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Presentation outline
Understanding basic principle Types of excitation
AVR
Experience sharing
Conclusion
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
STATOR
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
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STATOR
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
Stator induced Voltage
E = K. L. d/ dt K = constant L = length exposed to flux d/ dt = rate of change of flux Frequency of induced Voltage F = NP / 120 Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and speed of rotation decides frequency of generated voltage
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270 0 90 180
360
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Flux in the generator rotor is produced by feeding DC supply in the field coils, thus forming a 2 pole magnet of rotor
The Equipment for supply, control and monitoring of this DC supply is called the Excitation system
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TYPES OF EXCITATION
EXCITATION SYSTEM
ROTATING SYSTEM
STATIC SYSTEM
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AVR
AUTO
MAN
15.75 kV
FB
FF
FDR
415 v AC
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Field Breaker
FIELD THYRISOR BRIDGE
voltage regulator
GENERATOR
Crow Bar
From TGMCC- C
Pre Excitation
415/40V,10KVA
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Field flashing
For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from external source like station battery or rectified AC from station Ac supply . Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %. From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in circuit. 70 % above flashing gets cut-off
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BRUSH GEAR
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Brushless excitation
FIELD BREAKER
ARMATURE ROTATING DIODES
R Y B
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AVR
21 KV
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Self generating excitation unaffected by system fault/disturbances because of shaft mounted pilot exciter
Multi contact electrical connections between exciter and generator field Stroboscope for fuse failure detection Rotor Earth fault monitoring system
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Auto channel thyristor current monitor For monitoring of thyristor bridge current , and initiating change over to manual.
Auto to Manual changeover in case of Auto channel power supply, thyristor set problem, or generator volts actual value problem
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Unit capacity MW
Ceiling Volts
200/ 210
2600
310
610
500
6300
600
1000
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PMG
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No external source requirement since pilot exciter has permanent magnet field.
Slower than static type since control is indirect (on the field of main exciter) and magnetic components involved.
One additional bearing and an increase in the shaft length are required. Less since slip rings and brushes are avoided.
Very fast response in the order of 40 ms. due to the direct control and solid state devices employed.
No additional bearing and increase in shaft length are required. More since slip rings and brushes are required. Also over hang vibrations are very high resulting in faster wear and tear.
Requirement of additional bearing and increase of turbo generator shaft length. Maintenance.
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MAIN EXCITER
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EXCITER ROTOR
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EXCITER COOLING
VAPOUR EXHAUST
COOLER
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GENERATOR
I XG EF = I . XG + VT
EF
VT
GENERATOR
Phasor diagram of the Generator
Ef
IL.Xd
IL VT
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GCB G
GT
GENERATOR
Xd
XT
Ef
VT
Vbus
GENERATOR
Vector Diagram of Generator and GT connected to an infinite bus EF
IL.Xd
VT
IL.XT
Vbus
IL
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GENERATOR
In the equivalent Circuit and Phasor diagram, the notations used have the following description:
Vbus VT EF : : : Infinite bus voltage Generator Terminal Voltage Induced Voltage (behind synchronous Impedance) of Generator, proportional to excitation. Direct axis sync. Reactance assumed same as quadrature axis sync. Reactance Transformer reactance Load Current Phase angle Torque Angle (rotor/load angle)
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Xd
XT IL
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: : : :
GENERATOR
POWER ANGLE EQUATION
Referring to the phasor diagram on slide no.14; Sin / IL.{Xd+XT} = Sin (90+ ) / EF
Putting Xd+XT =X, and multiplying both sides by VIL, V Sin /X = VIL Cos / EF
= =
VIL Cos EF . V / X
Note that the Electrical Power Output varies as the Sin of Load angle
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Power in pu
Sin delta
30
60
90
12
15
Angle in degrees
Angle in degrees
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18
30
60
90
120
150
180
red N ROTOR S
S
blue
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STATOR
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P2
P1
2 1
2 I2 I1 Vbus
Locus of P = const.
Steam Flow constant; Excitation increased Power output Constant EF1 EF2
2 I2 I1 Vbus
I Cos = Constant
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EXCITATION CHANGE
42
Excitation Control
Power Angle Diagrams for Different Excitation Levels
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AVR
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AVR
There are two independent control systems 1. Auto control 2. Manual control
The control is effected on the 3 phase output of the pilot exciter and provides a variable d.c. input to the main exciter
The feedback of voltage and current output of the generator is fed to avr where it is compared with the set point generator volts se from the control room
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AVR
The main components of the voltage Regulator are two closed loop control systems each followed by separate gate control unit and thyristor set and de excitation equipment Control system 1 for automatic generator voltage control
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AVR
Generator voltage control The output quantity of this control is the set point for a following.
Excitation current regulator, controlling the field current of the main exciter
Circuits for automatic excitation build-up during start up and field suppression during shut-down
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AVR
This equipment acts on to the output of the generator voltage, control, limiting the set point for the above excitation current regulator. The stationary value of this limitation determines the maximum possible excitation current set-point (field forcing limitation);
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AVR
In the under excitation range, the under excitation ensures that the minimum excitation required for stable parallel operation of the generator with the system is available and that the under -excited reactive power is limited accordingly
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AVR
The set-point adjuster of the excitation current regulator for manual is tracked automatically (followup control) so that, in the event of faults, change over to the manual control system is possible without delay Automatic change over is initiated by some special fault condition. Correct operation of the follow-up control circuit is monitored and can be observed on a matching instrument in the control room. This instrument can also be used for manual matching.
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AVR
FAULT INDICATIONS The following alarms are issued from the voltage regulator to the control room. AVR fault
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AVR
The current feedback is utilized for active and reactive power compensation and for limiters
3. V/F limiter
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Excitation Interlocks
Preconditions for Excitation ON
Excitation ON command N>90% Protection Off FCB Off feedback 5s delay Excitation ON
External trip
GCB is OFF
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GCB OFF
N>90% GCB OFF External trip Delay 1sec Exc OFF
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Capability Curve
Capability Curve relates to the limits in which a generator can Operate safely. Boundaries of the Curve within with the machine will operate safely Lagging Power Factor/Overexcited region Top Section Relates to Field Heating in Rotor Winding Right Section Relates to Stator current Limit Straight line relates to Prime Mover Output Leading Power Factor/ Underexicted region
Lower Side relates to Stator end ring Limit Further down relates to Pole slipping
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LIMITERS
Over excitation limiter Under excitation limiter Rotor angle limiter Stator current limiter V/F limiter
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V/F limiter
Also known as over fluxing limiter It is the protection function for the GT V/F ratio , eddy current , the local eddy current causes thermal over loading of GT In DVR mode V/F ratio is continuously monitors the limit violation In case V/F ratio crosses the limit characteristic, the upper limit as the effective AVR set point is reduced as a function of V/F ratio This limiter is used when it is required to keep the unit operating even in case of substantial frequency drops , for instance in order to prevent complete breakdown of the system, a V/F limiter is used to lower the voltage proportional with frequency drop 4 August 2011 PMI Revision 00 67
2 nd priority
3 rd priority
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THANK YOU
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