Classification of Plants

Plants are classified in several different ways, and the further away from the garden we get, the more the name indicates a plant's relationship to other plants, and tells us about its place in the plant world rather than in the garden. Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern to the gardener, but we sometimes include subspecies, variety or cultivar to identify a particular plant. Starting from the top, the highest category, plants have traditionally been classified as follows. Each group has the characteristics of the level above it, but has some distinguishing features. The further down the scale you go, the more minor the differences become, until you end up with a classification which applies to only one plant. CLASS Angiospermae (Angiosperms) Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots) Plants which produce flowers Plants which don't produce flowers Plants with two seed leaves Plants with one seed leaf

SUPERORDER A group of related Plant Families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor. There are six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae), and four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae (Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae) The names of the Superorders end in -idae ORDER Each Superorder is further divided into several Orders. The names of the Orders end in -ales FAMILY Each Order is divided into Families. These are plants with many botanical features in common, and is the highest classification normally used. At this level, the similarity between plants is often easily recognisable by the layman. Modern botanical classification assigns a type plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant. The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow. Some botanists recognise only 150 or so families, preferring to classify other similar plants as sub-families, while others recognise nearly 500 plant families. A widely-accepted system is that devised by Cronquist in 1968, which is only slightly revised today. Links to the various methods of classification are on this website. The names of the Families end in -aceae SUBFAMILY The Family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the Family that have some significant botanical differences.

The names of the Subfamilies end in -oideae TRIBE A further division of plants within a Family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants. The names of the Tribes end in -eae SUBTRIBE A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognisable to botanists. The names of the Subtribes end in -inae GENUS This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and so on. The plants in a Genus are often easily recognisable as belonging to the same group. The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter. SPECIES This is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found. Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant. Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species that contain plants not quite so distinct that they are classified as Varieties. The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter. VARIETY A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a form. The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to var. The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name. FORM A form is a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences, such as the colour of flower or shape of the leaves. The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name. CULTIVAR A Cultivar is a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridisation, and can be reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant. The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. It is either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.

Example of Classification
The full botanical classification of a particular Lesser Spearwort with narrow leaves is Category Scientific Name Common Name

CLASS SUBCLASS

Angiospermae Dicotyledonae

Angiosperms Dicotyledons Magnolia Superorder Buttercup Order Buttercup Family Buttercup Subfamily Buttercup Tribe Buttercup Lesser Spearwort Lesser Spearwort

SUPERORDER Magnoliidae ORDER FAMILY SUBFAMILY TRIBE GENUS SPECIES SUBSPECIES VARIETY Ranunculares Ranunculaceae Ranunculoideae Ranunculeae Ranunculus (Ranunculus) flammula (Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula

(Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius Narrow-leaved Lesser Spearwort

The traditional ways of classifying plants have been based on the visible physical characterists of the plant. However, since the discovery of DNA, plant scientists have been trying to classify plants more accurately, and to group them according to the similarities of their DNA. This has led to major changes in plant classification, as scientists have discovered that some plants have more in common with other plants which do not look the same, and that other plants which look similar have very different DNA make-up.

Citric acid cycle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Krebs cycle) Jump to: navigation, search

Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, or recently in certain former Soviet Bloc countries the Szent-Gyrgyi-Krebs cycle[1][2] is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells, especially those that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. In addition, it provides precursors for many compounds including some amino acids and is therefore functional even in cells performing fermentation. Its centrality to many paths of biosynthesis suggest that it was one of the earliest formed parts of the cellular metabolic processes, and may have formed abiogenically.[3]

The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by seminal work from the Nobel laureates Albert Szent-Gyrgyi and Hans Adolf Krebs.

Contents
[hide]

1 A simplified view of the process 2 Steps 3 Products 4 Regulation 5 Major metabolic pathways converging on the TCA cycle 6 Interactive pathway map 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links

[edit] A simplified view of the process

The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetylCoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate). The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing two carboxyl groups as CO2. The carbons lost as CO2 originate from what was oxaloacetate, not directly from acetyl-CoA. The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as CO2 requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they may not be lost, since many TCA cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules.[4] Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy-rich electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced. Electrons are also transferred to the electron acceptor Q, forming QH2. At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.

[edit] Steps
Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO2, the energy from these reactions being transferred to other metabolic processes by GTP (or ATP), and as electrons in NADH and QH2. The NADH generated in the TCA cycle may later donate its electrons in oxidative phosphorylation to drive ATP synthesis; FADH2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme functioning both in the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative

phosphorylation. FADH2, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain.[5] The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA, entering at step 1 below.[6] Substrates Products Enzyme Citrate synthase Reaction type Aldol condensation Dehydration reversible isomerisation Hydration Oxidation generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP) Comment irreversible, extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule

Oxaloacetate + Citrate + 1 Acetyl CoA + CoA-SH H2O 2 Citrate cis-Aconitate + H2O

Aconitase cis-Aconitate + 3 Isocitrate H2O Oxalosuccinate Isocitrate + 4 + NAD+ NADH + H + Isocitrate dehydrogenase 5 Oxalosuccinate Ketoglutarate + CO2

rate-limiting, irreversible Decarboxylation stage, generates a 5C molecule irreversible stage, Succinyl-CoA generates NADH Ketoglutarate + + -Ketoglutarate Oxidative 6 (equivalent of 2.5 ATP), NAD+ + NADH + H+ + dehydrogenase decarboxylation regenerates the 4C chain CoA-SH CO2 (CoA excluded) or ADPATP instead Succinyl-CoA Succinate + Succinyl-CoA substrate-level of GDPGTP,[5] 7 + CoA-SH + synthetase phosphorylation generates 1 ATP or GDP + Pi GTP equivalent uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FADFADH2 in Fumarate + the first step of the Succinate + Succinate 8 ubiquinol Oxidation reaction) in the ubiquinone (Q) dehydrogenase (QH2) enzyme,[5] generates the equivalent of 1.5 ATP Fumarate + 9 L-Malate Fumarase Hydration H2O reversible (in fact, L-Malate + Oxaloacetate + Malate equilibrium favors 10 Oxidation NAD+ NADH + H+ dehydrogenase malate), generates NADH (equivalent of

2.5 ATP) Mitochondria in animals, including humans, possess two succinyl-CoA synthetases: one that produces GTP from GDP, and another that produces ATP from ADP.[7] Plants have the type that produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase).[6] Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely-associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix.[8] The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase to form ATP (the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP GDP + ATP).[5]

[edit] Products
Products of the first turn of the cycle are: one GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one QH2, two CO2. Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two GTP, six NADH, two QH2, and four CO2 Description The sum of all reactions in the citric acid cycle is: Combining the reactions occurring during the pyruvate oxidation with those occurring during the citric acid cycle, the following overall pyruvate oxidation reaction is obtained: Combining the above reaction with the ones occurring in the course of glycolysis, the following overall glucose oxidation reaction (excluding reactions in the respiratory chain) is obtained: Reactants Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O Products CoA-SH + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2

Pyruvate ion + 4 4 NADH + 4 H+ + NAD + Q + GDP + + QH2 + GTP + 3 Pi + 2 H2O CO2 Glucose + 10 NAD+ + 2 Q + 2 ADP + 2 GDP + 4 Pi + 2 H2O 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 2 QH2 + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO2

The above reactions are balanced if Pi represents the H2PO4- ion, ADP and GDP the ADP2- and GDP2- ions, respectively, and ATP and GTP the ATP3- and GTP3- ions, respectively. The total number of ATP obtained after complete oxidation of one glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is estimated to be between 30 and 38. A recent assessment of the total ATP yield with the updated proton-to-ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule.[9]

[edit] Regulation
Although pyruvate dehydrogenase is not technically a part of the citric acid cycle, its regulation is included here.

The regulation of the TCA cycle is largely determined by substrate availability and product inhibition. NADH, a product of all dehydrogenases in the TCA cycle with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and also citrate synthase. Acetyl-coA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, while succinyl-CoA inhibits succinyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthase. When tested in vitro with TCA enzymes, ATP inhibits citrate synthase and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; however, ATP levels do not change more than 10% in vivo between rest and vigorous exercise. There is no known allosteric mechanism that can account for large changes in reaction rate from an allosteric effector whose concentration changes less than 10%.[10] Calcium is used as a regulator. It activates pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.[11] This increases the reaction rate of many of the steps in the cycle, and therefore increases flux throughout the pathway. Citrate is used for feedback inhibition, as it inhibits phosphofructokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis that catalyses formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate,a precursor of pyruvate. This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme. Recent work has demonstrated an important link between intermediates of the citric acid cycle and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). HIF plays a role in the regulation of oxygen homeostasis, and is a transcription factor that targets angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, glucose utilization, iron transport and apoptosis. HIF is synthesized consititutively, and hydroxylation of at least one of two critical proline residues mediates their interaction with the von Hippel Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which targets them for rapid degradation. This reaction is catalysed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases. Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylases, thus leading to the stabilisation of HIF.[12]

[edit] Major metabolic pathways converging on the TCA cycle

Several catabolic pathways converge on the TCA cycle. Reactions that form intermediates of the TCA cycle in order to replenish them (especially during the scarcity of the intermediates) are called anaplerotic reactions. The citric acid cycle is the third step in carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). In eukaryotes, pyruvate moves into the mitochondria. It is converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of energy by being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering into the citric acid cycle.

In fat catabolism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to break them into fatty acids and glycerol. In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In many tissues, especially heart tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation, which results in acetylCoA, which can be used in the citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of methylene groups produces propionyl CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle.[13] The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules, in eukaryotes. The citric acid cycle is called an amphibolic pathway because it participates in both catabolism and anabolism.

[edit] Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[14] [[File:

Amoeba Proteus (Sarcodina/Rhizopoda)

LIVERWORTS

HORNWORTS

MOSSES

CLUBMOSSES

HORSETAIL
[[HHG

]] ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[

FRRR

FERNS
[[

]] [[ ]] [[ [[ ]] [[ ]]

WHISKFERNS

]] [[ ]] [[ ]]

CYCADS
]] [[

]] ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[

[[

CONIFERS

]]]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] GINKGO

[[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]]

GNETAE
G

KINGDOM FUNGI:
HH

DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA

DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA

LICHENS Foliose Crustose

Fructicose

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Plant-like Protists: Diatoms Euglena

Spyrogira

Caulerpa or Lato

Kappaphycus or Guso

Animal-Like Protists: Paramacium (Ciliophora) Giardia (Mastigophora)

Amoeba Proteus (Sarcodina/Rhizopoda)

Plasmodium (Apicomplexa

Scientific/Latin Name Acmena smithii Actinidia arguta Actinidia chinensis Actinidia deliciosa Adansonia digitata Adenanthera pavonina Aegle marmelos Aiphanes aculeata Aleurites moluccana Aleurites trisperma Alibertia edulis Anacardium excelsium Anacardium giganteum Anacardium humile Anacardium microcarpum Anacardium microsepalum Anacardium occidentale Anacardium spruceanum Ananas comosus Annona cacans Annona cherimola

Common Name Lilly Pilly Hardy Kiwi Golden Kiwi Fruit Kiwi Fruit Baobab Circasian Bean Bael Fruit Coyupe Palm Candlenut Otaheite Walnut Marmelada, Purui Caja Acu

Monkey Nut Miniature Cashew

Cashew Nut

Pineapple Araticum Cagao Cherimoya

Annona cherimola x squamosa Annona cornifolia Annona crassiflora Annona diversifolia Annona glabra Annona montana Annona muricata Annona palmeri Annona paludosa Annona purpurea Annona reticulata Annona salzmanii Annona scleroderma Annona sericea Annona seneglaensis Annona squamosa Annonidium mannii Antidesma bunius Antidesma dallachyanum Antidesma venosum Araucaria bidwillii Arbutus unedo Areca catechu Argania spinosa

Atemoya

Marolo Ilama Pond Apple Mountain Soursop Soursop Anonilla

Soncoya Custard Apple Beach Sugar Apple Poshe-te

Wild Custard Apple Sugar Apple Junglesop Bignay Herbert River Cherry Tassle Berry Bunya-Bunya, False Monkey Puzzle Tree Strawberry Tree Betel Nut Argan

Artocarpus altilis Artocarpus ansiophyllus Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus hypargyraea Artocarpus integer Artocarpus kemando Artocarpus lakoocha Artocarpus lanceifolius Artocarpus nitidus Artocarpus odoratissimus Artocarpus rigidus Artocarpus sarawakensis Artocarpus sericicarpus Asiminia triloba Astrocaryum vulgare Averrhoa bilimbi Averrhoa carambola Azadirachta indica Azara petiolaris

Breadfruit Entawak Jackfruit Kwai Muk Champedak Pudau Lakoocha

Butong Marang Monkey Jackfruit Pingan Pedalai Paw Paw Tucuma Palm Bilimbi Star Fruit Neem Holly Azara

B
Scientific/Latin Name Baccaurea angulata Baccaurea lanceolata Common Name Tampoi Belimbing

Baccaurea motleyana Baccaurea ramiflora Baccaurea reticulata Baccaurea tampoi Bactris maraja Balsamocitrus dawei Berberis gracilis Berberis nevinii Berchemia discolor Bertholletia excelsa Bixa orellana Blighia sapida Bouea gandaria Bouea macrophylla Brahea armata Brahea edulis Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum gaudichaudii Bunchosia armeniaca Bunchosia glandulosa Butia capitata Butia eriospatha Butia purpurascens Butia yatay

Rambai Mafai

Maraja Palm Uganda Powder Flask Mexican Barberry Nevin's Barberry Birdplum Brazil Nut Lipstick Tree Akee Gandaria Maprang Mexican Blue Palm Guadalupe Palm Breadnut Mama-Cadela Peanut Butter Fruit

Jelly Palm Wooly Jelly Palm Purple Yatay Palm Yatay Palm

Byrsonima basiloba Byrsonima crassifolia

Field Nance Nance

C
Scientific/Latin Name Calyptropsidium sartorianum Camellia pitardii Campomanesia adamantium Campomanesia guaviroba Campomanesia lineatifolia Campomanesia obversa Campomanesia xanthocarpa Canarium ovatum Canarium odontophyllum Canna edulis Capsicum caballeroi Capsicum eximium Capsicum flexuosum Capsicum galapagoense Capsicum praetermissum Capsicum rhomboideum Capsicum sp. Carica dodecaphylla Carica goudotiana Hot Pepper Jaracatia Papayuelo Cumari Wild Pepper Common Name Sartre Guava, Arrayan Camellia White Guabiroba Guabiroba Perfume Guava Guavira Mi Gabiroba Pili Nut Dabai Achira, Arrowroot

Carica monoica Carica papaya Carica pentagona Carica pubescens Carica quercifolia Carissa bispinosa Carissa carandas Carissa congesta Carissa grandiflora Carissa lanceolata Carissa macrocarpa Carissa wyliei Caryocar brasiliense Caryocar coriaceum Caryota urens Casimiroa edulis Casimiroa sapota Casimiroa tetrameria Cassia fruticosa Ceratonia siliqua Cereus jamacaru Cereus repandus Cereus validus Chrysobalanus icaco Carob Pleated Cereus Peruvian Apple Cactus Orange Apple Cactus Coco Plum Papaya Babaco Mountain Papaya Oak Leaved Papaya Num Num Karanda Karanda Natal Plum Australian Carissa Natal Plum Forest Num Num Souari Nut Pequi Wine Palm, Toddy Palm White Sapote Matasano Wooly-Leaved Sapote

Chrysophyllum africanum Chrysophyllum albidum Chrysophyllum cainito Chrysophyllum oliviforme Chrysophyllum soboliferum Cinnamomum zeylanicum Citriobatus pauciflorus Citrus articulata Citrus aurantifolia Citrus auratium Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia Citrus australasica Citrus australis Citrus depressa Citrus garrowayi Citrus hystrix Citrus jambhiri Citrus junos Citrus inodora Citrus latifolia Citrus limon 'Ponderosa' Citrus medica Citrus maxima

African Star Apple White Star Apple Star Apple Satin-Leaf Tree Armadillo Fruit, Fruta-de-tatu Cinnamon Orange Thorn West African Cherry Orange Key Lime, Mexican Lime, West Indian Lime see Citrus Bergamot Australian Finger Lime Australian Round Lime see Citrus Mount White Lime Kaffir Lime see Citrus Yuzu Russel River Lime see Citrus Ponderosa Lemon Etrog Citron, Buddha's Hand Citron, see Citrus Pommelo, see Citrus

Citrus mitis Citrus paradisi x reticulata Citrus reticulata Citrus sinensis Citrus sinensis 'Moro' Citrus sudachi Citrus x Meyeri Clausena lansium Coccoloba diversifolia Coccoloba uvifera Cocos nucifera Coffea arabica Coffea bengalensis Coffea canephora Coffea eugenoides Coffea fadenii Coffea liberica Coffea mongensis Coffea racemosa Coffea stenophylla Coffea zanguebariae Cola acuminata Couepia longipendula Couepia polyandra

Calamondin, see Citrus Ugli Fruit Tangerine, see Citrus Orange, see Citrus Moro Blood Orange Sudachi Meyer Lemon Wampee Pigeon Plum Sea Grape Coconut Coffee

Robusta Coffee

Wild Coffee Liberian Coffee Wild Coffee

Cola Nut Egg Nut Olosapo

Couma utilis Couroupita guianensis Cucumis metuliferus Cucurbita ficifolia Cucurbita pepo Cyclanthera explodens Cydonia oblonga Cynometra cauliflora Cyphomandra abutiloides Cyphomandra betacea

Sorva Cannonball Tree Horned Melon Malabar Gourd Spaghetti Squash Exploding Cucumber Quince Nam-nam Dwarf Tamarillo Tree Tomato

D
Scientific/Latin Name Davidsonia pruriens Dicella nucifera Dillenia indica Dimocarpus didyma Dimocarpus longan Diospyros austroafricana Diospyros blancoi Diospyros brasiliensis Diospyros digyna Diospyros discolor Diospyros montana Common Name Davidson's Plum Chestnut Vine Elephant Apple Alupag Longan South African Star Apple Velvet Apple Bush Persimmon Black Sapote Velvet Apple Mountain Persimmon

Diospyros mespiliformis Diospyros whyteana Dovyalis abyssinica Dovyalis caffra Dovyalis hebecarpa Dovyalis zeyheri Duguetia lanceloata Durio dulcis Durio grandiflorus Durio graveolens Durio kutejensis Durio isu Durio oxleyanus Durio testudinarium Durio zibethinus

Jackal Berry Bladdernut Tropical Apricot Kei Apple Ketembilla Wild Apricot Pindaiba Durian Durian Manjit Tabelak

Kerantongan Kura-Kura Durian

E
Scientific/Latin Name Elettaria cardamomum Eriobotrya japonica Eugenia aggregata Eugenia axillaris Eugenia brasiliensis Eugenia brogniartiana Common Name Cardamom Loquat Cherry of the Rio Grande White Stopper Grumichama

Eugenia calycina Eugenia dombeyi Eugenia lutescens Eugenia confusa Eugenia dysenterica Eugenia foetida Eugenia klotzschiana Eugenia luschnathiana Eugenia megacarpa Eugenia nitida Eugenia patrisii Eugenia pseuopsidium Eugenia punicifolia Eugenia pyriformis Eugenia reinwardtiana Eugenia stipitata Eugenia tomentosa Eugenia uniflora Eugenia uvalha Eugenia victoriana Euterpe edulis Euterpe oleracea Euterpe precatoria

Savannah Pitanga Grumichama, see Eugenia brasiliensis Perinha Red Stopper Cagaita Spanish Stopper Brazilian Pear Pitomba Giant Lau Lau

Turtle Berry Christmas Berry Beach Cherry Uvalha Cedar Bay Cherry Araca-boi Cabeluda, Yellow Jaboticaba Surinam Cherry Uvalha Guayabilla Jussara Palm Acai Palm Forest Acai

F
Scientific/Latin Name Feijoa sellowiana Feronia limonia Flacourtia indica Flacourtia inermis Flacourtia jangomans Flacourtia ramontchi Flacourtia rukam Fuchsia arborescens Fuchsia boliviana Fuchsia campos-portoi Fuchsia colimae Fuchsia denticulata Fuchsia hatschbachii Fuchsia procumbens Fuchsia ravenii Fuchsia splendens Fuchsia triphylla Fuchsia Fuchsia Creeping Fuchsia, Trailing Fuchsia Fuchsia (no common name) Honeysuckle Fuchsia Common Name Feijoa Wood Apple Governor's Plum Louvi Indian Plum Ramontchi Rukam Lilac Fuchsia Bolivian Fuchsia Fuchsia

G
Scientific/Latin Name Garcinia acuminata Common Name Sour Bacuri

Garcinia atroviridis Garcinia cochinchinensis Garcinia gardneriana Garcinia hombroniana Garcinia integrifolia Garcinia intermedia Garcinia kola Garcinia mangostana Garcinia parvifolia Garcinia prainiana Garcinia spicata Garcinia nervosa Garcinia xanthochymus Genipa americana Genipa infudibuliformes Glycosmis pentaphylla Gnetum gnemon Grewia subinaequalis Phalsa Mangosteen Brunei Cherry Button Mangosteen, Cherapu Bitter Garcinia Mountain Garcinia Gamboge Genip Smooth Genip Orangeberry, Gin Berry Bacupari False Mangosteen Seashore Mangosteen, Luli Imbe Monkey Fruit

H
Scientific/Latin Name Halleria lucida Hancornia speciosa Harpephyllum caffrum Common Name Tree Fuchsia Mangaba Kaffir Plum

Herrania imbricata Hylocereus undatus

Monkey Cacao Dragon Fruit

I
Scientific/Latin Name Inga acicularis Inga cinnamomea Inga edulis Inga fagifolia Inga feuillei Inga laurina Inga macrophylla Inga marginata Inga paterno Inga ruiziana Inga sessilis Inga spectabilis Inga velutina Inga vera Inga vulpina Inocarpus fagifer Pink Flowered Inga Polynesian Chestnut Monkey Inga Guabilla Pacay White Inga Ice Cream Bean Common Name Inga-acu

J
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name

Jaltomata procumbens

Jaltomato

K
Scientific/Latin Name Kigelia pinnata Common Name Sausage Tree

L
Scientific/Latin Name Lansium domesticum Lecythis elliptica Lecythis minor Lecythis ollaria Lecythis pisonis Leucaena leucocephala Licania platypus Licania salzmannii Litchi chinensis Litsea garciae Litsea glaucescens Luffa cylindrica Lycopersicon cheesmanii Lycopersicon esculentum Lycopersicon melanocarpa Lycopersicon skorospelka Monkey Pot Koa Haole, Leadtree Sunsapote Bahia Sunsapote Lychee Litsea Mexican Bay Luffa Galapagos Island Tomato Tomato Tomato Common Name Langsat

M
Scientific/Latin Name Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia tetraphylla Mahonia nevinii Malpighia glabra Malpighia mexicana Malus pumila Mammea americana Mammea silvestre Mangifera caesia Mangifera caloneura Mangifera casturi Mangifera cochinchenesis Mangifera foetida Mangifera indica Mangifera ordata Mangifera pajang Mangifera pentrandra Mangifera quadrifida Mangifera sylvatica Mangifera torquenda Manilkara bidentata Lamantan Ausubo Asam Kambang Membangan Horse Mango Mango Jack Apple Mamey Apple Common Name Smooth Shelled Macadamia Nut Rough Shelled Macadamia Nut Nevin's Barberry Acerola

Manilkara huberi Manilkara kauki Manilkara zapota Marliera edulis Maruitia flexuosa Matisia cordata Melicoccus bijugatus Mimusops elengi Monodora myristica Morinda citrifolia Moringa oleifera Morus macroura Morus nigra Mouriri guianensis Mouriri pusa Murraya koenigii Musa velutina Musa yunnanensis Mycianthes pungens Myrciaria aureana Myrciaria cauliflora Myrciaria dubia Myrciaria floribunda Myrciaria glomerata

Massaranduba

Sapodilla Cambuca Moriche Palm South American Sapote Mamoncillo Kabiki Calabash Nutmeg Noni Drumstick Tree, Horseradish Tree Himalayan Mulberry Black Mulberry

Puca Curry Leaf Pink Fruited Banana Yunnan Banana Guabiyu White Jaboticaba Jaboticaba Camu-camu Rumberry

Myrciaria oblongata Myrciaria jaboticaba Myrciaria paraensis Myrciaria tenella Myrciaria vexator Myristica fatua Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis

Sour Jaboticaba

Cambui Blue Grape, False Jaboticaba Wild Nutmeg, False Nutmeg Nutmeg Myrtle

N
Scientific/Latin Name Nephelium cuspidatum Nephelium echinulatum Nephelium lappaceum Nephelium maingayi Nephelium mutabile Nephelium uncinatum Nephelium xerospermoides Rambutan Nude Rambutan Pulasan Hooked Rambutan Hairless Rambutan Common Name Giant Rambutan

O
Scientific/Latin Name Oncoba spinosa Opuntia ficus-india Common Name Fried Egg Tree Prickly Pear, Indian Fig

Scientific/Latin Name Pachira aquatica Pachira insignis Pandanus tectorius Parartocarpus venenosus Parkia biglobosa Parkia speciosa Parkia javanica Parmentiera cereifera Parmentiera edulis Passiflora actinia Passiflora alata Passiflora antioquiensis Passiflora caerulea Passiflora caudata Passiflora coccinea Passiflora edulis Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Passiflora foetida Passiflora gibertii Passiflora herbertiana Passiflora incarnata Passiflora laurifolia Passiflora loefgrenii

Common Name Malabar Chestnut Guiana Chestnut Screw Pine

Sataw Candle Stick Tree Guajilote

Fragrant Granadilla Banana Passion Fruit Blue Passion Flower

Red Granadilla Passion Fruit Lilikoi Wild Water Lemon

Native Passion Fruit Maypop Water Lemon Garlic Passion Fruit

Passiflora ligularis Passiflora macrophylla Passiflora maliformis Passiflora mollissima Passiflora nitida Passiflora parritae Passiflora parritae x exoniensis Passiflora platyloba Passiflora popenovii Passiflora quadrangularis Passiflora serrato Passiflora setacea Passiflora sidaefolia Passiflora subpeltata Passiflora vitifolia Passiflora x 'Incense' Patinoa almirajo Paullinia cupana Peritassa campestris Persea americana Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus emblica Physalis angulata Physalis cotztomatl

Sweet Granadilla Tree Passion Flower Sweet Calabash Banana Passion Fruit Bell Apple

Montesa Granadilla Quijos Granadilla Giant Granadilla

Sururuca

White Passion Flower Grape-Leaved Passion Fruit Passiflora Incense Almirajo Guarana

Avocado Otaheite Gooseberry Emblic Mullaca Costomatl

Physalis ixocarpa Physalis minima Physalis peruviana Physalis pruinosa Piper nigrum Pithecellobium dulce Platonia insignis Pometia pinnata Poncirus trifoliata Poraqueiba sericea Porcelia macrocarpa Posoqueria latifolia Pouroma cercopiaefolia Pouteria bullata Pouteria campechiana Pouteria caimito Pouteria gardneriana Pouteria hypoglauca Pouteria lucuma Pouteria multiflora Pouteria nawe Pouteria pachycalyx Pouteria pariry

Tomatillo Sunberry Cape Gooseberry Ground Cherry Pepper Manila Tamarind Bacuri Fijian Longan Trifoliate Orange Umari Monkey Banana Needle Flower Tree Amazon Tree Grape Abiurana Canistel Abiu Abuai Cinnamon Apple Lucuma Bully Tree, Chocky Apple, Broadleaved Lucuma

Bapeba Frutao

Pouteria ramiflora Pouteria sapota Pouteria torta Pouteria ucuqui Pouteria venosa Pouteria viridis Prunus lyonii Prunus salicifolia Psidium acutangulum Psidium cattleianum Psidium cattleianum lucidum Psidium copacabanensis Psidium firmum Psidium friedrichsthalianum Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Psidium molle Psidium montanum Psidium rufum Psidium sartorianum Punica granatum

Macaranduba Mamey Sapote Curiola Ucuqui Aboirana Green Sapote Catalina Island Cherry Capulin Cherry Para Guava Strawberry Guava Lemon Guava, Yellow Strawberry Guava Copacabana Guava Savanna Guava Cas Guava Guava Brazilian Guava Guisaro Mountain Guava Purple Guava Sartre Guava, Arrayan Pomegranate

Scientific/Latin Name Quararibea cordata Quararibea funebris

Common Name South American Sapote Rosita de Cacao

R
Scientific/Latin Name Randia aculeata Randia fitzalanii Randia formosa Rheedia brasiliensis Rheedia macrophylla Rheedia madruno Rhus integrifolia Rollinia deliciosa Rollinia mucosa Rollinia sylvatica Biriba Common Name White Indigoberry Yellow Mangosteen, Native Gardenia Blackberry Jam Fruit Bakupari Charichuela, Bakuripari Madrono Lemonade Berry

S
Scientific/Latin Name Sacrocephalus xanthoxylon Samanea saman Sandoricum borneensis Sandoricum koetjape Saurauia madrensis Santol Saurauia Common Name Ndea Monkey Pod, Rain Tree

Sclerocarya birrea Selenicereus megalanthus Serenoa repens Sicana odorifera Sideroxylon foetidissimum Sideroxylon obtusifolium Simmondsia chinensis Solanum burbankii Solanum caripense Solanum macrocarpon Solanum melanocerasium Solanum muricatum Solanum quitoense Solanum lycocarpum Solanum pseudolulo Solanum sessiliflorum Solanum uporo Spondias axillaris Spondias dulcis Spondias macrocarpa Spondias mombin Spondias pinnata Spondias purpurea Spondias tuberosa

Marula Yellow Pitaya Saw Palmetto Cassabanana Mastic Jungleplum Jojoba Wonderberry Tzimbalo Gbogname Garden Huckleberry Pepino Naranjilla Fruit for Wolves, Fruta-de-Lobo Pseudolulo Cocona Cannibal's Tomato Himalayan Ambarella Ambarella Round Mombin Yellow Mombin Malaysian Mombin Purple Mombin, Red Mombin Brazil Plum, Imbu

Spondias venulosa Stelechocarpus burahol Syagrus oleracea Syagrus vagans Synsepalum dulcificum Synsepalum subcordatum Syzygium aqueum Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cordatum Syzygium cumini Syzygium curranii Syzygium forte Syzygium grande Syzygium jambos Syzygium malaccense Syzygium oleosum Syzygium paniculatum Syzygium pycnanthum Syzygium samarangense Syzygium suborbiculare Syzygium versteegii

Coarse Mombin Kepel Bitter Coconut Wandering Palm Miracle Fruit Giant Miracle Fruit Water Apple Clove Water Berry Java Plum Lipote White Apple Sea Apple Rose Apple Mountain Apple Blue Lilly Pilly Brush Cherry Wild Rose Apple Java Apple, Wax Jambu Lady Apple

T
Scientific/Latin Name Talisia esculenta Common Name Belizian Genip

Tamarindus indica Terminalia catappa Terminalia kaernbachii Theobroma angustifolum Theobroma bicolor Theobroma cacao Theobroma glauca Theobroma grandiflorum Theobroma obovatum Theobroma speciosum Theobroma subincanum Treculia africana Triphasia trifolia

Tamarind Tropical Almond Okari Nut

Mocambo Cacao

Cupuassu

Cacaui Cupui African Breadfruit Limeberry

U
Scientific/Latin Name Ugni molinae Ugni myricoides Common Name Chilean Guava Black Chilean Guava

V
Scientific/Latin Name Vaccinium consanguineum Vaccinium gaultheriifolium Vanilla planifolia Common Name Costa Rican Blueberry Chinese Blueberry Vanilla

Vitis californica

California Wild Grape

W
Scientific/Latin Name Willughbeia angustifolia Willughbeia coriacea Willughbeia elmerii Willughbeia sarawakensis Withania somnifera Ashwagandha Common Name Pitabu

X
Scientific/Latin Name Ximenia americana Xylopia aromatica Common Name Sea Lemon Monkey Pepper

Z
Scientific/Latin Name Zizyphus joazeiro Zizyphus jujube Zizyphus mauritiana Common Name Jua Jujube Indian Jujube