Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contractor
Report
4784
Design Current
R. W. Evans Tec-Masters,
Guidelines Carrying
of Conductivity
Inc. Huntsville,
Alabama
Prepared
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC, Alabama 35812
and sponsored by the Space Environments and Effects Program managed at the Marshall Space Flight Center
August
1997
PREFACE
electrical on
properties
of
composite
fault
current materials.
composites be adequate
are EMC
enhancement consist
composites
introduction of materials is useful materials protection for are materials for (SEE)
conductivity, informational
and purposes. of
various carrying,
composite
capabilities. determining defined, and this Program and joints study adequate methods are was conductivity of increasing levels for various of
conductivity
Electromagnetics
NAS8-39983. for Tony this Clark theory. Engineer, publication Investigator and contract. reviewed From Ms.
technical McCollum. and Camp provided was and was this the
He
was
supporting Senior
Inc.,
advice. who
performed
program.
iii
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page Preface Acronyms Introduction Materials 2.1 2.2 Plastics Graphite of Fiber Conductivity of Materials Reinforced Required Plastic Description and Abbreviations iii viii 1 3 3 4 6 9 9 12 Impedance Intrinsic Intrinsic Skin Depth of Impedance Impedance Materials of of Air Metals 15 15 16 17 19 Calculation of Shielding and Comparison 19 19 20 Effectiveness Calculating Conductive Shielding Materials 30 Shielding With 5.3.2 Effectiveness of a Conductive Panel 31 of Panel With 34 of Wire Screens or 35 Determination 36 23 27
5.0
Shielding 5.1
Effectiveness
5.2
General 5.2.1
Equations Outline of of
Method Metal
Other
Shielding Subdivided
5.3.3
Shielding Conductive
5.4
Summary
of
Shielding
6.0
39 39 40 42 42 44 44 45 47 48 49 56 Methods 57
Shielding
Protection Environment Specifications Direct Indirect Protection Reaction of Protection Effects Effects
6.6 6.7
Galvanic Summary
vi
TABLES Page
i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Steps
to
Resistivity
and
Conductivity
of
13
and
Conductivity
14 33 37 52 58
Effectiveness
from of
FIGURES Page Figure Figure I. 2. Resistivity Shielding Surface Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Quick Path Definitions Effectiveness, Resistance Estimate of a of Shielding Wave Effectiveness a Barrier 22 23 26 31 34 35 Shielding Effectiveness of Materials and 38 Frequency, Thickness, and 9 21
Radiated
Through B(dB)
Examples Slots
Figure
!0.
Lightning
Protection
55
vii
ACRONYMS
AND
ABBREVIATIONS
current absorption rereflection centigrade centimeters depth decibels direct box 2.718 electric incident of
(amps), loss
or
cross
sectional
area
(m 2)
(dB) (dB)
coefficient
slot
current
depth
field wave,
strength electric
electromagnetic electromagnetic reflected electrostatic transmitted frequency frequency farads air gap fiber field wave,
compatibility interference electric discharge wave, (Hz) (MHz) electric field strength (V/m) field strength (V/m)
reinforced strength
J
k kA K 1 in log
4:7
a constant depending upon distance and source impedance
viii
L LA LB m
nirn
or after before
slot
length
(m
or
mm)
subdivision subdivision
megahertz Marshall National nickel distance reflection radio measured from loss source (dB) (m) Space Flight Center and Space Administration
Aeronautics
R_
S
S SA SB SE SEaB SEE SE E SE H
SEshad
or after
width
(mm)
subdivision subdivision
before
effectiveness effectiveness and (clB) Effects electric magnetic due to field field shadow effect
Environments
SEtotal
effectiveness m, or mm)
t t_ tm V
W
or
cm)
W Z
Zair
or
intrinsic of of
(ohms)
impedance impedance
ZB
(ohms)
ix
Z m
impedance impedance
of (ohms)
metal
(ohms)
Zs Zw
attenuation
5
ASE o
_r
skin change
depth in
due
_o _r
(4_x10 to
-7 henries/m) air
relative
P
Qcu
volume
resistivity of copper
(ohm
meter (1.724xi0
or
ohm
cm) meter)
-8 ohm
Pr
to
copper
(_cu
(mhos/m) to copper
(_r CO
relative frequency
DESIGN CURRENT OF
FOR CAPABILITY, OF
MATERIALS
1 .0
INTRODUCTION
(EMC)
occurs
when
all
equipment from
electronic
interference
susceptible, electromagnetic
unnecessary the
emissions, transmission
susceptibility,
ground material
electrical of of a
EMI
Design
Interference 1368. of of
Handbook, Equipment
basic
spacecraft aluminum,
launch or other
vehicles
to to fault some
segments conductive
materials plane
an
RF
ground radiated
shielding
against materials
recent
composite equipment
have of
been their
structure
cases
because
lighter
high strength, and ease of fabrication. composite materials are not as electrically traditional metal structures. Therefore,
taken to alleviate this shortcoming. This document is partly tutorial, but it provides specific guidelines in the form of lists and charts to help meet EMC requirements while using composite
materials in spacecraft.
2.0
MATERIALS
DESCRIPTION
2.1
Plastics
are
materials of
made
from
raw
characteristics
original
material. polymers thermosets consist have of chains that are with chains formed to to set speed into crosslinked many with by fewer mixing a
Thermoset together. crosslinks. crosslinks. resin pressure Thermoset original thermoset dimensional Composite the shortcomings of with a until Rigid
short have
typically the
reformed
crosslinked and
resist than
higher
temperatures
thermoplastics. have been compounds. materials by any of developed A to rectify is achieve alone. some any some This but it of
composite to
designed the
materials for
strength,
material and
consists the or
stabilize
plastic. thermoset
greater
for combined
binding high
strength
fibers
Kevlar, and glass. Of these, only graphite offers some degree of electrical conductivity. Fortunately, graphite mats and long fibers are the reinforcement of choice for aerospace work. Other methods may be used to increase conductivity, such as adding conductive fillers to the resin. Conductive fillers are usually small particles with low aspect ratios (small length to width) which are too small to provide reinforcement, and they could reduce the strength of the plastic alone. Typical conductive fillers include graphite flakes or fibers, metal coated graphite fibers, and metal flakes or fibers. Conductivity may also be introduced by adding conductive screen, plating, or paint to the finished product. Increasing the conductivity of finished composite panels or cabinets by adding a conductive coating is a common practice in the commercial electronic cabinet industry. The technologies used to form conductive coatings include flame spray, arc spray, vacuum metallization, conductive paints, electroless plating, ion plating, conductive foil or tape, conductive filled plastic, and inherently conductive plastic. All of these methods provide some degree of shielding when used on enclosures. Compliance with FCC rules may only require 30 to 40 dB of electromagnetic shielding. New plastics and new methods of reinforcement are constantly being developed and introduced, but the composite most often chosen for aerospace use is some form of graphite fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP). 2.2
Graphite Fiber Reinforced Plastic
and
are are
structure proper of or
to joints
conductivity
conductivity of GFRP is much higher than plastic alone with nonconductive reinforcement, such as fiberglass. Some form of graphite
composite One mixed Another resin layers, layers oriented the in linear the as type with type tape and to material of graphite resin is or and made woven and finished presently composite a hardening
or plastic
common
embedded in plastic
in use is by the from to made agent
is
loose
the most
fibers solid
aerospace
form fibers
from
fabric. heat
or
fabric This
applied.
is in
to
take
the is
direction. the be
greater
oriented. if several
electrical of graphite
layers
orientations. of most metals The is i000 times of depends required If can greater graphite upon and the the bonding good of a If extent than
suitability structure capability fibers. surfaces the total for for to the many a
amount of the
graphite mating
electrical provide
graphite
joints, be is adequate
required added
be
surface may be
metallic
material
laminate
3.0
SUMMARY
OF
CONDUCTIVITY
REQUIRED
sections the
of
this
document important is
will
show
that for
for
EMC
purposes
most
structural
material metals
provide
purposes, composites
resistive be used
required. reinforced
may much
most
metals,
these of with
"in-between" this the document. purpose general purpose. and The the
composites values
presents the
guidelines
required
depending
discharge
7
--
Material does
with not
I0 bonded
ohm/square to
values will
material
charge the
development plastic to
surface. to retain
nonconductive coating
enough may be
additional
conductive
required
cases.
Shielding 0.i
--
thin will
of
material 50 a dB
with of
ohm/square 1 MHz.
over has
frequencies
2
above
surface
of
i0of
ohms/square, other
with
graphite filler or
Resistivity
materials
conductive
coating may be considerably different. Thicker material adds some shielding especially at lower frequencies. Joints and apertures will degrade shielding effectiveness (SE) of the material, and they are usually the limiting factor in SE. Calculations should be made for the specific case using methods outlined in table 4 of section 5. Antenna
ohm/square usually with is meets conductive Ground adequate this tape Plane for -most Surface antenna resistivity ground less planes. should than GFRP be bridged one
requirement. or metal to
Discontinuities present a
relatively
homogeneous,
conductive
surface.
Return
--
resistance conduct
short
return typical of
too
high
activate resistance
path,
amps
usually As noted of be
material. the
6.4,
possibility may is
circuit path
cases
unavoidable.
Lightning prevent also as and a damage important. the top layer Use to
-from
Good a a
alone
may
not of
be the foil
enough material or
to is
Use in another
sacrificial
screen
composite one on
help if
disperse
heat.
problem
composite or screen
panels to carry
contact
of of be
foil
current, an electric
conductive
material
continuous protection
information
on lightning
-and
Graphite
can be in the
is
low in
to series.
the
GFRP
galvanic
corrosion joined to reduce to to
expected
cause
other
higher
intermediate
metal
coating
4.0
IMPEDANCE
OF
MATERIALS
4.1
Resistivity
short
review terminology
of
of
materials to
equations
calculation. resistivity cube of material volume in (p) is to the the resistance opposite is may from face. stated be in one When face the of cube a
cubic
resistivity ohm-meters
ohm-meters. to ohm-cm by
volume
converted
in
is the
the
resistance edge.
thin value
opposite
square 1
thickness. pictorially.
Figure
resistivity
definitions
Im
b<
Volume
Resistivity
Rs
Rs
Surface
Resistivity
Figure
i.
Resistivity
Definitions
If surface resistivity
volume
resistivity can be
of
is
known,
resistivity by the
found of
thickness
=
t Where, R_ p t If determine Notice material. The resistivity volume surface that Surface relative of the = = = surface volume thickness resistivity resistivity volume resistivity resistivity of the is in in in in ohms/square ohm-meters surface use thickness in meters in cm to
(1)
conductive ohm-cm,
resistivity
P
Pr --
(2)
Pcu Where, Pr p Pen Pcu : = = = resistivity volume volume 1.724xi0 of a material of of a relative material, to copper
resistivity resistivity
-8
ohm-meters ohm-meters
copper,
ohm-meters
In of
practice,
the
of true a
consist be very
nonconductive These
high.
uniform
requires probes to
whole One
the
sanded consistent
surface
conductivity
i0
than the composite material being measured. Resistance is then measured end to end between the conductive surfaces of the block sample. Surface resistivity is the measured resistance (Rm) times the width, divided by the length in meters to give ohms per square. Volume resistivity in ohm-meters is attained by multiplying the surface resistivity by the thickness in meters.
(3)
p Where, Rs
Rm
R_(t)
(4)
=
:
(ohms (ohms)
per
square)
w 1 t P
= = = =
(ohm
meters)
The graphite layers provide plastic orientations finished resistivity Tests the value of
resistance fiber in
in
the mats
linear and
direction
of
the several to
tapes. at
However,
material
angles
the four
finished or more
volume above.
the
material that
shown
close
to
resistance inductive
the
dependent as it does
dependent, conductor.
resistance
ii
4.2
Conductivity.
Conductivity
((_)is
the
reciprocal
of
volume
resistivity.
1
Siemens/meter or mhos/meter
(5)
relative of the
conductivity material
(_r) divided
of by
material the
is
the of
conductivity
(_r
-(_cu
(6)
conductivity of of the
of
material mhos/meter
material,
copper,
mhos/meter
5.8xi0
mhos/meter
(pr)
and
(_r)
are
used
and
lists
conductivity
rectangular
values
are of
given various
in
table
to and
show to
resistivity calculations.
materials
12
Table
I.
Steps
to of
Determine Composite
Resistivity Materials
and
Conductivity
Expose
conductive sample.
fibers
by
sanding
opposite
ends
of
rectangular
Make
good
electrical paint to
with
the
fibers
by
applying
conductive
ends.
Measure
resistance
(Rm)
from
end
to
end.
Surface
resistivity
(Rs)
Rm
I) w
T
ohms/square.
Volume
resistivity
(p)
Rs(t)
ohm-meters.
Conductivity
(o)
1 -- mhos/meter.
Relative
conductivity
_r
:(_cu
or,
i. 724
(_r ----
10 -6 tc_
Rs X
Where,
7
_cu w 1 t tom
: : = = =
of
(centimeters)
13
>
>
,m
"_
o
0 ' I11 0.1 0 , LLI I_ 0 , ILl ,-0 , LLI _ 0 , LLI 0 0 0 , , 1.11 ILl 0 0 0 , Ill 0 0 , ILl _ 0 + LLI 0 0 + ILl 0 T0 UJ C_ CO 0 ILl 0 CO 0 LLI 0
e4
.10 I-LLI
CO
cO
cO
d _o
_:
c_ o
c_ d
c_ o
c_
0 _
o
O_
c_ o
_I r_ W <
._
_ _ ___= o _ _= __ _
,_ m _
,_
_q:_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ : i_ _
_ _
14
4.3
Intrinsic
Impedance
of
Materials
All conductivity, an
materials
have
an
intrinsic and
impedance of the
dependent the
upon
the As
electromagnetic of the
propagates approaches
material, impedance
intrinsic
general
equation
for
intrinsic
impedance
is:
[3]
(7)
Where,
j:Vcf
= 2zf f = : radians frequency of in the Hz material of of material of of material of of air air or = (_o_r) = 4Kxl0 to -7 H/m air
permeability _o _r = =
permeability permeability of
space
conductivity _cu = _r =
conductivity conductivity of
v mhos/meter to copper
permittivity o r = =
permittivity permittivity
material
relative
4.3.1
Intrinsic
Impedance
of
Air
In j_ is
the
intrinsic _, the
impedance is much
of
air,
even --
though
smaller of air,
i.e., 7
approaches becomes:
impedance
equation
Zai
377
ohms
(8)
15
through field,
air
at a distance
, the far
has an impedance
equal
, the wave impedance depends 2K upon the source impedance and the distance from the source. Assuming the source is small compared to a wavelength (_), the wave impedance becomes: Zw Where, E = electric H = magnetic k = i,
k 2Kr But Zw cannot exceed the source impedance.
(9)
field field r
>-2_
if
k
, if the source is high impedance and r _< 2_
2Kr
k __
But
if Zw
the cannot
source be
is less
low than
and
r 2K impedance.
4.3.2
Intrinsic
Impedance
of
Metals
In conductivity metal is
the and
of the depth
three (Zm) of
times equation
intrinsic
becomes:
Zm
olLms / square
(i0)
or,
in
terms
relative
to
copper:
Zm
369
J _rfMHz _r
micro-o_ums
per
square
(10a)
16
in terms of skin
depth
(8)
for
any
'----
a5
ohms/square
(10b)
Where,
1 : meters
4.3.3
Skin
Depth
skin at
depth any
is
the
depth has
within decayed
a to
metal I/e
where (37%) of
has flows
decayed through
2
i/e
63%
depth; up less
between skin
skin of
thickness is higher
this, for Zm .
impedance the
intrinsic
impedance
Z m Z B -
ohms/square
for
any
value
of
t/6
(ii)
For
t/5
<<
i:
ZB
--
SZm - -- x 5
t t _6
t(_
ohms/square
(lla)
or: 2. 438xi0 ZB :
C_ r tcm
-_ ohms/square (llb)
17
The ratio (K) of wave impedance to metal impedance is used to determine reflection components in the shielding effectiveness
equations in the next section.
--Zw Zm
for
>
38
(12)
and:
--Zw ZB
for
<
36
(12a)
18
5.0
SHIELDING
EFFECTIVENESS
5.1
Shielding
Effectiveness
Calculation
and
Comparison
(SE) the
of type
cases used to
material.
for
equipment and
Holes SE.
Therefore, the
shielding size of
reducing
and
increased plastics,
use
of
composite are
concerned by
well
as rely
SE on
holes
and
must metal
conductive to make it
deposits, to
composite shielding
enough
adequate
required.
5.1.i
Quick
Estimate
of
Shielding
Effectiveness
is
plot
of
SE
calculated includes
for three
two
The
resistance. SE
However,
across
the 30
and
interest, in surface
tenfold using of SE a
indicates can
the
across
resistivity
shows
the
same
SE
versus 1 mm
frequency thick
for
several Figure 3
surface
resistivity
for
material.
19
may be used for quick SE estimates for composite materials with a resistivity in the range of interest. For example, materials with resistivity greater than i0 ohms/square obviously cannot be relied upon for shielding. However, materials with surface resistivity less than 0.001 ohms/square can provide SE approaching that of metal when apertures are considered.
Shielding assumptions variations materials, technique, enough shielding fact, factor makes and in the to and, in the and the test the effectiveness sometimes, answers. results operators. the results, tests calculations different When vary tests with These but are and the of are equations are the made test made that on set using various produce sample up, test usually show that This driving
are enough
not to
and that
exact will is
apertures if
joints
results quick
material the
conductive, very
estimate
material
attractive.
5.1.2
More
Exact
Calculations
In material more
some may
the
amount In determine
of
of
the a
determine or
exact
provide the
shielding. provide
Then good
size across
detailed in SE to of
_Outline provides
Method organized as
Conductive calculations
Material" and
these
considers
well
as
fields. section the is on apertures for SE must of be used for or SE the calculation "Quick
"Equations used.
Materials"
2O
0 0 0 ,i--I
.I.I p, 4.1
&
,\
I
\
o @ rj .rl
/'
L'q r.j
r3 O e 14
it
i i
//
oH u tll
__
_
IIM
rt
I.i
g
o
0 0 Cq 0 O0 _ 0 _ _ 0 --.1t _--I 0 _ r-_ 0 0 _--I 0 O0 0 _ 0 _ 0 0 0
(_P)
as
21
JI
o o 0
|
I
0 0
\
0 _ ri
\
I
m u i i i | i | i
II
L i |
6') W
i | i i i |
o
I
(4
L i
U.
|
m l ....
0 0
"C.i olm
(,Oi ....
_ J
.x.l_ LJ
(ep)3s 22
5.2
General
Equations
for
Shielding
Effectiveness
of without
barrier the
is barrier It
defined in is
as place
the to
ratio the in
power dB.
barrier
in
place.
usually
stated
SE due
of to by
the the
barrier impedance
is
caused mismatch
by
reflection the
from two
the and
mediums
absorption 4, first
barrier.
in at wave
figure the
absorption of SE the by if
traverses component
reduction
Incident Ei Re_
Wave
Absorption I_
I I Transmit
. ted
Er
Figure
4.
Path
of
Radiated
Wave
Through
Barrier
The form:
equation
for
SE
of
conductive
sheet
or
panel
takes
the
23
%.,
SE
Where, A_ RdB BoB = = = Attenuation Loss due to
AdB
RdB
BdB
(13
due
to
absorption
reflection correction
Rereflection
The
separate
terms
can
be
found
by
the
following:
[3
&
4]
AOB Where, t =
1314tcmQf_z_rOr
(14a
thickness
of
sheet
or
panel
(m
or
cm)
Reflection: (I + RdB Where K is = 20 log in 4K equations 12 or K) 2 20 log-4 12a. K , for K>>I (15
found
In
the
far for
field'
Ir
>
I 2_
plane
waves:
R_
108. 1 -
(15a
2_
for
high
impedance
fields:
RoB
141.
7 -- I0 log
I 321
_rfsHzrm
(15b)
for
low
impedance
fields:
24
R_:74.6-101og
_r fMHz(_rr2m1
(15C
Rereflection:
K+I
XI0-01Ad_
(COS
0. 23Ad_
-- j sin
0. 23AdB
(16
BaB
20
log
(1
-- e-2t _4_e
-j2t_4_ )
(16a
figure is can a
for
values reduces is
of
BdB, total
knowing SE.
AdB
and
K.
negative be ignored
small.
25
i
LJI LILB J I I I I L I I ; I I J L l 1 t f _ t
0
!
0 OJ
0 CO
0 _
0 I..0
0 (,0
0 r-,,
'
'
(BP) B
....
26
5.2.1
Outline of
of
Method Metal or
for Other
Calculating Conductive
Shielding Materials
Effectiveness
for
SE
have
been that on
in
previous
use,
in
number
equations, become
special trying to
equations, make a
quick
calculation SE of a
given used
here for
for any
few
following
given
order:
(i)
The
constants
required
are:
r,
t,
_r,
_r,
and
Z s.
r use
distance a large
from default
radiating value
source for a
(meters). wave
If
unknown,
plane
calculation.
t in
thickness centimeters.
of
metal
or
conductive
surface
in
meters
and
permeability
of
the
conductive
material
relative
to
_o
air.
: _o :
absolute 4z x
permeability permeability
of
10 -7 =
(_r
-(_cu
conductivity
of
material
relative
to
copper
P
_cu p : = 5.8 Rs x X 107 tm = : conductivity resistivity of copper (mhos per meter)
volume
(ohm-meters)
27
resistivity
source
impedance
(MHz) across the frequency range
frequencies
Calculate results of
the each
following calculation
at
each helps
table
including
organized:
(4)
8-
(5)
t -- =
ratio
(use
same
units
for
each)
(6)
Zm
369 I__r
(f_z)
10 -6 =
impedance
of
material
when
>3
Z m
(7)
ZB
impedance
of
material
for
any
value
of
t --
I e
2.718
(8)
Zw
k377
wave
impedance
(ohms)
28
k but Zw
2Kr
when r _
exceed
2_'
and source
impedance.
impedance is h___;
cannot
source
2 _r k but Zw k cannot be lower when r <_ 2z' than source impedance. and source impedance is low,
(9)
-w ZB
ratio
(both
in
ohms)
(K
+ 4K
1) 2
(i0)
RdB
20
log
RdB
K 20 log--, 4
when
K>>I
(ii)
A m
or,
1314
tcm
_fSHz_rf_r
(12)
BdB
20 log
1 -K+I
XI0 -'IAdB(cos
0. 23A_B
-- j sin
0. 23Aa_)
or,
BdB
20
iog(l
-- e-2t_f_e
-j2t _4_7_-6)
or,
use
figure
5,
to
determine
BdB,
knowing
Ad_
and
(13)
SEtota I :
RdB
Ad_
BdB,
add
algebraically,
BdB
will
usually
be
negative.
29
5.3
Apertures
The on the SE
methods of a
of solid
presented panel of
so
far
have
concentrated
Typical as
cases seams, In of a
windows,
that a is
degrade
special necessary.
the
structure of the
for
panel Second,
interest. same
calculate Then
aperture value at
the
frequencies.
lower
frequency. Usually, there are several is similar by several types to of the apertures. method of The method of
combining total
their
effects produced
calculating
resistance
parallel
resistors:
1 BEfore I
1 + -+ SE 1 SE 2
1 (17) SE 3
the ratio
SE
is before
stated
in
each
SE
must SE is
be then will be
adding. SE of
total
The
total
apertures
the
lowest
individual demonstrate
following individual
paragraphs SE for
the types of
methods apertures.
for
various
3O
5.3.1 With
Shielding Apertures
Effectiveness
of
Conductive
Panel
For
rectangular
shaped
slot
as
shown
in
figure
6:
[4]
Where, L& S d SE,_ d in = = = = slot depth shadow natural length of and slot, height usually see table (mm) thickness 3, or of default material(nun) to 3_.
effect, log
For
circular
hole
as
shown
in
figure
6:
[4]
1
Where, L = diameter (mm)
(19)
31
In both cases, if approaches zero. This The shadow effect wall of an the size of frequency. produces a
energy. of from lobes the
the panel is thin (d<<L), the last term is the absorption term. occurs when the slot is in one conductive
otherwise enclosed box. The shadow effect depends upon the slot, the dimensions of the box, and the In effect, the slot reradiates inside the box. This pattern of lobes and nulls that scatter the incoming
shadow nulls value effect inside is the the box. Table shadow will 3 dB have is a integrated It 3, effect less good reduces shows for than default value the typical various 5 dB of this pattern intensity of slot to use in field
additional dimensions. the the shadow equation. At appear sheet low to SE It created At dB
attributed for
value
the of a
equation solid
will panel.
produce At this
values point
exceed becomes
upper that
limit. any a for opening, can slots such be as the small a --, 2 gap slot. zero
should by high a
noted contact
at or
joint, long
considered L _
frequencies
when
assume
shielding.
32
Table
3.
Additional
Shielding
Effectiveness
Due
to
Shadow
Effect
(dB)
[2]
D/W L/W 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 S/H 0.01 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.1 1 0 9 6 2 1 0.2 7 7 5 3 0 0.3 6 6 5 3 0 0.5 5 5 4 3 1 1.0 3 2 2 2 1 1.5 2 2 1 1 1 2.0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 9 7 2 1
7 7 6 3 1
6 6 5 3 0
5 5 4 3 1
3 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
0.01 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.01 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.01 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
1 0 8 6 3 1 1 0 6 4 2 2 1 0 5 2 1 1
7 6 6 4 1 7 6 4 3 1 7 5 3 1 1
6 6 5 4 1 6 5 4 3 2 6 5 3 2 1
5 5 4 4 2 5 4 4 3 3 5 4 3 2 2
3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1
2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
10 3 1 1 1
7 4 1 1 0
6 4 2 0 0
5 4 3 1 0
3 2 2 1 1
2 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
L ,4 l,
s ll
I
;r
W H D
: : :
L S
: :
Slot Slot
Length Width
33
5.3.2 Aperture
Shielding
Effectiveness
of
Panel
With
Subdivided
the the
SE SE
of of a
panel panel of
with with
a one
outline dashed
outer figure
edge 7.
the
smaller using
Then, by
caused
subdividing to the
improvement
original
calculation
LB
I{ SB II II
SA
i1 I
Figure
7.
Subdivided
Aperture
(20) [LAJ Where, L, LA and and S, SA = = slot slot length length and and width width before after subdividing subdividing i + 1 + inILB]] InIs_I
If
the L/S
original ratio as
hole the
is
subdivided the
into second
smaller term
holes
original,
disappears.
34
5.3.3 Conductive
Shielding Meshes
Effectiveness
of
Wire
Screens
or
For
plane
waves,
where
-> --, 2_
[4]
SE
20
log
I!i l
[ dB, for g Zsource to
for
<
k 2
(21)
SE
0,
Figure
8.
Wire
Screen
For
near
fields
'
where
< -
--, 2K
[4]
Magnetic
fields: SE H = 20 log
<2g
--x
-_,
0
4 Krg
(22)
Electric
fields:
-X --
SE E
20
log
2g
2 Kr
)=:01ool )
(23)
35
or,
SE can be calculated
for
equation
21:
then
or,
add: 20 logI2_r
] for near electric fields (25)
can
be
higher
than
the
SE
of
an
equivalent
thin
metal
equations a
are
valid such
when as g
g A
10-61. the
When
is
tiny like
wavelength, of thin be
screen
material percentage
conductivity of optical
wire
its
coverage.
5.4
Summary
of
Shielding
Effectiveness
Determination
methods assuming SE at
for no higher at
SE
of the for
edges.
holes
metals. the SE
generally the
dependent of the
conductivity
thickness
summarizes enclosure.
method
36
Table
4.
Steps
to
Determine
Total
Shielding
Effectiveness
To
total due to
SE,
determine
the across
SE the
of
the
frequency as
Then
lower
at
each
frequency
result.
quick
To
determine If the
the more
SE
of
use
figure
3 use SE"
for
estimate. in
exact of
required,
equations paragraph
"Outline
Method
Calculating
in
5.2.1.
To through 25
determine as
SE
due
to
apertures
use
equations
17
applicable.
methods the SE
in
the
previous materials 9
sections and
were the SE of
used due
to to
typical
Figure and SE
shows
plots As is
calculated
values
materials the
thicknesses. of the materials slots The make good the very cause plot good
noted limiting
earlier, factor, leakage metals, the there Notice, graphite embedded assumed materials The have figure SE of zinc metals is
low at
the
become as have
factor.
copper
thicknesses to that be
no
need
materials (GFRP)
--
adequate
conductivity design is
of
composite
important thin,
plastic, shielding
though
fairly 9 is
conductivity
important
materials.
37
0 0 0
L/I_
--//, i
0
\ V
\ A
v
r J
i i
--
i 4 u
ffl 0
"
'
i
a-
_
I1 .. 1 0
m-4
E
X I,IJ
I
L_
14.
38
6.0
CURRENT
CARRYING
CAPABILITY
current
of
materials
being
considered. materials
will EMC
ability
composite will
and
provide
suggested
joint when to
and
electrical structures.
materials good
such
their be made
typically
conductive
particles
composite.
6. 1
Electrostatic
Discharge
(ESD)
Protection
as
fiberglass,
rubber,
retain charging
when is
exposed used as
form
composite
material,
susceptible not
this be
should
problem. require in any high material can time. in current is readily This
electric
2
not
of
i0
to
i0
electric in a
charge short
obtained
using using of
fabric, filler
carbon as
carbon. is are
typical
graphite charge
epoxy
material provisions
electrostatic
dissipation
39
made for electrical bonding between conductive filaments and basic structure. The nonconductive plastic outer surface of some graphite fiber reinforced plastic presents a problem when it is exposed to a charging mechanism. Therefore, it may require an additional conductive coating to prevent charge buildup. The class S bonding requirement of MiI-B-5087 addresses the dissipation of electrostatic charge across joints. It requires a conductive connection between basic structure and any conductive
items that may less meet with develop than an one electrostatic ohm any across each charge. joint. between selected. more higher A effort It This metal specifies limit plates, is and a resistance easy this between one could 1 X ohm be 107 to is
almost the
reason
materials In static
require a much
resistance limit of
adequate
Nonconductive charge conductive make charge enough contact a may develop. coating conductive that to
materials
not are
be
used
where
a a
to is
makes
across
Sanding of
of
coatings
mating
graphite
be
necessary
obtain
conductivity
6.2
Radio
Frequency
(RF)
and
Shielding
epoxy
enough content, of
to
and
determined exact
by
using
more 4.
calculations
paragraph
table
4O
Generally the limitations of conductivity for RF are due to inductive reactance at higher frequencies and not due to high currents through resistive elements. According to reference 8, tests showed that leakage of RF through simulated GFRP aircraft skin was dominated by joints. These joints act like slots if there is not a good conductive contact along the mating surfaces. Typical values of resistance across commonly used GFRP joints are 50 to i00 milliohms. The class R bonding requirement of MILB-5087B is intended to provide a low impedance return path for RF. Since it is difficult to perform RF impedance tests in the field on joints of various configurations, the only test requirement is for a dc resistance less than 2.5 milliohms across each joint. For radio frequencies (RF) the inductive reactance of the joint configuration will likely be higher than the dc limit. The exact RF limit is not specified, but care must be taken to assure low inductance across the joint to provide the lowest impedance possible. Tin or other metal plating or conductive paint on GFRP can aid conductivity through joints, especially if the surface of the GFRP is sanded lightly to expose the graphite. The conductive surface is spread over a larger area and more layers of graphite are in contact with the better conductor. The plated or prepainted surfaces are mated by overlapping at the joint or by butting the sections together and bridging the joint with metal foil or screen. The use of conductive paint on sanded surfaces seems to make the best joint for RF purposes. For shielding purposes the contact between painted surfaces along the joint must be continuous, or nearly so, with no long gaps between contacts. The acceptable length of the gap depends upon the amount of shielding required and the frequency being shielded. SE can be determined by assuming the gap is an aperture as defined in section 5.3.1.
41
6.3
Antenna
Ground
Plane
types
of Image
are in
made an
to
operate ground is
with
a plane
plane. very graphite be The used surface less adequate could with between for
antenna
small, epoxy as a
antenna
not
degraded graphite
ground
the
driven
composite, is at be good is
is
antenna
cause
and
aluminum conductive
tape.
composite
types
antennas.
6.4
Fault
Current
Results in aerospace
of work in
this will
review
that some
materials
used
plastic. fabric
graphite be in a
graphite
includes resin. if
reinforcements resistive used. heating This between greater occur returns GFRP. bonded return will above
conductive
nonconductive When 65C occurs graphite than be or for expected signal can high cause
through
GFRP.
because fibers.
plastic
rises intentional
carried be a fused
through
should provide A
to path
fault power
short
protect
42
against hazardous voltages resulting from shorts to the metal case of equipment when the metal case is connected to the source ground through metallic structure or a _green wire" safety conductor. However, the green wire will not protect against shorts to GFRP structure. The GFRP will have enough resistance to limit fault current to some specific level. This level may be lower than the level required to blow a standard circuit breaker or fuse. The current probably will still be high enough to cause fire in the GFRP. Tests of composite material made of Hercules IM7 fiber and Hercules 8552 resin showed that current above 5 amps produced hot spots that burst Amoco T300 fiber into flame. Similar in Thiokol TCR resin results were obtained using and Hercules AS4 fiber in
Hercules 3501 resin. [9] Composite materials should have good conductive joints to carry small currents for other purposes; but, if any part of the return path for fault current must be through GFRP, standard or slow blow fuses or circuit breakers should not be relied upon for protection. Ground fault circuit interrupters may be used in some cases. They will detect a difference between outgoing and returning current and can be selected to break the circuit below a hazardous current level. MiI-B-5087 requires joint resistance not to exceed 0.i ohm for fault current paths. This is meant for highly conductive metallic structures only. Joints between GFRP panels can easily exceed this value, and the GFRPpanel itself may have resistance exceeding this limit. Joints using conductive paint can be conductive enough to carry small fault currents if a large enough area of contact is used. However, we have seen that fault current over 5 amps through a 0.003 square inch usually starts a fire at the GFRP. This can also happen restricted to a small point. fire hazard, graphite epoxy fault current from electrical within electronic equipment. contact (the end of a # 14 wire) contact point on several types of at a joint if the contact area is Since it is difficult to avoid this should not be relied upon to carry shorts to metallic structure or The design 43 should avoid the
to GFRP.
cannot current be
If
fault
the
avoided,
carrying expected performed material, burst into at on the a Cytec flame that carry
can tests
be
cases. External
Shuttle
nose did
cone not
indicates could
composite
materials of
reasonable
amounts
6.5
Lightning
Protection
6.5.1
Environment
strikes
originate
most
commonly
Lightning of in the
cloud
pockets point
charge
cloud ionized is
The
charge
more
called so. As
every objects
ground enough
develop for
opposite to
toward cloud
two
provides is the
intense A
flash
ground
stroke. return
charged and
discharged levels up to
stroke, charged
200 same
kiloamps. path to
Other cause
may
take
the
multiple
44
strokes
with
less
current
return
stroke
and all
occurring within a second or two. The ground takes a charge opposite above it. Most cloud to ground strikes
negatively charged lower portion of the cloud to the positive ground, but they can occur between a positively charged portion of the cloud to negative ground. Intracloud lightning develops in a similar manner but occurs between oppositely charged pockets within the cloud. Aircraft and rockets may trigger strikes on occasion. The polarity, the path, or whether it is triggered makes little difference to any aircraft or launch vehicle that is in the path of a strike even though amplitudes may be less for triggered strikes. When struck by lightning, an aircraft or launch vehicle becomes part of the path for the high current. There will be an attachment point and an exit point usually at extremities on the vehicle. Both of these points may move along the surface or reattach at a series of points on moving vehicles.
6.5.2 Specifications
protection to have
of
NASA
began enough to
with avoid
the
metallic attach
lightning and
skin
high it
was
struck
lightning by the
during
computer with to
spacecraft apertures
vehicles
were
lightning Shuttle
Space Lightning
would
have JSC
and NSTS
the 07636,
Criteria be used as
Document, a
07636, on all
developed
to
requirement
elements.
45
The idealized lightning current waveform developed for document by the lightning community became the standard,
several modifications, [I0] lightning waveforms lightning "C", high _D", peak environment that strike. and "H": of
6 2
this
with
for
later
lightning
protection
consists the
of
represent These
important consist of
waveforms
Component
current of 2x10
200
kA
and
an
action
of
transfer of
i0
to
800
to
Component
"D"
-- Restrike integral
kA
A s
Ii
Component
_H"
-- Fast
rise
time
2x10
A/s
and
peak
of
i0
kA
These zone
current to
wave define
forms design
are
used
in
with
strike skin,
requirements
structure, The multiplied contained Strike likelihood initial upon between the
equipment. integral the time. strike. locations strike to are the on defined location in the and to be depending and same the upon the of the is It the is integral an indicator of the of current the energy squared
the zone
of
hanging
location.
depend vary
follows: possibility of
Zone
IB:
Initial lightning
with
high
possibility
of
Zone
2A:
swept
zone
with
low
possibility
of
lightning
hang-on
46
A swept stroke zone with high possibility lightning channel hang-on Portions of the vehicle between the other
of zones
that may carry substantial amounts of current due to lightning strike to one of the other zones
6.5.3 Direct Effects
damage effect
to
a of
vehicle lightning.
resulting This
from damage
strike may be
is sustained
several Melt
through force at
leader
and
return
stroke
path
with
metal
skin heating
structure shock at
of
little at
effects density
poorly to
cause
when The
streamers shock to
streamer
can
severe
resist
material the
plastic-to-reinforcement strength strike attachment may of shatter and the the exit the a composite. conductive
reduces effect
ignites cause
plastic. and
resin the
disintegrate.
depending
upon
amount
47
in the strike, is usually a burned hole through several layers of laminate with charring for several inches around the contact point. This direct effect to a launch vehicle is clearly unacceptable in most cases. Graphite epoxy seems to be able to carry a considerable amount of current after it gets dispersed throughout the material. The problems occur at restrictions where the high density current causes heating to the ignition point. This can happen at riveted or bolted joints as well as at the attachment and exit points mentioned above. [i0 & ii]
6.5.4 Indirect Effects
lightning or in
does
not
make
contact cause
with voltage
the and
electronic wiring
the
electronic
equipment
location. induced lightning changes run parallel also because of Any structure the currents current rapidly to are as and the it caused flows by a magnetic the field
Magnetically surrounding skin. wiring This that Voltage the vehicle and the the field may
induces
develop of the
of
current and to
impedance
the
structure. of the
wiring at wire
takes be a
voltage difference
will other
voltage locations.
between
structure
structures
are
very
and make
with good
poorly has
joints
increase
aluminum
special
protection.
48
6.5.5
Protection
The to provide
most
direct
way
to
metal
against
melt
is
aluminum This
thickness
to
50
may same on
than tend a
moving to be
environment be determined
locations can
before
defined. of protecting metal. strike one In point 0.020 adhesive [i0] panels arcing contact many held are must or be burning the well bonded the joint along with for are many metal. should the to carry To be joint. or Relying too will even few present though and be the against laboratory but inch the layer can melt through tests lower and the is top remains layer strike to use layer
method of away
laminated at the of
laminate by
0.030 same
withstand
0.080 Joints
current bonded, or at
along
least
have
surfaces and risky the sharply across he has usually because strap
rivets
the some
has
impedance the dc
rising the a
current. might
resistance to believe
joint
unsuspecting
person
good on
bond. the outside strike. a strike As make noted way of a vehicle these an may find
material of a
Since to
materials
nonconductor from an
underlying
its
resulting explosive
strike results.
49
dielectric
may have
strength,
lower While effects explosive on the this to
a path across
than the current underlying across
the surface
short the it path
impedance
equipment,
used
are
unacceptable. be made
tendency by
material. the
attaching the
covering
should across
be
close the
enough to
together a and
will
flash the
surface
puncturing equipment
underneath
upon the
the
dielectric
and not be
underlying inductive
punch
through
material. to 24
Typical inches. from [10] or like Any may thin visual solid of be layers
between fastened
should the
magnetic nearby
forces material.
metal
loose may be
Conductive transparency metal this formed act as foil, group as is woven may outer to They still
not
layers expanded
metal cemented
be
of the be
guides
strike
melted
lightning
their if
purpose
protecting layer is
another
structure. enough
will this
sustain case
itself underlaying
current.
electronic
equipment
must
5O
be kept away from the non-conductive material to assure the arc from dot to dot is the path of least resistance. Conductive composite material usually means some form of
graphite current effect heat arcing high. of of epoxy. if damage from at the it can to The be graphite distributed layers can carry the a substantial material. from from the Direct shock and is and throughout results points where and
strike or damage
heating density
joints
current of
consists and
disintegration or fraying
point
from
point rise to
current material
Burning transfer
layers
continuing Protection
current of
portion
strike. of or
efforts to provide
to
disperse composite after pressure should assure effects expanded graphite the basic be the
the
critical
fuel on the
case being
performed
material for of and layer metal protection metal making should helps
possible.
disperse of
the to be done 2 to 4 to
much
is
metal
skins
sometimes [ii]
punctured
wire
inches be around
up inch
to
200 or
inch.
expanded is
thicker. compound
metal
easier
to
shape
bends
and
51
Table
strike
squares of various GFRP samples when they were struck lightning components "A" and "C".
TABLE 5. Damage from Direct Strike
[11]
metal
on Damage:
both
sides 1.5 on
of
GFRP
(0.098
inch) hole in
inch GFRP. 1
diameter
inch
diameter
Damage:
through
to
layers
of
GFRP.
Expanded _A"
metal
on Damage: on GFRP,
top
of 2/3
GFRP of
Component spot
0.5
inch
on
back. of
Component 1 inch
through back.
layers
(0.068
Damage:
Burned
GFRP "A"
diameter
cracked
sample. Damage: 1.25 inch Burned diameter through spot 2 on to 4 layers of GFRP,
back.
(0.621 Damage:
inch) Delaminated aluminum Burned 2 to and core. 3 layers of GFRP on top blew off GFRP panel
side,
expanded Damage:
Component
panel.
52
The direct effects of lightning can damage conductive composites at joints and at other constrictions in addition to attachment and exit points. Adhesives are usually used at composite material joints. The adhesive is usually nonconductive and often is applied in a layer of nonconductive fabric. Joints should be protected by increasing the electrical contact area along the joint. This may be done by doping the adhesive with conductive particles or by inserting a conductive material within the joint or across the joint. Rivets or bolts may also be used alone or in combination with adhesives. Conductive adhesives are doped with metal particles aluminum or silver. More metal makes the adhesive more conductive, but it also makes the adhesive bond weaker. usually It is
usually better to use regular adhesive to assure good connection and use a side dressing of conductive adhesive to provide conductivity across the joint. The shock effect of a lightning strike tends to forcibly separate joints. Rivets or bolts may be required to help hold the connection together. A carbon cloth, screen wire, or expanded metal scrim may be applied between overlapping composites with the adhesive. When placed under pressure while hardening, the carbon or metal scrim will contact conductive graphite in both layers and provide electrical contact along the joint. The composite material may need to be sanded to expose the graphite before applying the scrim and adhesive. If conductive contact is not adequate through the scrim, arcing will occur and the joint may be debonded by the resulting pressure. Bolts or rivets alone may also be used to join two conductive composites. They will provide conductive paths, but the contact from graphite to the fastener is limited to the area under the head and nut. If the composite has a nonconductive outer coating, the conductive area may be increased by using beveled washers and fastener heads in countersunk holes. The number of fasteners required particular for adequate material. conductivity is usually found by test of the If bolts or rivets are the primary method of 53
holding
an
the panels
Some or at enough The surfaces the
together,
arcing can
there
area.
are usually
be arcing but provide conductive mechanical If is may
enough to provide
if damage not it is to destroy mechanical between would fasteners sanded not the the in do
conductivity. explosive
usually The
tolerated
composite joint if
to
the
fastener to of for
should adequate
are
used
combination fasteners of
adhesive strength
metal method
be and
the
mechanical undesirable,
adhesive coatings
surfaces can be
adhesive, fasteners
separately to make
in
conjunction the joint. no butt across Two test. most of the bolts
contact During
was or a
difference a 2 inch
in wide, Two to
lap
plate
joint. sample
bolts the
joint the
for
joint did
Component joint, effect but of The surfaces charring sanded dry there
heating of GFRP
type layers
damage due
at to
some "A".
splitting
frayed
and joints.
one fraying
layer was
deep
at
the
unimproved by
sanding
surfaces The
conductive the
silver
paint. [ii]
allowed
before Indirect
samples. on underlying
effects not be
equipment single
circuitry of metal.
may This
negated more
the is
prevent the
can
mechanically in magnetic
since that
resulting
separate
54
Strike
Composite
Structure Ground
or
Current
Carrying
Bond
Strike
Metal
\ /
Composite
--
Structure Ground
Added Protection Against Direct Strike and Radiated Field From Strike
Figure 10 -
Lightning
Protection
55
with
apertures, with metal more would current Another is the that current
joints down
the
composite This
flowing
inside
inside whereas
of
the
strike, closely
metal
current
fall
follow
the
itself. on several A was over used remote strike used the to large to i0 strike 3 showed house inch
container and 12
i0
inch samples
square lightning of
component samples of
the Results at to a
the 30 dB
remote of
least
change to over
for an made
0.098
inch When
with were
layer of the
aluminum from 20
indicate can of be
provide a
some
obtain
amount
shielding
required.
6. 6
Galvanic
Reaction
Since galvanic
graphite reaction
is between
low
in
the
galvanic
series is
near a
copper, A
dissimilar
materials
concern.
56
potential difference over one volt can be expected between carbon and aluminum. Aluminum or other metal high in the series will corrode when in direct contact with GFRP in the presence of moisture. Graphite epoxy joints can deteriorate rapidly in salt spray conditions. [12] This corrosion in the joint could result in a high resistance contact. It should be treated accordingly. A dielectric coating between materials prevents corrosion but also prevents electrical contact. A metal that is nearer the more active metal in the galvanic series should be used as a conductive coating on the GFRPmating surface. Coat both the GFRP and the more active metal or just the GFRP. Never coat just the more active metal because any contact through a small break in the coating will cause corrosion more severe than through a large contact area. Tin plating or shims between aluminum and GFRP should be satisfactory. Nickel may be used for moderately long term installations if a water tight coating is applied after assembling the joint. Permanent installations with nickel to aluminum may eventually corrode.
6.7 Summary of Protection Methods
Table purposes.
presents
review
of
protection
methods
for
various
57
TABLE
6.
Review
of
Protection
Methods
Electrostatic Resistivity static Assure materials Avoid charge use can charge.
Discharge
7
less
than
electrical to of
bond
from basic
conductive structure.
or
semiconductive
where
electrostatic
develop
RF
effectiveness. 3 for for 17 a quick more through estimate exact 25 or use equations of SE material due to of SE.
section Use
5.2.1
calculation to determine
equations
apertures. Reduce Close plating Provide mating apertures joints over in to GFRP a minimum. by use of conductive paint or metal
mating
continuous, surfaces to
avoid
Antenna
Ground
Plane: material with adequate conductive resistivity for an less antenna to than one ohm plane. large per
Composite square
usually joints
is with
ground avoid
Cover
material
discontinuities.
58
TABLE
6.
(Cont.)
Review
of
Protection
Methods
Current: use use of of return. current material fire and if on return to is unavoidable: current at 5 or shorting amps slow is blow carrying point involved. fuses or capability. and at GFRP GFRP, for intentional possible, current for return. unintentional fault
where
Expect
standard
Lightning: Avoid If nonconducting are to surfaces on exterior use of diverter vehicle. strips to
nearby damage
adequate
withstand
on
surface foil on
to
help
protect and
GFRP. treat it
metal to
underside
protect
against
indirect
effects.
6.
Galvanic
Reaction:
Graphite copper.
is
low
(more
negative)
in
the
galvanic
series
near
It
may
be
bonded
directly or
to gold. use
copper
or
to
platings
of
silver, to on
tin to
or
nickel
coatings reaction.
on
the
reduce
the
surface joint
only.
Preclude
moisture
59
REFERENCES
T.
L., Space
McCollum, Flight
M. Center
B.,
Trout,
D.
H.,
and
Javor,
K.:
and
Interference Publication
June
1995.
Bull,
D.
A.,
G.
A.,
and
Smithers,
B. of
W.: CFC
"RF
Screening Advisory
Research Lisbon,
and
Panel,
Conference
Violette,
J.
L.
N.,
White,
D.
R.
J.,
and
M.
F.:
Handbook. (1987).
White, Series
D. on
R.
J.,
and
Mardiguian,
Interference Volume
Electromagnetic Technologies,
Interference (1988).
Gainesville,
Keiser,
Bernhard:
of
Compatibility.
Norwood,
Duff,
William
G.: and
Handbook
Series
on
Technologies,
Blake,
C.
L.:
IEEE
Their
Electrical
Electromagnetic Electromagnetic
International Washington,
6O
G. in and
L.:
of
Composite
Avionics 1980.
Panel,
Conference
Portugal,
R.
Evans:
_Test Reinforced
Report,
Fault
Current NASA
Through
Filament Flight
CR-4774,
Center,
AL,
i0.
F.
A., of MA,
J.
A.,
and
Perala,
R.
A.:
Lightning Inc.,
Lightning
Technologies,
ii
Evans,
R.:
_Test NASA
Report, CR-4783,
Lightning Marshall
Effects Space
on
Flight
12.
Birken,
J.:
_In
Depth
Studies
of NATO
Performance." and
Development, Portugal,
283,
Lisbon,
61
REPORT
DOCUMENTATION
PAGE
Form Approved
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructicos, searching existing data sources, gethedng and maintaining the data needed, end completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operation and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Artington, VA 22202.4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) [ 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
I
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
August Effectiveness,
1997 Current
Contractor
Design
Guidelines
for Shielding
of Conductivity
R.W.
Evans
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAMES(S) ADDRESS(ES) AND Tee-Masters, Inc. 1500 Perimeter Parkway, Huntsville, AL 35806 Suite 400
8.
PERFORMING REPORT
ORGANIZATION
NUMBER
M-837
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING NAME(S) ADDRESS(ES) AGENCY AND National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546--0001
10.
NASA
CR--4784
Center
DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY
12b.
DISTRIBUTION
CODE
Unclassified Subject
- Unlimited 18
Category
13.
ABSTRACT
(Maximum
200
words)
These guidelines address the electrical properties of composite materials which may have an effect on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The main topics of the guidelines include the electrical shielding, fault current return, and lightning protection capabilities of graphite reinforced polymers, since they are somewhat conductive but may require enhancement to be adequate for EMC purposes. Shielding effectiveness depends heavily upon the conductivity of the material. Graphite epoxy can provide useful shielding against RF signals, but it is approximately 1,000 times more resistive than good conductive metals. The reduced shielding effectiveness is significant but is still useful in many cases. The primary concern is with gaps and seams in the material just as it is with metal. Current carrying capability of graphite epoxy is adequate for dissipation static charges, currents through graphite epoxy may cause fire at the shorting contact and at joints. The effect of lightning on selected protection methods are reviewed.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
is described,
15.
NUMBER
OF
PAGES
natural space environment, electromagnetic compatibility, electrical shielding, fault current, electrical and lightning effects on composites
17. SECURITY OF REPORT CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY OF THIS CLASSIFICATION PAGE 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT
69
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Unclassified
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Standard Form 298 trey. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Sial.239-18 298-102