When two past actions are combined - the first action, which was completed before the second one began, is put into Past Perfect.

EXAMPLES Mary had read the book before she watched a film. After Amy had gone home it started to rain. He had played hockey.

2.

The past equivalent of the Present Perfect

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

INTERROGATIVE HAD + I/YOU/SHE + V3

USING PAST TENSE WORDS HAD + NEVER + V3 + BEFORE ex: John had never seen a cat before HAD + JUST + V3 ex: Pat had just arrived HAD + ALREADY + V3 ex: Sue had already eat today

FORM

HAD + V3

HAD + NOT + V3 I HAD NOT PLAYED HOCKEY I HADNT PLAYED

EXAMPLES Short Form

I HAD PLAYED HOCKEY. ID PLAYED HOCKEY.

HAD YOU PLAYED HOCKEY?

Monday, May 31, 2010

Past Perfect PROGRESSIVE

USED WHEN
Shows how long something had been happening before something else happened Shows that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the pas

EXAMPLES
I had been waiting for Susan for 2 hours when she arrived. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

Cause and effect

Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

INTERROGATIVE

FORM EXAMPLES Short Form

HAD + V3
I HAD PLAYED HOCKEY. ID PLAYED HOCKEY.

HAD + NOT + V3 I HAD NOT PLAYED HOCKEY I HADNT PLAYED

HAD + I/YOU/SHE + V3 HAD YOU PLAYED HOCKEY?

Monday, May 31, 2010

CONTINUOUS FORMS

Express the duration of an event or activity at a particular time. It means that the action starts before, continues during, and after another time or action.

Past

A1 starts X

A2

Now
A1 starts X A1 starts X A1 ends X A1 starts X

A2
A1 starts X

Future

PAST CONTINUOUS WAS/WERE + V1(ING)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS AM/ARE/IS + V1(ING)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS WILL BE + V1(ING)

Tom was sleeping (A1) when his friend arrived (A2)

Tom is sleeping right now

Tom will be sleeping (A1) when we arrive (A2)

PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORMS

Show that one event is happening, immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The continuous tense is used to express the duration of an event.

Now Past
A1 X
2 hours PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAD + BEEN + V1(ING)

A2 X

A1 X

A1 X
2 hours

A2 X

2 hours

Future

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V1(ING)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS WILL HAVE + BEEN + V1(ING)

Tom had been studying (A1) for 2 hours when his friend arrived (A2).
Monday, May 31, 2010

Tom has been studying for 2 hours.

Tom will have been studying (A1) for 2 hours by the time his friend arrives (A2).

PERFECT FORMS

Shows that one event happens before another time or event. Use to show that the action is completed or to emphasize the result

Past

A1 X

A2 X

A just ended X

Now
A1 X A2 X

Future

PAST PERFECT HAD + V3

PRESENT PERFECT HAVE/HAS + V3

FUTURE PERFECT WILL HAVE + V3

Tom had already eaten (A2) when his friend arrived (A1)

Tom has already eaten

Tom will already have eaten (A2) when his friend arrives (A1).

PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORMS

Show that one event is happening, immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The continuous tense is used to express the duration or continuous course of action.

Now Past
A1 X
2 hours PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAD + BEEN + V1(ING)

A2 X

A1 starts X 2 hours

A1 X
2 hours

A2 X

Future

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V1(ING)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS WILL HAVE + BEEN + V1(ING)

Tom had been studying (A1) for 2 hours when his friend arrived (A2).
Monday, May 31, 2010

Tom has been studying for 2 hours.

Tom will have been studying (A1) for 2 hours by the time his friend arrives (A2).

PRESENT PERFECT AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE I HAVE PLAYED FOOTBALL. IVE PLAYED FOOTBALL NEGATIVE HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE I HAVE NOT PLAYED FOOTBALL. I HAVENT PLAYED FOOTBALL INTERROGATIVE HAVE/HAS + YOU/SHE + PAST PARTICIPLE HAS SHE PLAYED FOOTBALL?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form PAST PERFECT AFFIRMATIVE FORM EXAMPLES Short Form PAST SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE FORM Short form Examples Monday, May 31, 2010 I played football yesterday V3 NEGATIVE DID NOT + V1 DIDNT + V1 I didnt read that book yet Did she go to the movies yesterday? INTERROGATIVE DID YOU + V1 HAD + V3 I HAD PLAYED HOCKEY. ID PLAYED HOCKEY. NEGATIVE HAD + NOT + V3 I HAD NOT PLAYED HOCKEY I HADNT PLAYED INTERROGATIVE HAD + I/YOU/SHE + V3 HAD YOU PLAYED HOCKEY? USING PAST TENSE WORDS HAD + NEVER + V3 + BEFORE ex: John had never seen a cat before HAD + JUST + V3 ex: Pat had just arrived HAD + ALREADY + V3 ex: Sue had already eat today HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V1(ING) I HAVE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL. IVE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL NEGATIVE HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + V1(ING) SHE HAS NOT BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL. I HAVENT BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL INTERROGATIVE HAVE/HAS + YOU/SHE + BEEN + V1(ING) HAS SHE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL?