CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Backgrounds of the Research Learning language is related to literature and the culture. Language is not only for communication but also to be shows the human relation to other. According to Oxford advance Learners Dictionary (1995:662), language is the system of sound and word used by human to express their though and feeling. From that statement, we realized that language is very important in human life. Language and literature relate to each other, when people learn language, they can use literature as media. Literature is a work art that consist of entertainment and education. The reader of literature would know much about life with all of the problems that they never imagine before. They can get a positive way from kinds of literature that they have read before. By this project, people would be shared their experience and get better understanding about themselves and the world around them. Wallek and Warren stated, Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Literature represents life and life is large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of he individual have also been objects of literary imitation. (1980:91) Literature can be shows in human communication, both in oral and written communication. Oral communication reflected on our daily dialog, directly

communication by face to face each other. Written communications typically like a letter, song, and literary forms, such as poems, novel or drama. Jones (1968:1) explained, Literature is simply another way we can experience in the world around us through our imagination. That is why literature is the right media for learning language. The same statement was comes from Koesnosoebroto,(1988:8) in his book The Anatomy of Prose Fiction whatever definition of literature we are ready to adopt, we should keep on mind that the aims of teaching literature is providing the students with literary works to respond so that they will have resources for language activities such as group discussions and writing. It is not for the sake of studying literature as such that the students would only be familiar with various conceptions of what literature is without doing anything with actual reading and responding to it. The various different
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formulations of literature will be useful to broaden the students points of view, and this will help them see various possible ways of looking at literature when they are offered to experience with once. From that fully understanding, we approve that kinds of literary work as for this research is film/drama that also consist of dialog, moral value, many kinds of personalities summaries in this one literary work. Film/movie as the one of popular literary work that everyone must enjoy while they watch this they not realize that learn something. Hachiko: a Dog Story give the writer experience about how to love each other, how to show your love to each other. The main characters in this movie show these to us. That the alternative way for the teacher who teach foreign language make this literary work to be media teach language. Because, while watch a movie the learner can increase their vocabulary and their pronunciation from the native speaker. Hachiko: a Dogs Story movie is kind of drama story, eventhough the story is based on the true story that was happened in Japan on 1935. The differences from the true story and this movie are show in the setting place, and setting of time. The film is set in present-day United States, rather than Showa Era Japan as the true story. The Hachi puppy is played by a Shiba Inu puppy, while the new Hachi in the end is an Akita Inu puppy. Because of that reason, the researcher fined related data about literature, drama.

B. Scope of the Research This limitation problem about material that will be studied. The writer focuses the study on protagonist character in Hachiko: a Dog Story movie by Stephen P.Lindsay. There are Prof. William Parker (Richard Gere) as the dog owner and Hachiko named of his dog. The special thing in this movie a dog is symbolized of loyal character. That will be given the reader some understanding and experience about love and friendship between two different species.

C. Research Questions Based on the research background above, the writer would like to formulate the research problems are follow: 1. What kind of protagonist character that reflected on two main characters is? 2. Why is loyal characters played by a dog?
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D. Objectives of the Research Every discussion has a certain objective. The writer would like to describe the objectives that are relate to the research problem, they are: 1. To know and understand what kind of protagonist characters that found in two main characters personalities in Hachiko: a Dogs Story movie by Stephen P. Lindsay 2. To know and understand why the loyalist character is played as a dog.

E. Significance of the Research In general, the results of this research are expected to give great contribution for everyone that has correlation with this paper, especially the writer. For the writer this paper gives the big knowledge in conducting a literary work. This paper also gives a easy way to analyze a literary work and may improve heir interest in watching movie and understanding every character. For the student of university of Nusantara PGRI Kediri, it will influence them to write about literary work as their result paper. For the future this paper may give a good reference for doing the relevant literary work.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Literature a. Definition Literature has several meaning depends on who spoken about this material. This word comes from Latin word littera which has meaning an individual written character (letter). We should appreciate to literature because it is the product of the human imagination. Lets say that anything will be happen if we are dreaming it or imagine it first. As the Esther Lombardi said, Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly, speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. (http://classiclit.about.com/od/literaryterms/g/aa_whatisliter.htm) In another definition, Hudson in An Introduction to the Study of Literature (2006:10) defines literature as follows, Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what hey have experienced of it, what hey have thought and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring for all of us. It is thus fundamentally expression of life trough the medium language. Literature springs from our inborn love of telling a story, of arranging words in pleasing patterns, of expressing in words some special aspect of our human experience. It is usually set down in printed characters for us to read, though some forms of it are performed on certain social occasions. There are a number of different
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branches such as drama, poetry, the novel, the short story; all these are works of the imagination arising from mans capacity for invention. Drama as one of kind of literature can be shown in film or movie. Film has a story inside of it, and it the basic step to producing a movie. So, we can research the movie as our literature research. The primary aim of literature is to give pleasure, to entertain those who voluntarily attend to it. There are, of course, many different ways of giving pleasure or entertainment, ranging from the most philosophical and profound. It is important to note that the writer of literature is not tied to fact in quite the same way as the historian, the economist or the scientist, whose studies are absolutely based on what has actually happened, or on what actually does happen, in the world of reality. As convinced by Griffith (1982:1) Like all art, literature give pleasure. More statement from Griffith (1982:1), Essays about literature are written works hat take up the intellectual challenges poses by literature. The writer stated that when we are learning foreign language we can use literature work for the media. Literature can increase our intellectuality. Film as a media aim to increase vocabulary and pronunciation.

b. Kinds of Literature According to Jones in Misela, Jeni, (2010:14) there are two kinds of literature, Literary works can divide this large mass of material into two different groups, imaginative and informative. Moreover, Jones in Misela, Jeni (2010:14) states that imaginative literature has a purpose to others knowledge. The examples of imaginative literature are poetry, plays and novel. Meanwhile, the examples of informative literature are news, book reference, newspaper, and biography. Imaginative Literature: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Drama Tragedy Comedy Melodrama Tragicomedy Prose Literature
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7. Myth 8. Short story 9. Novel 10. Folk Tale 11. Poetry

Informative Literature: 1. Autobiography and Biography 2. 3. 4. 5. Essay Literary criticism Travel literature Diary Another explanation, The literature of knowledge present or interprets facts, ideas, or happening. It satisfies the need either for factual implementation or for the understanding of ideas that help man led a full social and intellectual life. Meanwhile the literature of imagination interprets experience by a fictitious presentation of persons, ideas, and events. (Connolly , 1955 : 1 ff) From both statements we can say that literature divided into two major genres, there are informative literature and imaginative literature. The examples of informative literature are technical books, science book, newspaper and magazine. Imaginative genre can be divided into three main genre division, prose fiction, poetry, and drama. c. Film Film as the object of this research is a kind of literature because it concluding a story as for example of imaginative genre. According to 6. Journal 7. Newspaper 8. Frame Narrative 9. Outdoor literature 10. Narrative form of Literature

(http://dictionary.die.net/movie): Movie is a form of entertainment that enacts a story by a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement. Film encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating or indoctrinating citizens. The visual element of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide
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attractions

by

using

dubbing

or

subtitles

that

translate

the

dialogue.

(http://www.eicar-international.com/definition-film.html)

B.

Drama Drama is a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and

atmosphere designed to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. This definition may be applied to motion picture drama as well as to the traditional stage. (http://drb.lifestreamcenter.net/Lessons/Drama.htm) Types of Drama: a) Tragedy -- In general, tragedy involves the ruin of the leading characters. To

the Greeks, it meant the destruction of some noble person through fate, To the Elizabethans, it meant in the first place death and in the second place the destruction of some noble person through a flaw in his character. Today it may not involve death so much as a dismal life, Modern tragedy often shows the tragedy not of the strong and noble but of the weak and mean, b) Comedy -- is lighter drama in which the leading characters overcome the

difficulties which temporarily beset them c) Problem Play -- Drama of social criticism discusses social, economic, or

political problems by means of a play. d) Farce -- When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without

regard for human values, it becomes farce. e) f) Comedy of Manners -- Comedy which wittily portrays fashionable life. Fantasy -- A play sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the

author gives free reign to his fantasy, allowing things to happen without regard to reality. g) Melodrama -- Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human

values, but its object is to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment, never any literary value. ( http://drb.lifestreamcenter.net/Lessons/Drama.htm)

C. Character 1. Definition of Character Character is the person who plays in drama, for this research is film. Definition of character by Kennedy quoted in the Uvic Writers Guide of the Department of English, University of Victoria, Canada (1995:1) insist that characters is the persons presented in works of narrative or drama who convey their personal qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or audience understands their thoughts, feelings, intentions, and motives. We learn from the character of film, as the good model of our behaviour, personalities and attitude. The character of the film reflected on our real life personalities. This research tries to entering the reader to know the good way to get the value of the film, character. Apart of these, Taylor in understanding the elements of literature (1981:62) claims: A character in a novel or play is not real human being and has no life outside the literary composition, however well the illusion of reality has been created by the author. A character is a mere construction of words meant to express an idea or a view of experience and must be considered in relation to other features of the composition, such as action and setting, before its full significance can be appreciated. From he statement, conclude that we can see a character on the film or movie in our daily life. The author of movie creates them as a figure of human. 2. The types of Characters Koesnosubroto stated in his book the anatomy of prose fiction(1988:67) characters distinguish into two types: The first type is main or major character the most important in a story. Basically, a story is about this character, but he cannot stand as his own, he needs other characters to derive the story more convincing and lifelike. The second type is minor character. Minor characters are the characters of less important than hose of the main whose existences are to support the main character.
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Furthermore Boulton in Ahsanu (2000:38) divides the types of character into two divisions, the protagonist and the antagonist, as the follows; The major in a fiction or play is called protagonist. The story portrays his or her struggle to reach for his or her goal. In many stories, an important opponent pitted against him or her, and he accordingly is called antagonist, who provides opposition. Antagonist can be human or human beings, animate-things that hinder the protagonist in achieving a goal. In Hachiko: a Dog Story there is Prof. Wilson Parker as the owner of Hachiko that has protagonist character. The writer is able to research about the kind of that protagonist characters between he and his dog. D. Characterizations Characterization is the playwrights imaginative creation of characters that can effectively dramatize his story. The action of the play is presented through such characters. He does so by imbuing the characters with certain recognizable human traits and qualities. These qualities include physical attributes, moral, psychological and emotional dispositions, their attitude towards other characters and situations, and so on. At the point of conceptualization of the idea, he wants to present in his play, he thinks of the best way to present it to make it interesting and at the same time informative. He builds this idea into a story form and thinks of the type of characters that can tell this story effectively. So he uses the characters to explicate his theme and propel the plot, His ability to craft the play in such a way that each character blends well in the plot is called characterization. These characters are presented and they develop in the course of the action. In most cases, the characters grow from innocence to maturity or from ignorance to knowledge. They also change according to situations and events. When this is done, the characters are referred to as round characters. The important elements in characterization are consistency and motivation. A good playwright must craft his play in such a way that his characters are consistent. You dont expect a character to behave like an educated young woman in the opening scene and in the following acts like an illiterate village girl. This could happen if there is a proper motivation for that.
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For example, if she is pretending to be what she is not in order to obtain some information, get something or to escape from danger. Motivation in characterization means that there must be a good reason for any action that is taken by every character in the play. The characters are the persons, in the play. They are endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in their dialogues and in their action. The reason or grounds for action, temperament and moral dispositions constitute his motivations. They act out the story of the play from the beginning to the end. They act within the limits of possibility and plausibility. This means that they and their actions should be as close as possible to reality. The playwright therefore creates a story that is credible for them to act. However, in an allegorical play, each character acts within the limits of what it represents. Each playwright, depending on his style, chooses how to develop his characters. This brings us to a discussion on characters

(http://www.nou.edu.ng/noun/NOUN_OCL/pdf/eng%20162.pdf)

According to explanation above, characterization is the way to put the character blends well in the plot. These characters are presented and they develop in the course of the action. Characterization can bring the idea of the story. Characters tell the story by the act and drama from the beginning to the end.

Types of Characters There are different types of characters in drama. They include the protagonist, the dynamic character, the static character, the flat character, the round character, and stereotypes. Protagonist/Hero He is the main character and at the centre of the story. He is called the protagonist or the hero. If he is pitted against an important character, like in Hamlet, the opponent is called an antagonist. In the play, Hamlet is the protagonist while King Claudius is the antagonist and the relationship between them is what we refer to as conflict. Usually the story revolves around him and in fact the story is about him. He is easily identifiable because he stands out over and above most other characters. Everything revolves around him as he influences the action that he is going through. He creates a world for himself which could be big or small, palatable or detestable. He lives to sustain or oppose what happens to him. His role is usually
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central to the development of the theme, and whatever happens to him or whatever he does has much significance to the outcome of the story. He is often referred to as the hero of the story or the protagonist and he is one of the major characters. His central position in the story places him in a very important position. The playwright therefore portrays him carefully. His many - sided and complex nature is presented in details. He helps to inject life in the story when he is properly presented Dynamic/ Round Character This character changes according to the course of events in the story. He may or may not be the protagonist or the hero. In most cases, he grows from innocence to maturity or from ignorance to knowledge, so he is consistently alert to his environment with its attendant problem and reacts accordingly. He is found almost everywhere in the story. In his own unique way, he participates actively as much as possible in the course of the action. He seems to have no special alignment to any group but tries not to lose his credibility or acceptability. Static/Flat/Stock Character Here the character is complex and does not change in any basic way in the course of the story. He is presented in outline and without much individualization. He is usually stable and is said to be static because he retains essentially the same outlook, attitudes, values and dispositions from the beginning of the story to the end of the story. He is the opposite of the round character but lakes complexity in term of presentation. He is presented with a few and broad strokes. In most cases, his activities are easily recognizable, so, his actions can be predicted. Such values and attitudes may be positive or negative depending on the playwrights intention. He can be a minor or major character as long as he is hardly transformed as the events of the story unfold. Stock characters are character types that recur repeatedly(Abram 163) in dramatic composition and so are recognizable as part of the conventions of the form. Character types are created by playwrights to represent particular individuals in the society. They could be professionals, ethnic groups, tribes or nationalities. They therefore act and behave in accordance with the dictates of the person(s) they represent.

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E. Synopsis Based on a true story from Japan, Hachiko Monogatari (literally The Tale of Hachiko) is a moving film about loyalty and the rare, invincible bonds that occasionally form almost instantaneously in the most unlikely places. In the modern day, a class full of young students are giving oral presentations about personal heroes. A boy named Ronnie (Kevin DeCoste) stands up and begins to tell of 'Hachiko', his grandfather's dog. Years before, an Akita puppy is sent from Japan to the United States, but his cage falls off the baggage cart at an American train station, where he is found by college professor Parker Wilson (Richard Gere). Parker is instantly captivated by the dog. When Carl (Jason Alexander), the station controller, refuses to take him, Parker takes the puppy home overnight. His wife Cate (Joan Allen) is insistent about not keeping the puppy. The next day Parker expects that someone will have contacted the train station, but no one has. He sneaks the pup onto the train and takes him to work, where a Japanese college professor, Ken (Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa), translates the symbol on the pup's collar as 'Hachi', Japanese for 'good fortune', and the number 8. Parker decides to call the dog 'Hachi'. Ken points out that perhaps the two are meant to be together. Parker attempts to play fetch with Hachi, but he refuses to join in. Meanwhile Cate receives a call about someone wanting to adopt Hachi. After seeing how close her husband has come to Hachi, however, Cate tells the caller that Hachi has already been adopted. A few years later, Hachi and Parker are as close as ever. Parker, however, is still mystified by Hachi's refusal to do normal, dog-like things like chase and retrieve a ball. Ken advises him that Hachi will only bring him the ball for a special reason. One morning, Parker leaves for work and Hachi sneaks out and follows him to the train station, where he refuses to leave until Parker walks him home. That afternoon, Hachi sneaks out again and walks to the train station, waiting patiently for Parker's train to come in. Eventually Parker relents and walks Hachi to the station every morning, where he leaves on the train. Hachi leaves after Parker's safe departure, but comes back in the afternoon to see his master's train arrive and walk with him home again. This

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continues for some time, until one afternoon Parker attempts to leave, but Hachi barks and refuses to go with him. Parker eventually leaves without him, but Hachi chases him, holding his ball. Parker is surprised but pleased that Hachi is finally willing to play fetch the ball with him. Worried that he will be late for the college, Professor Parker leaves on the train despite Hachi barking at him. At work that day Parker, still holding Hachi's ball, is teaching his music class when he suddenly suffers a fatal heart attack. At the train station, Hachi waits patiently as the train arrives, but there is no sign of Parker. He remains, lying in the snow, for several hours, until Parker's son-in-law Michael (Ronnie Sublett) comes to collect him. The next day, Hachi returns to the station and waits, remaining all day and all night. As time passes, Cate sells the house and Hachi is sent to live with her daughter Andy (Sarah Roemer), Michael, and their new baby Ronnie. However, at the first opportunity, he escapes and eventually finds his way back to his old house and then to the train station, where he sits at his usual spot, eating hot dogs given to him by Jas (Erick Avari), a local vendor. Andy arrives soon after and takes him home, but lets him out the next day to return to the station. For the next nine years, Hachi waits for his owner. His loyalty is profiled in the local newspaper. Years after Parker's death, Cate comes back to visit Parker's grave when she catches sight of Hachi, now old and achy, waiting at the station. She gets emotional and sits next to Hachi until the next train comes. Hachi returns to the train station late at night and closes his eyes for the last time. Then, Parker walks out of the station and greets him as if nothing has changed at all, and the two reunite as their spirits rise up to Heaven to be together forever. The film then shows Ronnie, back in his classroom, making his conclusion of why Hachi will forever be his hero. He then meets up with his own Akita puppy, named Hachi, to walk down the same tracks where Parker and Hachi spent so many years together. The closing cards reveal information about the real Hachik who was born in Odate in 1923. After the death of his owner Hidesaburo Ueno in 1925, Hachiko returned to the Shibuya train station the next day and every day after that for the next nine years.

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The final card reveals that real Hachiko died in 1934 (in fact, he died in 1935). A photo of his statue in the Shibuya train station is the last image shown before the credits roll. The film was shot primarily in Woonsocket, Rhode Island and Bristol, Rhode Island. The newspaper reporter, Teddy, states he is from the Woonsocket Call, the daily newspaper published in Woonsocket. This is the only spoken reference to the actual location where filming took place.

F. Review of Related Research Some related researches have been done before so far about this related topic. Bustani Subhan (2006) The Image and Moral Teaching as Reflected by the Protagonist Peter Haskell in Danielle Stells Five Days in Paris. This research describes the image of the protagonist Peter Haskell, and to reveal the moral values that can be taken from the novel Five Days in Paris. Some research findings that related to the paper are, (1) Peter Haskell was protagonist character who played an important role in the story. He had a key role in conducting research to kind a new therapy (medicine) from curing or abolishing cancer. (2) Peter Haskell could be described as into a round character who underwent significant changes; he changed himself from being a pragmatic and a hedonist into an objective and humanist scholar. The second related research by Mustika Dewi Prameswari (2009) had done a research about A Literary Study On The Characterization of The Main Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. This research is intended to portray the characterization of the main characters. Some of the important research findings are (1) to analyze the characterization of the main characters the writer used the dramatic characterization method. (2) The author characterizes Elizabeth and Darcys characteristics mostly through what both of them say and do in the novel. (3) There is a contrast personality between Elizabeth and Jane Bennet. (4) There are resemblances of characters shared Elizabeth and Darcy by having the same tendency to be introverted and too confident with their own judgment. (5) They have his or her own special characteristics that make him or her become the most renowned characters in the novel.
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The differences that can be found in the both of research with the researcher topic are (1) both of research analyzes a novel as kind of literature. (2) The paper by Mustika Dewi Prameswari analyzes all of the main character, while this research focuses on the two main characters Peter and Hachiko. (3) both paper analyze characteristic of main character, and the researcher describe protagonist character.

CHAPTER III Research Method

A. Method and Approached of the Research The method that the writer uses to analyze this research is qualitative in term of descriptive analysis. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982), Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the forms of words of pictures rather than a number. Literary work, for this research is film or popular called by movie consist a lot of word that of course cant describing into a group of number, scale or statistic data. The research paper explained the characteristic from the main character, to give the understanding about what is actually protagonist is? it cant shown by number. B. Research Procedure Step to complete this paper started from the writer experience when at the first time watch this movie. The movie gives a lot of inspiration about the way to live. Because this research is done by a group working so there are any discussion held by the member of group. There are the steps to do this research, as follow: 1. Completing the group member and make discussion to chose the acceptable title for literary research topic. 2. Watching Hachiko: a Story of a Dog and make some summaries about this movie. 3. Make a draft of research proposal 4. Search the data that related to the discussion from any sources, such as internet, book references, and related skripsi from university library.

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5. Make the research as descriptive, so the reader would be understand about what he exactly we find. 6. Revise the data as the group comprehension. C. Object of the Research Hachiko: a Dog Story created by Stephen P. Lindsay at 2009. This film based on the true story of a dogs life in Japan that very loyal to the owner named Hiroshi, in this movie Parker. Even, the setting of place of this story is change from the real place Japan to America but it still relate to the real story. The writer exposes the character personalities of the two main characters, which are two different species also. How can the dog have a loyalty to the owner even thought, he was died. The dog still waited for him until 9 years in the place where he usually waited. From this research, the writer stated that it comes from the care and love between these two main characters.

D. Research Instrument Because this research is used a qualitative method and explains the paper by descriptive analysis way, so the instrument of this project is the researcher own. There are five people consist in these group thats why we try to discuss in intensively beside our own business. To describe this type of research is the comprehension of the researcher completely needed. E. Technique of Collecting Data The researcher fined all of the data that relate to the research from any sources. Read the paper (skripsi) that wrote before by the old researcher. Get the info of what is mean by character and the element of material. Make a group discussion to arrange the all material of it. F. Technique of Analyzing the Data The first thing what we do is read the script of this movie by searching all of the info about this. Read the biography of this scriptwriter, and exactly understand about his literary work. Understanding the movie relates enough to the real story or not. Then when we deeply enjoy guesting the meaning of his movie, we realize that the personal character of the main character should appreciating by make a research about it. If we want to analyze the data from the literary work, so we must do intensively, read this movies story.

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