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1 Appreciation Objective Method investigation Introduction Historty of integration History of quadratic equation and quadratic function Application of quadratic function The question and answer Further exploration Finding Conclusion Reflection Reference 3 4 5 6 8 11 13 16 21 28 29 30 31

APPRECIATION Grace be upon ALLAH,the almighty,with blessing,this Additional Mathematics project work finally have been done. Firstly,I would like to express my appreciation to my Additional Mathematics teacher Miss Turasima bt. Marjuki for her contructive critism and helpful suggestion during the process to finish this Additional Mathematics project work. Not to forget,my parents that also give me a lot of help and supporting me to complete this project.Besides that,I also wish to thank to the member of my group for their support to make sure that this project work can be finished. Lastly,I also want to thank to whom that participate in the process to finish this project work wether indirect or not. ObjectivE The aim of carrying this project work are :1. To develop mathematical knowledge in a way which increase students interest and confidence. 2. To apply mathematics to everyday situations and to begin to understand the part that mathematics plays in the world in which we live.

3. To improve thinking skill and promote effective mathematical communication. 4. To assist student to develop positive attitude and personalities,intrinsic mathematical values such as accurancy,confidence and system reasoning. 5. To stimulate learning and enhance effective learning.

Method investigation In solving and finishing this project work done,some method is used :1. Communication Discussion with teacher and friend help in solving problem.The information from this discussion used as a reference materials to success this project. 2. Reference Additional of information from various of reference material help me to find the method to solve the problem.For this Additional Mathematics project,I can get the reference from library,internet,my friends,my teacher and many more. 3. Lesson session The lesson session in the class help me in solve problem by using heuristics what I learn in the class.

Introduction

The Petronas Towers of Kuala Lumpur Often we know the relationship involving the rate of change of two variables, but we may need to know the direct relationship between the two variables. For example, we may know the velocity of an object at a particular time, but we may want to know the position of the object at that time. To find this direct relationship, we need to use the process which is opposite to differentiation. This is called integration (or antidifferentiation).

The processes of integration are used in many applications. The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur experience high forces due to winds. Integration was used to design the building for strength. Sydney Opera House The Sydney Opera House is a very unusual design based on slices out of a ball. Many differential equations (one type of integration) were solved in the design of this building. Wine cask Historically, one of the first uses of integration was in finding the volumes of wine-casks (which have a curved surface).Here is a LiveMath illustration of a 3D shape. We learn to find the volume of these objects later (in volume of solid of revolution). Other uses of integration include finding areas under curved surfaces, centres of mass, displacement and velocity, fluid flow, modelling the behaviour of objects under stress, etc.

History of integration A definite integral of a function can be represented as the signed area of the region bounded by its graph. Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function of a realvariablex and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graphof , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The term integral may also refer to the notion ofantiderivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function . In this case it is called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed in this article are termed definite integrals. Some authors maintain a distinction between antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and GottfriedLeibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an antiderivative F of is known, the definite integral of over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. A line integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curveconnecting two points on the plane or in the space. In asurface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surfacein the three-dimensional space. Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These generalizations of integral first arose from the needs ofphysics, and they play an important role in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract mathematical theory known asLebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue. History ofquadratic equation and Quadratic Function On clay tablets dated between 1800 BC and 1600 BC, the ancient Babylonians left the earliest evidence of the discovery of quadratic equations, and also gave early methods for solving them. Indian mathematician Baudhayana who wrote a Sulba Sutra in ancient India circa 8th century BC first used quadratic equations of the form ax=c and ax+bx=c and also gave methods for solving them. Babylonian mathematicians from circa 400 BC and Chinese mathematicians from circa 200 BC used the method of completing the square to solve quadratic equations with positive roots, but did not have a general formula. Euclid, a Greek mathematician, produced a more abstract geometrical method around 300 BC. The first mathematician to have found negative solutions with the general algebraic formula was Brahmagupta (India, 7th century). Muammad ibn Ms al-wrizm (Persia, 9th century) developed a set of formulae that worked for positive solutions.

Bhaskara II (1114-1185), an Indian mathematician-astronomer, solved quadratic equations with more than one unknown and is considered the originator of the equation. Shridhara (India, 9th century) was one of the first mathematicians to give general rule for solving a quadratic equation.

Applications of Quadratic Function Example 4: The sum of two integers is 30. What is a maximum product of these two numbers? Solution: Using L and S as the larger and smaller numbers respectively, we get and . The maximum value of the product can be found after writing the product as either a function of L or of S. Writing P as a function of L we get . The graph of this function in an L, P coordinate system, where L stands for the larger number and P for the product is: Using the vertex formula, with a = -1 and b = 30 we get the coordinates of the vertex as (15, 225). So the maximum value of the product is 225 for L = 15, and this makes S = 15 as well.

Cupcake Ice Cream Cone

Inilah hasil Cupcake Ice Cream Cone yg saya buat petang tadi. Comel tak? Saya guna resipi Simple White Cake dari AllRecipes.com: Ingredients

1 cup white sugar 1/2 cup butter 2 eggs 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1 3/4 teaspoons baking powder 1/2 cup milk

Directions 1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease and flour a 9x9 inch pan or line a muffin pan with paper liners. 2. In a medium bowl, cream together the sugar and butter. Beat in the eggs, one at a time, then stir in the vanilla. Combine flour and baking powder, add to the creamed mixture and mix well. Finally stir in the milk until batter is smooth. Pour or spoon batter into the prepared pan. 3. Bake for 30 to 40 minutes in the preheated oven. For cupcakes, bake 20 to 25 minutes. Cake is done when it springs back to the touch

Bagaimana Memulakan Perniagaan Kecil-kecilan Author: HAJAH NORAINI BT HJ. ZAKARIA // Category: membuka perniagaan kecil Semasa saya mengadakan kursus kek lapis, ada juga peserta yang bertanya kepada saya bagaimana nak memulakan perniagaan kek atau biskut secara kecil-kecilan dari rumah? Saya rasa ini satu soalan yang baik kerana antara matlamat saya menulis buku, menganjurkan kursus dan mewujudkan blog ini adalah untuk menggalakkan lebih ramai orang Melayu kita menceburkan diri dalam perniagaan ini. Maklumlah rata-rata kita lihat,kedai kek dimana-mana bandarpun dimonopoli oleh satu kaum saja. Belum tentu apa yang dijual itu Halal. Sebagai umat Islam, persoalan halal haram adalah sangat penting. Jadi marilah kita bersama-sama melaksanakan Jihad Ekonomi. Apa yang akan saya paparkan disini adalah dari pengalaman saya berniaga kecil-kecilan selama 10 tahun sejak saya meletakkan jawatan sebagai wartawan majalah. Saya mengambil tempahan kek dan biskut raya. Pernah tempahan biskut raya saya mencapai 35,000 biji sedangkan saya tiada pekerja, hanya bantuan ahli keluarga.Lain orang lain pengalamannya. Harap dapat dijadikan panduan sebagai batu loncatan untuk mengorak langkah menjadi usahawan berjaya. Insyaallah. 1. Dapatkan ilmu Sebelum memulakan sesuatu, kita hendaklah mendapatkan ilmu tentang bidang yang ingin kita ceburi. Jika anda berminat menjalankan perniagaan kek , belajarlah dari orang yang berpengalaman atau institusi yang berkaitan. Banyak tempat dimana anda boleh belajar membuat kek. Saya sendiri walaupun telah mengikuti pelbagai kursus, tetapi masih lagi berminat untuk belajar. Pendekata, proses pembelajaran jangan terhenti walaupun kita sudah pandai membuat kek. Mungkin ada idea-idea baru yang belum kita pelajari. Memanglah memerlukan wang, tetapi ilmu yang dipelajari akan mendatangkan lebih wang kepada kita.Ada seorang rakan saya yang sanggup mengeluarkan RM1000 untuk belajar membuat roti selama 1 hari dari seorang pakar. Pelaburannya tidak sia-sia kerana beliau kini mengusahakan perniagaan roti dari bengkel belakang rumahnya. 2. Mempraktikkan ilmu Selepas kita mendapat ilmu, sekarang praktikkan apa yang dipelajari. Ada sesetengah orang, selepas belajar, terus notanya disimpan dalam almari. Jadi ilmu itu menjadi sia-sia.Cuba buat resipi yang dipelajari. Mungkin cubaan pertama kurang menjadi. Jangan cepat berputus asa, cuba lagi hingga anda berpuas hati dengan kek yang anda hasilkan. Bila kita hendak mula menjual, pastikan mutu kek itu memuaskan. Samada dari segi rupabentuk mahupun rasanya. Alkisah pengalaman kawan saya yang membeli kek lapis sarawak dari seorang penjual

.Harganya satu biji RM90.00.Tengok dari gambar memang cantik.Apabila melihat kek yang dihantar, masyaallah tak menjadi seperti dalam gambar. Pelanggan tidak berpuashati dengan si penjual,mengutuk lagi di belakang. Jadi ini satu promosi yang tidak baik. Pastikan pelangan anda berpuashati dengan barangan yang dijual. Promosi mulut ke mulut adalah sangat berkesan. 3. Promosi Untuk permulaan, promosi anda berkisar pada orang-orang disekeliling anda. Anda hendaklah bermulut manis (hatipun mesti baik) kepada jiran-jiran, rakan-rakan dan saudara-mara.Jangan lokek untuk menghadiahkan sebiji kek kepada jiran yang membuat kenduri atau membawa beberapa biji kek pulang ke kampung semasa hari raya. Pendekata anda hendaklah menjadi orang yang pemurah dengan memberi kek percuma kepada orang-orang di sekeliling anda. Jika sedap, pasti mereka akan membuat tempahan. Tentang harga, kek anda hendaklah lebih murah dari kek orang lain atau dikedai. Maklumlah harga kawan-kawan. Tetapi pastikan masih ada untung. Untuk promosi juga, anda boleh mencetak flyers yang menyatakan perniagaan anda dan hantar ke rumah-rumah di kawasan kejiranan anda.Jika ada internet,anda boleh membuat blog sendiri untuk mengiklankan produk anda. 4. Menjaga Pelanggan Setelah anda mendapat tempahan, berusahalah memenuhi tempahan tersebut. Misalnya jika pelanggan hendak kek 2 kilo, sedangkan anda tiada tin yang besar,berusahalah mencarinya. Jika pelanggan hendak esok, berusahalah membuatnya.Kepercayaan pelanggan sangat penting. Jika mereka sudah percaya kepada anda , tempahan akan bertalu-talu datang. 5. Sikap yang Positif Jangan mengharapkan kejayaan datang sekelip mata. Kejayaan tidak akan datang tanpa kerja keras yang tidak pernah kenal erti jemu. Memanglah penat, tetapi fikirkan tentang matlamat kita untuk berjaya dalam bidang ini.Fikirkan apa yang kita buat itu adalah semata-mata kerana jihad kita kepada Allah SWT dan mencari rezeki yang halal untuk keluarga. Insyaallah, semangat itu tidak akan pudar. 6. Peralatan yang cukup Walaupun perniagaan itu secara kecil-kecilan, peralatan sangat penting bagi mendapat produk yang bagus. Sekurang-kurangnya anda perlu ada ketuhar dan pengadun (mixer) yang bagus.Pembungkusan juga penting bagi menunjukkan kepda pelanggan bahawa anda serius

dalam perniagaan ini.Jika berniaga biskut, isikan dalam bekas yang bersesuaian dan letakkan label perniagaan anda. 7. Mendaftarkan perniagaan Setelah anda yakin dengan potensi perniagaan ini, anda boleh mendaftarkan perniagaan anda dengan pendaftar perniagaan. Kemudian bolehlah mengikuti kursus-kursus keusahawanan anjuran MARA dan agensi-agensi yang lain. Seterusnya anda boleh membuat pinjaman untuk membesarkan perniagaan anda. Kesimpulan, kejayaan tidak akan dikecapi dalam masa yang singkat. Anda perlu bersabar menghadapi sebarang masalah dan jangan cepat berputus asa. Tingkatkan ilmu dari segi produk atau pengurusan perniagaan seperti membuat akaun dan sebagainya. Salah satu kelemahan usahawan kita ialah cepat sangat berpuas hati dan tidak mahu menambahkan ilmu sedangkan ilmu dalam apa bidangpun sentiasa berkembang. Oleh itu, berusahalah untuk mencapai apa yang anda impikan. Tidak mustahil, impian akan menjadi kenyataan.

How To Start Small Business Author: : HAJAH NORAINI BT HJ. ZAKARIA / / Category: opening a small business When I was having a course layer cake, there are also participants who asked me how I started the cake or biscuits on a small scale from home? I think this is a good question because one of my goals to write books, organize courses and creating this blog is to encourage more Malays we venture into this. What do you mean we have seen, bakeries everywhere bandarpun monopolized by one race only. Not necessarily what is sold is Halal. As Muslims, halal issue is very important. So let us together implement the Economic Jihad. What will I show here is from my experience small businesses for 10 years since I resigned as a magazine journalist. I took the book of cakes and biscuits Raya. Once I reach for cookies PUBLIC 35.000 seeds while I have no employees, only the help of other people keluarga.Lain experience. We can be a guide as a springboard to move into a successful entrepreneur. God willing. 1. Get the knowledge Before starting anything, we should seek knowledge about the field we want to serve. If you are interested in the cake business, learn from the experience or related institutions. There are many places where you can learn to make cakes. I myself even have attended various courses, but still keen to learn. In other learning processes do not cease even if we know how to make cakes. There may be new ideas that we have yet to learn. Of course, cost money, but what we have learned will bring more money to kita.Ada a friend of mine who are willing to withdraw RM1000 to learn how to make bread for a day from an expert. Investment is not in vain as he now runs the business of bread from his backyard workshop. 2. Practice knowledge After we get the knowledge, now practice what they have learned. There are some people, after learning, to note kept in the closet. So knowledge is a recipe for ill-sia.Cuba learned. Perhaps the first attempt was patchy. Do not give up, try again until you are satisfied with a cake that you make. When we begin to sell, make sure the cake is good quality. Either in terms of appearance and taste. Alkisah experience of my friends who bought sarawak layer cake from a vendor. Price of beans from the picture is cantik.Apabila RM90.00.Tengok see cakes submitted, MASYAALLAH not be like in the picture. Customer is not satisfied with the seller, condemning the behind. So this is a campaign that is not good. Make sure your customers are satisfied with the goods sold. Word of mouth promotion is highly effective.

3. Promotion For starters, your campaign centered on the people around you. You should be sweet (hatipun

must be good) to neighbors, friends and relatives to donate mara.Jangan mean a cake for a neighbor who made a feast or take a few cakes to return home during the holiday. Pendekata you should be generous to give the cake free of charge to those around you. If good, they would make a reservation. The cost of your cake to be more expensive than the others or cake shop. You know the price of friends. But make sure there is still profit. For promotion as well, you can print flyers stating your business and send it to homes in the neighborhood anda.Jika have internet access, you can create a blog to advertise your products. 4. Customer care Once you get online, make an effort to meet the order. For example, if customers want the cake 2 kg, while you no big cans, make an effort to find it. If customers want tomorrow, work membuatnya.Kepercayaan very important customer. If they already trust you, the booking will come one after another. 5. Positive attitude Do not expect success to come overnight. Success will not come without hard work that never knew the meaning of tired. Obviously tired, but think about our goals for success in ini.Fikirkan what we do is only because of our holy to God and seek lawful for the family. God willing, the spirit that will never fade. 6. Adequate equipment Although the business is small, equipment is very important to get a good product. At least you should have an oven and mixer (mixer), which bagus.Pembungkusan also important to show customers that you're serious kepda in the business of dealing ini.Jika biscuits, fill in the appropriate containers and put your business label. 7. Registering a business Once you are confident of the potential of this business, you can register your business with a business registers. Then be able to follow entrepreneurship courses organized by MARA and other agencies. Next you can create a loan to expand your business. In conclusion, the success will not be achieved in a short time. You need to be patient and do not have any problems give up. Increase knowledge in terms of product or business management such as creating accounts and so forth. One of the weaknesses of our entrepreneurs are very satisfied quickly and do not want to increase knowledge while knowledge of any bidangpun constantly evolving. Therefore, the effort to achieve what you dream. Not impossible, dreams will come true

Business mathematics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_mathematics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Business mathematics is mathematics used by commercial enterprises to record and manage business operations. Commercial organizations use mathematics in accounting, inventory management, marketing, sales forecasting, and financial analysis. Mathematics typically used in commerce includes elementary arithmetic, elementary algebra, statistics and probability. Business management can be made more effective in some cases by use of more advanced mathematics such as calculus, matrix algebra and linear programming. In academia, "Business Mathematics" includes mathematics courses taken at an undergraduate level by business students. These courses are slightly less difficult and do not always go into the same depth as other mathematics courses for people majoring in mathematics or science fields. The two most common math courses taken in this form are Business Calculus and Business Statistics. Examples used for problems in these courses are usually real-life problems from the business world. An example of the differences in coursework from a business mathematics course and a regular mathematics course would be calculus. In a regular calculus course, students would study trigonometric functions. Business calculus would not study trigonometric functions because it would be time-consuming and useless to most business students, except perhaps economics majors. Economics majors who plan to continue economics in graduate school are strongly encouraged to take regular calculus instead of business calculus, as well as linear algebra and other advanced math courses, especially real analysis. [edit] Commercial maths Another meaning of business mathematics, sometimes called commercial math or consumer math, is a group of practical subjects used in commerce and everyday life. In schools, these subjects are often taught to students who are not planning a university education. In the United States, they are typically offered in high schools and in schools that grant associate's degrees. A U.S. business math course might include a review of elementary arithmetic, including fractions, decimals, and percentages. Elementary algebra is often included as well, in the context of solving practical business problems. The practical applications typically include checking accounts, price discounts, markups and markdowns, payroll calculations, simple and compound interest, consumer and business credit, and mortgages.The emphasis in these courses is on computational skills and their practical application, with practical application being predominant. For instance, while computation.

References Brechner, Robert. (2006). Contemporary Mathematics for Business and Consumers, Thomson South-Western. ISBN 0-324-30455-2 -__ T. R. Ittelson, (2009), "Financial Statements", Career Press, 2009. Index numbers This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason specified. Please add a |reason= parameter to this template. Please help improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2011)

An index number is an economic data figure reflecting price or quantity compared with a standard or base value.[4][5] The base usually equals 100 and the index number is usually expressed as 100 times the ratio to the base value. For example, if a commodity costs twice as much in 1970 as it did in 1960, its index number would be 200 relative to 1960. Index numbers are used especially to compare business activity, the cost of living, and employment. They enable economists to reduce unwieldy business data into easily understood terms. In economics, index numbers generally are time series summarising movements in a group of related variables. In some cases, however, index numbers may compare geographic areas at a point in time. An example is a country's purchasing power parity. The best-known index number is the consumer price index, which measures changes in retail prices paid by consumers. In addition, a cost-of-living index (COLI) is a price index number that measures relative cost of living over time.[6] In contrast to a COLI based on the true but unknown utility function, a superlative index number is an index number that can be calculated.[6] Thus, superlative index numbers are used to provide a fairly close approximation to the underlying cost-of-living index number in a wide range of circumstances.[6] There is a substantial body of economic analysis concerning the construction of index numbers, desirable properties of index numbers and the relationship between index numbers and economic theory. Price index From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A price index (plural: price indices or price indexes) is a normalized average (typically a weighted average) of prices for a given class of goods or services in a given region, during a given interval of time. It is a statistic designed to help to compare how these prices, taken as a whole, differ between time periods or geographical locations.

Price indices have several potential uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said to measure the economy's price level or a cost of living. More narrow price indices can help producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can be useful in helping to guide investment. Some notable price indices include:

Cupcake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Australian English: patty cake or cup cake) is a small cake designed to serve one person, frequently baked in a small, thin paper or aluminum cup. As with larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. History The first mention of the cupcake can be traced as far back as 1796, when a recipe notation of "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in American Cookery by Amelia Simms.[1] The earliest documentation of the term cupcake was in Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's Receipts cookbook.[2] A Hostess CupCake, showing the typical "snack cake" style of cupcake. In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name cup cake or cupcake. In previous centuries, before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds and took their name from the cups they were baked in. This is the use of the name that has persisted, and the name of "cupcake" is now given to any small cake that is about the size of a teacup. The name "fairy cake" is a fanciful description of its size, which would be appropriate for a party of diminutive fairies to share. While English fairy cakes vary in size more than American cupcakes, they are traditionally smaller and are rarely topped with elaborate icing. The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume, using a standard-sized cup, instead of being weighed. Recipes whose ingredients were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups; however, they were more commonly baked in tins as layers or loaves. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was firmly established in home kitchens, these recipes became known as 1234 cakes or quarter cakes, so called because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs.[3][4] They are plain yellow cakes, somewhat less rich and less expensive than pound cake, due to using about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were intended to signal the method to the baker; "cup cake" uses a volume measurement, and "pound cake" uses a weight measurement.[3] In the early 21st century, a trend for cupcake shops was reported in the United States, playing off of the sense of nostalgia evoked by the cakes. In New York City, cupcake shops like Magnolia Bakery gained publicity in their appearances on popular television shows like HBO's Sex and the City. In 2010, television presenter Martha Stewart published a cook book dedicated to cupcakes.[5] Cupcakes have become more than a trend over the years; they've become an industry. Rachel Kramer Bussel, who has been blogging about cupcakes since 2004 at Cupcakes Take the Cake,

said in 2010 that "in the last two years or so, cupcakes really exploded" with more cupcakecentric bakeries opening nationwide. [6] Pans and liners Originally, cupcakes were baked in heavy pottery cups. Some bakers still use individual ramekins, small coffee mugs, large tea cups, or other small ovenproof pottery-type dishes for baking cupcakes. A cupcake pan, made of tinned steel. Cupcakes are usually baked in muffin tins. These pans are most often made from metal, with or without a non-stick surface, and generally have six or twelve depressions or "cups". They may also be made from stoneware, silicone rubber, or other materials. A standard size cup is 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter and holds about 4 ounces (110 g), although pans for both miniature and jumbo size cupcakes exist.[15] Speciality pans may offer many different sizes and shapes.

Cupcakes may be plain cakes without any frosting or other decoration. These were baked on a flat baking sheet in a double-layer of paper cupcake liners. Individual patty cases, or cupcake liners, may be used in baking. These are typically round sheets of thin paper pressed into a round, fluted cup shape. Liners can facilitate the easy removal of the cupcake from the tin after baking, keep the cupcake more moist, and reduce the effort needed to clean the pan.[15] The use of liners is also considered a more sanitary option when cupcakes are being passed from hand to hand. Like cupcake pans, several sizes of paper liners are available, from miniature to jumbo. In addition to paper, cupcake liners may be made from very thin aluminum foil or, in a nondisposable version, silicone rubber. Because they can stand up on their own, foil and silicone liners can also be used on a flat baking sheet, which makes them popular among people who do not have a specialized muffin tin. Some of the largest paper liners are not fluted and are made out of thicker paper, often rolled at the top edge for additional strength, so that they can also stand independently for baking without a cupcake tin. Some bakers use two or three thin paper liners, nested together, to simulate the strength of a single foil cup.