Military Affirmative

Military Aff
DDI 2008 <Berthiaume-Quinn>

Ben Benson, Hannah Nelson, Luke Allen, Jeremy Guenette-Deutsch
1AC (1/12)...............................................................................................................................................................4
Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should provide incentives to the U.S military for
the development and production of hydrogen fuel cells for the U.S military...................................................4
1AC (2/12)...............................................................................................................................................................5
Advantage 1: Heg/Readiness.................................................................................................................................5
1AC (3/12)...............................................................................................................................................................6
1AC (4/12)...............................................................................................................................................................7
1AC (5/12)...............................................................................................................................................................8
Howard Wiarda, Professor at the National War College, 96 (, US Foreign and Strategic Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, p. 227). 8
Khalilzad 95, (Zalmay Khalilzad, RAND analyst, “Losing the Moment,” WASHINGTON QUARTERLY, Spring 1995, LN.)......8
1AC (6/12)...............................................................................................................................................................9
1AC (7/12).............................................................................................................................................................10
1AC (8/12).............................................................................................................................................................11
1AC (9/12).............................................................................................................................................................12
Advantage 2: Military Procurement .................................................................................................................12
<Insert Emissions Scenario Here>.....................................................................................................................13
1AC (10/12)...........................................................................................................................................................14
1AC (11/12)...........................................................................................................................................................15
1AC (12/12)...........................................................................................................................................................16
Blackouts Add-On (1/4).......................................................................................................................................17
Blackouts Add-On (2/4).......................................................................................................................................18
Blackouts Add-On (3/4).......................................................................................................................................19
Blackouts Add-On (4/4).......................................................................................................................................20
Readiness Extensions...........................................................................................................................................21
Heg Extensions General (1/2) .............................................................................................................................22
Heg Extensions General (2/2)..............................................................................................................................23
Heg Extensions- Economy (1/3)..........................................................................................................................24
Heg Extensions- East Asian Proliferation..........................................................................................................27
Heg Extensions- Japanese Re-Arm....................................................................................................................28
Heg Extensions—Multipolarity  Instability..................................................................................................29
Heg-A2: Interventionism.....................................................................................................................................30
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Military Aff
Heg-A2: Proliferation (1/2).................................................................................................................................31

US forces check nuclear proliferation in Asia and the EU................................................................................................................31
Heg Good—A2: Proliferation (2/2)....................................................................................................................32
Heg solves proliferation in the hands of allies, rogue states, and terrorist groups............................................................................32
Heg-A2: Counterbalancing (1/2)........................................................................................................................33
Heg-A2: Counterbalancing (2/2)........................................................................................................................34
Countries will not counterbalance the US because others will balance them ...................................................................................34
Heg-A2: Offshore Balancing (1/2)......................................................................................................................35
Allies can’t maintain regional order and deter rising powers – the US must remain engaged..........................................................35
Heg-A2: Offshore Balancing (2/2)......................................................................................................................36
US Heg is key to alliance and regional stability – offshore balancing and withdraw lead to conflict..............................................36
Inherency Extensions...........................................................................................................................................37
Military Procurement Extensions.......................................................................................................................38
Solvency Extensions (1/5)....................................................................................................................................39
2AC Other Tech CP Block...................................................................................................................................44
2AC States CP Block (1/6)...................................................................................................................................45
2AC Militarism Block (1/5).................................................................................................................................51
2AC Militarism Block (4/5)................................................................................................................................54
T-Hydrogen Fuels Cells are Alt Energy (1/2)....................................................................................................56
T-Hydrogen Fuels Cells are Alt Energy (2/2)....................................................................................................57
A2: Efficiency CP.................................................................................................................................................58
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Military Aff
Neg-Transition will not happen soon..................................................................................................................59

Neg-Fuel Cells Ineffective (1/3)...........................................................................................................................60
Neg- Military Procurement Fails........................................................................................................................63
Neg-States Solvency (1/3)....................................................................................................................................64
Neg-Efficiency CP Solvency................................................................................................................................67
3
Military Aff
1AC (1/12)
Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should provide incentives to
the U.S military for the development and production of hydrogen fuel cells for the
U.S military.
4
Military Aff
1AC (2/12)
Advantage 1: Heg/Readiness
Military readiness is nearing a breaking point due to undersupplied troops
Peter W. Singer, March 2007, Bent but Not Broken: The Military Challenge for the Next Commander-in-Chief,
http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0228defense_singer_Opp08.aspx
Our military has been stretched to nearly the breaking point. Recruitment and retention are down. And our troops often lack adequate
supplies and equipment. Brookings scholar Peter Singer argues that if we are to maintain a military unmatched in its power and
capability, our next Commander-in-Chief must ensure that the ranks of our military continue to grow and that our troops have the
resources they need to remain ready and capable.
Military cannot effectively deal with large scale missions without PEM fuel
cells
Ashok S. Patil, VP Sales & Mktg at Pierian Services, (7 authors), June 2004, Portable fuel cell systems for
America’s army: technology transition to the field,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH1-4CHS0SV-
1&_user=4257664&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000022698&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_use
rid=4257664&md5=c1b0e679193c9e45931b8dfd79402a40,
Hybrid power sources consisting of a fuel cell and a rechargeable battery have high potential for satisfying a wide variety of
requirements for mobile/portable and silent power sources in the range of 20–2000 W. Batteries are best suited for short mission
durations (<24 h) at low power requirements (<20 W). At power requirements of 2000 W or more, military standard diesel fueled
generator sets are available. However, these small diesel sets are noisy, pose operational problems where stealth is required and are not
as efficient over a full operating cycle as fuel cells. The 20–2000 W range is a ‘gray area’ in the military where power requirements are
too high for batteries and too low for logistic fueled generators. Many approaches for smaller power sources (20–150 W) utilizing
PEM fuel cells have been explored and have shown high potential.
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Military Aff
1AC (3/12)
There is military demand for fuel cells.
Reuters 3/19/2008, "Alternative Power Source Ignites Fuel Cell Development in Defense Industry",
http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS130663+19-Mar-2008+BW20080319
There is growing demand for a next generation power source that can offer military operations with an advanced alternative
or solution to the current issues surrounding the use of traditional battery chemistries," says Bradford. "In this regard, fuel cells
offer several key benefits for military and defense users including silent operation, extended runtimes, minimal waste, quick
refuel options, scalable solution and others."
There is not enough emphasis on fuel cells in the military regardless of potential, needs more work
Ashok S. Patil, VP Sales & Mktg at Pierian Services, (7 authors), June 2004, Portable fuel cell systems for
America’s army: technology transition to the field, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH1-
4CHS0SV-
1&_user=4257664&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000022698&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4
257664&md5=c1b0e679193c9e45931b8dfd79402a40
Despite the progress and advances made in the component and process areas, there has been very low emphasis placed on fuel cell
system integration. While several commercial companies claim market penetration by 2004, especially with DMFC power devices for
portable electronics such as cell phones and laptop computers, few have developed a reliable, rugged unit that will be affordable for an
average consumer. Military fuel cell systems will need to be even more reliable and rugged due to the nature of their operating
environments. To date, most test and evaluation on fuel cells in real world environments have shown that balance of plant parts, such
as fuel pumps and fans that are unrelated to the fuel cell stacks, often fail first. While optimal system and component performance has
been established in lab environments, more focus must be placed on developing ruggedized systems that will reliably operate while
being ‘used and abused’ in the field.
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Military Aff
1AC (4/12)
Combat effectiveness is the most important signal of US strength.
Spencer, Policy Analyst for Defense and National Security at the Heritage foundation, 9/15/2000
(Jack, the facts About Military Readiness,” Backgrounder # 1394,
www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1394.cfm)
Military readiness is vital because declines in America’s military readiness signal to the rest of the world that the United States is not
prepared to defend its interests. Therefore, potentially hostile nations will be more likely to lash out against American allies and
interests, inevitably leading to U.S. involvement in combat. A high state of military readiness is more likely to deter potentially hostile
nations from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.
Military power key to heg

Stephen Gardner, Manaing director of www.euro-correspondent.com, june 2004, “questioning American hegemony,”
http://nthposition.com/questioningamerican.php
The second main underpinning of the orthodoxy of American hegemony is American military power. US military spending is vast. It
will be an estimated USD 400 billion in the budget year 2005, dwarfing the defence spend of any other country. The US has the
world's most technologically advanced and potentially devastating arsenal. Once again, the media reflects the orthodoxy that
American military might is hegemonic. In The Observer in February 2002, for example, Peter Beaumont and Ed Vulliamy wrote, "The
reality - even before the latest proposed increases in military spending - is that America could beat the rest of the world at war with
one hand tied behind its back."
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Military Aff
1AC (5/12)
Hegemony is critical to world peace and stability
Howard Wiarda, Professor at the National War College, 96 (, US Foreign and Strategic Policy in the Post-Cold
War Era, p. 227)
The preceding chapters have highlighted not only the diverse geopolitical regions of the world but also the varied, often vital. US
interests and reasons for remaining involved in all of them. What may perhaps be most striking to the reader is not just the amount and
variety of US interests but how in each of these areas governments and peoples look to the United States to lead, to serve as an
honest broker, as not only the world’s strongest power but also its most trustworthy. One cannot conceive of a unified European
defense policy without the United States: the Russian aid program would surely collapse without the United States: and in Asia the
United States is seen as the balancing force keeping China, Japan, and the two Koreas away, potentially, from each others’
throats. The peace process in the Middle East has no chances of success without the United States: and humanitarian assistance
in Africa would surely dry up if the United States were not involved and so on. It is clear that both US interests and the world’s
interests demand that we remain a major player in that world. But we are in a new era, which demands that all those interests be
redefined, sorted out, and reformulated. Both we and the rest of the world need to recognize that fact. US foreign policy and its global
interests obviously cannot be abandoned but they do need to be reconstructed.
Nuclear War
Khalilzad 95, (Zalmay Khalilzad, RAND analyst, “Losing the Moment,” WASHINGTON QUARTERLY,
Spring 1995, LN.)
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a global rival or a
return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and vision. Such a
vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United States exercises leadership would have
tremendous advantages. First, the global environment would be more open and more receptive to American values --
democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second, such a world would have a better chance of dealing cooperatively
with the world's major problems, such as nuclear proliferation, threats of regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-
level conflicts. Finally, U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United
States and the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear
exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of
power system.
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Military Aff
1AC (6/12)
Fuel cell storage key to creating efficient army.
Purdue News, 6-20-2001, http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010620.Ladisch.NRCenergy.html

Robert Love, study director for the National Research Council, says such situations could be avoided in the future by
employing alternative fuels made from natural and renewable resources.
"The real issues for the Army are the ability to simplify logistics requirements, to remain flexible with battlefield fuels, and to
capitalize on alternative fuels, such as methane, instead of restricting ourselves to fossil fuels," he says. "With fossil fuels,
logistics can become difficult because you have to have this long supply chain."Although using non-petroleum sources of
energy would have obvious environmental and social benefits, Love says this didn't factor into the committee's
considerations."Obviously there are always spin-offs of military innovation, but the committee was concerned with what would
improve the operations of the Army."Scientists are already working on making fuel from waste plant materials such as
cellulose and hemicellulose. Grasses, surplus grains, spoiled food, food wrappers, paper or even cotton cloth could be
converted into fuel using this method."In theory, these materials could be produced in the field (if the theater of operation were
in a temperate zone) and used as fuels," the report states."The Army needs to be investigating surrogate fuels, such as
ethanol and biodiesel, and make sure their engines can run on a variety of fuels," Ladisch says. "Actually, I think this can
be done with a minimal amount of modification. They're in pretty good shape in this area."Another energy need for modern
soldiers in the field is electricity, and batteries are bulky and very heavy. Biological systems may provide a solution, the NRC
committee suggests."Right now the Army is dependent on batteries, and they can't take seriously other energy sources
such as solar power," Love says. "One of the things the report investigated was photovoltaic energy, and how bioelectronics
might make it possible to increase the efficiency of converting sunlight to usable energy. If you put this together with fuel-
cell storage techniques, this would have a large impact on how the military operates, especially for small unit
operations."
Electricity and hydrogen fuel key to long-term military hegemony.
Nicholas Sifer et al 6-2-2004. PMP project engineer, Marine Corps System Command, (Ashok S. Patil, Terry G. Dubois,
Nicholas Sifer, Elizabeth Bostic, Kristopher Gardner, Michael Quah, Christopher Bolton), ,
http://64.233.179.104/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&q=cache:cIWWJBe6PCEJ:www.eecs.wsu.edu/~pedrow/classes/ee415/Fal
l_2005/Refereed%20Papers/paper2_cobalt.pdf
Electrical power for the future battlefield will become a critical enabling technology for robotics, sensors, auxiliary
power, soldier systems, microclimatic devices, and other systems being proposed to meet the tactical requirements of the
future battlefield. The success of fuel cell power sources for military applications depends largely on the development of
acceptable hydrogen sources and the success of commercial programs. Key applications such as the objective force warrior
and land warrior will require fuel cells and hydrogen sources that are energy-dense, non-cumbersome and above all
safe to carry and operate. Fuel processing efforts could provide future systems that would operate on logistic fuels.
Primary barriers to this scenario involve the miniaturization of systems and the ability to tolerate fuels containing sulfur.
9
Military Aff
1AC (7/12)
Hydrogen Fuel Cells are more efficient for powering military vehicles and
technology- they last longer and are quieter
Ramon Lopez, May 22, 2006, Defense Technology International; ALTERNATIVE FUEL; Pg. 519 Vol. 164
No. 21. Lexis. Nelson
Pure hydrogen in its various forms may be the answer to the military's growing power needs in a range of applications
large and small. In the future, tactical trucks, utility vehicles and aircraft could be powered by hydrogen fuel cells, if
they can be engineered to provide safe, reliable performance under harsh conditions. A great deal of research is also
underway to develop small fuel cells that supplement or replace mil-spec batteries in the growing number of hand-held
electronic devices on the battlefield. Research into fuel cells for military use dates to at least the 1960s. But efforts to use them
as alternatives to conventional power sources like fossil fuels and batteries are gaining momentum. Scientists are
looking at applications as complex as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and as mundane as laptop computers. Factors
driving work in this area include guaranteed availability and the need for greater procurement economy, an issue that becomes
more critical with each oil price increase. Another driver is the individual combatant's continually growing need for electrical
power. Operation Iraqi Freedom produced an unprecedented demand for batteries among the U.S. armed services. Cargo
aircraft laden with batteries scavenged from military bases worldwide sped to the Middle East to relieve the supply
drain. At least six battery manufacturers worked around the clock to alleviate shortages. Having a field radio, night-
vision sight or laser rangefinder go down because of a dead battery could be life-threatening. Today's plugged-in soldier
needs batteries--and lots of them.While the Pentagon is looking at various alternative energy sources, some of the most
promising research on near-term solutions involves hydrogen fuel cells. New power sources need to provide higher output
without increasing component weight, a benefit fuel cells may achieve. Other factors that make fuel cells attractive
include quiet operation, low heat signature and long life compared to most conventional power sources. All this explains
the growing number of military fuel-cell projects geared to running energy-hungry electronics. A hydrogen fuel cell
produces electricity, water and heat from solid, liquid or compressed hydrogen. Much work is underway on small fuel cells
for portable field use with hydrogen being stored as metal hydrides, such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum
hydride, in powder or pellet form. The dry hydrogen, packed in disposable plastic cartridges, reacts with water,
creating a chemical reaction that can be harnessed to power an application.
Fuel cells are extremely versatile and can be used in almost all aspects of the
military
Felicia French, LTC, US Army. April 2005. Army Environmental Policy Institute. HOW THE ARMY CAN BE AN
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAGON THROUGH ENERGY. http://www.aepi.army.mil/internet/how-army-can-be-energy-
paragon.pdf/ nelson
Fuel cells are micropower plants that act as large batteries producing electricity through a chemical reaction, but fuel
cells have a much greater power density than batteries and they do not lose energy as long as they have fuel. As fuel,
hydrogen combines with oxygen to create electricity leaving water and heat as the only byproduct. Hydrogen fuel cells are
quieter, more efficient, and cleaner emitting than conventional gasoline burning ICE (35: 14). They can be used to replace
petroleum-fueled vehicles and provide electric power for buildings such as the Conde Nast Building in New York City
that has two fuel cells providing 400 kW of electric power. About 35 buildings in the U.S. today use fuel cells as their
primary source of electrical energy (38: NP). Fuel cell application can have a great value to our soldiers as fuel cells have
the potential to be used in cell phones, notebook computers, and climate-controlled bodysuits (35: 14). In addition to
fuel cells replacing the ICE vehicles, they can act as an auxiliary power unit or backup generator off the vehicle’s engine
that will be a valuable asset in remote areas. This would decrease or eliminate the need for units to haul the heavy,
cacophonous, maintenance and petroleum intensive generators to the training or combat zone.
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Military Aff
1AC (8/12)
Fuel cells allow for lighter, more cost effective military solutions
Ashok S. Patil, VP Sales & Mktg at Pierian Services and Richard Jacobs, march 2000, US Army Small Fuel
Cell
Development Program US Army CECOM, RDEC,
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/62/18021/00831188.pdf?arnumber=831188
This presentation includes results of fuel cell research activities sponsored by the US Army for the last three years. It outlines current
efforts and future plans. The soldier’s increasing power demands dictate that alternatives to batteries be exploited wherever possible.
Fuel cells promise significant advantages in terms of weight, coupled with cost and/or logistics benefits. Considerable progress has
been made in reducing size and weight of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.
Fuel cells allow for combat vehicles to carry out stealth operations and solve
mobility problems
Ashok S. Patil, VP Sales & Mktg at Pierian Services, (7 authors), June 2004, Portable fuel cell systems for America’s army:
technology transition to the field, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH1-4CHS0SV-
1&_user=4257664&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000022698&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_use
rid=4257664&md5=c1b0e679193c9e45931b8dfd79402a40,
An increasingly important combat vehicle application is a tactical mode of operation termed Silent Watch. This mode of operation
usually requires that all mission requirements, other than mobility, be met while also meeting stringent acoustic and infrared signature
levels. Silent Watch requirements usually preclude main engine operation (or small diesel engine auxiliary power units operation) due
to the large acoustic signature. Additionally, many of today’s combat vehicles often have a large communications and situational
awareness suite of electronic equipment that cannot be supported by the batteries alone. Fuel cell APUs may provide a solution to
meeting the military requirements of Silent Watch. CERDEC recently installed a ruggedized 2 kW methanol/water reforming fuel cell
APU onto a prototype command and control combat vehicle (see Fig. 2). The fuel cell unit provided power to mission critical
communication and electronic equipment during Silent Watch exercises. As a result of not having to start the vehicle’s diesel engine,
the soldiers at the Silent Watch site were able to avoid detection, hear and identify the opposition force’s exact location, and
successfully call for reinforcements. While not officially fielded, this unit was one of the first military fuel cell systems to be ‘used and
abused’ for an extended period of time out in real world environments (rain, dust, cold, and hot weather, vibration, etc.). However, the
US military’s one fuel forward policy demands that America’s joint forces must rely on diesel, JP-8, and other logistics fuels to power
the force [1]. While methanol/water reforming systems are available today for niche APU applications, CERDEC and its joint partners
continue to develop other reformer approaches that will demand less water (as a fuel load) and will use higher hydrocarbon feeds such
as diesel. The fuel issue continues to be a major challenge to broad acceptance and deployment of fuel cells in higher power
applications.
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Military Aff
1AC (9/12)
Advantage 2: Military Procurement
The military is currently dependent on fossil fuels as the largest consumer of

U.S energy
paragon.pdf/ nelson
The Army does not have the luxury of ignoring its dependence on fossil fuel. Along with the rest of the Nation, it is almost
completely dependent on fossil fuel to accomplish its mission. The Department of Defense (DoD) bill for mobility and
installation energy was over $8.2 billion in fiscal year 2004 (27: NP). DoD is the largest single consumer of the total U.S.
energy consumed. The Army uses about 6 percent of DoD mobility fuels (gas, diesel and jet fuel) to power tactical and utility
vehicles, and weapons platforms to include M1 Abrams tanks and all helicopters (9: 4). However, this does not account for the
fuel used by Air Force planes and Navy ships in transporting Army personnel and equipment in peacetime and especially in
wartime. Fuel logistics for the Army accounts for 70 percent of all tonnage hauled when the Army mobilizes.
Companies are willing to work with the military developing fuel cells
The New York Times. 3-1-05. COMPANY NEWS; DOW CHEMICAL IN FUEL CELL DEAL WITH MILLENNIUM
CELL. issn 0362-4331. page 10. Factiva. Nelson
The Dow Chemical Company and Millennium Cell Inc. said yesterday that they planned to develop portable hydrogen
fuel cells for consumer electronics and the military. As part of a ''strategic relationship,'' Dow will receive a 3 percent
preferred equity stake in Millennium Cell and have the right to buy as much as $5 million in additional equity, the
companies said. Millennium Cell develops alternative energy for use in automotive products and portable equipment; it
said its technology should be available to the military in 2006 and to consumers in 2007. Dow is based in Midland, Mich.,
and Millennium Cell in Eatontown, N.J.
Eager commercial fuel cell manufacturers are waiting for the military to
initialize development, which currently lacks inertia
Geoff S. Fein. February 2004. Military Fuel-Cell Programs Not Yet Ready for Prime Time. NDIA Business and Intelligence
Magazine. http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2004/Feb/Military_Fuel.htm. Nelson
While the commercial industry is taking significant steps forward in the adoption of fuel cell technology, military researchers
are taking a wait-and-see approach, expressing concern that fuel cells so far have not proven they can work in combat
environments. Commercial manufacturers, meanwhile, are hoping that breakthroughs in the civilian sector can spur
military investments in the technology. “Our biggest issue is getting the military off their dime. There is a lot of inertia
to overcome,” said Dale Church, chairman of MTI Micro, a fuel cell manufacturer. “We keep telling the military, if it
doesn’t get onboard [it] will miss the wagon.”
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Military Aff
<Insert Emissions Scenario Here>
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Military Aff
1AC (10/12)
Military necessity is key to developing new technology-empirically proven
Vernon W. Ruttan. 10-9-06. Professor at the University of Minnesota. Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Clemons Lecture.
Google. Nelson. http://www.csbsju.edu/clemens/images/HistoricallySpeaking-Issues%20merged%201%2016%2007_2_.pdf
The aircraft industry is unique among manufacturing industries in that a government research organization was established to
support research on technology development for the industry. By the mid-1920s research conducted or supported by the National
Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) was beginning to have a major impact on aircraft design and performance. Most of the early
advances that resulted from NACA research and development were “dual use” – applicable to both military and commercial
aircraft. Every American airplane and every aircraft engine that was deployed in World War II had been tested and improved
by NACA engineers. These advances had been achieved at remarkably low cost. When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in
1957 it set in motion a series of events that led to NACA being absorbed into a new agency, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA).The relationship between military procurement and commercial technology development is illustrated
with particular force in the development of the Boeing 707 and 747. Boeing engineers began to consider the possibility of
developing a commercial jet airliner in the late 1940s. It was considered doubtful that initial sales could justify development
costs. The problem of financing development costs for what became the Boeing 707 was resolved when Boeing won an Air Force
contract to build a military jet tanker designed for in-flight refueling of the B-52 bomber.Development of the Boeing 747
followed a somewhat different pattern. In 1965 Boeing lost an Air Force competition to design a large military transport to Lockheed.
Starting with the design they had developed for the military transport Boeing went on to design what became the Boeing 747
wide bodied commercial jet. By the early 1970s the Boeing 747 was recognized as having set the standard that defined
technological maturity in the modern commercial jet air transport industry.
Use of micropower such as fuel cells not only improve the military but drive
innovation for fuel cells elsewhere
paragon.pdf/ nelson
Conserving and reducing our requirements for energy by applying the principles mentioned in this chapter will facilitate the
Army’s meeting all the goals of The Army Strategy for the Environment. Construction of Green buildings and using reusable
products is completely in line with fostering a sustainable ethic. Sharing facilities with other AC and RC units strengthens
Army operations and minimizes impacts and total ownership costs. Green installation design enhances the well being of
Army families and our communities. Procurement and use of micropower and distributed energy will facilitate meeting
our testing, training, and mission requirements and will help drive innovation in the private and public sector. Using
reusable products will foster a sustainability ethic, and minimize impacts and total ownership costs.
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Military Aff
1AC (11/12)
Military use of fuel cells improve performance and are key to commercial use
AeroVironment would like to team with NASA or Darpa to build a full-scale Global Observer. It may, however, find itself
competing with Boeing, which three years ago began development of a liquid-hydrogen-fueled, high-altitude, long-endurance
UAV for Darpa's Ultra-Long-Endurance Aircraft Program (UltraLEAP). Boeing was working on a twin-propeller UAV with
a 150-ft. wingspan that resembled an aerobatic sailplane with high-aspect-ratio wings. Carrying a 250-lb. baseline
payload, the lightweight, all-composite UAV was designed to cruise at 60,000 ft. for up to two weeks. Boeing only
completed initial UltraLEAP research before Darpa shelved the project.
Boeing's experience with UltraLEAP is not unusual in fuel-cell research. Fuel Cell Today, an Internet portal dedicated
to accelerating the commercialization of the technology, noted in a market survey last year that "relatively few projects
come to completion." Nevertheless, the organization believes that the number of projects undertaken by the military
and the range of end-uses under study bode well for the eventual development of commercial fuel cells. While the
prospect of fuel cells completely replacing conventional power sources is years away, if it happens at all, the technology
has the potential to improve the performance of select applications in the near term, and lay the groundwork for
advances in battlefield operations.
Though some research on fuel cells has begun, Army use uniquely functions as
a catalyst to speed up commercial production
paragon.pdf/ nelson
As of this writing, Daimler, Toyota, Honda, and GM either have or are in the process of producing fuel-cell cars for
commercial use with the intent of mass production within ten years (35: 15). Hydrogen fuel cells are projected to be 2.2
times more efficient than current conventional ICE which will bring the cost of hydrogen to as low as $1.81 per kilogram
(about one gallon of gasoline) before tax, refiner and distributor markup (23: 66). If the Army puts in a requisition to replace
many if not all its garrison vehicles with fuel-cell vehicles, a contract this large would be the catalyst to speed up the
production for commercial and private use. Procuring and using hydrogen fuel cells is in line with the goals of the Army
Strategy for the Environment, but perhaps of greatest significance are with the goal to Drive Innovation.
Commercial fuel cells could cut U.S emissions by more than half
Seth Dunn. July 2000. Micropower: The Next Electrical Era.WORLDWAT C H A P E R

151.http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP151.pdf. Nelson
Micropower’s carbon-saving benefits could be sizable. Studies indicate that the United States could cut power
plant carbon emissions by half or more by meeting new demand with microturbines, renewable energy, and fuel cells.
In the developing world, where half of new power generation over the next 20 years is projected to
be built, comprising some $1.7 trillion in capital investments, power sector carbon emissions are
projected to triple under a business-as-usual scenario. RAND Corporation reports suggest that widescale
adoption of distributed power could help lower this trajectory by as much as 42 percent. These steps would also cut
emissions of sulfur oxides by as much as 72 percent and nitrogen oxides by up to 46 percent, while lowering electricity
prices by as much as 5 percent.81
15
Military Aff
1AC (12/12)
Military use of alternative energy lowers the price making it more accessible
for consumer use
paragon.pdf/ nelson
The Army’s large procurement requirements can facilitate driving innovation, raising standards and reducing cost.
Those we contract with will need to comply with our energy standards and consequently drive costs down through
economies of production so that the public and private sectors can afford renewable energy.
Another invaluable upshot of the Army becoming an Environmental Paragon will be a favorable public perception and
acceptance of the Army as an integral member of the community leading to greater access to training sites
16
Military Aff
Blackouts Add-On (1/4)

Commercial fuel cells are more reliable and avoid dangerous blackouts

151http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP151pdf. Nelson
Particularly at risk from unreliable power are computers at the heart of the financial system. If they shut down even for
a moment, data can be lost and millions of dollars of transactions involving loans, credit cards, and automatic teller
machines forgone. In 1997 a brief disruption of electrical supply—a mere “power flicker” to the local
utility— caused a widespread crash of the computer system responsible for virtually all of the major
transactions of the First National Bank of Omaha. The bank, which estimates that a one-hour power
outage costs it $6 million, has now invested in a high-reliability system from Sure Power, consisting
of four phosphoric acid fuel cells backed up by two flywheels and two diesel generators. The fuel cells
supply 800 kilowatts of power to the data center’s mainframe, and run at “six 9s,” or 99.9999 percent availability. The
system also reduces carbon emissions by 45 percent and other air pollutants by 95 percent relative to grid power.90Not
only banks, but supermarkets, restaurants, insurance companies, hospitals, and factories are all beginning to look to
micropower to avoid costly interruptions in their electricity supply. In Anchorage, Alaska, the U.S. Postal
Service is running five fuel cells that protect its automatic mail-processing system against grid power
outages. In New York City, Central Park police have installed a fuel cell and cut themselves from the
aging grid; a new skyscraper at Four Times Square employs two fuel cells that provide supplemental
power and maintain vital operations in the event of a blackout. Micropower is especially valuable for high-
tech industries such as computer chips, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and biotechnology, which rely on
computerized manufacturing applications, and are vulnerable to slight power interruptions. The byproducts of
micropower can be useful resources: computer chip manufacturing plants may employ fuel cells, Stirlings, or
microturbines as a source of hot distilled water as well as reliable power.91
More blackouts by overload, collapse the economy.
Shaun Waterman, UPI Homeland and National Security Editor for the Information
Clearing House, 9/4/03. “Terror Attack On Grid Would Collapse U.S.”
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4622.htm
Government scientific advisers and officials painted a grim picture Thursday of the
consequences of a terror attack on the nation's power grid, saying that any outage that lasted
longer than a couple of days would reduce urban centers to chaos and collapse the economy."With
power out beyond a day or two, both food and water supplies would soon fail. Transportation systems
would be at a standstill ... natural gas pressure would decline and some would lose gas altogether -- not
good in the winter time ... Communications would be spotty or non-existent.
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Military Aff
Economic collapse means extinction.
T.E. Bearden , LTC U.S. Army (Retired), 2000

[“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,”
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3aaf97f22e23.htm, June 24]
History bears out that desperate nations take desperate actions. Prior to the final economic collapse, the
stress on nations will have increased the intensity and number of their conflicts, to the point where the
arsenals of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) now possessed by some 25 nations, are almost certain to be released. As an
example, suppose a starving North Korea launches nuclear weapons upon Japan and South Korea, including U.S. forces
there, in a spasmodic suicidal response. Or suppose a desperate China-whose long-range nuclear missiles (some) can reach the United States-attacks Taiwan.
In addition to immediate responses, the mutual treaties involved in such scenarios will quickly draw other nations into the
conflict, escalating it significantly. Strategic nuclear studies have shown for decades that, under such extreme stress conditions, once a few nukes are launched, adversaries and potential
adversaries are then compelled to launch on perception of preparations by one's adversary. The real legacy of the MAD concept is this side of the MAD coin that is almost never discussed.
Without effective defense, the only chance a nation has to survive at all is to launch immediate full-bore pre-emptive strikes and try to take out its perceived foes as rapidly and massively as
rapid escalation to full WMD exchange occurs. Today, a great percent of the WMD arsenals that will be unleashed, are
possible. As the studies showed,
The resulting great Armageddon will destroy civilization as we know it, and
already on site within the United States itself.
perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades
18
Military Aff

Blackouts are dangerous, open to terrorist attacks
Jim Jelter, MarketWatch. July 11, 2008. It's alive Commentary: The urgent need to upgrade the grid
http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/its-alive-need-upgrade-us/story.aspx?guid=%7B10F3E997-694B-447E-AF2C-
58BB3211B525%7D&dist=msr_2
Electricity demand is growing at about 1% a year, according to the U.S. Energy Department,
and is likely to hold that pace despite a sluggish economy. That's because of demographic growth
-- more people -- and the explosion in the numbers and types of electronic devices now considered
essential. Meeting that demand focuses inevitably on power generation. But power is useless
without the vast transmission networks that carry it to end-users. Those networks draw on 100-
year-old technology and high-voltage lines, most of which were installed in the 1950s and '60s. It is a
fragile system struggling to keep pace with the times. When it fails, as it did spectacularly in
the Northeast in 2003, it costs businesses millions of dollars in lost goods and productivity. It also
raises huge safety concerns. During the go-go years of deregulation a decade ago, huge amounts of
money were thrown at building power plants while investments in the grid lagged. Overloaded
lines and serious reliability problems were the result. Those weaknesses are now being addressed.
The Edison Electric Institute reported transmission investments by publicly-traded utilities jumped last year
to $7.8 billion from $2 billion in 1997. Over 240 miles of much-needed high-voltage lines have been added
in the Western states alone in just the past year. That doesn't mean the grid is anywhere close to where it
needs to be, however. Power transmission into Southern California remains a concern, for
example, since the region still relies heavily on energy generated at plants as far away as
Washington and Wyoming. Cost is another concern. Soaring fuel prices at coal and natural gas-
fired power plants are pushing electricity prices sharply higher. This is a huge catalyst in the
development of "smarter" power grids that give regional operators a quicker, clearer view of conditions
on the system and the ability to remotely reach out to better manage the flow of power. But the system
also faces financial challenges that are every bit as tough to solve as the technological
challenges. Maintenance of the transmission system is still primarily the responsibility of regional power
companies. Operational standards, set for years by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation, first
became mandatory and enforceable a year ago. But it's still in the utilities' own interest to make sure
everything is up and running. They can't make money if the lines are down. But the cost of upgrading
the transmission system is high. Ultimately the cost is borne by ratepayers -- the industry's term for
the businesses and homeowners who pay the bills. State utility commissions and the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, which oversees interstate power and gas commerce, are often reluctant to raise
rates -- a guaranteed political hot potato -- which slows the flow of funding to transmission projects.
Streamlining the regulatory process is therefore essential to ensuring utilities a reasonable rate of recovery
on their investments while assuring the public they are not being preyed upon by unbridled monopolies.
Privatization could be one way around the stalemate. There have been several proposals aimed at putting
transmission lines in private hands. Some states have already "unbundled" the grid, allowing companies to
own and operate transmission lines much like transport companies with no stake in power generation or
sales to end-users. But privatization still doesn't solve thorny regulatory issues. It merely adds another
layer. Meanwhile, some of the most innovative thinking on transmission grids is coming from entrepreneurs
well outside the traditional utility industry. Efforts to reduce the nation's carbon footprint and meet
growing energy demand have turned this into one of the hottest fields for venture capitalists,
attracting billions of dollars. Expectations are high that their combined efforts will spawn the next
generation of grid upgrades. Fitting all the pieces together, the technology, capital and regulatory regime,
is a daunting task. Progress is clearly being made. Much more is needed. Failure to keep pace with
domestic requirements would leave the country in the lurch, with an economy leaning on a
creaky electrical infrastructure. Excelling at the task would give the country a much-needed
competitive boost in the global arena.
19
Military Aff

Terrorist attacks lead to extinction
Alexander 03 (Yonah, prof. and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the US, “Terrorism
Myths and Realities”, Washington Times, 8/27, http://www.washingtontimes.com/commentary/20030827-084256-8999r.htm)
Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have once again illustrated dramatically that the international
community failed, thus far at least, to understand the magnitude and implications of the terrorist threats to the very
survival of civilization itself. Even the United States and Israel have for decades tended to regard terrorism as a mere tactical
nuisance or irritant rather than a critical strategic challenge to their national security concerns. It is not surprising, therefore,
that on September 11, 2001, Americans were stunned by the unprecedented tragedy of 19 al Qaeda terrorists striking a
devastating blow at the center of the nation's commercial and military powers. Likewise, Israel and its citizens, despite the
collapse of the Oslo Agreements of 1993 and numerous acts of terrorism triggered by the second intifada that began almost
three years ago, are still "shocked" by each suicide attack at a time of intensive diplomatic efforts to revive the moribund peace
process through the now revoked cease-fire arrangements (hudna). Why are the United States and Israel, as well as scores of
other countries affected by the universal nightmare of modern terrorism surprised by new terrorist "surprises"? There are many
reasons, including misunderstanding of the manifold specific factors that contribute to terrorism's expansion, such as lack of a
universal definition of terrorism, the religionization of politics, double standards of morality, weak punishment of terrorists,
and the exploitation of the media by terrorist propaganda and psychological warfare. Unlike their historical counterparts,
contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in terms of conventional and unconventional threats
and impact. The internationalization and brutalization of current and future terrorism make it clear we have entered
an Age of Super Terrorism (e.g. biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear and cyber) with its serious implications
concerning national, regional and global security concerns.
20
Military Aff
Readiness Extensions
Lack of renewable energy in the army drains resources and jeopardizes
success.
Mark Clayton, staff writer at Christian Science Monitor, 9/07/06, http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0907/p01s04-

usmi.html
A bigger picture of the need for renewables was sketched out in a key 2004 Pentagon study titled "Winning the Oil
Endgame," by the Rocky Mountain Institute, an energy think tank in Snowmass, Colo. It found a number of areas where
efficiency would boost combat effectiveness, including:
• More than 50% of fuel used by the Army on the battlefield is consumed by combat support units, not frontline troops.• Until
recently, the Army spent about $200 million a year annually on fuel, but paid $3.2 billion each year on 20,000 active and
40,000 reserve personnel to transport it.That was before $70-per-barrel oil. This spring, the Defense Energy Support Center
reported the U.S. military used about 128 million barrels of fuel last year, costing about $8 billion, compared with about 145
million barrels in 2004 that cost $7 billion."At the tip of the spear is where the need to avoid the cost of fuel logistics is most
acute," says Amory Lovins, cofounder of the Rocky Mountain Institute, who led the 2004 study. "If you don't need divisions of
people hauling fuel, you can realign your force structure to be more effective as well as less vulnerable." Zilmer's call for
renewable power is also buttressed by Pentagon studies from June 2005 dating back to the 1990s that show the costs
and advantages of solar-panel systems in place of or as supplements to diesel generators burning JP-8, the standard
battlefield fuel. Still, such lessons are learned slowly, says Hugh Jones, a former analyst with the Center for Army Analysis,
now a consultant on energy issues to the U.S. Army. Analyzing feedback from the frontlines after Operation Desert Storm in
Kuwait 1990, he produced a raft of studies on uses for solar power in combat. But during the 1990s when fuel was cheap, he
found little interest in the idea. "There aren't a lot of people who have expertise in this area of renewable power in combat
operations," Mr. Jones says. "There are a lot of people in the service who smell like diesel fuel, but not many who have been in
the field using solar power and hybrid-optimized solutions." Even so, he's noticed "there's much more interest today." The high
cost of fuel, and troop casualties in the Iraq war, may be changing that traditional outlook. One guy who thinks he can solve the
general's problem is Dave Muchow, president of SkyBuilt Power in Arlington, Va. Aided by funding from In-Q-Tel, a venture-
capital firm for the Central Intelligence Agency — SkyBuilt makes a hybrid solar-panel and wind-generator power system that
fits in a standard shipping container. It can be dropped onto a mountaintop or into the desert. Its solar panels and wind turbine
deploy in minutes. And where there's water, a "micro-hydro" unit can be dropped into a stream for an added boost. Such 007-
style systems are not cheap. Today, SkyBuilt's "mobile power system" can cost up to $100,000, compared with just $10,000 for
a 10-kilowatt diesel generator.But costs of such hybrid packages begin to look more reasonable when the cost is considered of
delivering a gallon of fuel to a generator gulping it 24/7. The true cost of fuel delivered to the battlefield — well prior to the
recent oil price hike — was $13 to $300 a gallon, depending on its delivery location, a Defense Science Board report in May
2001 estimated.An analysis in Zilmer's memo puts the "true cost" for fuel for a 10-kilowatt diesel generator at $36,000 a year
— about four times the amount needed to purchase the fuel itself initially. The rest of the cost is due mainly to transportation.
On that basis, a SkyBuilt system could cut costs by 75% and pay for itself for three to five years, the memo
estimates.But another cost is time. Even though the Army's REF is moving on it, there is still no firm date for a request for
proposal to be made public, the REF spokesman acknowledges. Zilmer's memo, however, warns that without renewable
power to replace fuel, victory could be forfeited."Without this solution, personnel loss rates are likely to continue at
their current rate," the memo says. "Continued casualty accumulation exhibits potential to jeopardize mission success."
21
Military Aff
Heg Extensions General (1/2)
Without U.S global leadership, the world would plunge into a chaotic period of
violence
Brookes – Senior Fellow at the Heritage Foundation – 7-4-2006 (Peter, New York Post, “Why They Need Us: Imagine a World
Without America,” http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed070406a.cfm)
The picture isn't pretty. Absent U.S. leadership, diplomatic influence, military might, economic power and unprecedented
generosity, life aboard planet earth would likely be pretty grim, indeed. Set aside the differences America made last century - just
imagine a world where this country had vanished on Jan. 1, 2001. On security, the United States is the global balance of power.
While it's not our preference, we are the world's "cop on the beat," providing critical stability in some of the planet's toughest
neighborhoods. Without the U.S. "Globo-cop," rivals India and Pakistan might well find cause to unleash the dogs of war in
South Asia - undoubtedly leading to history's first nuclear (weapons) exchange. Talk about Fourth of July fireworks . . . In
Afghanistan, al Qaeda would still be an honored guest, scheming over a global caliphate stretching from Spain to Indonesia. It
wouldn't be sending fighters to Iraq; instead, Osama's gang would be fighting them tooth and nail from Saudi Arabia to
"Eurabia." In Asia, China would be the "Middle Kingdom," gobbling up democratic Taiwan and compelling pacifist Japan
(reluctantly) to join the nuclear weapons club. The Koreas might fight another horrific war, resulting in millions of deaths.
MILITARY POWER IS KEY TO HEGEMONY–WITHOUT HARDPOWER, OVERALL U.S.

INFLUENCE WILL COLLAPSE
ARMY HQ 2001 (Headquarters of the Army, Field Manual #1, “The Army,” June 14,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/1/index.html)
America is a strong Nation. It has abundant resources and a dynamic and productive population. It wields enormous political
power and has the world’s strongest economy. But without a strong military to protect its enduring interests, America’s
strength would soon wither. Since the end of the Cold War, the world has been in a state of significant transition. This
transition is marked by increased uncertainty and potential vulnerability. The strategic environment is less stable than in the
past, and threats to American interests are less predictable. National power remains relative and dynamic, and as such, the
military must provide the National Command Authorities with flexible forces that can operate across the range of military
operations and spectrum of conflict to achieve national security objectives. The Army operates as part of the joint force, and The
Army constitutes the preponderance of the land component of that force. Acting as part of joint and multinational teams, The Army
provides sustained land power capabilities to combatant commanders for engagement, crisis response, and warfighting in
support of our national interests.
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Military Aff
Heg Extensions General (2/2)

American primacy is vital to accessing every major impact—the only threat to
world peace is if we allow it to collapse
Thayer, professor of security studies at Missouri State, November 06 (Bradley, The National Interest, “In Defense of
Primacy”, November/December, p. 32-37)
But retrenchment, in any of its guises, must be avoided. If the United States adopted such a
strategy, it would be a profound strategic mistake that would lead to far greater instability and war in the world,
imperil American security and deny the United States and its allies the benefits of primacy.
There are two critical issues in any discussion of America's grand strategy: Can America remain the dominant Should it strive to do
this? America can remain dominant due to its prodigious military, economic and soft power capabilities. The totality of that
equation of power answers the first issue. The United States has overwhelming military capabilities and wealth in comparison
to other states or likely potential alliances. Barring some disaster or tremendous folly, that will remain the case for the
foreseeable future, With few exceptions, even those who advocate retrenchment acknowledge this.
So the debate revolves around the desirability of maintaining American primacy. Proponents of retrenchment focus a great deal on the
costs of U.S. action--but they fail to realize what is good about American primacy. The price and risks of primacy are reported in
newspapers every day; the benefits that stem from it are not.
A GRAND strategy of ensuring American primacy takes as its starting point the protection of the U.S. homeland and
American global interests. These interests include ensuring that critical resources like oil flow around the world, that the
global trade and monetary regimes flourish and that Washington's worldwide network of allies is reassured and protected.
Allies are a great asset to the United States, in part because they shoulder some of its burdens. Thus, it is no surprise to see NATO in
Afghanistan or the Australians in East Timor.
In contrast, a strategy based on retrenchment will not be able to achieve these fundamental objectives of the United States.
Indeed, retrenchment will make the United States less secure than the present grand strategy of primacy. This is because
threats will exist no matter what role America chooses to play in international politics. Washington cannot call a "time out",
and it cannot hide from threats. Whether they are terrorists, rogue states or rising powers, history shows that threats must be
confronted. Simply by declaring that the United States is "going home", thus abandoning its commitments or making
unconvincing half-pledges to defend its interests and allies, does not mean that others will respect American wishes to retreat.
To make such a declaration implies weakness and emboldens aggression. In the anarchic world of the animal kingdom,
predators prefer to eat the weak rather than confront the strong. The same is true of the anarchic world of international
politics. If there is no diplomatic solution to the threats that confront the United States, then the conventional and strategic
military power of the United States is what protects the country from such threats.
And when enemies must be confronted, a strategy based on primacy focuses on engaging enemies overseas, away from American soil.
Indeed, a key tenet of the Bush Doctrine is to attack terrorists far from America's shores and not to wait while they use bases in other
countries to plan and train for attacks against the United States itself. This requires a physical, on-the-ground presence that cannot be
achieved by offshore balancing.
Indeed, as Barry Posen Posen: see Poznań, Poland. has noted, U.S. primacy is secured because America, at present, commands the
"global commons"--the oceans, the world's airspace and outer space--allowing the United States to project its power far from its
borders, while denying those common avenues to its enemies. As a consequence, the costs of power projection for the United States
and its allies are reduced, and the robustness of the United States' conventional and strategic deterrent capabilities is increased. (2)
This is not an advantage that should be relinquished lightly.
A remarkable fact about international politics today--in a world where American primacy is clearly and unambiguously on
display--is that countries want to align themselves with the United States. Of course, this is not out of any sense of altruism, in
most cases, but because doing so allows them to use the power of the United States for their own purposes--their own protection, or to
gain greater influence.
Of 192 countries, 84 are allied with America--their security is tied to the United States through treaties
23
Military Aff
Heg Extensions- Economy (1/3)
US heg and military is key to economic stability
Mandelbaum – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins –
2005
[Michael, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts As the World’s Government in the Twenty-First
Century, p. 93]
The American role in supplying the necessary service of enforcement for the international economic order is similar to the
American provision of reassurance in security affairs. Both roles arise from the global deployment of American military forces,
the original mission of which was neither economic enforcement nor reassurance but rather the deterrence of the Soviet Union
and other Communist countries. The United States Navy patrolled the world's two greatest oceans principally to keep the sea
lanes of communication open in case of war: The protection this afforded commercial ship-ping came as a by-product of that
mission.The parallel between reassurance and enforcement goes even further. The purpose of each is to foster confidence, the
confidence that normal, desirable political and economic activity will proceed uninterrupted. Because they guarantee what is
normal and therefore not usually considered worthy of note, the two roles are not visible and for that reason not appreciated.
They are taken for granted. They are being successfully carried out if and when nothing noteworthy happens.
This does not, however, mean that they are unimportant. To the contrary, to the extent that reassurance keeps at bay the kind of
political conflict that produced the two world wars of the twentieth century, and enforcement permits the international economy
to flourish, nothing the United States does in the world is more important. In this way the Goliath of the twenty-first century
serves to soothe the nerves and ease the everyday lives of the inhabitants of weaker countries, rather than terrifying them as the
original Goliath did.
US heg is key to the global economy and free trade
Mandelbaum ’05 (Michael, professor and director of the American foreign policy program at Johns Hopkins, The Case for Goliath)
pg 149-150)
It is satisfying because if the strings that manipulate events the world over lead back to Washington and New York, then the world may
be seen as intelligible, coherent, and rational, if not benign. It is plausible because, as by far the most powerful member of the system
of sovereign states, the United States surely does exercise considerable influence. Globalization—the spread around the world of
cross-border economic transactions—is not an American invention, nor does the United States control the trade and investment that
enriches some, harms others, and alters the daily routines of tens of millions; but American-based firms certainly do conduct a large
part of the world's trade and investment, American economic policies do affect conditions in the rest of the world and the system of
global market relations within which these often disruptive transactions take places does rest on the military might and the economic
strength of the international system's most powerful member.
24
Military Aff

US Hegemony prevents oil crises and supply shocks
Mandelbaum – Professor and Director of the American Foreign Policy Program at Johns Hopkins
– 2005
Century, p. 94-95]
One crucial international economic activity, however, indisputably continued to require American protection. This was the trade in one
of the world's most valuable commodities, for which protection continued to be needed because it was located in one of the world's
most volatile regions. The commodity is oil, the region the Middle East.
Oil The world runs on oil. Without a reliable supply, the industrial economies would cough, sputter, and in some cases grind to a halt.'
The supply of oil is an international matter because of a geographic mismatch: The places where the planet's major reserves are
located are different, and sometimes distant, from the places where the rates of consumption are highest.
Almost no major industrial country, including, since the 1970s, the one where the first huge oil well was discovered in 190I and that
once produced more than any other—the United States—has enough oil within its own borders to sustain its economy. Oil moves, and
must move, across sovereign borders in huge quantities for the global economy to keep turning over. It is the United States that has
undertaken the principal responsibility for safeguarding this movement, thereby assuring an adequate supply of oil to the world, in
much the same way that formally constituted governments have the responsibility for delivering water and electricity within their
jurisdictions. American naval forces patrol the sea lanes over which oil is transported, with particular attention to places where the
flow is vulnerable to disruptions.' During the second half of the twentieth century, the United States established friendly political
relations, and sometimes close military associations, with governments of most of the major oil-producing countries: Mexico and
Venezuela in Latin America, Indonesia in Asia, and Nigeria in Africa.
25
Military Aff

Heg solves economic collapse – the Great Depression proves
2005
Century, p. 192-195]
Although the spread of nuclear weapons, with the corresponding increase in the likelihood that a nuclear shot would be fired in
anger somewhere in the world, counted as the most serious potential consequence of the abandonment by the United States of
its role as the world's government, it was not the only one. In the previous period of American international reticence, the 1920s
and 1930s, the global economy suffered serious damage that a more active American role might have mitigated. A twenty-first-
century American retreat could have similarly adverse international economic consequences.The economic collapse of the
1930s caused extensive hardship throughout the world and led indirectly to World War II by paving the way for the people who
started it to gain power in Germany and Japan. In retrospect, the Great Depression is widely believed to have been caused by a
series of errors in public policy that made an economic downturn far worse than it would have been had governments
responded to it in appropriate fashion. Since the 1930s, acting on the lessons drawn from that experience by professional
economists, governments have taken steps that have helped to prevent a recurrence of the disasters of that decade.'
In the face of reduced demand, for example, governments have increased rather than cut spending. Fiscal and monetary crises
have evoked rescue efforts rather than a studied indifference based on the assumption that market forces will readily reestablish
a desirable economic equilibrium. In contrast to the widespread practice of the 1930s, political authorities now understand that
putting up barriers to imports in an attempt to revive domestic production will in fact worsen economic conditions
everywhere.Still, a serious, prolonged failure of the international economy, inflicting the kind of hardship the world
experienced in the 1930s (which some Asian countries also suffered as a result of their fiscal crises in the 1990s) does not lie
beyond the realm of possibility. Market economies remain subject to cyclical downturns, which public policy can limit but has
not found a way to eliminate entirely. Markets also have an inherent tendency to form bubbles, excessive values for particular
assets, whether seventeenth century Dutch tulips or twentieth century Japanese real estate and Thai currency, that cause
economic harm when the bubble bursts and prices plunge. In responding to these events, governments can make errors. They
can act too slowly, or fail to implement the proper policies, or implement improper ones.Moreover, the global economy and the
national economies that comprise it, like a living organism, change constantly and sometimes rapidly: Capital flows across
sovereign borders, for instance, far more rapidly and in much greater volume in the early twenty-first century than ever before.
This means that measures that successfully address economic malfunctions at one time may have less effect at another, just as
medical science must cope with the appearance of new strains of influenza against which existing vaccines are not effective.
Most importantly, since the Great Depression, an active American international economic role has been crucial both in
fortifying the conditions for global economic well-being and in coping with the problems that have occurred, especially
periodic recessions and currency crises, by applying the lessons of the past. The absence of such a role could weaken those
conditions and aggravate those problems.
The overall American role in the world since World War II therefore has something in common with the theme of the Frank
Capra film It's a Wonderful Life, in which the angel Clarence, played by Henry Travers, shows James Stewart, playing the bank
clerk George Bailey, who believes his existence to have been worthless, how life in his small town of Bedford Falls would have
unfolded had he never been born. George Bailey learns that people he knows and loves turn out to be far worse off without
him. So it is with the United States and its role as the world's government. Without that role, the world very likely would have
been in the past, and would become in the future, a less secure and less prosperous place.
\
26
Military Aff
Heg Extensions- East Asian Proliferation
US is key to solve East Asia proliferation
Lieber – Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University – 2005

[Robert J., The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century, p. 174]
Taken together, these Asian involvements are not without risk, especially vis-a-vis North Korea, China-Taiwan, and the
uncertain future of a nuclear-armed Pakistan. Nonetheless, the American engagement provides both reassurance and deterrence
and thus eases the security dilemmas of the key states there, including countries that are America's allies but remain suspicious
of each other. Given the history of the region, an American withdrawal would be likely to trigger arms races and the
accelerated proliferation of nuclear weapons. It is thus no exaggeration to describe the American presence as providing the
"oxygen" crucial for the region's stability and economic prosperity.37
And, This leads to nuclear war
Cerincione in ’00 (Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Foreign Policy, “The Asian nuclear reaction chain”, Issue 118, Spring, Proquest)
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
building more quickly than anywhere else in the world. If a nuclear breakout takes place in
Asia, then the international arms control agreements that have been painstakingly
negotiated over the past 40 years will crumble. Moreover, the United States could find itself
embroiled in its fourth war on the Asian continent in six decades--a costly rebuke to those who seek
the safety of Fortress America by hiding behind national missile defenses.
Consider what is already happening: North Korea continues to play guessing games with its nuclear and missile programs;
South Korea wants its own missiles to match Pyongyang's; India and Pakistan shoot across borders while running a slow-
motion nuclear arms race; China modernizes its nuclear arsenal amid tensions with Taiwan and the United States; Japan's vice
defense minister is forced to resign after extolling the benefits of nuclear weapons; and Russia-whose Far East nuclear
deployments alone make it the largest Asian nuclear power-struggles to maintain territorial coherence. Five of these states have
nuclear weapons; the others are capable of constructing them. Like neutrons firing from a split atom, one nation's actions can
trigger reactions throughout the region, which in turn, stimulate additional actions. These nations form an interlocking Asian
nuclear reaction chain that vibrates dangerously with each new development. If the frequency and intensity of
this reaction cycle increase, critical decisions taken by any one of these governments could
cascade into the second great wave of nuclear-weapon proliferation, bringing regional and global
economic and political instability and, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945.
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Military Aff
Heg Extensions- Japanese Re-Arm

US withdrawal from East Asia leads to Japan militarization
Lieber – Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University – 2005

[Robert J., The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century, p. 167]
An American withdrawal from East Asia could very well result in a Japanese decision to build a more robust conventional military
capacity and to acquire nuclear weapons - a contingency that Chinese leaders implicitly acknowledge and that has muted their calls for
U.S. disengagement. The potential for a Japanese decision to go nuclear is not just theoretical. The country operates a fast-breeder
nuclear reactor as part of its civilian nuclear program for producing electricity. Japanese authorities describe the fast breeder program
as merely a component of their comprehensive nuclear fuel cycle, but there is another implication. The fast-breeder reactor itself is
costly and difficult to maintain and is of dubious economic value 27 However, the plutonium the reactor produces is not only available
as fuel for nuclear reactors, but also has the potential to be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Moreover, there is an
additional source of fissile material in the stock-piles of plutonium that have been reprocessed in Britain and France from Japan's used
civilian nuclear reactor fuel and then returned to Japan.
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Military Aff
Heg Extensions—Multipolarity  Instability
Balance of power leads to miscalculation and nuclear war – stability will

inevitably break down
Khalilzad – RAND Corporation – 1995

[Zalmay, “Losing the Moment?” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2, pg. 84, Spring, Lexis]
<Finally, and most important, there is no guarantee that the system will succeed in its own terms. Its operation requires subtle
calculations and indications of intentions in order to maintain the balance while avoiding war; nations must know how to signal their
depth of commitment on a given issue without taking irrevocable steps toward war. This balancing act proved impossible even for the
culturally similar and aristocratically governed states of the nineteenth-century European balance of power systems. It will be
infinitely more difficult when the system is global, the participants differ culturally, and the governments of many of the states,
influenced by public opinion, are unable to be as flexible (or cynical) as the rules of the system require. Thus, miscalculations might
be made about the state of the balance that could lead to wars that the United States might be unable to stay out of. The balance of
power system failed in the past, producing World War I and other major conflicts. It might not work any better in the future -- and war
among major powers in the nuclear age is likely to be more devastating.>
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Military Aff
Heg-A2: Interventionism
Heg is key to decease excess American Interventionism
Kagan and Kristol, 2000

(Robert and William, “Present Dangers”, Kagan is a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, and Kristol is the editor of The Weekly Standard, and a political analyst
and commentator, page 13-14 )
It is worth pointing out, though, that a foreign policy premised on American hegemony, and on the blending of principle with material
interest, may in fact mean fewer, not more, overseas interventions than under the "vital interest" standard. Had the Bush
administration, for example, realized early on that there was no clear distinction between American moral concerns in Bosnia and
America's national interest there, the United States, with the enormous credibility earned in the Gulf War, might have been able to put
a stop to Milosevic's ambitions with a well-timed threat of punishing military action. But because the Bush team placed Bosnia outside
the sphere of "vital" American interests, the resulting crisis eventually required the deployment of thousands of troops on the ground.
The same could be said of American interventions in Panama and the Gulf. A passive worldview encouraged American leaders to
ignore troubling developments which eventually metastasized into full-blown threats to American security. Manuel Noriega and
Saddam Hussein were given reason to believe that the United States did not consider its interests threatened by their behavior, only to
discover that they had been misled. In each case, a broader and more forward-leaning conception of the national interest might have
made the later, large and potentially costly interventions unnecessary.
The question, then, is not whether the United Sates should intervene everywhere or nowhere. The decision Americans need to make is
whether the United States should generally lean forward, as it were, or sit back. A strategy aimed at preserving American hegemony
should embrace the former stance, being more rather than less inclined to weigh in when crises erupt, and preferably before they erupt.
This is the standard of a global superpower that intends to shape the international environment to its own advantage. By contrast, the
vital interest standard is that of a "normal" power that awaits a dramatic challenge before it rouses itself into action.
30
Military Aff
Heg-A2: Proliferation (1/2)
US forces check nuclear proliferation in Asia and the EU
2005
Century, p. 39-41]
American forces remained in Europe and East Asia because the countries located in these two regions wanted them there, even if they did not always
say so clearly or even explicitly. They wanted them there because the American presence offered the assurance that these regions would remain free of
The American military
war and, in the case of Europe, free of the costly preparations for war that had marked the twentieth century.
presence was in both cases a confidence-building measure, and if that presence were with-
drawn, the countries in both regions would feel less confident that no threat to their security
would appear. They would, in all likelihood, take steps to compensate for the absence of these
forces. Those steps would surely not include war, at least not in the first instance. Instead, since the American forces serve as a hedge against
uncertainty, some of the countries of East Asia and Europe might well seek to replace them with another source of hedging. A leading
candidate for that role would be nuclear weapons of their own.9 The possession of nuclear
weapons equips their owner with a certain leverage, a geopolitical weight that, unless somehow
counterbalanced, can confer a political advantage in dealing with countries lacking them. Like the relationship between employer
and employee, the one between a nuclear-weapon state and a non-nuclear-weapon state has
inequality built into it, no matter how friendly that relationship may be. During the Cold War, the American
military presence, and the guarantee of protection by the mighty nuclear arsenal of the United States that came with it, neutralized the nuclear weapons
that the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China accumulated. Russia and China retain nuclear stock-piles in the wake of the Cold War, and with
the end of the American military presence in their regions, several of their non-nuclear neighbors—Germany, Poland, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, for
example—might feel the need to off-set those stockpiles with nuclear forces of their own. Perhaps the process of replacing American nuclear armaments
with those of other countries, if this should take place, would occur smoothly, with Europe and East Asia remaining peaceful throughout the transition.
But this is not what most of the world believes. To the contrary,
the spread of nuclear weapons to countries that do not
already have them is widely considered to be the single greatest threat to international
tranquillity in the twenty-first century. The United States has made the prevention of nuclear
proliferation one of its most important foreign policies, and its efforts to this end constitute, like reassurance, a service to
the other members of the international system.
The US solves proliferation – Proliferation spreads quickly – neighboring

countries need protection
2005
Century, p. 45]
Some nuclear-weapon-free countries, however, have neighbors that already possess nuclear armaments and so would seem, whatever
their reservations about these armaments, to have strong incentives to counterbalance the neigh-boring arsenals with nuclear weapons
of their own, yet continue to eschew them. They have felt comfortable in these circumstances because the United States has provided
them with a nuclear guarantee. By extending its umbrella of nuclear deterrence over their territories, it has, in effect, enlisted its own
formidable nuclear arsenal in their defense.
31
Military Aff
Heg Good—A2: Proliferation (2/2)
Heg solves proliferation in the hands of allies, rogue states, and terrorist groups
2005
Century, p. 189-191]
The greatest threat to their security that the members of the international system did face in the new century, one that the United States
had devoted considerable resources and political capital to containing and that a serious reduction in the American global rule would
certainly aggravate, was the spread of nuclear weapons. Nuclear proliferation poses three related dangers. The first is that, in the
absence of an American nuclear guarantee, major countries in Europe and Asia will feel the need to acquire their own nuclear
armaments. If the United States withdrew from Europe and East Asia, Germany might come to consider it imprudent to deal with a
nuclear-armed Russia, and Japan with a nuclear-armed China, without nuclear arms of their own. They would seek these weapons in
order to avoid an imbalance in power that might work to their disadvantage. The acquisition of nuclear weapons by such affluent,
democratic, peaceful countries would not, by itself, trigger a war. It could, however, trigger arms races similar to the one between the
United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It would surely make Europe and East Asia less comfortable places, and
relations among the countries of these regions more suspicious, than was the case at the outset of the twenty-first century.
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a second danger, which the United States exerted itself to thwart to the extent of threatening a
war in North Korea and actually waging one in Iraq and that the recession of American power would increase: the possession of
nuclear armaments by "rogue" states, countries governed by regimes at odds with their neighbors and hostile to prevailing
international norms. A nuclear-armed Iraq, an unlikely development after the over-throw of Saddam Hussein's regime, or a nuclear-
armed Iran, a far more plausible prospect, would make the international relations of the Persian Gulf far more dangerous. That in turn
would threaten virtually every country in the world because so much of the oil on which they all depend comes from that region.' A
nuclear-armed North Korea would similarly change the international relations of East Asia for the worse. Especially if the United
States withdrew from the region, South Korea and Japan, and perhaps ultimately Tai-wan, might well decide to equip themselves with
nuclear weapons of their own.
A North Korean nuclear arsenal would pose yet a third threat: nuclear weapons in the hands of a terrorist group such as al Qaeda.
Lacking the infrastructure of a sovereign state, a terrorist organization probably could not construct a nuclear weapon itself. But it
could purchase either a full-fledged nuclear explosive or nuclear material that could form the basis for a device that, while not actually
exploding, could spew poisonous radiation over populated areas, killing or infecting many thousands of people.' Nuclear materials are
potentially available for purchase not only in North Korea but elsewhere as well.
32
Military Aff
Heg-A2: Counterbalancing (1/2)
No counterbalancing – Evidence only supports minor annoyance, countries are

tightening alliances with the US, and competitors haven’t joined against the
US
Lieber ‘05
(Robert, Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University, “The
American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century”, p. 199-202)
Does anti-Americanism signal a hostile world? Does it suggest that lesser powers are beginning to ally with one another in order to
counterbalance American power? Those most alarmed by the evidence of anti-Americanism often argue that this is the case. They,
along with a number of prominent international relations scholars in the realist tradition, warn of a growing mood of foreign hostility,
the dangers it may pose to the United States, and the likelihood that American primacy will be short-lived. As evidence they cite
adverse foreign public opinion, opposition in the United Nations Security Council where France led a bloc of countries in opposition
to U.S. Iraq policy, and the expansion and deepening of the European Union as a counterweight to the United States.55
Yet in contrast to these arguments, there is considerable evidence that balancing is not really taking place.56 Elsewhere, Gerard
Alexander and Keir Lieber have shown that despite claims to the contrary, there is little sign of true balancing behavior.57
Notwithstanding foreign and domestic rhetoric, the two key indicators of balancing - serious increases in foreign defense spending and
the creation of new alliances - are not evident. Moreover, it is not at all clear that acrimonious criticism of the United States, especially
by allies, is of an order of magnitude greater than during the periodic disputes that erupted during the past half-century.
As additional evidence that real counterbalancing has not been taking place, consider the following.
- The countries of the European Union have not sought to align themselves against the United States, because of both overwhelming
American preponderance and their own long-term military weakness as well as the persistence of national sovereignty in obstructing
the development of a true European common defense. Though France and Germany did oppose the Bush administration's Iraq policy,
and European public opinion was generally hostile to the use of force, the majority of European governments expressed support.58
And subsequent to the Bush reelection and then the holding of free elections in Iraq, the intensity of opposition visibly lessened.
- The American-led coalition war in Iraq to oust the regime of Saddam Hussein and the violent insurgency that has followed did not
trigger an upheaval in the region nor lead to the collapse of friendly governments. To the contrary, countries such as Libya and Syria
have acted to reduce confrontation.
- Far from disintegrating, as Kenneth Waltz, the foremost realist critic, had predicted,59 the American-led NATO alliance has
continued to flourish and expand because it provides a hedge against potential long-term security dangers in a world of nation-states.
Its existence offers a security umbrella for the countries of Europe,60 and its assumption of responsibility for peace-keeping in
Afghanistan provides clear evidence of its ongoing importance.61
- Among major powers elsewhere, China, India, and Russia have not sought to join with each other or with France and Germany in
balancing against the United States. Instead, each has taken steps to maintain viable and even close working relationships with
Washington.
- Allied countries in other regions, including Japan, South Korea, and Australia, have maintained or enhanced cooperation with the
United States, as have the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, and (more tenuously) Pakistan.
In sum, despite a very real climate of critical opinion abroad, assessments of actual counterbalancing appear quite overstated. Steven
Peter Rosen has noted, "A surprising number of major states are not now engaging in the self-help that Waltz says is at the heart of
inter-state relations, but are relying instead on the United States for their security."62 Note that one explanation may be that while
Waltz's well-
known description of the organizing principle of the international system as anarchical is widely accepted by other realist authors and
even a number of more practical neo-liberals, there are elements of the cur-rent international system that, because of American
primacy, are actually hierarchical. Authors such as Rosen and John Owen have made this point, and Owen has explained the absence
of counterbalancing against the United States by Europe and Japan by observing that the extent to which a state counterbalances
against American is a function of how liberal that state is, because liberal states treat each other benignly. Insight into why this is the
case can be found in the remark of a leading member of the governing German Social Democratic Party. In his words, "There are a lot
of people who don't like the American policeman, but they are happy there is one." 63
33
Military Aff
Heg-A2: Counterbalancing (2/2)

Countries will not counterbalance the US because others will balance them
Kagan – Alexander Hamilton Fellow at American University – 2006

[Robert, The Washington Post, “Still the Colossus,” January 15, Editorial, B07]
<There are also structural reasons why American indispensability can survive even the unpopularity of recent years. The political
scientist William Wohlforth argued a decade ago that the American unipolar era is durable not because of any love for the United
States but because of the basic structure of the international system. The problem for any nation attempting to balance American
power, even in that power's own region, is that long before it becomes strong enough to balance the United States, it may frighten its
neighbors into balancing against it. Europe would be the exception to this rule were it increasing its power, but it is not. Both Russia
and China face this problem as they attempt to exert greater influence even in their traditional spheres of influence.>
34
Military Aff
Heg-A2: Offshore Balancing (1/2)
Allies can’t maintain regional order and deter rising powers – the US must
remain engaged
Diamond, 96
(Larry, Senior researcher fellow at Hoover Institution, Orbis, “Beyond the Unipolar Moment: Why
the United States Must Remain Engaged”, p. 405-413)
As for provoking our allies to pick up the burden and coalesce, certainly we need to pursue more-equitable burden sharing. And to
some extent (especially in the war in the Persian Gulf), we have done so. But there are three serious problems with the confident
assumption that our allies can and will fill the gaps we leave. First, they may judge that, absent a significant U.S. security presence,
they lack the collective power to balance and deter a rising regional power. Thus, they may consider the only realistic course to be to
fall into its power orbit, to capitulate preemptively and join its bandwagon. Secondly, enough countries in a region may judge
capitulation cheaper and easier than resistance, so that the others have no choice but to fall in line. As Samuel Huntington has
suggested, the prospect of East Asian countries, from japan to Thailand, responding to China in this way is very real, and it will
increase significantly if the United States withdraws as a balancing force. The same can be said with respect to Iran and its smaller
Gulf neighbors.
Thirdly, we should always beware of what we wish for-it may come true. For instance, the time may be at hand to assign a much more
active security role to a Germany that has long since candidly acknowledged its war crimes and become a leading force for European
integration. Certainly Europe can and should shoulder more of the military and financial burden of defending itself, its sea lanes, and
its interests in the Middle East. But do we really want to encourage the active remilitarization of a Japan that has yet to come to grips
with its own war guilt, and in which assertive nationalism is on the rise? A continued American security partnership with Japan, as part
of our strategic engagement in Northeast Asia, seems a better and safer bet for peace and stability.
35
Military Aff
Heg-A2: Offshore Balancing (2/2)
US Heg is key to alliance and regional stability – offshore balancing and

withdraw lead to conflict
Kagan and Kristol, 2000

(Robert and William, “Present Dangers”, Kagan is a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, and Kristol is the editor of The Weekly Standard, and a political analyst
and commentator, page 15-16)
The United States also inherited from the Cold War a legacy of strong alliances in Europe and Asia, and with Israel in the
Middle East. Those alliances are a bulwark of American power and, more important still, they constitute the heart of the liberal
democratic civilization that the United States seeks to preserve and extend. Critics of a strategy of American pre-eminence
sometimes claim that it is a call for unilateralism. It is not. The notion that the United States could somehow "go it alone" and
maintain its pre-eminence without its allies is strategically misguided. It is also morally bankrupt. What would "American
leadership" mean in the absence of its democratic allies? What kind of nation would the United States be if it allowed Great
Britain, Germany, Japan, Israel, Poland and other democratic nations to fend for themselves against the myriad challenges they
will face?
In fact, a strategy aimed at preserving American pre-eminence would require an even greater U.S. commitment to its allies. The
United States would not be merely an "offshore balancer," a savior of last resort, as many recommend. It would not be a
"reluctant sheriff," rousing itself to action only when the threatened townsfolk turn to it in desperation. American pre-eminence
'can-not be maintained from a distance, by means of some post-Cold War version of the Nixon doctrine, whereby the United
States hangs back and keeps its powder dry. The United States would instead conceive of itself as at once a European power, an
Asian power, a Middle Eastern power and, of course, a Western Hemispheric power. It would act as if threats to the interests of
our allies are threats to us, which indeed they are. It would act as if instability in important regions of the world, and the
flouting of civilized rules of conduct in those regions, are threats that affect us with almost the same immediacy as if they were
occurring on our doorstep. To act otherwise would make the United States appear a most unreliable partner in world affairs,
which would erode both American pre-eminence and the international order, and gradually under-mine the very alliances on
which U.S. security depends. Eventually, the crises would appear at our doorstep.
36
Military Aff
Inherency Extensions
Lack of research funds is the biggest obstacle to fuel cell research.
Geoff S. Fein, 2/2004, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2004/Feb/Military_Fuel.htm
Others believe that finding the money to invest in fuel cell research and programs is the biggest obstacle for the military
to overcome. According to Atakan Ozbek, director of research for ABI in Oyster Bay, N.Y., even though the Department of
Defense has agencies, such as the Army’s Research, Development and Engineering Command and the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency, looking into fuel cells, the Pentagon doesn’t want to take the lead and bear all the
expense of the research and development.he Defense Department will “wait to see the commercial uses and for prices to drop,”
said Ozbek. “It will be a slow process.” In the long run, the Pentagon views fuel cells as a problem-solving technology that
will help troops alleviate the burden of carrying heavy loads of batteries to the front lines.
The army acknowledges that fuel cells would improve their situation
dramatically but needs more access to hydrogen
257664&md5=c1b0e679193c9e45931b8dfd79402a40,
The Army has selected proton exchange membrane (PEM) and direct methanol fuel cells as the leading near-term technology
candidate for soldier and sensor power because of their high power density, quick start capability, and technology maturity (Fig. 1).
PEM fuel cell stack performance has improved dramatically in recent years as the result of better design, effective thermal
management, and better membrane electrode assemblies. The result is enhanced specific power density and reduced cost. However,
the effective use of fuel cells in the military will require a safe, high energy dense, transportable, and reliable source of hydrogen.
Therefore, the military has recently shifted its focus from the ‘cell’ to the ‘fuel’ in order to develop high-energy dense hydrogen
storage and generation devices.
37
Military Aff
Military Procurement Extensions
Hydrogen Solves Global Warming
Timothy Coffey, Dennis R. Hardy, Gottfried E. Besenbruch, Kenneth R. Schultz, Lloyd C. Brown, and Jill P. Dahlburg et All 11-
2003 http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/nduedu/www.ndu.edu/inss//DefHor/dh36/dh36.pdf Hydrogen as a Fuel for DOD
In the case of oil reserves, the expected time frame of depletion ranges from 20 to perhaps 100 years. The American Petroleum Insti-
tute suggests a 95 percent probability that the world’s remaining oil reserves will last another 56 years and a 5 percent probability that
they will last another 88 years.4If this is the case and hydrogen is to be the replacement fuel, then making it viable must be an
immediate priority. With regard to the issue of greenhouse gases, the timeframe to watch is set by the time at which the CO2
concentration in the atmosphere reaches a level where it produces irreversible climate effects. The predictions in this regard are based
upon complex computer models and have considerable uncertainty associated with them. Most project U.S. temperature increases
ranging between 3 and 4 ̊C over the next 100 years.5 Such rises in average temperature would have significant climatic impact.
Therefore, within the current level of understanding, actions required to address oil reserve depletion and greenhouse gases would
need to be effected on a similar timescale—that is, about 50 years.
38
Military Aff
Solvency Extensions (1/5)

Alternative energy in the army solves for competitive military.
Kip P. Nygren, Darrell D. Massie*, and Paul J. Kern, Professor and Head, Civil and Mechanical Engineering, US Military
Academy; Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. United States Military Academy; Senior Advisor to The Cohen Group
respectively. No Date Given
http://209.85.215.104/search?q=cache:_iTfUOl9qCoJ:www.ndia.org/Content/ContentGroups/Divisions1/Environment/PDFs31/Army
%20energy%20strategy%20for%20the%20end%20of%20cheap%20oil.pdf+ARMY+ENERGY+STRATEGY+FOR+THE+END+OF
+CHEAP+OIL&hl=en&ct=clnk
Military leaders must understand the approaching end to cheap, abundant oil and its impact on our organization; the
vital need to change the ways we use energy in the military and in society. We must start the effort to change the culture
by mandating energy efficiency in all of our requirements and by highlighting the crucial importance of energy efficiency
for leaders, Soldiers and civil servants at all levels. Finally, it may be necessary to reconsider the very essence of how
priorities are set and resources allocated for the end of the era of cheap, accessible energy via oil.W. Wayt Gibbs in a Scientific
American article entitled, “How Should We Set Priorities?” contended that society uses essentially two kinds of imperfect
social mechanisms, governments and markets, to set rational priorities and consistently adhere to them Maybe in the U.S.
military, it is time to consider some variation on the use of markets to motivate the achievement of expeditionary and campaign
quality goals. The creation of markets to reduce power plant sulfur dioxide emissions, regulate fisheries, control the release of
carbon into the atmosphere, and restore wetlands, among others, has met with some success over the past decade. The Army
leadership might consider establishing a market in the energy needed to train, deploy, and sustain brigades. Every item of
equipment within the unit would be provided an energy budget, which could be sold or traded by equipment builders and the
services to most efficiently reduce the overall energy requirements of the total force. It is not easy to create an efficient and
effective market, but new ideas are vitally needed. Solutions can only come from a comprehensive systems view of energy.
Account for the total cost of energy in force and equipment design decisions in terms of the Soldiers, equipment and training
necessary to distribute the fuel at all levels in the supply chain. The savings are larger than a cursory review might indicate and
can result in a distinctly more effective expeditionary and campaign capable military force. Decision makers at the highest
levels must be made aware of the design tradeoffs involving energy in the acquisition of military systems and we recommend
that investment decisions be based on the true cost of delivered fuel and on warfighting and environmental benefits.
39
Military Aff

Fuel cell storage key to creating efficient army.
Purdue News, 6-20-2001, http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010620.Ladisch.NRCenergy.html

Robert Love, study director for the National Research Council, says such situations could be avoided in the future by
employing alternative fuels made from natural and renewable resources."The real issues for the Army are the ability to simplify
logistics requirements, to remain flexible with battlefield fuels, and to capitalize on alternative fuels, such as methane, instead
of restricting ourselves to fossil fuels," he says. "With fossil fuels, logistics can become difficult because you have to have
this long supply chain."Although using non-petroleum sources of energy would have obvious environmental and social
benefits, Love says this didn't factor into the committee's considerations."Obviously there are always spin-offs of military
innovation, but the committee was concerned with what would improve the operations of the Army." Scientists are already
working on making fuel from waste plant materials such as cellulose and hemicellulose. Grasses, surplus grains, spoiled food,
food wrappers, paper or even cotton cloth could be converted into fuel using this method. "In theory, these materials could be
produced in the field (if the theater of operation were in a temperate zone) and used as fuels," the report states. "The Army
needs to be investigating surrogate fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and make sure their engines can run on a
variety of fuels," Ladisch says. "Actually, I think this can be done with a minimal amount of modification. They're in pretty
good shape in this area." Another energy need for modern soldiers in the field is electricity, and batteries are bulky and very
heavy. Biological systems may provide a solution, the NRC committee suggests."Right now the Army is dependent on
batteries, and they can't take seriously other energy sources such as solar power," Love says. "One of the things the report
investigated was photovoltaic energy, and how bioelectronics might make it possible to increase the efficiency of converting
sunlight to usable energy. If you put this together with fuel-cell storage techniques, this would have a large impact on how
the military operates, especially for small unit operations."
Hydrogen Fuel Cells are more efficient for powering military vehicles and
technology
Pure hydrogen in its various forms may be the answer to the military's growing power needs in a range of applications
large and small. In the future, tactical trucks, utility vehicles and aircraft could be powered by hydrogen fuel cells, if
they can be engineered to provide safe, reliable performance under harsh conditions. A great deal of research is also underway
to develop small fuel cells that supplement or replace mil-spec batteries in the growing number of hand-held electronic devices on the
battlefield. Research into fuel cells for military use dates to at least the 1960s. But efforts to use them as alternatives to conventional
power sources like fossil fuels and batteries are gaining momentum. Scientists are looking at applications as complex as
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and as mundane as laptop computers. Factors driving work in this area include guaranteed
availability and the need for greater procurement economy, an issue that becomes more critical with each oil price increase. Another driver is
the individual combatant's continually growing need for electrical power. Operation Iraqi Freedom produced an unprecedented demand for
batteries among the U.S. armed services. Cargo aircraft laden with batteries scavenged from military bases worldwide sped to
the Middle East to relieve the supply drain. At least six battery manufacturers worked around the clock to alleviate
shortages. Having a field radio, night-vision sight or laser rangefinder go down because of a dead battery could be life-
threatening. Today's plugged-in soldier needs batteries--and lots of them.While the Pentagon is looking at various alternative energy
sources, some of the most promising research on near-term solutions involves hydrogen fuel cells. New power sources need to provide
higher output without increasing component weight, a benefit fuel cells may achieve. Other factors that make fuel cells
attractive include quiet operation, low heat signature and long life compared to most conventional power sources. All
this explains the growing number of military fuel-cell projects geared to running energy-hungry electronics. A hydrogen
fuel cell produces electricity, water and heat from solid, liquid or compressed hydrogen. Much work is underway on small
fuel cells for portable field use with hydrogen being stored as metal hydrides, such as sodium borohydride or lithium
aluminum hydride, in powder or pellet form. The dry hydrogen, packed in disposable plastic cartridges, reacts with
water, creating a chemical reaction that can be harnessed to power an application.
40
Military Aff
Fuel Cells weigh less and use less resources than current military batteries
A different route is being taken by Protonex Technology Corp., based in Southborough, Mass., which is developing Soldier
Power System for U.S. ground forces. The system is designed to provide power for portable electronic devices, combining
a company-developed advanced fuel cell with a chemical hydride fueling subsystem licensed from Millennium Cell Inc.
of Eatontown, N.J. Typically, a three-day ground combat mission would require 30-40 lb. of lithium ion batteries. Protonex
says one of its fuel cells and three fuel cartridges weighing a total of 11 lb. can provide the same amount of power as that
number of lithium ion batteries. In operation, 200 grams (7 oz.) of dry sodium borohydride is dissolved in 860 grams of
water to produce power. Pure water is not required. In fact, preliminary testing has demonstrated that urine can be
substituted, if water is in short supply.
Fuel Cells can provide aircrafts with more power longer without harmful emissions
Fuel cells also have applications in the air, notably in UAVs. In 1998, Intora-Firebird, based in the U.K., developed a one-
man, vertical-takeoff-and-landing helicopter that ran on hydrogen peroxide fuel. The rotary aircraft debuted at the Farnborough
air show that year. It was powered by 1-lb. jet engines fitted on the end of two rotor blades. Fed by tanks next to the pilot,
the engines burned 85% hydrogen peroxide fuel, which was converted into super-heated steam and oxygen. The gas was
released at the tips of the blades, powering their rotation. According to a show report from Aviation Week's Show News, the
two jets combined generated 100 hp., the same as a conventional aircraft engine weighing 220 lb. The Intora-Firebird
wasn't a commercial success, but the engine's high power-to-weight ratio may have benefits for UAVs. Three years ago, the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) and AeroVironment of Monrovia, Calif., successfully flew a flying-wing
micro air vehicle (MAV) powered by hydrogen. The radio-controlled Hornet MAV incorporated a fuel cell and hydrogen tank.
The Hornet, with a wingspan of 15 in. and gross takeoff weight of 6 oz., consumed hydrogen pellets, water (also carried on the
vehicle) and oxygen collected from the airflow over the wing to produce electricity. Darpa believes fuel-cell-powered MAVs
could undertake high-endurance missions. So does the U.S. Navy Research Laboratory (NRL), which late last year
conducted flight tests of its radio-controlled Spider-Lion fuel-cell-powered UAV. The NRL-designed experimental
aircraft, weighing 6 lb. and with a 7.2-ft. wingspan, was able to stay airborne for 3 hr., 19 min., consuming only 15
grams (0.5 oz.) of compressed hydrogen gas. A similar battery-powered UAV can fly for only about an hour. With a lighter
fuel tank, Spider-Lion might fly twice as long. The 100-watt fuel-cell system was primarily constructed of commercially
available hardware and a fuel-cell stack and components developed by Protonex. NRL sees applications for mini-
tactical UAVs with a gross takeoff weight of about 20 lb.
Fuel cells are a huge improvement- are quieter, reduce emissions, and requite
less maintenance

Fuel cells have numerous advantages over combustion generators. The first commercial fuel cells derive their
hydrogen from natural gas through the use of a reformer, producing nitrogen oxides and carbon
dioxide in lower quantities than combustion engines. Virtually soundless, they are ideal in places like libraries,
office buildings, and hospitals where noise is a concern. Later models may use hydrogen directly, leaving only water as a
byproduct. Their lack of moving parts, meanwhile, minimizes maintenance needs.51
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New tech can store hydrogen efficiently by using nanoscopic scrolls of carbon
NewScientist, June 25, 2007, Roll up for better hydrogen fuel storage,
http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/energy-fuels/dn12128-roll-up-for-better-hydrogen-
fuel-storage.html
The thorny problem of how to store hydrogen fuel safely for future vehicles and portable gadgets could be solved by simply
storing it in nanoscopic scrolls of carbon. Scientists in Greece say they have found a way to make so-called "carbon
nanoscrolls" store more hydrogen than any other material. By adding impurities to rolled sheets of carbon in detailed computer
simulations, they found they could control how tightly the scrolls wind up and, hence, how much hydrogen they adsorb. This
result is very promising because it provides a potential solution to one of the major problems of hydrogen storage for mobile
applications, says George Froudakis at the University of Crete, who led the work. Hydrogen has been much touted as the clean
fuel of the future for electric vehicles and portable devices. But, despite holding more energy than hydrocarbon fuels, its
incredibly low density makes it difficult to store in sufficient quantity to make it worthwhile.
New storage method for hydrogen
Steve Koppes, Science writer, quoting scientists, Jan. 22, 2004, Compound could make hydrogen fuel storage
more efficient, practical, http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/040122/hydrogen.shtml
The lack of practical storage methods has hindered the more widespread use of hydrogen fuels, which are both renewable and
environmentally clean. The most popular storage methods—liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen—require that the fuel
be kept at extremely low temperatures or high pressures. But the University’s Wendy Mao and David Mao have formed icy
materials made of molecular hydrogen that require less stringent temperature and pressure storage conditions. “This new class
of compounds offers a possible alternative route for technologically useful hydrogen storage,” said Russell Hemley, Senior
Staff Scientist at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The findings also could help explain
how hydrogen becomes incorporated in growing planetary bodies, he said. The father-daughter team synthesized compounds
made of hydrogen and water, hydrogen and methane, and hydrogen and octane in a diamond-anvil cell, which researchers often
use to simulate the high pressures found far beneath Earth’s surface. The hydrogen and water experiments produced the best
results. “The hydrogen-water system has already yielded three compounds, with more likely to be found,” said Wendy Mao, a
graduate student in Geophysical Sciences. The compound that holds the most promise for hydrogen storage, called a hydrogen
clathrate hydrate, was synthesized at pressures between 20,000 and 30,000 atmospheres and temperatures of minus 207 degrees
Fahrenheit. More importantly, the compound remains stable at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of minus 320 degrees
Fahrenheit, the temperature at which liquid nitrogen boils. “We thought that would be economically very feasible. Liquid
nitrogen is easy and cheap to make,” Wendy Mao said.
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The U.S has the potential to be an international leader in fuel cells production
in Asia

Beyond export markets and technological leadership, the prospect of reduced oil import dependence, air pollution,
nuclear safety risks, and climate disruption provide additional justification for promoting micropower systems globally.
The U.S. government is supporting the California-based Nautilus Institute’s installation of three small
wind turbines in power-deprived, faminestricken rural North Korea, in part to lessen bilateral tensions over nuclear
proliferation. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism is another avenue through which near-commercial
micropower technologies might be funneled— serving “Northern” climate commitments and “Southern” development
objectives while driving down the cost of the new systems.151
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2AC Other Tech CP Block
1) Perm do both, double solvency swamps DAs

2) Solvency deficit
a. Heg. Our Ashok evidence says that PME fuel cells are key to solving
military readiness, nothing else can solve for mobility,
communication, and efficiency.
b) Military procurement. They have no evidence that the military will
be able to initiate private development of other technology. Our
evidence is specific to fuel cells
3) Solar power fails
John Gartner, PhD, 06/29/2004, Solar to Keep Army on the Go,

http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/06/64021
Companies have been producing solar panels using amorphous silicon on steel for several years, but several failed because they
could not advance the technology quickly enough to keep up with rigid photovoltaic systems, Maycock said. He said the Army
has continued to fund development of the technology because the materials to date have been too heavy and not cost-efficient.
4) PICs bad, voting issue

a. Strategy skew – it steals 1AC ground which prevents strategic 2AC
arguments. They steal our advantages meaning we have nothing to debate
about.
b. Trivial regress – PICs take the focus away from important issues such as
the plan’s desirability as a whole and instead shift the focus towards trivial
pieces in plan.
c. Other forms of policy debate subsume their offense – we still allow them
to run other counterplans, disadvantages, and kritiks to test our plan. More
of the plan is tested because certain parts can’t be glossed over by the PIC.
Fairness outweighs any minor educational advantage of their PIC.
d. Conditional/Dispositional PICs are uniquely bad – all of our offense

becomes a defense of the status quo, allowing them to kick the counterplan
and use it against us. This is an independent reason to vote aff.
e. PICs encourage vague plan writing – people will have deliberately vague
plan texts in order to avoid PICs. This prevents education, because the
mandates of the plan cannot be fully tested.
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2AC States CP Block (1/6)

1. Solvency Deficit
2.
a. Heg- only the federal government has control over the military. The states cannot alter military
programs to increase readiness
b. Military Procurement- Extend the French card for the 1AC that the U.S military is uniquely key
in serving as a catalyst for commercial fuel cell production. Private companies and states cannot
generate enough interest and development on their own
3. Multi-actor fiat bad
1. Not Real World- Decisions are always made from the standpoint of the federal government, all 50
states never work together on a single issue
2. Unrealistic- Requiring that all branches of the government and the

bureaucracy support the plan is essentially utopian
3. Education lose- Resistance by other agents is an issue which should be

debated, this cant be considered if opposition from institutional actors is
imagined away
4. Its Abusive- Their solution only allows the affirmative to fiat one
agent of the federal government and not multiple agents like states
5. Unpredictable- There is no way the affirmative could be prepared for all

the combinations of all the agents in the world
6. This is a voting issue- vote down the neg to stop abuse and maintain
fairness in the round
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4. State incentivized private companies cannot provide for the military. The costs of hydrogen are too high
and extend the French card from the 1AC that states military use will decrease the cost of hydrogen.
Hurdles like cost and infrastructure are prevent fuel cell production, it won’t
begin in the private sector
Daniel Sperling. January 22, 2003. FreedomCAR and Fuel Cells: Toward theHydrogen Economy?. PPI Policy Report.
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cluster=1253439568953527239. Nelson
Although the technology is highly promising, two large challenges remain: fuel cell costs must come down; and a
network of hydrogen fuel stations must be constructed. Moreover, if consumers are to have sufficient incentive to buy
vehicles powered by fuel cells, the vehicle technology and infrastructure must be commercially available at the same time.
FreedomCAR's goal is to fund research that brings the cost of today's fuel cells down from their present level of $3,000-to-
$4,000 per kilowatt hour to about $45, a level roughly comparable to the cost of massmanufactured cars on the road today.1
There is no apparent reason why these cost reductions cannot be accomplished -- though it will require an enormous
engineering effort. It is widely believed that by 2008 to 2010, a concerted engineering effort can help to put fuel cell vehicles
where hybrid electric cars are today, selling a few thousand per month in the United States. Sales in the hundreds of thousands
are expected to start several years later. The fuel supply issue will prove even more stubborn because its solution will
require more than just technical innovation and engineering. It will require the engagement of a broader array of
companies and government agencies in this effort in the near term, and the development of a new set of energy resources in the
longer term. Although it is the most abundant substance in the universe, hydrogen does not exist in a free state. It must be
extracted from other substances
in which it occurs -- water and hydrocarbons (e.g., natural gas, methanol, Today, most hydrogen is produced from
natural gas for use as a specialty chemical, but current supplies are inadequate to run our transportation system. In
order to use hydrogen as a transportation fuel, it will be necessary in the near term to create a nationwide network to
produce, distribute, and store it. In the longer term it will be necessary to import natural gas and/or develop entirely
new resources and production processes in order to provide a sufficient supply of hydrogen. Already, the U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE) and large energy companies are exploring the use of biomass, sunlight, coal, and nuclear energy to supply
much-expanded quantities of hydrogen for the future. The most pressing supply problem at this initial stage is how best to
deliver hydrogen to the fuel cell on the vehicle. Hydrogen is the lightest molecule on earth. To provide enough energy to power
a vehicle a few hundred miles is daunting. One approach, pursued by General Motors and several oil companies, is to extract
hydrogen from gasoline – an approach that would help employ the existing infrastructure as a step toward a hydrogen
economy. DaimlerChysler, in turn, is looking to extract hydrogen instead from methanol, which produces fewer harmful
emissions than gasoline. Other options would entail converting natural gas directly into hydrogen at fuel stations and then
compressing or liquefying it and perhaps even storing it on board in molecular carbon formations known as "nanotubes." Until
automakers resolve these questions, energy companies will remain reluctant to invest in fuel stations and fuel
distribution systems. It is a classic "chicken and egg" problem. It is doubtful that the private sector will solve this problem
on its own. Owing to their enormous potential to slash emissions implicated in smog and global warming, as well as
enhance energy security, there is a clear role for the federal government to play in the acceleration of fuel cell vehicle
technologies.
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5. States standards for environmental programs are not as high as the federal government
Wallace E. Oates and Paul R. Portney. November 2001. The Political Economy of Environmental Policy.
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/10849/1/dp010055.pdf. Nelson
A corollary to this result is one for local environmental policy. Since more stringent environmental measures
raise costs to firms and deflect capital elsewhere, there is an incentive for local governments to choose excessively lax
standards for local environmental quality (e.g., Oates and Schwab 1988; Wilson 1996). As Schwab and I have put it,
environmental decisions in this setting have fiscal effects that induce distorted local choices on pollution control Finally,
let me take up a related concern that arises in an intertemporal context. Some have alleged that centralized control is
required because local decisionmaking tends to be myopic and fails to incorporate the interests of future generations. The
argument here is that especially in the highly mobile modern world, current residents have a limited concern with
the future quality of the local environment. Not only may they move elsewhere, but it is probable that their children
will end up residing in some other jurisdiction. In consequence, local residents are likely to undervalue measures that
promise to protect or enhance the local environment in the more distant future. In contrast, centralized decisions (so the argument
goes) will tend to internalize such concerns for the future; they will better preserve the environment for future generations.
6. Perm the United States Federal Government and all 50 states will do the plan
7. Perm solves:
The majority of environmental programs require a unique cooperation between
state and federal government-each has its own responsibilities
David M. Welborn, professor at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. Winter 1988. Conjoint Federalism and
Environmental Regulation in the United States Vol. 18, No. 1, (Winter, 1988), pp. 27-43 Published by: Oxford University
Press. http://www.jstor.org.floyd.lib.umn.edu/stable/pdfplus/3330379.pdf. JSTOR.. Nelson
Almost all of the new national environmental laws provide for the con- joining of national and state regulatory
authority, an arrangement that can be distinguished from other types of intergovernmental relationships found in the
American federal system. The focus of this analysis is on these arrangements in which both national and state authority
are employed con- currently in program implementation.
8. Perm Solves- State and federal government already work together on

hydrogen fuel production, no reason why they both can’t incentivize the
military
Institute of Transportation Studies. January 2007. Transportation and the Hydrogen Economy:
Pathways and Strategies. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cluster=14576267050172049000. Nelson
The PFCA is a coalition of state and federal agencies working together to accelerate the development and deployment of
fuel cell and hydrogen infrastructure development. It is the only nonprofit organization in the U.S. that coordinates public
funding of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies at the state and regional level. The PFCA was officially organized by its
members in 2003 as a project of the Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA). CESA is a fourteen-state consortium of clean
energy funds dedicated to supporting renewable power technology development.
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8. Perm solves:
Private companies only succeed while cooperating in military laboratories
James Colvard. October 2005. Why Navy Laboratories. Pg. 60
The laboratories of the 50’s and 60’s provided that continuous intellectual competence.
Should we return to the structure of that era? No. The world has changed, there is now a defense industry, the nature of warfare and the tools
of warfare have changed. A cell phone in the mountains Afghanistan is a tool of modern warfare. Organizational reality needs to change, but
the fundamental principle of having the technical competence to make complex and sophisticated acquisition decisions continuously
available must not. The way to rebuild the technical competence of the laboratories and attract and retain the people
required to make them effective begins with leadership at the top that recognizes their value and role in relationship to
the private sector. There should be a balance between civil service laboratories and university-affiliated Laboratories.
Laboratories must be the intellectual impedance match between the art and craft of war and the utilization of the
permissiveness of the laws of nature. The University Laboratories provide a better match between the source of
intellectual capital, the universities, and military departments while the government laboratories provide a better
match between the art and craft of war and the technical community. Managed effectively, together they bridge the
spectrum.
9. Fuel Cells are very expensive, military can’t afford now
Fuel Cells are very expensive
RISE. 2006. Fuel Cell Applications. http://www.rise.org.au/info/Applic/Fuelcells/index.html. Nelson

There will be a considerable cost associated with establishing a Hydrogen Economy. At present fuel cells are expensive
to produce, using expensive materials and not having large scale manufacturing procedures. Without developments in
these areas it will be difficult to make fuel cells commercially viable. Major new infrastructure will be required and once
again, this will be expensive. Large amounts of money are already invested in energy infrastructure and in current
economic climates it will be difficult to shift these investments to a Hydrogen Economy. Fossil fuels will remain less
expensive to produce and it may take some time before hydrogen is competitive with the fossil fuels on an economic
level.
The military is not funding fuel cells now due to cost
RISE. 2006. Fuel Cell Applications. http://www.rise.org.au/info/Applic/Fuelcells/index.html. Nelson

Several defense programs currently are funding fuel cell research in an effort to reduce the military services’ reliance
on batteries. But in order for fuel cells to become accepted, several obstacles, including the cost to generate power, must
be overcome. To make the 165-year-old technology affordable, experts said, manufacturers will have to standardize their products and
commercial demand for fuel cells will have to grow Researchers and scientists believe the technology has the capability to power everything
from cell phones and laptop computers to the Navy’s future fleet of electric ships. The potential to miniaturize fuel cells could make them
ideal power sources for soldiers already burdened with ever-heavier rucksacks. The Coast Guard has looked at fuel cells to power
lighthouses and to make the service less dependent on the commercial electrical grid “We need to understand fuel cell
technology a little bit better in order to make viable recommendations on where and how to apply fuel cells,” said Ken
Burt, fuel cell project lead, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division, who spoke at the 2003 Tri Service Power
Expo. Fuel cells are chemical engines that produce electricity, as long as there is a steady supply of hydrogen and oxygen. The by-products
of fuel cells are water and heat, making them environmentally friendly. Since 1977, the Department of Energy has invested $1.7 billion in
fuel cell programs. The near-term goal is to lower the cost of fuel-cell energy, said Dianne Hooie, of the National Energy
Technology Laboratory.“Costs have to be lower, and [we] have to have higher reliability. The cost of fuel cells is still
way too high for wide market acceptance,” she said. “By 2010, we want to be down to $400 per kW.”
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10. The military must be involved in development of fuel cells
Military involvement is key to the development of defense technology
James Colvard. Oct 2005. Why Navy Laboratories? http://www.nstarweb.com/pdf/whynavylab.pdf. Nelson

The DOD must have continuously available the competence to understand military needs in technical terms, to recognize
potential approaches to meeting those needs, and to validate proposed solutions. The DOD owns its internal institutions, and
they are continuously available. A Navy laboratory cannot close itself on its own initiative, whereas a private company
can shut down any of its operations based on economic or market conditions. In-house laboratories are institutions in
which engineers and scientists get the experience required to make the weapons acquisition technical decisions. Their
role is not to produce the final product, but to understand the underlying science and engineering. Engineering is an
experiential process and the abstraction of science is enhanced by experimentation. The laboratories provide the
institutions in which scientists and engineers get that experience. The determination of the viability of a potential solution
must be carried out months or years in advance of having the implanting hardware or computer programs available for
evaluation. The talent and skills required to make such assessments are developed through long-term association with
people with people and institutions devoted to the technical aspects of warfighting In a nutshell, in-house laboratories
exist to understand the reality of the laws of nature, to anticipate and avoid technological surprise, and to exist in an
environment in which they are free to speak that truth to power. As Bill Perry noted when he was the Assistant Secretary of
Defense Research and Engineering, defense acquisition decisions must be made only by those who are accountable,
through the elected and appointed officials, to the citizens. The laboratories provide the technical advice to support the
soundness of those decisions. DOD’s technical institutions must do what the private sector, should not do, cannot do or
will not do. The in-house laboratories must pursue the high-risk, but high-payoff technical options to demonstrate feasibility.
Failure at the front end is much cheaper and easier to correct than failure at later stages in the process. To the DOD a vacuum
in technological competence is like and aneurysm in their intellectual blood supply and will eventually cripple the body.
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11. The military must be involved in development of fuel cells
Military involvement is key to the development of defense technology
James Colvard. Oct 2005. Why Navy Laboratories? http://www.nstarweb.com/pdf/whynavylab.pdf. Nelson
The DOD must have continuously available the competence to understand military needs in technical terms, to recognize
potential approaches to meeting those needs, and to validate proposed solutions. The DOD owns its internal institutions, and
they are continuously available. A Navy laboratory cannot close itself on its own initiative, whereas a private company
can shut down any of its operations based on economic or market conditions. In-house laboratories are institutions in
which engineers and scientists get the experience required to make the weapons acquisition technical decisions. Their
role is not to produce the final product, but to understand the underlying science and engineering. Engineering is an
experiential process and the abstraction of science is enhanced by experimentation. The laboratories provide the
institutions in which scientists and engineers get that experience. The determination of the viability of a potential solution
must be carried out months or years in advance of having the implanting hardware or computer programs available for
evaluation. The talent and skills required to make such assessments are developed through long-term association with
people with people and institutions devoted to the technical aspects of warfighting In a nutshell, in-house laboratories
exist to understand the reality of the laws of nature, to anticipate and avoid technological surprise, and to exist in an
environment in which they are free to speak that truth to power. As Bill Perry noted when he was the Assistant Secretary of
Defense Research and Engineering, defense acquisition decisions must be made only by those who are accountable,
through the elected and appointed officials, to the citizens. The laboratories provide the technical advice to support the
soundness of those decisions. DOD’s technical institutions must do what the private sector, should not do, cannot do or
will not do. The in-house laboratories must pursue the high-risk, but high-payoff technical options to demonstrate feasibility.
Failure at the front end is much cheaper and easier to correct than failure at later stages in the process. To the DOD a vacuum
in technological competence is like and aneurysm in their intellectual blood supply and will eventually cripple the body.
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2AC Militarism Block (1/5)

1. We don’t ignore structural violence or the cause of conflict, we try to
solve it.
2. Perm – engage in the act of criticism and do the plan. We can solve all the
reasons why criticism is good while still practicing caution in case power
politics prove to be resilient.
Alastair Murray, Politics Department @ the University of Wales Swansea, 1997, Reconstructing Realism
For the realist, then, if rationalist theories prove so conservative as to make their adoption problematic, critical theories prove
so progressive as to make their adoption unattractive. If the former can justifiably be criticised for seeking to make a far from
ideal order work more efficiently, thus perpetuating its existence and legitimating its errors, reflectivist theory can equally be
criticised for searching for a tomorrow which may never exist, thereby endangering the possibility of establishing any
form of stable order in the here and now. Realism's distinctive contribution thus lies in its attempt to drive a path between
the two, a path which, in the process, suggests the basis on which some form of synthesis between rationalism and
reflectivism might be achieved. Oriented in its genesis towards addressing the shortcomings in an idealist transformatory
project, it is centrally motivated by a concern to reconcile vision with practicality, to relate utopia and reality. Unifying a
technical and a practical stance, it combines aspects of the positivist methodology employed by problem-solving theory with
the interpretative stance adopted by critical theory, avoiding the monism of perspective which leads to the self-destructive
conflict between the two. Ultimately, it can simultaneously acknowledge the possibility of change in the structure of the
international system and the need to probe the limits of the possible, and yet also question the proximity of any
international transformation, emphasise the persistence of problems after such a transformation, and serve as a
reminder of the need to grasp whatever semblance of order can be obtained in the mean time. Indeed, it is possible to say
that realism is uniquely suited to serve as such an orientation. Simultaneously to critique contemporary resolutions of the
problem of political authority as unsatisfactory and yet to support them as an attainable measure of order in an unstable world
involves one in a contradiction which is difficult to accept. Yet, because it grasps the essential ambiguity of the political,
and adopts imperfectionism as its dominant motif, realism can relate these two tasks in a way which allows neither to
predominate, achieving, if not a reconciliation, then at least a viable synthesis.
Perhaps the most famous realist refrain is that all politics are power politics. It is the all that is important here. Realism lays
claim to a relevance across systems, and because it relies on a conception of human nature, rather than a historically specific
structure of world politics, it can make good on this claim. If its observations about human nature are even remotely accurate,
the problems that it addresses will transcend contingent formulations of the problem of political order. Even in a genuine
cosmopolis, conflict might become technical, but it would not be eliminated altogether. The primary manifestations of
power might become more economic or institutional rather than (para)military, but, where disagreements occur and power
exists, the employment of the one to ensure the satisfactory resolution of the other is inevitable short of a wholesale
transformation of human behaviour. Power is ultimately of the essence of politics; it is not something which can be
banished, only tamed and restrained. As a result, realism achieves a universal relevance to the problem of political
action which allows it to relate the reformist zeal of critical theory, without which advance would be impossible, with
the problem-solver's sensible caution that, before reform is attempted, whatever measure of security is possible under
contemporary conditions must first be ensured.
3. Case outweighs
a. loss of hegemony in the next few years makes efforts at peace impossible
and causes prolif, rogue states, and extinction, that’s Khalilzad.
b. procurement key to cutting emissions, preventing global warming and
solving resource wars and environmental degradation that result in
extinction.
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4. States fear each other for lack of central authority and unclear
intentions-primacy solves this.
John Mearsheimer , professor of political science at UChicago, 2004 “Power and Fear in Great Power Politics”, ed. Mazur, One
Hundred Year Commemoration to the Life of Hans Morgenthau, pp.184-196)
Human nature, in other words, leaves states little choice but to strive for supremacy. I agree with Morgenthau that states
constantly look for opportunities to take the offensive and dominate other states. But we disagree on why states behave this
way. Whereas Morgenthau argues that this behavior is due to the fact that states are naturally endowed with Type A
personalities, I argue that the structure of the international system forces states who seek only to be secure to nonetheless
act aggressively towards each other. In particular, three features of the international system combine to cause states to
fear one another. (1) The absence of a central authority that sits above states and can protect them from each other. (2)
The fact that states always have some offensive military capability, and (3) the fact that states can never be certain
about other states' intentions. Given this fear (which can never be wholly eliminated) states recognize that the more
powerful they are relative to their rivals, the better their chances are for survival.
5. Turn- case solves global warming, which causes famine and poverty,
which are forms of structural violence. [insert]
6. Case solves the alt-the Riarda evidence from the 1AC indicates that a
world of United States hegemony is the only way to deter threats that
otherwise create instability, strife, and war.
7. We must confront threats to prevent escalation.
Bradley Thayer, professor of security studies at Missouri State, November 06 (The National Interest, “In Defense of Primacy”,
November/December, p. 32-37)
In contrast, a strategy based on retrenchment will not be able to achieve these fundamental objectives of the United States. Indeed,
retrenchment will make the United States less secure than the present grand strategy of primacy. This is because threats will
exist no matter what role America chooses to play in international politics. Washington cannot call a "time out", and it cannot
hide from threats. Whether they are terrorists, rogue states or rising powers, history shows that threats must be confronted.
Simply by declaring that the United States is "going home", thus abandoning its commitments or making unconvincing half-
pledges to defend its interests and allies, does not mean that others will respect American wishes to retreat. To make such a
declaration implies weakness and emboldens aggression. In the anarchic world of the animal kingdom, predators prefer to eat
the weak rather than confront the strong. The same is true of the anarchic world of international politics. If there is no diplomatic
solution to the threats that confront the United States, then the conventional and strategic military power of the United States is what
protects the country from such threats.
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8. Pragmatism solves the case and takes a step in the right direction of the
alternative. The alternative is armchair intellectualism that does nothing.
Cynthia Gayman, JOURNAL OF SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY, 1999, p. 147-8
However, even as postmodernism can challenge the positive values inherent in pragmatic method--meliorism, reconstruction,
community, instrumentalism, pluralism--since even careful inquiry can be subverted by domination, pragmatism challenges
postmodernism pessimism: the privileging of "oppositionality and difference . . . commits 'the fallacy of selective emphasis'
detailed by Dewey." As Stuhr remarks, "This is a seductive error, offering us, now fortified by an appreciation of difference, the easy
solace of traditional idealism: self-transformation and self-transcendence (and becoming other than what one is) through self-
understanding and self-awareness" Pragmatism would argue against arbitrary and false self-assertion as the only hope against
domination and totalization, for the fact of social constitution of selves does not preclude recognition of or respect for
difference and oppositionality. Instead, socially constructed selves can join together as a pragmatic community of inquirers
who refuse to support inhumane social practices, thereby de-structuring institutional domination and creating the communally
recognized value of individual human dignity. Stuhr thus conjoins deconstructive critique with pragmatic instrumentalism,
whose means are political and moral action. In Stuhr's view, pragmatism and postmodernism together constitute a theoretical and practical
challenge to beliefs and practices in view of a reconstructive vision of the future. But on what basis will such a future be envisioned? Is self-
conscious critique an adequate basis for determining which forms of social domination are more or less harmful? Does such critique indicate whose
interests a desired end best serves or how a chosen means of action can be determined as moral? If answers to such questions remain provisional, for
no absolute justification exists for any particular action, this is not to say "there is sufficient reason for doing nothing at all"
On the contrary, "because there is no reason to think fuller individuality and fuller community are impossible, therefore there
is sufficient reason for undertaking the reconstruction of experience by means of intelligent criticism--criticism that is always
partial, perspectival, and provisional" . This embrace of life's inherent contingency makes Stuhr's pragmatism a hard philosophy, for no
ground of certainty provides rest for the birth and nurturance of the real. But perhaps even the urge to philosophize is born less of wonder than of
fear. As Dewey recognized, "the quest for certainty" leads epistemological and moral inquiries to discover order in the nature of experience or find
structure intrinsic to human understanding. But if reality is less assured and more contextually determined, if it demands more
courage in the face of the ever-not-quite, this does not mean that the truth of human meanings and moral values are relative to
mere agreement or are a matter of social and political expediency. The hard philosophy of genealogical pragmatism demands that
inquiry be directed to open-ended truths or truths-in-process, to the complexities of everyday experience, and to a never-ending critical
assessment of choices finalized or mistakes made.
8. We don’t rely on the military for resolving conflict, we prevent conflict from
arising in the first place-there is no reason this is intrinsically worse than other
kinds of conflict prevention.
9. Perm: do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative – this
recognizes the flaws of the policy but still captures its positive effects.
Kidner, Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Nottingham Trent, 2001

[Nature and Psyche, David, p. 19]
Recognizing that the building blocks out of which we attempt to construct a defense of the natural world may have the
character of ideological Trojan horses, directing our theories in directions that are ultimately ineffective, does not mean that we
should, or can, avoid them altogether. Unless we are to remain silent, then we have to use whatever materials are available
to us, even if these are ideologically tainted. But they need to be used in full recognition of their ideological implications
so that we minimize the extent to which they covertly determine the form of our theorizing and the conclusions we
arrive at – suggesting a provisional, tongue-in-cheek stance that is quick to sense divergence from our intuitions. In this
book, I will – initially at least – use inverted commas to signal particularly problematic terms; but the reader will not doubt
soon be able to imagine them around many others as well.
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10.The international order can never be perfect – critiquing the realist
system of international realism can achieve no change and will only
produce hostility. In order to become politically effective, we must use
realism as a method to understand world politics – any alternative is
doomed to failure.
Stefano Guzzini, assistant prof. of polisci and IR at the Central European University, 1998 ("Conclusion: the fragmentation of
realism," Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The Continuing Story of a Death Foretold, Published
by Routledge, ISBN 0415144027, p. 235)
Third, this last chapter has argued that although the evolution of realism has been mainly a disappointment as a general causal
theory, we have to deal with it. On the one hand, realist assumptions and insights are used and merged in nearly all
frameworks of analysis offered in International Relations or International Political Economy. One of the book's purposes was to
show realism as a varied and variably rich theory, so heterogeneous that it would be better to refer to it only in plural terms. On the
other hand, to dispose of realism because some of its versions have been proven empirically wrong, ahistorical, or logically
incoherent, does not necessarily touch its role in the shared understandings of observers and practitioners of international
affairs. Realist theories have a persisting power for constructing our understanding of the present. Their assumptions, both
as theoretical constructs, and as particular lessons of the past translated from one generation of decision-makers to another,
help mobilizing certain understandings and dispositions to action. They also provide them with legitimacy. Despite realism's
several deaths as a general causal theory, it can still powerfully enframe action. It exists in the minds, and is hence reflected in
the actions, of many practitioners. Whether or not the world realism depicts is out there, realism is. Realism is not a causal
theory that explains International Relations, but, as long as realism continues to be a powerful mind-set, we need to understand
realism to make sense of International Relations. In other words, realism is a still necessary hermeneutical bridge to the
understanding of world politics. Getting rid of realism without having a deep understanding of it, not only risks unwarranted
dismissal of some valuable theoretical insights that I have tried to gather in this book; it would also be futile. Indeed, it might be
the best way to tacitly and uncritically reproduce it.
11.The international system requires a hegemon to maintain order. No

other nation can currently fill the roll of the US, thus we as policymakers
must place the preservation of hegemony above all else.
Brzezinski, geostrategist at CSIS, 2004 (Zbigniew, THE CHOICE: GLOBAL DOMINATION OR GLOBAL LEADERSHIP,
2004, p. 11)
The former major European powers-Great Britain, Germany, and' France-are too weak to step into the breach. In the next
two decades, it is quite unlikely that the European Union will become sufficiently united politically to muster the popular
will to compete with the United States in the politico-military arena. Russia is no longer an imperial power, and its central
challenge is to recover socioeconomically lest it lose its far eastern territories to China. Japan's population is aging and its
economy has slowed; the conventional wisdom of the 1980s that Japan is destined to be the next "superstate" now has the
ring of historical irony. China, even if it succeeds in maintaining high rates of economic growth and retains its internal
political stability (both are far from certain), will at best be a regional power still constrained by an impoverished
population, antiquated infrastructure, and limited appeal worldwide. The same is true of India, which additionally faces
uncertainties regarding its long-term national unity:
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12.The War on Terror makes some government violence inevitable – the only
way to ensure it does not escalate is to reject utopian ideas of security
and politics and to learn how to debate the consequences of
policymaking.
Carr Ignatieff, prof. of human rights at Harvard, 2004 (Michael, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 Lesser Evils p.
18-19)
To insist that justified exercises of coercion can be defined as a lesser evil is to say that evil can be qualified. If two acts are evil,
how can we say that one is the lesser, the other the greater? Qualifying evil in this way would seem to excuse it. Yet it is essential
to the idea of a lesser evil that one can justify resort to it without denying that it is evil, justifiable only because other means would
be insufficient or unavailable. Using the word evil rather than the word harm is intended to highlight the elements of moral risk
that a liberal theory of government believes are intrinsic to the maintenance of order in any society premised upon the dignity of
individuals. Thus even in times of safety, liberal democracies seek to limit the use of force necessary to their maintenance.
These limits seek to balance the conflict between the commitments to individual dignity incarnated in rights and the commitments
to majority interest incarnated in popular sovereignty. In times of danger, this conflict of values becomes intense. The suppression
of civil liberties, surveillance of individuals, targeted assassination, torture, and preemptive war put liberal commitments to dignity
under such obvious strain, and the harms they entail are so serious, that, even if mandated by peremptory majority interest, they
should be spoken of only in the language of evil. In a war on terror, I would argue, the issue is not whether we can avoid evil
acts altogether, but whether we can succeed in choosing lesser evils and keep them from becoming greater ones. We should
do so, I would argue, by making some starting commitments—to the conservative principle (maintaining the free institutions we
have), to the dignity principle (preserving individuals from gross harms)—and then reasoning out the consequences of various
courses of action, anticipating harms and coming to a rational judgment of which course of action is likely to inflict the
least damage on the two principles. When we are satisfied that a coercive measure is a genuine last resort, justified by the facts as
we can understand them, we have chosen the lesser evil, and we are entitled to stick to it even if the price proves higher than we
anticipated. But not indefinitely so. At some point—when we "have to destroy the village in order to save it"—we may conclude
that we have slipped from the lesser to the greater. Then we have no choice but to admit our error and reverse course. In the
situation of factual uncertainty in which most decisions about terrorism have to be taken, error is probably unavoidable. It
is tempting to suppose that moral life can avoid this slope simply by avoiding evil means altogether. But no such angelic
option may exist. Either we fight evil with evil or we succumb. So if we resort to the lesser evil, we should do so, first, in full
awareness that evil is involved. Second, we should act under a demonstrable state of necessity. Third, we should chose evil means
only as a last resort, having tied everything else. Finally, we must satisfy a fourth obligation: we must justify our actions publicly
to our fellow citizens and submit to their judgment as to their correctness.
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T-Hydrogen Fuels Cells are Alt Energy (1/2)

Hydrogen Fuels Cells are Alternative Energy
By Hillary Chabot, The Sun, Lowell, Mass. 19 December 2006, // Benson
Dec. 19--LOWELL -- Greater Lowell could be the leader in hydrogen fuel cells, a new form of alternative energy that would
reduce dependence on fossil fuels and bring the area new jobs, according to a local lawmaker. Rep. Barry Finegold, D-
Andover, plans on filing legislation on Jan. 10 that would give companies like Ballard Power Systems in Lowell a tax credit
and allow them to apply for state grants to help cultivate fuel-cell technology. "Greater Lowell is really like the fuel cell capital
of Massachusetts," Finegold said, pointing to Cambridge-based Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc., which earlier this year agreed to move
its headquarters to Billerica next summer. Finegold, along with Ethan Brown of Ballard Power Systems and Warren Leon of
the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, met with Sun editors yesterday to discuss the hydrogen fuel-cell industry. Greater
Lowell could gain hundreds of jobs if hydrogen fuel cells became a leading form of alternative energy, said Brown. While
other forms of alternative energy, such as ethanol and wind power, are competing to take over the market, state support
of hydrogen fuel cells could spur its popularity, said Finegold, whose legislative district includes a portion of Tewksbury.
Hydrogen fuel cells are a form of alternative energy created by combining hydrogen with oxygen to power an electric
motor. It is currently used in industrial vehicles such as forklifts, but companies hope that the automotive and home heating
industries catch up to the technology. Several state leaders have been investigating different forms of alternative energy,
including Gov.-elect Deval Patrick, who pledged to look into wind power and other alternative energies. House Leader Sal
DiMasi, a Boston Democrat, also recently unveiled an alternative energy plan that includes possibly creating hydrogen fueling
stations.
Hydrogen is Alternative Energy

Alternate Energy: Issues and Analysis Allison Green Dana Claire Larson Ying-Chen Lin Daniel Shopov et All Grad students at
U of Maine BUA 620 – Spring 2005 March 29, 2005 re// Benson
Alternative energy includes resources for power generation such as solar power, wind power, geothermal power,
hydroelectricity, and biomass. It includes alternative fuels for transportation other than gasoline and diesel. It can also include
traditional energy, such as natural gas, used in untraditional ways, such as for distributed energy at the point of use through
microturbines or fuel cells. It also includes future developing energy sources, such as hydrogen and fusion.
Fuels Cells are Alternative Energy

Xinhua News March 2007, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, China to promote production of alternative energy vehicles,
http://chinaweekly.korea.com/chinaweekly/entry/March-9-2007-3#recentTrackback re// Benson
The Chinese government will frame regulations on the production of autos fuelled by alternative energies to encourage
research on and production of environmentally-friendly "green" vehicles. The National Development and Reform
Commission (NDRC) published on its website on Wednesday a draft regulation on managing the production of alternative
energy vehicles and called for suggestions and comments. The term alternative energy vehicles refers to hybrid-electric
vehicles, battery-powered electric vehicles (including vehicles on solar energy), fuel-cell electric vehicles, etc.
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T-Hydrogen Fuels Cells are Alt Energy (2/2)

Alternative Energy Includes Hyrdrogen Fuel Cells
New Alternatives Fund is a Socially Responsible Mutual Fund Emphasizing Alternative Energy and the Environment. We seek
investments in listed companies that have a positive impact on the environment. We are different from funds that make their
environmental contribution by only avoiding companies that harm the environment. “Alternative Energy: Our Definiton
http://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html 2004 re// Benson
Alternative Energy includes three main groups: Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass) Fuel Cells
& Hydrogen Energy Conservation and Enabling Technologies Alternative energy saves natural resourcesis
environmentally superior to conventional coal and oil. Wind, flowing water, energy conservation and geothermal heating are
ancient but now employ new advanced technology. Technologies such as solar cells, hydrogen and fuel cells and ocean energy
are relatively new. All of the technologies operate. The present cost effectiveness of some of the newest technologies varies.
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A2: Efficiency CP
Ethanol and Biodiesel fail
Thomas D. Crowley Tanya D. Corrie David B. Diamond Stuart D. Funk Wilhelm A. Hansen Andrea D. Stenhoff Daniel C. Swift
et all 4-2007 TRANSFORMING THE WAY DOD LOOKS AT ENERGY AN APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING AN ENERGY
STRATEGY REPORT FT602T1
http://www.oft.osd.mil/library/library_files/document_404_FT602T1_Transforming%20the%20Way%20DoD%20Looks%20at%20En
ergy_Final%20Report.pdf // Benson
E-3 Residues from paper mills and other wood-derived sources are the largest sources of biomass fuel, though production and use of
ethanol and biodiesel from agricul- tural crops are increasing sharply. Ethanol and biodiesel have the potential to reduce petroleum
consumption and toxic emissions. Ethanol can be blended with or substituted for gasoline, and biodiesel can be blended with or
substituted for diesel fuel. These biofuels differ from gasoline and diesel because they contain oxygen, and although that
decreases their intrinsic energy value, they combust more completely than the aromatic-containing, petroleum-based gasoline and
diesel, reducing emissions. Two biofuels in current use are B20 and E85.6 These fuels will help DoD installations reach their 2005
Environmental Protection Act requirements for using alternative energy sources. All services are implementing either biodiesel or
E85 in some of their installation vehicles. The Navy has a goal of increasing the use of alternative-fueled vehicles through the use of
E85, biodiesel, and community electric. In early 2006, ethanol made from corn grain displaced more than 2 percent of the gasoline
in the United States. With advances in technology, cellulosic ethanol (produced from the stalk and other waste portions of the plant) is
expected to offer greater efficiency and the potential to displace even more fossil fuel use. Using crops for energy may displace
their use for food, possibly causing a sharp rise in food prices. The crops needed to produce biodiesel and ethanol require
substantial amounts of land. For example, 14 percent of U.S. corn production was required to produce the 2 percent gasoline
displacement noted above.7 Other concerns are the merits and challenges of using cellulosic ethanol because of its potential
impact on the soil quality. Corn stover (the stalks) is routinely plowed back into the soil to replenish nutrients. Using the entire
plant in fuel production would divert stover from soil replenishment, which may deplete future productivity of the land.
Current biofuels are not a suitable replacement for jet fuels. According to the Na- tional Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),
ethanol does not have the energy density to serve as jet fuel, and biodiesel, though containing an energy density that is 90
percent that of the present jet fuel, solidifies at the low temperatures that 6 NREL, “Gas-to-Liquid Fuels,” Nonpetroleum
Based Fuels, zttp://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/gas_liquid.html, October 2006. 7 See Note 2. exist at high
altitudes.8 Therefore, other options, which satisfy the two requirements (energy density and low solidification point), must be
considered for bio- based jet fuel.
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Neg-Transition will not happen soon

Transition time for commercial use of hydrogen will be long and gradual
Michael P. Ramage. MARCH 3, 2004 Chairman of the Committee on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production
and Use National Research Council of the National Academies National Academy of Engineering and Executive Vice President,
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering (retired) before the Committee on Science U.S. House of Representatives. The Hydrogen
Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs. http://www.mindfully.org/Energy/2004/Hydrogen-Economy-
Ramage3mar04.htm. Nelson
There will likely be a lengthy transition period during which fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen are not competitive with
internal combustion engine vehicles, including conventional gasoline and diesel fuel vehicles, and hybrid gasoline
electric vehicles. The committee believes that the transition to a hydrogen fuel system will best be accomplished initially
through distributed production of hydrogen, because distributed generation avoids many of the substantial infrastructure
barriers faced by centralized generation. Small hydrogen-production units located at dispensing stations can produce hydrogen
through natural gas reforming or electrolysis. Natural gas pipelines and electricity transmission and distribution systems
already exist; for distributed generation of hydrogen, these systems would need to be expanded only moderately in the
early years of the transition. During this transition period, distributed renewable energy (e.g., wind or solar energy) might
provide electricity to onsite hydrogen production systems, particularly in areas of the country where electricity costs from wind
or solar energy are particularly low.
Fuel Cells will still not be popular in 10 years, U.S lacks infrastructure and they
are costly
Edward Taylor, and Mike Spector Wall Street Journal March 5, 2008. GM, Toyota Doubtful On Fuel . Cells' MaSS USe.
http://www.discovery.org/a/4507. nelson
At a separate event at the show, Toyota President Katsuaki Watanabe echoed the concern about the high costs of fuel cells and
noted the lack of an infrastructure to produce and distribute hydrogen fuel to a wide swath of consumers. These factors leave
him with the impression that "it will be difficult to see the spread of fuel cells in 10 years' time," Mr. Watanabe said. The
comments indicate a shift in the auto industry's tone regarding fuel cells, especially at GM, which has spent the past two years
highlighting its fuel-cell technologies as one of many initiatives it is pursuing to reduce petroleum consumption.
Plan will take a long time – must wait for tech until earliest 2015
et all 4-2007 TRANSFORMING THE WAY DOD LOOKS AT ENERGY AN APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING AN ENERGY STRATEGY REPORT
FT602T1
http://www.oft.osd.mil/library/library_files/document_404_FT602T1_Transforming%20the%20Way%20DoD%20Looks%20at%20Energy_Final%20Report.pdf 7 //
Benson
LMI surveyed energy technologies—under study or in development by DoD and other federal agencies—that may facilitate
energy efficiency and renewable energy or present opportunities to improve energy security for DoD. Table 6-1 summarizes
the more promising technology options for DoD application, catego- rizing them in two ways: where they fit in the
Organize/Engineer/Invent frame- work, and whether they are related to “supply” (they replace fossil fuels) or “demand” (they reduce
consumption of fossil fuels) or are cross-cutting (they replace local supply and reduce the logistics burden). DoD may be able to
implement organizing and engineering opportunities in the near-term while inventing solutions that require a longer time horizon.
In general, we considered technologies that will be available for use by DoD forces by 2015 as near term, and technologies
that will be available for use by DoD forces in 2015 or later as far term. These time frames generally correspond to the DoD
planning cycle of the FY08 Program Objective Memorandum, which would include near-term technologies. Appendix E contains our
full review of these technologies.
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Neg-Fuel Cells Ineffective (1/3)

Fuel cells are too cumbersome, expensive, and underdeveloped for commercial
use
Current fuel cell lifetimes are much too short and fuel cell costs are at least an order of magnitude too high. An on-board
vehicular hydrogen storage system that has an energy density approaching that of gasoline systems has not been
developed. Thus, the resulting range of vehicles with existing hydrogen storage systems is much too short.
There are currently to many hurdles involving infrastructure, policy making,

safety and cost that prevent hyndrogen fuel cells from being successful
commercially
The transition to a hydrogen economy involves challenges that cannot be overcome by research and development and
demonstrations alone. Unresolved issues of policy development, infrastructure development, and safety will slow the
penetration of hydrogen into the market even if the technical hurdles of production cost and energy efficiency are
overcome. Significant industry investments in advance of market forces will not be made unless government creates a
business environment that reflects societal priorities with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and oil imports.
Hydrogen fuel cells are unsafe to power vehicles commercially
Safety will be a major issue from the standpoint of commercialization of hydrogen-powered vehicles. Much evidence
suggests that hydrogen can be manufactured and used in professionally managed systems with acceptable safety, but experts
differ markedly in their views of the safety of hydrogen in a consumer-centered transportation system. A particularly
salient and underexplored issue is that of leakage in enclosed structures, such as garages in homes and commercial
establishments. Hydrogen safety, from both a technological and a societal perspective, will be one of the major hurdles
that must be overcome in order to achieve the hydrogen economy
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Regardless of how efficient fuel cells are they are too heavy and cannot be
effectively stored or recharged to be strategically in the military
257664&md5=c1b0e679193c9e45931b8dfd79402a40,
One of the critical barriers to fuel cell use in the Army is the absence of an acceptable hydrogen delivery system. This acceptability
involves two factors. First, the hydrogen delivered to the fuel cell must be free of constituents and conditions detrimental to the fuel
cell membrane electrode assembly. Diluents such as nitrogen, while not harmful to the fuel cell, add additional weight and complexity
to the system. The second factor is the weight/volume claimed by the storage system and its recharging system. Table 1 summarizes
the various alternatives to hydrogen supply module on a timeline into the future. The current technology, compressed hydrogen tanks
and rechargeable metal hydrides, do not have the utility of use to meet the Army’s tactical requirements. Their energy density is too
low although the cost per watt-hour is very attractive versus batteries.
Fuel Cells fail- can’t solve mindset
Defense Science Board Office 2-2008 of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
Washington, D.C. 20301-3140 This report is a product of the Defense Science Board (DSB). The DSB is a Federal Advisory
Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force
on DoD Energy Strategy “More Fight – Less Fuel” http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2008-02-ESTF.pdf // Benson
Finding #5: There are many opportunities to reduce energy demand by changing wasteful operational practices and procedures.
Operational practices and procedures affect energy consumption by aircraft, land vehicles, ships, installations, forward operating
bases (FOBs), and battery powered equipment carried by individual soldiers. The Task Force found no strong, sustained focus by
senior leadership to change the culture that assumes readily available energy, or to create a culture that inherently recognizes the clear
linkage between energy productivity and combat effectiveness. The Task Force found this to be one of the most significant barriers
to changing wasteful practices.
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Lack of organization mean no solvency
Defense Science Board Office 2-2008 of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
Washington, D.C. 20301-3140 This report is a product of the Defense Science Board (DSB). The DSB is a Federal Advisory
Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force
on DoD Energy Strategy “More Fight – Less Fuel” http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2008-02-ESTF.pdf // Benson
Finding #3: The Department lacks the strategy, policies, metrics, information or governance structure necessary to properly manage its energy risks.
Decisions that create energy demand are dispersed organizationally across the Department and throughout the Services, OSD, the Joint Staff and
Defense Agencies; and functionally throughout JCIDS, pre-JCIDS planning, acquisition, procurement, policy, installations management,
privatization, logistics, and so on. There is currently no unifying vision, strategy, metrics or governance structure with enterprise-
wide energy in its portfolio. DoD efforts to manage energy are limited to complying with executive orders, legislation and
regulations which are mostly limited to facilities, non-tactical fleet vehicles, purchase of renewable energy from utilities, and
procurement of commercial products. These activities consume approximately a quarter of the Department’s total energy.
Efforts to manage energy to combat forces are generally limited to building logistics capacity to meet warfighter needs. These
activities drive approximately three quarters of the Department’s and have no single point of leadership, no policies, no
metrics and no accountability.
Sulfur causes fuel cells to fail
et all 4-2007 TRANSFORMING THE WAY DOD LOOKS AT ENERGY AN APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING AN ENERGY
STRATEGY REPORT FT602T1
http://www.oft.osd.mil/library/library_files/document_404_FT602T1_Transforming%20the%20Way%20DoD%20Looks%20at%20En
ergy_Final%20Report.pdf // Benson
The primary challenge preventing near-term insertion of fuel cell technology into operations is the need to reform JP-8 fuel to
generate the hydrogen necessary to run the fuel cell. Adding reformers to fuel cells increases weight and volume, adds an additional
thermal signature, and decreases overall system efficiency. A key challenge is the requirement to strip the sulfur from the gas stream:
JP-8 is a sulfur-rich fuel, and sulfur poisons fuel cells. Sulfur removal adds another level of complexity to any potential operational
use of present fuel cells.
Hydrogen Is Not Realistic for aircraft
Timothy Coffey, Dennis R. Hardy, Gottfried E. Besenbruch, Kenneth R. Schultz, Lloyd C. Brown, and Jill P. Dahlburg et All 11-
2003 http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/nduedu/www.ndu.edu/inss//DefHor/dh36/dh36.pdf Hydrogen as a Fuel for DOD //
Benson
The situation is similar for high-performance military aircraft. At present, to accomplish the same mission with hydrogen, fuel stor-
age volumes would have to be increased by a factor of four. Hydrogen fuel stored in the wings would not be practical, because the
large surface-to-volume ratio would increase the boil-off of liquid hydrogen and thereby further reduce range. The use of cryogenic
or high- pressure storage tanks that also serve structural purposes does not appear to be viable. Wing pods, while addressing the
above problems, greatly increase air drag and reduce rapid maneuverability. This leaves the option of storing the hydrogen in the
fuselage by increasing its diameter or its length, as was considered in the 1950s. For low altitude aircraft, the drag would be
increased, thereby reducing performance. As a result, it does not appear hydrogen would be a viable fuel for the high-performance
low altitude aircraft central in DOD present capability.
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Neg- Military Procurement Fails

Military Procurement fails- it takes more than defense related procurement for
new technology to be developed commercially
W. Ruttan. 10-9-06. Professor at the University of Minnesota. Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Clemons Lecture. Google.
Nelson. http://www.csbsju.edu/clemens/images/HistoricallySpeaking-Issues%20merged%201%2016%2007_2_.pdf
The second is that preeminence in scientific research is only loosely linked to preeminence in technology development. In a number
of U.S. high technology industries it has been military procurement that enabled firms to move rapidly down their technology
learning curves. The development of new general purpose technologies will require much more aggressive public support of
commercial technology development as it becomes less possible to rely on defense and defense related procurement
Defense related research is no longer effective as a catalyst for new

technologies
Vernon W. Ruttan. 10-9-06. Professor at the University of Minnesota. Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Clemons Lecture.
Google. Nelson. http://www.csbsju.edu/clemens/images/HistoricallySpeaking-Issues%20merged%201%2016%2007_2_.pdf
An answer to the question posed in the title to this article requires a response to two additional questions. One is whether military and
defense related research, development and procurement will continue to be an important source of commercial technology
development. During the first two post-war decades it was generally taken as self evident that substantial spin-off of
commercial technology development could be expected from military and defense related R&D. The slowdown in United
States productivity growth beginning in the early 1970s raised substantial question about this assumption. In 1993 Deputy
Secretary of Defense announced an end to the dual sourcing policy that had helped maintain a semblance of completive structure in
the defense industries. By the end of the 1990s it was becoming clear that changes in the structure of the U.S. economy and of
the defense industrial base, particularly consolidation in the defense industries, had induced substantial skepticism that
military and defense related research, development and procurement could continue to play an important role in the
generation of new general purpose technologies. I argue that defense and defense related research, development and
procurement is unlikely to represent an important source of new general purpose technologies over the next several decades.
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Neg-States Solvency (1/3)

Private Companies work well with the military producing successful fuel cell
aircraft prototypes
In January, Protonex was awarded a contract by the Air Force Research Laboratory to develop power systems for
small, long-endurance UAVs. The company will substitute advanced chemical-hydride fueling technology for
compressed hydrogen. Protonex hopes to achieve flight times of 8-12 hr.In the meantime, AeroVironment, developer of the
Helios solar-powered, high-altitude, long-endurance UAV, is flight-testing Global Observer, which it claims is the first
liquid hydrogen-powered UAV. Development was initiated four years ago, with flight testing of a subscale prototype last
summer. The fuselage houses a liquid hydrogen fuel-cell-based propulsion system that drives eight electric motors mounted
along a 50-ft. wing. A full-size Global Observer, weighing 10,000 lb., will have a 250-ft. wingspan. A version with a 150-ft.
wingspan is also envisioned. The larger Global Observer is designed to carry 1,000 lb. of payload at 65,000 ft. and fly
without refueling for well over a week. A lot of the advanced technologies employed in the Global Observer project were
developed for the Helios UAV, which crashed in June 2003 during a test flight. Helios's non-regenerative energy-storage
system would have allowed the solar-powered UAV to fly at night, staying aloft for up to two weeks at all latitudes, in
any season. The system combined stored liquid hydrogen with oxygen collected from the atmosphere.
States already have hydrogen production programs
It is into this context that many are looking to hydrogen technologies as part of a sustainable energy solution. As has been the
trend with clean energy innovation, state-based efforts are leading the way. California, New York, and other states have
promoted bold “Hydrogen Highway” initiatives. Florida has championed hydrogen in a recently revised energy plan. A cluster
of states in the Upper Midwest are collaborating on a roadmap for hydrogen technology deployment.
States can implement fuel cell programs, cooperating with the military and
private sector
In many settings, there likely exist opportunities for states to deploy energy stations in conjunction with a specific, clustered
vehicle fleet. Fleet-based opportunities reduce the need to develop regional networks of refueling stations as envisioned in
many “hydrogen highway” proposals and could be implemented in partnership with military, industrial and delivery
organizations. In these settings, a single energy station could support the refueling demands of a significant vehicle fleet.
Initially, in order to advance these opportunities, state clean energy funds and economic development offices could support and
conduct opportunity assessment studies that identify specific fleets, partners and electricity demands.
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States can overcome the barriers to commercial fuel cell production through
cooperation, the military is not necessary
Advanced energy technologies require advanced regulatory policies. Many states have implemented regulatory preferences
and incentives (such as standby charge exemptions and net metering policies) that recognize and accommodate the public
preference for and benefits from fuel cell, hydrogen and clean energy technologies. The regulatory strategies used by
these early leaders can be replicated in other states. This kind of support is especially important for energy stations where a
key component of the project is providing distributed electricity for the electric grid. Currently, many regulatory barriers
prevent the wide-scale adoption of clean distributed generation and limit the ability to quickly site energy stations. State
clean energy funds and others can assist by facilitating information-sharing about the best model regulations that can
overcome barriers to distributed generation facilities.
State incentives are used to increase fuel cell production in the private sector
and boost the economy
In general, hydrogen energy stations can be more attractive economically than dedicated hydrogen refueling stations, especially
for low numbers of vehicles supported per day. However, the economics depend significantly on several variables including
natural gas and electricity prices, capital equipment costs, the hydrogen sales price, and fuel cell maintenance and stack
refurbishment costs. In order for energy station economics to be favorable, the business case for the distributed generation
aspect of the station has to be favorable. With current fuel cell system prices, this would typically require significant state
and/or federal incentives to reduce capital costs of station construction.
Government incentives are not needed to jumpstart fuel cell production
Detailed analysis shows that future projected costs of hydrogen fuel cells can lead to attractive economics in the absence of
incentives, again also based on other key assumptions regarding fuel prices and fuel cell system operation and maintenance
costs. In the early years of hydrogen vehicle introduction, energy station designs could reduce the losses associated with
operation of the initial, lightly-used hydrogen station network, and then eventually could make the stations more profitable
when they do start to turn a profit (Lipman et al., 2002).
65
Military Aff
Fuel cell production is a priority for states which desire resources for fuel cell programs that attract
private and federal investment
Institute of Transportation Studies. January 2007. Transportation and the Hydrogen Economy: Pathways and
Strategies. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cluster=14576267050172049000. Nelson
In addition to the well known “California Hydrogen Highway Network Initiative” effort, New York, Florida,
Connecticut, Michigan, Ohio, and Texas are also enacting bold initiatives, such as the “New York
Hydrogen Highway,” “H2 Florida,” “NextEnergy” in Michigan, “Fuel Cells Texas,” and the “Ohio Fuel
Cell Coalition” to garner private sector and federal investment for the development of these industries.
In addition, other states (notably Connecticut Future Opportunities for Hydrogen Energy Stations and Massachusetts) are
preparing to embark on similar “roadmapping” exercises. With significant
federal funding now being allocated for hydrogen and other clean energy system development, and with venture capital
markets taking large positions in the clean energy sector, states are competing vigorously to position themselves to
compete for these resources.
States are currently leading the innovation for hydrogen fuel cell production
and increasing infrastructure for commercial use
As with many other clean energy technologies, statebased initiatives are leading the way to commercialization of these
technologies. In particular, many states have promulgated renewable portfolio standards(RPS), creating new
opportunities for fuel cells and distributed generation. States are funding demonstration projects for hydrogen production
from renewable energy sources and are leading efforts to promote hydrogen fuel cells in security applications, providing
reliable power supplies to critical telecommunications and emergency infrastructure.
The private sector is ready to research while the military is hesitant
Geoff S. Fein, 2/2004, Geoff S. Fein, 2/2004, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2004/Feb/Military_Fuel.htm
While the commercial industry is taking significant steps forward in the adoption of fuel cell technology, military researchers
are taking a wait-and-see approach, expressing concern that fuel cells so far have not proven they can work in combat
environments.
Commercial manufacturers, meanwhile, are hoping that breakthroughs in the civilian sector can spur military investments in the
technology. "Our biggest issue is getting the military off their dime. There is a lot of inertia to overcome," said Dale Church,
chairman of MTI Micro, a fuel cell manufacturer. "We keep telling the military, if it doesn't get onboard [it] will miss the wagon."
66
Military Aff
Neg-Efficiency CP Solvency
Hybrid cars are a more viable option than fuel cells and can solve same
impacts
Edward Taylor, andMike Spector Wall Street Journal March 5, 2008. GM, Toyota Doubtful On Fuel . Cells' MaSS USe.
http://www.discovery.org/a/4507. nelson
Top executives from General Motors Corp. and Toyota Motor Corp. Tuesday expressed doubts about the viability of
hydrogen fuel cells for mass-market production in the near term and suggested their companies are now betting that
electric cars will prove to be a better way to reduce fuel consumption and cut tailpipe emissions on a large scale.
Speaking at the Geneva auto show, GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz told reporters that recent advances in lithium-ion batteries
indicate that future electric cars might be able to travel 300 miles, or nearly 500 kilometers, before they need to
recharge, making them much more practical as a mass-market product. "If we get lithium-ion to 300 miles, then you need
to ask yourself, Why do you need fuel cells?" Mr. Lutz told reporters. He added that fuel-cell vehicles are still far too
expensive to be considered for the mass market. "We are nowhere [near] where we need to be on the costs curve," he
said.
67

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Military Aff

DDI 2008 <Berthiaume-Quinn>

Heg-A2: Proliferation (1/2).................................................................................................................................31

Neg-Transition will not happen soon..................................................................................................................59

Military readiness is nearing a breaking point due to undersupplied troops

Military power key to heg

Purdue News, 6-20-2001, http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010620.Ladisch.NRCenergy.html

Electricity and hydrogen fuel key to long-term military hegemony.

The military is currently dependent on fossil fuels as the largest consumer of

<Insert Emissions Scenario Here>

Seth Dunn. July 2000. Micropower: The Next Electrical Era.WORLDWAT C H A P E R

Blackouts Add-On (1/4)

Seth Dunn. July 2000. Micropower: The Next Electrical Era.WORLDWAT C H A P E R

More blackouts by overload, collapse the economy.

Blackouts Add-On (2/4)

Economic collapse means extinction.

T.E. Bearden , LTC U.S. Army (Retired), 2000

perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades

Blackouts Add-On (3/4)

Blackouts Add-On (4/4)

Mark Clayton, staff writer at Christian Science Monitor, 9/07/06, http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0907/p01s04-

Heg Extensions General (1/2)

MILITARY POWER IS KEY TO HEGEMONY–WITHOUT HARDPOWER, OVERALL U.S.

Heg Extensions General (2/2)

Heg Extensions- Economy (1/3)

US heg and military is key to economic stability

US heg is key to the global economy and free trade

Heg Extensions- Economy (2/3)

Heg Extensions- Economy (3/3)

Heg Extensions- East Asian Proliferation

US is key to solve East Asia proliferation

Lieber – Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University – 2005

And, This leads to nuclear war

Heg Extensions- Japanese Re-Arm

Lieber – Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University – 2005

Heg Extensions—Multipolarity  Instability

Balance of power leads to miscalculation and nuclear war – stability will

Khalilzad – RAND Corporation – 1995

Heg is key to decease excess American Interventionism

Kagan and Kristol, 2000

Heg-A2: Proliferation (1/2)

US forces check nuclear proliferation in Asia and the EU

The US solves proliferation – Proliferation spreads quickly – neighboring

Heg Good—A2: Proliferation (2/2)

Heg-A2: Counterbalancing (1/2)

No counterbalancing – Evidence only supports minor annoyance, countries are

Heg-A2: Counterbalancing (2/2)

Kagan – Alexander Hamilton Fellow at American University – 2006

Heg-A2: Offshore Balancing (1/2)

Heg-A2: Offshore Balancing (2/2)

US Heg is key to alliance and regional stability – offshore balancing and

Kagan and Kristol, 2000

Geoff S. Fein, 2/2004, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2004/Feb/Military_Fuel.htm

Military Procurement Extensions

Hydrogen Solves Global Warming

Solvency Extensions (1/5)

Solvency Extensions (2/5)

Purdue News, 6-20-2001, http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010620.Ladisch.NRCenergy.html

Solvency Extensions (3/5)

Seth Dunn. July 2000. Micropower: The Next Electrical Era.WORLDWAT C H A P E R

Solvency Extensions (4/5)

New storage method for hydrogen