An Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in Folk Story The Frog-Prince

By:

Deris Prasetya 09211144005 6T

English Language and Literature English Education Department Faculty of Languages and Arts Yogyakarta State University 2012

I.

Background In this era, people around the world have more opportunity to communicate with one another across culture. Translation plays important role in transferring the cultural contents. Because of this reason, translation seems to be interesting study. The translators have to deal between two languages with different cultures. As Louise M. Haywood from the University of Cambridge puts it, we have to remember that translation is not just a movement between two languages but also between two cultures. Any original work when translated into other language will always be incomparable to the original. This may be true, mainly because of two different linguistic system involved in the translation process the source language and the target language. Sometimes the translations are good, sometimes they arent. This is possibly caused by the translation techniques used in translating the SL text, which some people tend to disregard in their translation. This folklore, in English entitled The Frog Prince, is actually Germans folklore by The Brothers Grimm which is translated into English by Edgar Taylor and Marian Edwardes, then that version is translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Lukman Manggo

II.

Problem Formulation There are two problems being analyzed in this paper. They are as follows: 1. What is the translation techniques used in folk story The Frog-Prince? 2. Which translation technique that dominates in the folk story The Frog-Prince?

III.

Objectives The objectives of this paper are as follows: 1. To find out what techniques used in folk story entitled The Frog-Prince?

2. To find out what translation technique mostly used in the text.

IV.

Significance Hopefully it can be used as a reference in translation studies, particularly in translation techniques, for readers who are interested in translation studies.

V.

Theoretical Framework Five translation techniques of Molina and Albir (2002), one translation technique of Ayora (1977) and one translation technique of Nida (1964) were used as tools for identifying the techniques. Each technique presents a description on how it can be applied in translating a text like the folk story Frog-Prince. This is the summary description of each technique with some examples . 1. Translation technique According to Molina and Albir (2002), Translation techniques as procedures to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. They have five basic characteristics: 1) They affect the result of the translation 2) They are classified by comparison with the original 3) They affect micro-units of text 4) They are by nature discursive and contextual 5) They are functional Obviously, translation techniques are not the only categories available to analyze a translated text. Coherence, cohesion, thematic progression and contextual dimensions also intervene in the analysis.

2. Adaptation Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment.

According to Molina and Albir (2002), adaptation is replacing a ST cultural with one from the target culture. Example: ST TT as white as snow seputih kapas

3. Omission According to Vazques Ayora (1977), omission is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL. Example: ST TT the beautiful young princess seorang putri cantik

4. Modulation Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea. According to Molina and Albir (2002), modulation is to change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST; it can be lexical or structural. Example: ST TT Nobody doesnt like it Semua orang menyukainya

5. Discursive Creation According to Molina and Albir (2002), Discursive Creation is establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. Example: ST The Godfather TT Sang Godfather

6. Addition Addition is also called grammatical expansion for clarify of meaning. It becomes an imprecise translation procedure if it results to overtranslation.

According to Nida (1964), there are some circumtances that might oblige a translator to make an addition: to clarify an eliptic espression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category, to amplify implicit elements, to add connectors. Example: ST TT He may be able to get my ball Dia bisa mendapatkan bolaku dan memberikannya padaku

7. Literal Translation According to Molina and Albir (2002), Literal translation is to translate a word or an expression word for word. Example: ST TT Killing two birds with one stone Membunuh dua burung dengan satu batu

8. Compensation According to Molina and Albir (2002), Compensation is introducing a ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST. Example: ST TT A pair of scissors Sebuah gunting

9. Transposition This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated. It is in a sense a shift of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. According to Molina and Albir (2002), Transposition is to change a grammatical category. Example: ST adept

TT

Sangat terampil

VI.

Finding These are the analysis of kinds of translation techniques that the writer found in Indonesian translation of the folk story entitled The Frog-Prince: Adaptation Target Text (TT) Suatu malam yg cerah seorang putri muda Hingga suatu saat dia melempar bola terlalu tinggi hingga dia tidak bisa menangkapnya; Putri memandang ke dalam sumur mencari bolanya, Lalu dia mulai menangisi bolanya, Ketika dia sedang berbicara, seekor kodok menyembulkan kepalanya dari dalam air,

No Source Text (ST) 1 One fine evening a young princess After a time she threw it up so high 2 that she she missed catching it as it fell The princess looked into the spring 3 after her ball, 4 Then she began to bewail her loss, Whilst she was speaking, a frog put 5 its head out of the water,

Omission

No Source Text (ST) 1 and went out to take a walk by herself in a wood; 2 she sat herself down to rest a while

Target Text (TT) berjalan-jalan sendirian di hutan dia pun duduk untuk beristirahat sejenak

and said, 'Princess, why do you weep so bitterly?' The frog said, 'I want not your pearls,

dan berkata, 'Puteri, mengapa kamu menangis?" Kodok berkata, "Saya tidak menginginkan mutiara-

and jewels, and fine clothes; but if you will love me, and let me live with you and eat from off your golden plate, and sleep upon your bed, Modulation

mutiaramu, perhiasan-perhiasanmu, dan pakaianpakaian bagusmu; namun bila kamu mau mencintaiku, mengijinkan aku tinggal denganmu, dan makan dari piring emasmu, dan tidur di tempat tidurmu,

No Source Text (ST) 1 but it was very deep, so deep that she could not see the bottom of it. and after a little while he came up 2 again, with the ball in his mouth, and threw it on the edge of the spring.

Target Text (TT) namun sumur itu sangat dalam, teramat dalam, sampai dia tidak bisa melihat dasar sumur itu. dan setelah beberapa lama dia muncul kembali, dengan bola di mulutnya, lalu melemparkannya ke bibir sumur.

Discursive Creation Source Text (ST) Alas!' said she, 'what can you do for me, you nasty frog? My golden ball has fallen into the spring. What nonsense, ' thought the princess, this silly frog is talking! Target Text (TT) Ah, Kata Putri, "Apa yang dapat kamu lakukan untukku, hai kodok jelek? Bola emasku jatuh ke dalam sumur. "Omong kosong,'pikir Puteri, "Si kodok tolol ini berbicara!

No 1

Addition Target Text (TT) meski dia bisa mendapatkan bolaku dan

No Source Text (ST) 1 though he may be able to get my ball

for me, and therefore I will tell him he shall have what he asks. memberikannya padaku, karena itu saya akan katakan padanya bahwa dia akan mendapatkan apa yang dia minta.

Literal Translation Target Text (TT) dia berlari untuk mengambilnya;

No Source Text (ST) 1 she ran to pick it up;

Compensation and Omission in one statement Source Text (ST) One fine evening a young princess put on her bonnet and clogs, Target Text (TT) Suatu malam yg cerah seorang putri muda dgn memakai topi dan sendal teklek,

No 1

Omission and Adaptation in one statement Source Text (ST) Now she had a golden ball in her hand, which was her favourite plaything, As soon as the young princess saw her Ball, Target Text (TT) Dia memiliki bola berwarna emas di tangannya, yang merupakan permainan kesukaannya, Puteri begitu melihat bola emasnya,

No 1

Omission: 1. now 2. young Adaptation: 1. play thing = permainan 2. as soon as the young princess = puteri begitu

Omission and Compensation in one statement Target Text (TT) Bola melambung jauh, lalu berguling di atas and the ball bounded away, and rolled tanah, along upon the ground, till at last it fell dan akhirnya jatuh ke dalam sumur. down into the spring Omission: and, it Compensation: 1. and = lalu 2. till at last = dan akhirnya Source Text (ST)

No 1

Omission and Modulation in one statement Source Text (ST) He can never even get out of the spring to visit me, even visit me = menemuinya Target Text (TT) Dia tidak akan pernah bisa keluar dari sumur menemuinya,

No 1

Omission: Modulation:

Omission, Modulation and Compensation in one statement Target Text (TT) dan ketika sampai di sebuah sumur yang dingin dengan bunga mawar di tengahnya,

No Source Text (ST) 1 and when she came to a cool spring of water, that rose in the midst of it Omission: Modulation: she, of water came = sampai

Compensation:

that = dengan

Transposition, Modulation, and Addition in one statement Source Text (ST) Target Text (TT) and said, 'Alas! If I could only get my dan berkata, 'Oh! Bila saja saya bisa ball mendapatkan

No 1

again, I would give all my fine clothes bolaku kembali, saya akan memberikan semua and jewels, and everything that I have in pakaian-pakaian bagusku dan perhiasanperhiasanku, dan semua yang saya miliki di the world. dunia ini. Transposition: Modulation: Addition: If I could only = Bila saja saya bisa again = kembali ini

Modulation, Omission, and Transposition in one statement Source Text (ST) So she said to the frog, 'Well, if you will bring me my ball, I will do all you ask. Target Text (TT) Lalu dia berkata kepada Kodok, "Baiklah, bila kamu bisa mengambil bolaku, akan kupenuhi semua yang kamu minta.

No 1

Modulation: Omission: Transposition:

so = lalu me I will do = akan kupenuhi

Discursive Creation, Omission, and Transposition in one statement Source Text (ST) Then the frog put his head down, and dived deep under the water, Discursive Creation: Omission: Transposition: Target Text (TT) "Lalu si Kodok memasukkan kepalanya ke air, lalu menyelam,

No 1

the frog = si Kodok under and dived deep under the water = lalu menyelam

Omission, Addition, and Modulation in one statement

No 1

Target Text (TT) karena dia sangat gembira mendapatkan and she was so overjoyed to have it in bolanya her hand again, kembali, sampai dia tidak berpikir tentang Kodok, dan that she never thought of the frog, but berlari ke rumahnya dengan cepat. ran home with it as fast as she could. Omission: 1. and 2. that, with it Addition: 1. karena 2. sampai, dan, ke, rumahnya Modulation 1. again = kembali 2. as fast as she could = dengan cepat

Source Text (ST)

Adaptation, Modulation, and Omission in one statement Source Text (ST) The frog called after her, 'Stay, princess, and take me with you as you said, 'But she did not stop to hear a word. Adaptation: Modulation: Omission: Target Text (TT) Kodok mengejarnya, "Berhenti, Puteri, bawa saya seperti yang kamu katakan, 'Namun dia tidak berhenti.

No 1

called after her = mengejarnya Stay = Berhenti and, with you

VII.

Conclusion This paper revealed that identified techniques can be used in translating folk story tex The Frog-Prince. There are omission, modulation, adaptation, addition, compensation, discursive creation, transposition, and literal translation. Out of these seventh techniques, omission is the most commonly used translation technique in the case of English to Indonesian translation. Grammatical structure related to structure that used. The translator did not have to follow the structure of source language text, because the translators duty is to re-convey the message not the structure. Communication situation related to choice of words that used to convey the message to the reader. They related to the social status and age, place and time, target readers, and etc. Since this text is intended for children, the translator used the simplest and the most appropriate words for children. Choose the appropriate words, phrases, or idioms because it will influence the understandable of the text are very important to choose the appropriate words, phrases, or idioms because it will influence the understandable of the text. Grammatical structure related to structure that used. The translator did not have to follow the structure of source language text, because the translators duty is to re-convey the message not the structure. Communication situation related to choice of words that used to convey the message to the reader. They related to the social status and age, place and time, target readers, and etc. Since this text is intended for children, the translator used the simplest and the most appropriate words for children.

VIII.

References

http://www.proz.com/translation-articles/articles/2071/1/EQUIVALENCE-INTRANSLATION%3A--SOME-PROBLEM-SOLVING-STRATEGIES Camenev, Zinaida. Theory of Translation. Retrieved June 5, 2012 from http://zcamenev.ulim.md/?page_id=113 O, Sven. (2012) Various Translation Techniques. http://spanish-translation-

blog.spanishtranslation.us/various-translation-techniques-2012-02-24.html

Hurtado Albir, A. & Molina L. Translation Technique Revisited: A Dynamic and Functional Approach. META, vol. 47, 4. Spain: Universitat Autonoma Barcelona. 2002. Sukarsih, Engkay. Annotated Translation of Childrens Short Stories. Gunadarma University. Jorge P, Wilfreda. An Analysis of the Translation Techniques in the Filipino Translation of the Short Story Doubt. Univeristy of the Philipphines, Diliman. Nababan,(2008). Equivalence In Translation: Some Problem Solving Strategies.