PUMPS

A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into five major groups: direct lift, displacement, velocity, buoyancy and gravity pumps. Their names describe the method for moving a fluid. earlier pumps

VALVES A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways

Types of valves

Ball valves

Water hand pump Archimedes Screw

Disk Valves

Pump Selection Desired flow rate Suction lift Characteristics of the fluid Total cost of the pump construction Pump Specification Application and type Operating conditions Consternation Casing Impeller Shaft Lubrication Bearings Materials

Bowl Valves

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MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

Positive Displacement Pumps A positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid. Dynamic Pumps Dynamic pumps are one category of pumps under which there are several classes, two of which are: centrifugal and axial. These pumps operate by developing a high liquid velocity and converting the velocity to pressure in a diffusing flow passage. Dynamic pumps usually have lower efficiencies than positive displacement pumps, but also have lower maintenance requirements. Dynamic pumps are also able to operate at fairly high speeds and high fluid flow rates. Reciprocating pumps

Diaphragm pump

Rotary pump

Gear pumps

Piston pumps

External gear

Plunger pump Lobe pumps

Internal gear

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Vane pumps

Parts of Centrifugal pump

Screw pump

Centrifugal Pump Classification by Flow

Centrifugal pumps can be classified based on the manner in which fluid flows through the pump. The manner in which fluid flows through the pump is determined by the design of the pump casing and the impeller. The three types of flow through a centrifugal pump are radial flow, axial flow, and mixed flow. Radial Flow Pump In a radial flow pump, the liquid enters at the center of the impeller and is directed out along the impeller blades in a direction at right angles to the pump shaft. Mixed Flow Pump Mixed flow pumps are in-line pumps, used for applications requiring high volume flow with a low discharge pressure. One application that has used this technology in recent years is high-performance jet-ski propulsion, where the pumps are used to power the water crafts with an outgoing stream of high speed water. Axial Flow Pumps Axial flow pumps are also called propeller pump. These pumps develop most of their pressure by the propelling or lifting action of the vanes on the liquid. These pumps are often used in wet-pit drainage, low-pressure irrigation, and storm-water applications. In general, vertical single-stage axial and mixed-flow pumps are used however, sometimes two-stage axial-flow pumps are economically more practical. Classification by flow

Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal Pumps A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller and an intake at its center. These are arranged so that when the impeller rotates, liquid is discharged by centrifugal force into a casing surrounding the impeller. The casing is there in order to gradually decrease the velocity of the fluid which leaves the impeller at a high velocity. This velocity is converted to pressure which is needed to discharge the fluid. Some of the advantages of centrifugal pumps are, smooth flow through the pump and uniform pressure in the discharge pipe, low cost, and an operating speed that allows for direct connection to steam turbines and electric motors. The centrifugal pump accounts for not less then 80% of the worlds pump production because it is more suitable for handling large capacities of liquids than the positive-displacement pump.

Radial flow pump 3|P a ge

Characteristics of Centrifugal pump

Overhung impeller

Axial flow pump

Mixed flow pump Single stage centrifugal pump

Impeller between bearing

Multi stage centrifugal pump

Regenerative turbine

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Advantages of Centrifugal pump

Uniform flow through the pump and uniform pressure in the discharge pipe low cost Low maintenance Adaptability to motor or turbine Simple in design Small floor space

Pump starts and stops pumping

-Improperly primed pump. -Air pockets in suction line. -Air may be entering suction pipe because of water being delivered in suction tank.

Pump takes too much power

-Speed may be too high. -Head may be too low and pump delivers too much water. -Pump may be operating in wrong direction.

Typical pump problems Cavitations type problem Capacity over load problem Motor overload problem Vibration Monitoring -A process use to know if a pump is experiencing the 4 most common causes of pump failures. (4 most common causes of pump failure) Insufficient lubrication Fatigue Improper installation Contamination

Miscellaneous
-If bearing run hot, they are probably overfilled with lubricant. -If there is any unusual vibration of the pump the impeller is probably clogged. -If the motor is running hot, the voltage is probably low or else the speed is probably too high.

Pump applications
Boiler feed service

LOCATING & CORRECTING SPECIFIC PUMP PROBLEMS Pump fails to start pumping
-Pump is probably not primed. Re-primed the pump opening until a steady stream of water is secured. -Wrong direction of rotation. Arrow on pump case shows the proper direction of rotation. -Impeller may be clogged. Examine carefully for solids or foreign matters logged in the impeller. -Strainer or suction may be clogged. These may cause an excessive suction lift. -Speed may be too low. When the pump is driven by electric motor, see the voltage. When driven by a steam turbine, make sure that the turbine is receiving full steam pressure.

Booster service

Not up to capacity and pressure

-Air may be leaking into pump through suction line. -Speed may be too low. -Discharge head may be higher than anticipated. -Impeller may be partly clogged. -Rotation may be in wrong direction. -Impeller may be defective.

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Condensate return

REVIEW Pumps a device used to move gases or liquids. A gas

pump is generally called a compressor.

History of Pump
Water hand pump Archimedes Screw

Pump Selection
Desired flow rate Suction lift Characteristics of the fluid Total cost of the pump construction

Wash down service

Pump Specification
Application and type Operating conditions Consternation Casing Impeller Shaft Lubrication Bearings Materials

Filter back flush

Major Classification of Pump

Positive Displacement Pumps Dynamic or Kinetic Pumps

Types of Valves
Ball valves Disk valves Bowl valves Dual seat valves

Under Positive Displacement Pumps

Fire system jockey pumps Reciprocating Pumps Piston Pump Plunger Pump Diaphragm Pump Rotary Pumps Gear Pump Lobe Pump Vane Pump Screw Pump 6|P a ge

Under Dynamic/ Kinetic Pumps

Special effects Centrifugal pumps Parts of centrifugal Pump impeller casing motor shaft mechanical seal bearing oiler radial flow pump axial flow pump mixed flow pump

Locating and Correcting problems (troubleshooting)

Specific

pump

Pump fails to start pumping Not up to capacity and pressure Pump starts and stops pumping Pump takes too much power Miscellaneous problems

Pump applications
Boiler feed service Booster service Condensate return Wash down service Filter back flush Fire system jockey pumps

Classification by flow

Single and Multistage Centrifugal Pump Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump

overhung impeller impeller between bearing regenerative turbine

Advantages of centrifugal pump

uniform flow/ uniform pressure low cost adaptability to motor or turbine low maintenance simple in design small floor space

Typical pump problems

Cavitations type problem Capacity over load problem Motor overload problem

Vibration Monitoring
(4 most common causes of pump failure) Insufficient lubrication Fatigue Improper installation Contamination

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