A GLOSSARY OF COMMON DEVELOPMENT TERMS

Ha Noi, 20 April 2011

A glossary of common development terms

FOREWORD
In recent years, Viet Nam has made impressive progress in socio-economic development generally and the realization of the Millennium Development Goals particularly. In addition to its own efforts, Viet Nam received considerable assistance from its development partners. Development cooperation brought with it a certain amount of new knowledge, concepts, approaches which were often defined by different user groups, at different points in time and in different contexts. As a result, they were sometimes understood differently by staff of development agencies and of national partner agencies. As development cooperation had become an important part of national development, it was critical for national and international partners to forge common understanding of the knowledge and terminology used in their cooperation activities. Such common understanding would, in turn, help in enhancing aid effectiveness particularly and development effectiveness generally. It was for the above purpose that, in April 2003, UNDP Viet Nam launched a Glossary of Common Development Terms. This Glossary had over 1,500 English main entries and nearly 1,000 derivatives which were classified into four broad groups: (i) concepts which were commonly used by development partners, (ii) concepts for which Vietnamese equivalents were not yet widely recognized (e.g. downstream, upstream, governance, gender), (iii) concepts which had special contexts (e.g. Capacity 21, Agenda 21, 20:20 Initiative) or commonly used terms which, however, had evolved in meaning (e.g. result, outcome, participation), and (iv) names of major development agencies (e.g. ADB, World Bank, JICA), and international conventions on major development subjects (e.g. Convention of the Rights of the Child, Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Climate Change). The English entries were not only accompanied with Vietnamese equivalents but, in many cases, were also supported by definitions to facilitate their accurate understanding or examples to clarify their original contexts. Therefore, the Glossary was more than a simple list of English concepts and their Vietnamese equivalents. In fact, it was a modest repository of development cooperation knowledge that we wish to share with our partner personnel. As the Glossary of Common Development Terms proved to be very useful to a range of users in and outside the Organization, UNDP Viet Nam has decided to issue its second edition. This updated version of the Glossary has more than 2,200 English main entries, accompanied with Vietnamese equivalents and, as far as feasible, with definitions, derivatives and examples on their usages. Also, some of the previous definitions, derivatives and examples have been carefully edited and refined in order to improve their accuracy, clarity and relevance. We are fully confident that this updated Glossary of Common Development Terms will be a handy and useful reference source for users in national partner agencies, development organizations as well as in UNDP itself. At the same time, we hope to receive feedback from all users on its substance and presentation, so that we can further improve it in the future. Setsuko Yamazaki

Country Director UNDP Viet Nam 1

A glossary of common development terms

INTRODUCTION
The idea of compiling a glossary of some kind was initiated in the 1990s, driven by a genuine, practical need for UNDP staff in Viet Nam to enhance mutual understanding with national counterpart personnel. Its focus was on key programme and management terms that were frequently used by UNDP and often understood differently by the parties involved in the day-to-day implementation of UNDP-supported projects. The effort was led by the Programme Support Unit, with inputs from other units in the Country Office. Its first result was the Glossary of Common Development Terms that was launched in April 2003. The revision of the Glossary started several years ago, primarily as a personal initiative of the former Head of the Programme Support Unit which had now been dissolved. The revision focused on improving the quality of the Glossary itself and broadening its scope to include key terms that were commonly used by other partners, mainly the UNs development agencies, the OECD/DAC and the Bretton Woods institutions. The re-energized follow-up process has culminated in the release of this updated version of the Glossary. The intensive investment of time, effort and thought on the Glossary has been a useful contribution to UNDP staff involved in technical assistance activities. It has also been of some help to relevant personnel of Government agencies and other development partners. Most importantly, it has been extremely useful for the staff member himself. Firstly, it was a highly productive learning exercise that allowed him to make good use of the substantive knowledge that he already had and deepen it with the very rich knowledge embedded in the diversified reading resources that he accessed. Secondly, it served as his practical response to the knowledge management efforts that UNDP systematically advocated. Finally, it was to be a modest knowledge product that he is keen to share with younger colleagues who have recently joined and who will join the Organization. The staff member, as the lead author of the Glossary, wishes to take this opportunity to express profound acknowledgement and sincere gratitude to staff of the former Programme Support Unit and all those colleagues who have lent their strong support for and made valuable contributions to the Glossary. He sincerely hopes that the Glossary will be a useful reference material for all its users in UNDP Viet Nam, in national partner agencies as well as in other development organizations. He also hopes that it will be regularly updated and further improved, for the common benefit of all its users.

Phan Duc Thang

Lead author Advisor to the UNDP Country Director

A glossary of common development terms

TECHNICAL NOTES
The entries in this glossary begin on Page 1 and continue in an alphabetical order from A to W. They are printed in heavy bold letters. The left-hand words, for example (Employment, Enrolment) are main entries and determine the alphabetical order. Those that follow these words are derivative words which are derived from the main entries and which denote associated concepts. A derivative word may be followed by a tilde mark ( ~ ), for example (Full ~ : C vic lm y ) or proceeded by the same mark, for example (~ generation: To vic lm). In some cases, it may be placed between other words, for example (Net ~ ratio: T l i hc ng tui). A main entry or a derivative word can be a noun (n), a verb (v), an adjective (adj) or an adverb (adv). It may have one or more than one Vietnamese equivalent term. It may be supported by a definition, for example (i.e. prices that are set by the State) or an explanation, for example (i.e. the United Nations response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980s...) in order to give the exact meaning or the exact context of the word. A main entry may as well be illustrated by an example in order to clarify the meaning or usage, for instance (e.g. ~ to clean water: -c s dng n-c sch). In some cases the example may be accompanied by a Vietnamese translation. A Vietnamese equivalent term is always written in italic while a definition, explanation and example is always written in normal letters. In all cases, however, the tilde mark (~) used throughout the glossary represents the main entry or the derivative word and is intended to avoid a repetition of the entry itself.

A glossary of common development terms

A
Abandoned children (n) Tr em b b ri (i.e. children deprived of their normal family environment). Absorb (v) Hp th, tip nhn (e.g. To ~ a large amount of foreign aid: Tip nhn mt khi l-ng ln vin tr n-c ngoi). Absorptive capacity (n) Kh nng tip nhn (e.g. The Governments ~ for ODA has improved recently). Abuse (n) Lm dng. Drug ~ : Lm dng ma ty ; Financial ~ : Lm dng ti chnh; Emotional (or mental) ~ : Lm dng tnh cm; Physical ~ : Lm dng thn th; Sexual ~ : Lm dng tnh dc. Accede to (v) Tham gia, tr thnh thnh vin (e.g. To ~ to an international convention: tham gia mt cng -c quc t; To ~ to ASEAN: Tr thnh thnh vin ASEAN). Access (n) -c tip cn, -c s dng (e.g. The poor rural community has no ~ to clean water). ~ to advanced technology: -c tip cn vi cng ngh tin tin; ~ to basic social services: -c s dng cc dch v x hi c bn; ~ to land: -c s dng t ai; ~ to development financing: -c tip cn ngun ti tr pht trin; An ~ road: -ng nhnh, -ng gom. (v) Tip cn -c, -c s dng. Accessible (adj) D tip cn, c th tip cn (e.g. The rural village is accessible by car). Accession (n) S tham gia, tr thnh thnh vin (e.g. ~ to WTO, AFTA: Tham gia T chc th-ng mi th gii, tham gia Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN). Account for (v) Gii trnh, tm kim, hch ton (e.g. To ~ the failure of the visit: Gii trnh v tht bi ca chuyn ving thm; To ~ the Americans missing in action during the war in Viet Nam: Tm kim ng-i M mt tch trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam; To ~ something in the State budget: Hch ton .... vo ngn sch Nh n-c). Accountability (n) (1) Trch nhim, trch nhim gii trnh (i.e. the requirement that officials answer to stakeholders on the disposal of their powers and duties, act on criticisms made of them, and accept responsibility for failure, incompetence or deceit). A clear ~ mechanism: Mt c ch r rng v trch nhim gii trnh; ch trch nhim gii trnh r rng. Mutual ~ : Trch nhim gii trnh vi nhau; Public ~ : Trch nhim gii trnh tr-c c tri hoc tr-c dn (i.e. a government agency is accountable to the electorate or the wider public for the decisions taken); Trch nhim c nhn (i.e. personal responsibility for ones actions). Accountable (adj) Chu trch nhim gii trnh (e.g. The director is responsible for managing the project and is ~ to the Minister for the effective use of its financial resources). Accused children (n) Tr em b buc ti, tr em l b co (i.e. children alleged or accused as having infringed on the penal law). Privacy of ~ : S ring t- ca tr em b buc ti (i.e. the right of ~ to have their privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings as set forth in the CRC). Action-oriented (adj) Mang tnh hnh ng, khc vi Theoretical (e.g. The workplan is very much ~ : K hoch cng tc mang tnh hnh ng r rng). Ad hoc (adj) c bit, mang tnh tnh th (e.g. The UN ~ Committee on Disarmament: U ban c bit ca Lin Hp Quc v gii tr qun b; An ~ measure, solution: Mt bin php, gii php tnh th).

A glossary of common development terms Adaptation (n) S thch nghi, s thch ng; thch ng vi hin t-ng bin i kh hu (i.e. initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects). Adaptation assessment (n) nh gi kh nng thch nghi (i.e. the practice of identifying options to adapt to climate change and evaluating them in terms of criteria such as availability, benefits, costs, effectiveness, efficiency and feasibility) . Adaptive capacity (n) Kh nng thch nghi (i.e. the whole of capacities, resources and institutions of a country or a region to implement effective adaptation measures). Addict (n) Ng-i nghin. Drug ~ : Ng-i nghin ma tu; Hard-core ~ : Ng-i nghin nng. Hence, Addiction (n) S nghin ngp (e.g. drug ~, alcohol ~ ). Addicted (adj) Nghin, khng th b -c (e.g. To become ~ to alcohol, drugs, tobacco: B nghin r-u, ma ty, thuc l). Addictive (adj) Gy nghin. ~ substances: Cc cht gy nghin. Additional safeguards (n) Cc bin php an ton b sung (e.g. Where Government systems are not fully reliable, donors are allowed to apply ~ in order to ensure full accountability and transparency for the use of aid resources). Address (n) a ch; bi pht biu. (E.g. I will write to you through you email ~ ; The director is expected to deliver the keynote ~ at the opening ceremony). Address (v) Gii quyt, cp ti (e.g. Environmental issues should be ~ ed in detail in the national development strategy: Cc vn v mi tr-ng cn -c cp chi tit trong chin l-c pht trin quc gia). Adjustment assistance (n) Tr gip hay vin tr phc v iu chnh (i.e. public financial assistance provided to workers and industries hurt by imports of lower-priced foreign goods in order to allow them to "adjust" to a new occupation). Adjustment programme (n) Ch-ng trnh iu chnh (i.e. a programme aimed at restricting short-term demand and improving productive efficiency in the medium and longer terms). Adjustment with a human face iu chnh mang tnh nhn vn (i.e. a response primarily by the United Nations System to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980s, according to which adjustment programmes were not only for economic growth but also had to protect people, particularly the most vulnerable groups). Xem thm Structural adjustment. Administered prices (n) Gi ch o, gi do Nh n-c qun l (i.e. prices that are set by the State). Admission requirements (n) Cc iu kin tham gia, gia nhp (i.e. conditions of registration for a training programme or, of entry into an organization). E.g. ~ for Viet Nam to join WTO: Cc iu kin Vit Nam gia nhp T chc Th-ng mi th gii. Adult (n) Ng-i ln. ~ illiteracy rate: T l m ch ng-i ln; ~ literacy rate: T l bit ch ng-i ln. Advancement of women (n) S tin b ca ph n (e.g. The National Committee for the ~ : U ban quc gia v s tin b ca ph n). Advantage (n) Li th, im mnh; Absolute ~ : Li th tuyt i; Comparative ~ : Li th so snh; Equal ~ : Li th ngang bng. Advantage position (n) V th thun li (e.g. As an impartial development agency, UNDP is in an ~ to assist the Government in politically sensitive areas, like judiciary/ legal reform and parliamentary development).

A glossary of common development terms Adverse effects of climate change (n) Nhng nh h-ng c hi hay nh hng tiu cc ca bin i kh hu (i.e. changes in the physical environment or biota resulting from climate change which have significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience or productivity of natural and managed ecosystems or on the operation of socio-economic systems or on human health and welfare. Xem thm Climate change). Advocacy (n) S tuyn truyn vn ng, vn ng s ng h (e.g. ~ for sustainable development policies). Advocate (v) Tuyn truyn vn ng, vn ng s ng h (e.g. To ~ gender mainstreaming, sustainable development). Advocate (n) Ng-i ch tr-ng, ng-i ng h (e.g. Gender equality ~; human rights ~ ; sustainable development ~ . UNDP is a strong ~ of gender equality, sustainable development principles and human rights). Afford (v) C th chi tr, c th thanh ton (e.g. Social services must be set at reasonable prices so that the poor can ~ ). Affordability (n) Kh nng chi tr, kh nng thanh ton (e.g. the ~ of the poor for lowcost housing). Affordable (adj) C kh nng chi tr, c kh nng thanh ton, hp vi ti tin (e.g. Social services must be set at ~ prices to the poor: Gi cc dch v x hi phi mc ng-i ngho c th chu ng -c, hay phi hp vi ti tin ca ng-i ngho). Age at entry into the labour force (n) Tui tham gia th tr-ng lao ng. Age at retirement (n) Tui v h-u. Age dependency ratio (n) T l n theo theo tui (i.e. the percentage of the nonworking population people under 15 and over 65 to the working people people from 15 to 64). Age group (n) Nhm tui (e.g. The number of schooling years by ~ : S nm i hc tnh theo nhm tui; Sex ratio at birth by ~ : T sut gii tnh khi sinh theo nhm tui). Agenda 21 (n) Ch-ng trnh ngh s Th k 21 (i.e. an action plan for sustainable development for the 21st century, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro). Aggregate (adj) Tnh gp, tnh tng s. At the ~ level: mc tng hp; ~ demand: Tng cu; ~ expenditure: Tng chi; ~ revenue: Tng thu; ~ supply: Tng cung. Agricultural (n) Thuc v nng nghip; ~ exports: Nng sn xut khu; ~ land: t nng nghip; ~ output: Sn l-ng nng nghip; ~ productivity: Nng sut nng nghip; ~ products: Sn phm nng nghip, nng sn; ~ reform: Ci cch nng nghip; ~ sector: Ngnh nng nghip; ~ system: H thng nng nghip; ~ subsidies: Tr gi nng nghip; ~ waste: Cht thi nng nghip. Agricultural biodiversity (n) a dng sinh hc nng nghip. Agricultural earnings (n) Thu nhp t nng nghip. Agricultural economics (n) Kinh t hc nng nghip Agricultural extension (n) Khuyn nng. ~ services: Dch v khuyn nng; ~ worker: Ng-i lm cng tc khuyn nng, cn b khuyn nng. Agricultural pollution (n) nhim nng nghip. Agriculture (n) Nng nghip, ngnh nng nghip. Integrated ~ : Nng nghip ton din; Organic ~ : Nng nghip sch, nng nghip hu c. Traditional ~ : Nng nghip truyn thng. Agri-silviculture (n) Canh tc cy g xen cy ngn ngy (i.e. a form of agroforestry consisting of tree and crop components). Hence, Agro-silvicultural system: H thng canh tc nng lm kt hp. 6

A glossary of common development terms Agro (adj) Thuc v nng nghip (-c dng nh- mt tip u ng). ~ -biodiversity: a dng sinh hc nng nghip; ~ - forestry: Nng - lm kt hp; ~ - ecosystem: H sinh thi nng nghip; ~ - industry: Nng - cng kt hp. Agro- ecosystem analysis: Phn tch h sinh thi nng nghip. Agro-ecological zone: Vng sinh thi nng nghip; Agro-ecological zoning: Phn vng sinh thi nng nghip. Agro-ecology (n) Sinh thi hc nng nghip. Aid (n) Vin tr. Aid and Assistance is used in this glossary to refer to financial flows which qualify as Official Aid or Official Development Assistance (Xem thm Official aid and Official Development Assistance). ~ in kind: Vin tr bng hin vt; Longterm ~ : Vin tr di hn (i.e. official loans with an original or extended maturity of more than one year). Short-term ~ : Vin tr ngn hn (i.e. official loans with a maturity of one year or less). Aid coordination (n) iu phi vin tr (i.e. the process by which a recipient government plans external aid in support of national goals, priorities and strategies). Aid instrument (n) Cng c vin tr (Often used interchangeably with aid modality. Examples of "aid instruments" are Sector Programme Support (SPS), Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp), mixed credit, soft loan, bilateral technical adviser, etc...). Aid management (n) Qun l vin tr (i.e. the process by which a recipient government integrates external aid and internal resources in the implementation of its development programmes and activities). Aid mobilization (n) Vn ng vin tr, huy ng vin tr. Aid modality (n) (i.e. the way in which aid is provided by donors to a recipient government. A basic distinction can be made between Budget support h tr ngn sch, Parallel support h tr song song and In-kind support h tr bng hin vt. The term "aid modality" is often used interchangeably with "aid instrument". AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Hi chng suy gim min dch mc phi ng-i. ~ prevention and control: Phng chng v kim sot AIDS. Law on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control: Lut Phng chng HIV/AIDS. Air pollutants (n) Cc cht gy nhim khng kh. Air pollution (n) nhim khng kh. ~ control legislation: Lut php kim sot nhim khng kh; ~ control strategy: Chin l-c kim sot nhim khng kh ; ~ index: Ch s nhim khng kh. Air quality standards (n) Tiu chun cht l-ng khng kh. Alienated (n) B xa lnh. Socially ~ : B x hi xa lnh (e.g. Drug addicts, sex workers, HIV-positive people are often seen as socially ~ groups). Align something (with something else) (v) Xp cho thng hng (e.g. The car has been ~ ed with the curve); iu chnh cho ph hp vi (e.g. The design of the UNDPsupported programme on public administration reform has been ~ ed with the Governments 5-year Master Programme on Public Administration Reform); To align oneself with: Lin kt vi, ng h (e.g. The Communist Party has decided to ~ itself with the Socialists during the coming elections). Hence, Alignment (n) Xp hng cho thng, iu chnh, lin kt. Alignment with Government systems: S dng h thng qun l ca Chnh ph (i.e. one of the five principles of the Paris Declaration and Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness, which is defined as donors aligning with the Governments strategies and committing themselves to use strengthened country systems).

A glossary of common development terms Alleviate (v) Lm gim bt gay go, lm du (e.g. The doctor gave her an injection to ~ the pain; The Government has made systematic efforts to ~ poverty in remote, isolated mountaineous regions of the country). Alleviation (n) S gim bt, s lm du (e.g. The Governments hunger eradication and poverty ~ programme has proved to be effective). Allocate (v) Phn b, phn phi (e.g. It is critical that public resources are ~ d effectively). Hence, Allocation (n) S phn b, phn phi (e.g. The effective ~ of public resources: S phn b c hiu qu ngun lc cng cng). Alternative (adj) Khc, thay th. ~ farming: Canh tc thay th; ~ crop: Cy trng thay th; ~ energy: Nng l-ng thay th; ~ solution: Gii php thay th; ~ technology: Cng ngh thay th. Ambient standards (n) Tiu chun mi tr-ng (sng) xung quanh. Amortization (n) Tr dn, thanh ton dn (e.g. The ~ of a loan). ~ schedule: Lch tr (thanh ton) n. Ante-natal care visit (n) i khm thai, i thm thai. Antibiotic resistance (n) Tnh trng khng thuc khng sinh. E.g. ~ is caused by the over-use, mis-use or under-use of antibiotics). Anti-corruption (n) Chng tham nhng (e.g. The United Nations Convention on ~ : Cng -c Lin Hp Quc v chng tham nhng). Anti-narcotic activities (n) Cc hot ng phng chng ma tu. Anti-retroviral therapy (n) iu tr (HIV) bng thuc khng vi-rt. Appraise (v) Thm nh. Hence, Appraisal (n) S thm nh (i.e. the process of checking the quality of a programme or project design prior to approval). Hence Project or programme appraisal: Thm nh d n hoc ch-ng trnh. Approach (n) Ph-ng thc, cch tip cn. Economic ~ : Cch tip cn v kinh t; Environmental ~ : Cch tip cn v mi tr-ng; Programme or Programmatic ~ : Cch tip cn theo ch-ng trnh; Project ~ : Cch tip cn theo d n; Social ~: Cch tip cn v x hi; Sectoral ~ : Cch tip cn theo ngnh. Appropriate technology (n) Cng ngh thch hp (i.e. the suitability of a given form of technology to the social, cultural and economic traits of the intended user). Approve (v) Ph duyt. Hence, Approval (n) S ph duyt (i.e. the process of signing a project/ programme document or a legal document). Hence, Project or programme approval: Ph duyt d n hoc ch-ng trnh. Aquaculture (n) Nui trng thy sn. Marine ~ : Nui trng thu sn bin; Upland ~ : Nui trng thu sn min ni. Area-wide environmental quality management: Qun l cht l-ng mi tr-ng theo vng lnh th (i.e. the process of analyzing the impact of industrial activity on environmental systems in a given geographic area, assessing their assimilative capacity to handle industrial pollutants and establising environmental action plans). Arrears (n) N qu hn (i.e. overdue payments of debt). Articulate (v) Trnh by r rng, rnh mch, l-u lot (e.g. It is of critical importance for you to ~ your message explicitly). Hence, Well-articulated (adj) -c trnh by r rng (e.g. ~ ideas, views). Articulation (n) S trnh by r rng, rnh mch, l-u lot (e.g. The ~ of national development priorities). ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN.

A glossary of common development terms Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC): Din n Hp tc kinh t chu - Thi bnh d-ng (i.e. a forum established in 1989 for 21 Pacific Rim countries (styled as "Member Economies") that seeks to promote free trade, economic cooperation and security throughout the Asia - Pacific region). Asian Development Bank (ADB): Ngn hng Pht trin chu (i.e. an international development financing institution that was established on 22 August 1966 to help its developing member countries reduce poverty, promote economic development and improve the quality of life of their people). Assimilative capacity (n) Kh nng hp th, kh nng ng ha (i.e. the ability of a water body to purify itself of pollutants). Assistance (n) S tr gip, vin tr. External ~ : S tr gip, vin tr t bn ngoi. Soft ~ : S tr gip mm; Technical ~ : Tr gip k thut. Xem thm Technical assistance v Technical cooperation. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Hip hi cc n-c ng Nam (i.e. a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967. ASEANs mission is to facilitate the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among member countries, help protect peace and stability of the region, and provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully). Assumption (n) Gi nh (i.e. a condition that is important to the success of a project but which is beyond the control of the project and whose probability of being satisfied cannot be assured. E.g. The project was approved on the ~ that its pre-conditions were to be fully met). Audit (n) Kim ton (i.e. an official examination of financial accounts to see if they are in order. The scope of audits includes financial ~ kim ton ti chnh, compliance ~ kim ton v tun th quy ch and performance audit kim ton v hiu qu). External ~ : Kim ton do ng-i bn ngoi tin hnh (cn gi l Independent ~ : Kim ton c lp); Internal ~ : Kim ton ni b. Audit sample (n) Mu kim ton. Hence, Audit sampling (n) Ly mu kim ton, chn mu kim ton. Audit scope (n) Phm vi kim ton (i.e. the range of the activities and the period (months or years) of records that are to be subjected to an audit examination). Auditor (n) Nhn vin kim ton, kim ton vin. ~ General: Tng kim ton. Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID): C quan Pht trin quc t t-xtry-lia. Available (adj) C th c c, sn c, sn sng (e.g. Smaller amounts of aid will be ~ in the coming years; The director will be ~ to open the training workshop). Availability (n) Kh nng c c, s sn c (e.g. The ~ of grants and concessional loans; The ~ of the senior manager for the launching of the advocacy campaign). Awareness (n) Nhn thc. Environmental ~ : Nhn thc v mi tr-ng; Gender ~ : Nhn thc v gii; HIV/AIDS ~ : Nhn thc v HIV/AIDS; ~ raising: Nng cao nhn thc.

A glossary of common development terms

B
Backstopping (n) Theo di v h tr (i.e. activities to review, support and advise on the smooth implementation of a project, e.g. Technical ~ by the Executing Agency: Theo di v h tr k thut ca C quan iu hnh d n). Backward-looking (adj) H-ng v qu kh, i lp vi Forward-looking H-ng ti t-ng lai (e.g. The analysis should not be ~, but forward-looking). Balance of payments (n) Cn cn thanh ton (i.e. a tabulation of the credit and debit transactions of a country with other countries and international institutions). Balance of payments support: H tr cn cn thanh ton (e.g. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF through the Central Bank to manage the problems of balance of payments deficits, insufficient foreign reserves and debt unsustainability. It usually carries conditionality in the form of a programme of policy reforms agreed by the recipient government with the IMF and World Bank). Balance of trade (n) Cn cn th-ng mi (i.e. the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports. E.g. A countrys ~ is favorable when its exports exceed its imports). Bankable (adj) C th -c ngn hng ti tr, -c ngn hng chp thun ti tr (i.e. Acceptable to a bank, or believed to be certain to bring profit and success; e.g. a ~ programme, project proposal). Barrier (n) Hng ro. Non-tariff ~ s: Hng ro phi thu quan; Tariff ~ s: Hng ro thu quan; Trade ~ s: Hng ro th-ng mi. Baseline data (n) D liu gc, d liu c s (i.e. data that describe the situation to be addressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes in its performance). ~ survey: iu tra d liu ban u, iu tra d liu c s. Basic social services (BSS): Cc dch v x hi c bn (i.e. defined by the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to consist of primary education, primary health care and nutrition, family planning services, clean water and low-cost sanitation; e.g. Budgetary outlays on ~ : Ngn sch dnh cho cc dch v XHCB; Delivery of ~ : Vic cung cp cc dch v XHC ; Expenditures on ~ : Cc khon chi cho cc dch v XHCB; Financing of ~ : Ngun ti chnh cho cc dch v XHCB; Privatization of ~ : T nhn ha cc dch v XHCB; Reform of ~ : Ci cch cc dch v XHCB; Universal access to ~ : Vic s dng ph cp cc dch v XHCB). Behaviour (n) Hnh vi, cch hnh x; High-risk ~ : Hnh vi c nguy c cao. Hence, Behavioural (adj) Thuc v hnh vi. Behavioural change (n) Thay i hnh vi. ~ communications (n) Truyn thng nhm thay i hnh v. Benchmark (n) Mc chun, im chun (i.e. an intermediate target to measure progress in a given period using a certain indicator. E.g. It is important now to set up proper ~ s against which the project will be assessed at the middle of its lifecycle). Hence, Benchmarking (n) Xc nh im chun, xc nh mc chun. Beneficiary (n) Ng-i th h-ng. Direct ~ : Ng-i th h-ng trc tip; Indirect ~: Ng-i th h-ng gin tip; Ultimate ~ : Ng-i th h-ng cui cng. Benefit (n) Li ch, tr cp. Age ~s : Tr cp nhn th; Direct ~ s : Li ch trc tip; Medical ~s : Tr cp y t; Fringe ~s : Ph cp ngoi l-ng; Unemployment ~ s: Tr cp tht nghip. 10

A glossary of common development terms Benefit analysis (n) Phn tch li ch (i.e. analysis of all economic, financial, social benefits that might accrue to a project). Best interests of the child (n) Li ch ti cao ca tr em (i.e. all actions concerning the child must take into account his or her best interests. E.g. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private welfare institutions, the ~ should be a primary consideration). Best or good practice (n) Tp qun tt, kinh nghim hay (e.g. Our plan of action has benefited from the ~ s of other partners). Better-off (adj ) Kh gi hn, giu c hn. ~ regions: Nhng vng kh gi hn; ~ people: Nhng ng-i kh gi hn. Bid (n) u thu, gi thu. Evaluation of ~s: nh gi thu (which may consist of Preliminary evaluation of ~ s nh gi thu s b and Detailed evaluation of ~ s nh gi thu chi tit; Invitation of ~ s: Mi thu; Opening of ~ s: M thu; Selection of ~ s: Chn thu. To bid for (v) Tham gia u thu. Bid price: Gi b thu Bidder (n) Ng-i tham gia u thu (e.g. Lowest, highest ~ : Ng-i b thu thp nht, cao nht; Successful ~ : Ng-i thng thu). Bidding (n) Vic u thu (also Tendering). Competitive ~ : u thu cnh tranh; International ~ : u thu quc t; Limited ~ : u thu hn ch; Local ~ : u thu trong n-c; Open ~ : u thu rng ri; ~ conditions: iu kin d thu; ~ documents: H s d thu; ~ procedures, rules: Th tc, quy ch u thu. Bidding methods (n) Cc ph-ng thc u thu, th-ng bao gm: One-envelope method: Ph-ng thc u thu mt phong b; Two-envelope method: Ph-ng thc u thu hai phong b; One-step method: Ph-ng thc u thu mt giai on; Twostep method: Ph-ng thc u thu hai giai on. Bidding principles (n) Cc nguyn tc u thu, th-ng bao gm: Best value for money: Gi tr t-ng xng vi gi, ca no tin ; Competition: Cnh tranh; Efficiency: Hiu qu; Fairness: Cng bng; v Transparency: Minh bch. Bidding process (n) Quy trnh thc hin u thu, gm cc b-c chnh nh-: Invitation of bids Mi thu, Submission and receipt of bids Np v tip nhn h s d thu, Evaluation and selection of bids nh gi v la chn thu, Review and approval of bidding results Thm nh v ph duyt kt qu u thu, Negotiation, finalization and signing of the contract Th-ng l-ng, hon thin v k kt hp ng, Contract administration Qun l hp ng and Asset management Qun l ti sn. Bilateral (adj) Song ph-ng. ~ agreement: Hip nh song ph-ng; ~ donor: Nh ti tr song ph-ng. Bilateral aid (n) Vin tr song ph-ng (i.e. official development assistance provided on a country-to-country basis). Bilateral trade agreement (n) Hip nh th-ng mi song ph-ng. Bio (adj) S sng, sinh hc (dng nh- mt tip u ng). Bio-chemistry: Mn ho sinh; Bio-technology: Cng ngh sinh hc; Bio-gas: Sinh kh; Bio-energy: Nng l-ng sinh hc; Bio-engineering: K thut sinh hc; Bio-fuel: Nhin liu sinh hc; Bioethics: o c trong cng ngh sinh hc; Bio-mass: Sinh khi; Bio-safety: An ton trong cng ngh sinh hc.

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A glossary of common development terms Biodiversity (n) S a dng sinh hc (gm genetic diversity a dng ngun gen, species diversity a dng loi vt v ecosystem diversity a dng h sinh thi). ~ conservation: Bo tn s a dng sinh hc; ~ loss: Tnh trng suy gim hay mt s a dng sinh hc (To reduce or reverse ~ : Lm gim, lm o ngc tnh trng suy gim s a dng sinh hc); ~ resources: Ngun ti nguyn a dng sinh hc. Convention on ~ Conservation: Cng -c v bo tn a dng sinh hc, k kt ti Hi ngh ca LHQ v Mi tr-ng v Pht trin nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro. Biodiversity awareness strategy (n) Chin l-c nng cao nhn thc v a dng sinh hc. Biological parents (n) Cha m . Biomass energy (n) Nng l-ng sinh khi (i.e. energy produced by the conversion of agricultural and forest residues, standing vegetation, energy crops, municipal and industrial solid wastes and sewage sludge). Biotechnology (n) Cng ngh sinh hc. Birth control (n) Kim sot sinh . ~ measures: Cc bin php kim sot sinh . Birth rate (n) T sut sinh (i.e. the number of live births in a given year divided by the mid-year population). Crude ~ : T sut sinh th; Net ~ : T sut sinh rng. Birth registration (n) Khai sinh, chng sinh (i.e. the right of the child to be registered immediately after birth as set forth in Article 7(1) of the CRC). Birth spacing (n) Khong cch sinh (i.e. time gap between birth deliveries). Blue sector (n) Mng xanh d-ng (i.e. environmental issues that relate to water resources, coastal zones and the sea, khc vi brown sector mng nu and green sector mng xanh lc). Boom (n) S gia tng t ngt, s bng n. An economic ~ : S pht trin bng n v kinh t; A baby, population ~ : t, tnh trng bng n sinh con, bng n dn s. Bottle-neck (n) S ch tc, khu ch tc (e.g. Bottle-necks in ODA implementation: Nhng ch tc trong vic thc hin vin tr pht trin chnh thc). Bottom-up (adj) T d-i ln, t c s ln. ~ approach: Ph-ng php hay cch tip cn t c s ln, as opposed to Top-down approach Ph-ng php tip cn (p t) t trn xung. Bottom-up approach emphasizes the participation of the targeted groups and populations in formulating programmes or making decisions. Brain drain (n) (Tnh trng) chy mu cht xm (i.e. loss suffered by developing countries as a result of the migration of highly qualified academic/ scientific personnel to developed countries; e.g. The ~ of professionals from developing countries is increasingly female). Brain gain (n) Tng c-ng cht xm, lm giu cht xm (e.g. The immigration of skilled labour is a brain drain of one country but a ~ for another country). Brainstorming (n) Xi vn , khu gi t-ng (i.e. a creative form of discussion with the sole purpose of producing suggestions or ideas). ~ techniques: K thut xi vn , k thut khu gi t-ng ca ng-i tham gia. Break-even point (n) im ho vn. Breakthrough (n) B-c t ph. Digital ~ : B-c t ph v cng ngh s; Genetic ~ : B-c t ph v cng ngh gen; Technological ~ : B-c t ph v cng ngh. Breast-feed (v) Nui con bng sa m. Hence, Breast-fed (adj) -c nui bng sa m. Breast-feeding (n) Vic nui con bng sa m. Exclusive ~ : Nui con hon ton bng sa m (To promote ~ for children less than six months old). Breeding (n) Chn ging nhn to. ~ system: H thng lai ging nhn to.

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A glossary of common development terms Bretton Woods Agreements: Hip nh Bretton Woods (i.e. agreements signed in July 1944 at the meeting of 43 countries in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, in order to set up a system of rules, institutions and procedures to regulate the international monetary system). Bretton Woods Institutions: Cc t chc Bretton Woods (i.e. the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), set up in July 1944 at the meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA). Bribe (somebody) (v) Hi l, -a hi l (i.e. make illegal payments to a person in a position of trust in exchange for favors or influence; e.g. It was an aborted attempt to ~ the judge). Hence, Bribery (n) -a hay nhn hi l (e.g. The staff member was accused of ~ ). Brief (v) Thng bo, tr-c khi bt u mt hot ng (e.g. The visiting delegation was carefully ~ ed before it began its project visit). Briefing (n) Bui thng bo (also briefing session). Broad-based C c s rng ri, trn din rng. ~ support: S h tr rng ri; ~ growth: S tng tr-ng t -c trn din rng. Brown sector (n) Mng nu (i.e. environmental issues that relate to urban and industrial pollution). Bubble (n) Bong bng (e.g. financial bubbles: Bong bng ti chnh; Asset, real estate bubbles: Bong bng ti sn, bong bng bt ng sn). E.g. The bursting of real estate bubbles sent an immediate shock across the US stock market: Vic bong bng bt ng sn pht n gy sc ngay lp tc khp th tr-ng chng khon Hoa K. Budget (n) Ngn sch. ~ deficit: Thm ht ngn sch; ~ line: Dng ngn sch, mc ngn sch; ~ revision: iu chnh ngn sch; ~ surplus: Thng d- ngn sch. Budget support or General budget support (n) H tr ngn sch (i.e. aid that is integrated into the national budget of the recipient country and used according to national public expenditure management rules and procedures). Budgetary (adj) Thuc v ngn sch. ~ control: Kim sot ngn sch; ~ expenditure: Chi tiu ngn sch; ~ process: Quy trnh (xy dng v qun l) ngn sch; ~ resources: Ngun lc t ngn sch; ~ revenue: Ngun thu ngn sch; ~ support: H tr ngn sch. Budgeting (n) Xy dng ngn sch, lp ngn sch. ~ method: Ph-ng php lp ngn sch. Buffer zone (n) Vng m, khu m (i.e. a land area surrounding or adjoining a protected area. Land use in a buffer zone must be limited to activities compatible with the objectives of the protected area). ~ management: Qun l vng m. Build on or upon (v) Da trn c s, pht huy (e.g. The project has built upon the results of recent research initiatives: D n -c xy dng da trn kt qu ca cc cng trnh nghin cu gn y). Built-in stabilizer (n) C ch to n nh ni ti. Business (n) Kinh doanh, doanh nghip. ~ activity: Hot ng kinh doanh; ~ administration: Qun tr kinh doanh; ~ cycle: Chu k kinh doanh; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng kinh doanh; ~ ethics: o c kinh doanh; ~ model: M hnh kinh doanh; ~ services: Dch v kinh doanh; ~ strategy: Chin l-c kinh doanh. Business process (n) Quy trnh cng vic (e.g. The ~ of the country office is too cumbersome and should thus be streamlined).

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A glossary of common development terms

C
Calorie (n) n v nhit l-ng ca-lo. ~ deficiency; Tnh trng thiu ca-lo; Daily ~ intake per capita: Khu phn ca-lo tiu th hng ngy theo u ng-i; Daily ~ supply per capita: Khu phn ca-lo cung cp hng ngy theo u ng-i. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA): C quan Pht trin quc t Ca-na-a. Canopy (n) Tng l, tn l (i.e. the upper layer of trees in a forest or a complex of trees). Cap (n) Gii hn pht thi (i.e. mandated restraint as an upper limit on emissions. The Kyoto Protocol mandates emissions caps in a schedule timeframe on the anthropogenic GHG emissions released by Annex B countries. By 2008-2012 the EU must reduce its CO2 equivalent emissions of six greenhouse gases to a level of 8% lower than the 1990 level). Cap -and-trade system (n) H thng mua bn ch tiu pht thi. Capacity (n) Nng lc (i.e. the skills, knowledge and resources needed to perform a function). Individual ~ : Nng lc c nhn; institutional ~ : Nng lc th ch. Capacity 21 (n) Nng lc th k 21 (i.e. a programme of technical assistance set up by the UNDP in June 1993 in order to assist developing countries to realize the objectives of Agenda 21). Xem thm Agenda 21. Capacity assessment (n) nh gi nng lc. Capacity building (n) Xy dng nng lc. ~ differs from Capacity development in that the latter builds on a pre-existing capacity basis. Hence, To build capacity (e.g. ~ of an institution). Capacity development (n) Tng c-ng nng lc (i.e. the process by which individuals, institutions, communities develop their capacities to perform functions, solve problems and set and reach objectives). Hence, To develop capacity (e.g. ~ of an organization). Capital (n) Vn, ngun vn. Directly productive ~ : Ngun vn trc tip tham gia sn xut (my mc, thit b, cng c sn xut); Financial ~ : Ngun vn v ti chnh ( u t-); Human ~ : Ngun vn v con ng-i; Infrastructural ~ : Ngun vn v kt cu h tng; Institutional ~ : Ngun vn v th ch (nn dn ch, quyn con ng-i, h thng php ch); Natural ~ : Ngun vn v t nhin; Social ~ : Ngun vn x hi (cc chun mc, h thng, t chc, truyn thng, gi tr, trong c ngun vn v th ch); A societys total ~ : Tng ngun vn ca mt x hi. Capital assistance (n) Vin tr v vn. Capital gain (n) Li nhun vn (i.e. the difference between the purchase price of an asset and its resale price at some later date where that difference is positive). Capital goods (n) T- liu sn xut. Capital inflow (n) Dng vn vo. Capital loss (n) Tn tht vn (ng-c li vi Capital gain). Capital market (n) Th tr-ng vn (i.e. the market, or realistically the group of interrelated markets, in which capital in financial form is lent and borrowed or raised, on varying terms and for varying periods). Capital movement (n) L-u thng vn (i.e. international flow of funds which may be undertaken by either private individuals or governments). Capital outflow (n) Dng vn ra. 14

A glossary of common development terms Capital-intensive (adj) Cn nhiu vn, thm dng vn (e.g. A ~ economy: Nn kinh t thm dng vn; ~ industry: Nn cng nghip thm dng vn; ~ technology: Cng ngh thm dng vn). Capitalize on (v) Pht huy, tn dng, tranh th (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities). Carbon capture and storage or CCS (n) (Quy trnh) thu gi cc-bon (i.e. a process consisting of separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere). Carbon cycle (n) Chu trnh cc-bon (i.e. the set of processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition and air-sea exchange by which carbon continuously cycles through various reservoirs, such as the atmosphere, living organisms, soils and oceans). Carbon price (n) Gi cc-bon (i.e. what has to be paid - to some public authority as a tax rate, or on some emission permit exchange - for the emission of 1 ton of CO2 into the atmosphere). Hence, Carbon pricing (n) nh gi cc-bon. Carbon tax (n) Thu cc-bon (i.e. a tax on the consumption of fossil carbon-containing fuels in order to discourage consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide funds to promote other measures for reducing the greenhouse effect). Hence carbon taxation: nh thu cc-bon. Carbon-intensive (adj) C c-ng pht thi cc-bon cao. ~ growth: Tng tr-ng kinh t c c-ng pht thi cc-bon cao; ~ energy: Nng lng c cng pht thi cc-bon cao; ~ technology: Cng ngh c cng pht thi cc-bon cao. Carrying capacity (n) Kh nng chu ti, kh nng cha (i.e. the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support without damaging the ecosystem itself). ~ of a tourism site: Sc ti ca mt im du lch; The Earths ~ : Sc ti ca tri t. Case study (n) Nghin cu tr-ng hp in hnh, nghin cu tnh th (i.e. an example of a research problem, usually described by a representative case, unit of population . E.g. to conduct a ~ on a subject matter: Tin hnh nghin cu tr-ng hp in hnh v mt ti no ). Cash (n) Tin mt. In ~ : Bng tin mt (e.g. In-cash contributions: Cc khon ng gp bng tin mt, khc vi in-kind contributions cc khon ng gp bng hin vt). Cash crop (n) Cy th-ng phm; cy hoa mu ph. Cash flow (n) Dng tin mt, l-u l-ng tin ra v vo ca mt doanh nghip (i.e. the sum of retained earnings and depreciation provision made by a firm; e.g. a healthy ~ situation: tnh hnh thu, chi lnh mnh). Cash supply (n) Cung tin, l-ng cung tin (i.e. the total amount of cash available in an economy at a particular point in time). Casual employment (n) Lao ng ph thng, lao ng theo gi (i.e. the state of being employed on an ad hoc basis without regular hours or a wage contract). Casual worker (n) Ng-i lao ng ph thng, ng-i lao ng theo gi. Catalyst (adj) C tnh cht xc tc. ~ role: Vai tr xc tc; ~ money: Ngun vn mang tnh xc tc. E.g. UNDPs technical assistance often plays a ~ role in attracting other financing resources for counterpart organizations. Catchment (n) L-u vc (i.e. area from which water runs off to any given river valley or collecting reservoir). ~ area: Din tch l-u vc; ~ basin: Vng l-u vc sng, sui (also watershed). Causal relationship (n) Mi quan h nhn qu (i.e. the relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is a consequence of the first). Cause and effect relationship (n) Quan h nhn qu. Centralized planning (n) K hoch ho tp trung. 15

A glossary of common development terms Centrally planned economy (n) Kinh t k hoch ho tp trung. Change (n) S thay i, i mi. ~ process: Tin trnh i mi; ~ management: Qun l tin trnh i mi (i.e. ways to implement and monitor change within an organization). Change agent hay change catalyst: Nhn t kch thch i mi (i.e. an individual who attempts to influence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change). Changing (adj) Thay i (~ aid environment mi trng vin tr thay i; ~ modalities of development financing cc phng thc ti tr pht trin thay i). E.g. Development partners have witnessed a rapidly ~ economic situation in the recipient country). Checklist (n) Danh mc (cc cu hi, vn ) i chiu; danh mc kim tra (e.g. The ~ for project appraisal: Danh mc cc cu hi i chiu khi thm nh d n; The ~ for briefing a visiting mission: Danh mc cc vn cn thng bo cho on khch n thm). Child (n) Tr em (Defined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a person under 18 years old, unless national laws recognize an earlier age majority). ~ abuse: Lm dng tr em; ~ care: Chm sc tr em; ~ survival and development: S sng cn v pht trin ca tr em; ~ labour: Lao ng tr em; ~ rearing: Nui d-ng tr em. Rights of the ~ : Cc quyn ca tr em (e.g. Convention on the Rights of the Child or CRC: Cng -c v Quyn Tr em, -c i hi ng Lin Hp Quc thng qua ngy 20/11/1989 v c hiu lc t ngy 2/9/1990). Child care (n) Chm sc tr em. ~ center: Trung tm nui dy tr em; ~ services: Cc dch v chm sc tr em. Child custody (n) Quyn chm sc, quyn bo h tr em (e.g. Following their divorce, the parents were involved in a battle over custody of the children). Child labour (n) Lao ng tr em (i.e. a practice whereby children under 15 years of age are forced to work for a living). Hence, Child labourers (n) Tr em phi lao ng, lao ng l tr em. Worst forms of ~ : Cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht (Xem thm Worst forms of child labour). Child malnutrition (n) Suy dinh d-ng tr em. Child marriage (n) To hn. Child poverty (n) Tnh trng ngho tr em (e.g. ~ requires a multi-dimensional measurement approach, in place of the traditional monetary measurement approach). Child prostitution (n) Mi dm tr em. Hence, Child prostitutes (n) Tr em hnh ngh mi dm. Child protection (n) Bo v tr em. Child sex ratio: T sut gii tnh tr em. Skewed ~ : Tnh trng mt cn bng t sut gii tnh tr em. Child survival and development (n) S sng cn v pht trin ca tr em. Child welfare (n) Phc li cho tr em (i.e. measures taken to improve conditions for children in society, e.g. a ~ policy, programme). Child-bearing age (n) Tui sinh con, also Reproductive age. Women in ~ : Ph n ang tui sinh con. Child-blind (adj) Khng quan tm n tr em (e.g. A ~ social policy, project). Child-friendly (adj) Thn thin vi tr em (e.g. a ~ justice sysem: H thng t php thn thin vi tr em; ~ cities programme: Chng trnh thnh ph thn thin vi tr em). Child-neutral (n) Khng c lin quan n tr em (e.g. There is no such thing as a child-neutral policy: Khng c chnh sch no l khng lin quan n tr em. Child-participatory (adj) C s tham gia ca tr em (e.g. a ~ budgeting mechanism: C ch lp ngn sch c s tham gia ca tr em). 16

A glossary of common development terms Children born out of wedlock (n) Tr em sinh ngoi gi th (i.e. children born out of marriage). Children deprived of their family environment (n) Tr em b tc mi trng gia nh, tr em b b ri (Xem thm Abandoned children). Children deprived of their liberty (n) Tr em b tc quyn t do (defined in the CRC to include arrested, detained or imprisoned children and child prisoners of war). Children in armed conflicts (n) Tr em b kt trong xung t v trang (defined in the CRC as children caught up in armed conflicts either as civilians or as participants). Children in conflict with the law (n) Tr em v phm php lut, tr em lm sai php lut (i.e. accused children and convicted children). Children in specially difficult circumstances: Tr em c hon cnh c bit. Children with disabilities (n) Tr em khuyt tt. Childrens rights (n) Cc quyn ca tr em. Chilren in need of special protection: Tr em cn s bo v c bit. Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs: Cc cht clorua phlorua cc-bon (i.e. Synthetic bases that serve as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners. CFCs are known to accumulate in the earths atmosphere where they destroy the protective ozone layer and trap the suns heath, thus contributing to the greehouse effect). Also see Greenhouse gasses. Civil servants (n) Cng chc. Civil service (n) Ngnh cng v. Civil service system (n) H thng cng v. Career-based ~: H thng chc nghip; Position-based ~ : H thng v tr vic lm. Civil society (n) X hi dn s (i.e. the realm of individuals and groups - organized or unorganized - who interact in the social, political and economic domains and who are regulated by formal and informal rules and laws). Civil society organizations (n) Cc t chc x hi dn s. Classical model of management (n) M hnh qun l kinh in (i.e. traditional descriptions of management that focused on its formal functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding and controlling). Clean Development Mechanism or CDM (n) C ch pht trin sch (i.e. Defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM is intended to meet two objectives: 1) to assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and 2) to assist parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments). Clean energy sources (n) Cc ngun nng l-ng sch (i.e. natural gas, solar, wind, sustainable biomass and mini-hydro power). Clean production technology (n) Cng ngh sn xut sch (i.e. the use of environmentally friendly processes in production activities). Hence, cleaner production technology: Cng ngh sn xut sch hn. Client-oriented (adj) nh h-ng phc v khch hng (e.g. a ~ mentality, mindset: Thi sn sng phc v khch hng). Climate (n) Kh hu (i.e. usually defined as the average weather or more rigorously as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years).

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A glossary of common development terms Climate change (n) S bin i kh hu (i.e. a change in climate caused by human activities or natural phenomena). Convention on ~ : Cng -c v bin i kh hu, -c k kt ti Hi ngh LHQ v Mi tr-ng v Pht trin nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro). Global ~ : S bin i kh hu ton cu. Adverse effects of ~: Nhng nh h-ng c hi hay nh h-ng tiu cc ca bin i kh hu. Xem thm Adverse effects of climate change. Climate related (adj) Lin quan n kh hu. ~ disasters: Thin tai lin quan n kh hu (khc vi Man-made disasters thin tai do con ng-i to ra). Cloning (n) Nhn dng v tnh, nhn gen v tnh (i.e. the process of making a genetically identical copy. The first adult mammal cloned was Dolly the Sheep in 1997). ~ technology: Cng ngh nhn gen v tnh. Closed (adj) Khp kn. E.g. ~ community: Qun th kn; ~ economy: Nn kinh t khp kn; ~ forest: Rng rm, rng kn; ~ system: H thng khp kn. Closed-ended question (n) Cu hi la chn (i.e. a question containing specific options that a respondent must choose from, such as a multiple choice question). Cluster evaluation (n) nh gi cm d n (c lin quan vi nhau v ni dung, iu kin a l hoc cc yu t khc). Coastal mangrove forest (n) Rng ngp mn ven bin. Coastal wetland (n) (Vng) t ngp mn ven bin. Coastal zone management (n) Qun l di ven b. Integrated ~ : Qun l tng hp di ven b. Co-financing (n) Cng gp vn, l thut ng dng chung cho cc ph-ng thc ti tr gm cost-sharing ng ti tr, trust fund qu u thc v parallel financing ti tr song song. Collective (adj) Thuc v tp th. ~ bargaining: Th-ng l-ng tp th (i.e. process by which representatives of employees and employers discuss and negotiate a mutually acceptable labour agreement); ~ economy: Kinh t tp th; ~ farming: Canh tc tp th; ~ response measure: Bin php ng ph tp th. Command economy (n) Nn kinh t mnh lnh (i.e. an economy in which production and prices are regulated by a central government authority). Commercial (adj) Thuc v th-ng mi. ~ interest rate: Li sut th-ng mi; ~ lending: Cho vay theo iu kin th-ng mi; ~ loan: Khon vay th-ng mi. Commercialize (v) Th-ng mi ho. Hence, Commercialization (n) S th-ng mi ho (e.g. ~ of public services: Th-ng mi ho cc dch v cng cng). Commission on Sustainable Development (n) Hi ng Pht trin bn vng (i.e. set up in December 1992 by the UN General Assembly as a functional commission of the ECOSOC, implementing a recommendation in the Agenda 21, the landmark global agreement reached at the UN Conference on Environment & Development held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Commit (v) Cam kt, quyt tm (e.g. ~ oneself to doing something: Quyt tm, cam kt lm mt vic g ). Commitment (n) S cam kt (i.e. arrangement for financial assistance or technical cooperation incorporated into a signed agreement specifycing terms and conditions). E.g. ODA ~s to Viet Nam in 2001 reached US$ 1.6 billion: Cam kt ODA cho Vit Nam trong nm 2001 ln n 1,6 t USD. Committed (adj) Quyt tm, cam kt (e.g. All the participants are ~ to implementing the decision taken at the meeting).

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A glossary of common development terms Committee on the Rights of the Child (n) y ban v Quyn tr em (i.e. one of the treaty-monitoring bodies of the United Nations with the function of promoting and monitoring the implementation of the rights of the child as set forth in the CRC). Commodity (n) Hng ha. ~ assistance: Vin tr bng hng ho (i.e. financial assistance provided by a donor to a recipient country in the form of commodities or goods). ~ loan: Khon tin vay bng hng ho. Common but differentiated responsibilities (n) Trch nhim chung nh-ng c phn bit mc (i.e. Principle No. 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration which says States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earths ecosystem. However, in view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States shall have ~ . Communicable diseases (n) Cc cn bnh ly lan (e.g. diphtheria bch hu, influenza cm, measles si, mumps quai b, poliomyelitis bi lit, syphilis giang mai, hepatisis vim gan). Community (n) Cng ng. ~ development projects: Cc d n pht trin cng ng; ~ health care: Y t cng ng. Community participation (n) S tham gia ca cng ng (i.e. the participation of a community in its own development). Community participation role (n) Vai tr hot ng cng ng (ca ph n ). Xem thm Gender roles. Community-based (adj) Da vo cng ng, cp cng ng. Community-based development (n) Pht trin da vo cng ng. ~ approaches: Cc ph-ng thc pht trin da vo cng ng; ~ initiatives: Cc sng kin pht trin da vo cng ng; ~ models: Cc m hnh pht trin da vo cng ng. Community-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghin ti (da vo) cng ng. Community-based forest management (n) Qun l rng da vo cng ng (i.e. a strategy for achieving people-centered development where the focus of decisionmaking with regard to the sustainable use of forest resources in the area lies with the communities of that area). Community-based organizations (n) Cc t chc cng ng. Comparative advantage: Li th so snh. Theory of ~ : Thuyt v li th so snh (i.e. the specialization in the production and export of those goods/services in which a country can make or provide most profitably). Compete (v) Cnh tranh (e.g. to ~ with each other for the increasingly scarce development resources). Competing (adj) Cnh tranh nhau, tranh ginh nhau, ganh ua nhau (e.g. ~ claims on the limited national resources: Nhng i hi tranh ginh ngun lc hn hp ca quc gia). Competition (n) S cnh tranh, ganh ua. Fair, healthy ~ : Cnh tranh lnh mnh; Imperfect ~ : Cnh tranh khng hon ho; Perfect ~ : Cnh tranh hon ho; Unfair, unhealthy ~ : Cnh tranh khng lnh mnh. Competitive (adj) C kh nng cnh tranh, mang tnh cnh tranh. ~ bidding: u thu cnh tranh; ~ market: Th tr-ng cnh tranh; ~ price: Gi c cnh tranh. Competitiveness (n) C kh nng cnh tranh, sc cnh tranh (e.g. The ~ of the national economy: Sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t quc dn; the ~ of the domestic market, goods: Sc cnh tranh ca th tr-ng, hng ha trong n-c). Completion (n) S hon thnh, kt thc. Financial ~ : Kt thc v ti chnh (e.g. the financial ~ of a project); Operational ~ : Kt thc v hot ng (ca mt d n).

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A glossary of common development terms Compliance (with something) (n) S tun th, tnh tun th (e.g. To ensure full ~ with national bidding regulations: Bo m tun th y cc quy nh u thu quc gia). Hence, Compliant (adj) Tun th. Comply with (v) Tun th. (E.g. To ~ with national reporting requirements in ODA management). Comprehensive (adj) Ton din. A ~ approach: Cch tip cn ton din. Comprehensive Development Strategy or CDF (n) Chin l-c pht trin ton din (i.e. a mechanism developed by the World Bank for coordinating WB assistance and government spending in support of a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects of development in a recipient country). Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy or CPRGS: Chin l-c ton din v xo ngho i v tng tr-ng (i.e. a strategic policy paper that was requested by the World Bank and prepared by governments of recipient countries to replace the previous Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP). Concept (n) Khi nim, t-ng. A project ~: t-ng d n (i.e. A paper that provides a preliminary idea of the overall possibility and desirability of a project). Concept paper (n) Bn phc tho (v mt t-ng hoc ti). Conceptual (adj) Thuc v khi nim. A ~ framework: Khung khi qut, ph-ng php lun. Conceptual approach (n) Ph-ng php tip cn mang tnh khi qut. Conceptualization (n) Xy dng khi nim, xy dng t-ng. Project ~: Xy dng t-ng d n. Hence, To conceptualize a project: Xy dng t-ng d n. Concessionality level (n) Mc -u i (i.e. a measure of the softness of a credit reflecting the benefit to the borrower compared to a loan at the market rate). Concessionary (Also Concessional, Soft) (adj) Mang tnh -u i. A ~ loan: Khon vay -u i (i.e. credit extended in terms that are more favourable to the borrower than market rates). Conclusion (n) Kt lun (i.e. a seasoned judgment based on a synthesis of empirical findings or factual statements corresponding to a specific circumstance. See Finding for the difference between a conclusion and a finding. Condition (n) iu kin (e.g. a neccesary and sufficient ~ : iu kin cn v ). Conditional (adj) C iu kin (e.g. The payment of the outstanding expenses is ~ on the timely submission of an acceptable terminal report). Conditionality (n) C iu kin, iu kin rng buc (i.e. policy measure(s) that a government agrees to implement as a requirement to receive foreign aid). Conduct (n) Cch c x, cch ng x, o c. A code of ~ : B quy tc ng x. Conduct (n) Tin hnh, thc hin, t chc (e.g. To ~ a training workshop). Conflict (n) Xung t, mu thun (i.e. actual or perceived opposition of needs, values, interests, roles). Conflict of generations (n) Xung t th h. Conflict of interests (n) Xung t li ch (i.e. a relationship whereby an individual may benefit from a transaction of ones employment where one is identified with or has influenced in some way its initiation, specification, terms, conditions, completion or acceptance). Conflict of roles (n) Xung t vai tr (i.e. a condition occurring when an individual must attempt to achieve opposing goals in an organization). Conflict resolution (n) Gii quyt xung t.

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A glossary of common development terms Conflicting (adj) Xung t vi nhau, mu thun vi nhau (e.g. ~ arguments, interests, ideas: Nhng lp lun, li ch, t-ng tri ng-c nhau). Consensus (n) S nht tr, s ng thun. On a ~ principle, basis: Theo nguyn tc ng thun, trn c s ng thun. Political ~ : S ng thun v chnh tr. Consensus building (n) Xy dng s nht tr, ng thun (e.g. A ~ activity, initiative: Mt hot ng, mt sng kin nhm xy dng s ng thun). Conservation (n) Bo tn, bo ton; ~ area, site, zone: Khu bo tn; Cultural ~ : Bo tn vn ho; Energy ~ : Bo ton nng l-ng; Heritage ~ : Bo tn di sn. Conserve (v) Bo tn, bo ton (E.g. It is critical to ~ our living environment). Constituency (n) Nhng ng-i hu thun (i.e. a group of people with the same interests that one can turn to for support); C tri (i.e. a body of voters in a district having its own elected representative). Constrain (v) Hn ch, rng buc (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments have ~ ed the sustainability of the technical approaches used). Constraint (n) Hn ch, hn hp, kh khn (e.g. time, resource ~ : Hn hp v thi gian, v ngun lc). Consult (v) Tham kho kin, tham vn (E.g. To ~ regularly with Government counterparts: Tham kho kin th-ng xuyn vi cc i tc trong Chnh ph). Consultancy (n) Hot ng t- vn (e.g. a ~ assignment: Chuyn cng tc t- vn; a ~ mission, team : on chuyn gia t- vn ; ~ services : Dch v t- vn). Consultant (n) Chuyn gia t- vn (e.g. An international ~ Chuyn gia t- vn quc t; a national ~ : Chuyn gia t- vn trong n-c). Consultative (adj) C tham kho kin, c tham vn (E.g. A fully ~ process for the formulation of the cooperation programme). Consultative Group Meeting (n) Hi ngh Nhm t- vn (i.e. a periodic meeting between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for dialoguing on national issuses/priorities and mobilizing external assistance. This annual aid mobilization mechanism is chaired by the World Bank). Consulting (adj) Thuc v t- vn. ~ business: Ngh t- vn; ~ firm, company: Cng ty t- vn; ~ industry: Ngnh (cng nghip) t- vn. Consume (v) Tiu th, dng n ht (E.g. To ~ energy, raw materials, resources, time). Consumer (n) Ng-i tiu dng. ~ demand: Nhu cu tiu dng; ~ goods: Hng tiu dng; ~ protection: Bo v ng-i tiu dng; ~ price: Gi tiu dng; ~ subsidy: Tr gi tiu dng. Consumer price index or CPI (n) Ch s gi tiu dng. Consumption (n) S tiu th, tiu hao (E.g. The ~ of energy, raw materials and resources for industrial production). Contaminate (v) Lm nhim bn. Hence, Contamination (n) Lm nhim bn. Contaminated site (n) Ni b nhim bn. Contingency (n) Tnh hung bt trc. ~ fund: Qu d phng; ~ plan: K hoch d phng. Contingent on or upon (adj) Ph thuc vo, ty thuc vo (e.g. Donors often make their contributions to the WBs concessional lending programme ~ upon acceptance by the Bank Board ).

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A glossary of common development terms Continuous programming (n) Ph-ng php xy dng d n lin tc (i.e. a concept that involves the programming by objectives through earmarking of limited resources for selected development objectives of the country programme for which projects have not yet been identified). Contraceptive (adj) Thuc v trnh thai. ~ measures, methods: Cc bin php trnh thai, cc ph-ng php trnh thai. Contraceptive prevalence rate (n) T l s dng cc bin php trnh thai (i.e. the percentage of married women of child-bearing age, 15-49 years old, who are using, or whose husbands are using, any form of contraception; e.g. Globally, ~ has increased from 55% in 1990 to 64% in 2005). Contract (n) Bn hp ng. Construction ~ : Hp ng xy dng; Long-term ~ : Hp ng di hn. Lump-sum ~ : Hp ng trn gi; Output-based ~ : Hp ng theo sn phm; Service ~ : Hp ng dch v; Short-term ~ : Hp n ngn hn; Breach of ~ : Vi phm hp ng; Termination of ~ : Chm dt hp ng. Contract (v) Lm hp ng, hp ng, khon (e.g. To ~ somebody to do something: Hp ng vi ng-i no lm vic g). Contract administration (n) Qun l hp ng (also Contract management). Contracting out (n) Khon cho ng-i ngoi (i.e. an arrangement whereby a department or an agency enters into a commercial contract with an external supplier that provides services). Hence, to contract out something: Khon cho ng-i ngoi. Contractual (adj) Thuc v hp ng. ~ obligations: Cc ngha v theo hp ng; ~ provisions: Cc iu khon hp ng; ~ terms: Cc iu kin hp ng. Contribute (v) ng gp, gp phn (E.g. To ~ substantive comments on the draft report: ng gp kin chuyn mn vo bn d tho bo co). Contribution (n) Khon ng gp, s ng gp. In cash ~ : ng gp bng tin mt; In kind ~ : ng gp bng hin vt (d-i cc hnh thc nh- nhn s, vn phng, vt t, thit b ti ch, t ai, nh x-ng, v.v...); Counterpart ~: ng gp ca c quan i tc (bng tin mt hoc bng hin vt). To make a ~ to national socio-economic development efforts: ng gp vo cc n lc pht trin kinh t x hi quc gia. Control (n) S kim sot, bin php kim sot. Export ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot xut khu; Exchange rate ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot t gi hi oi; Import ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot nhp khu; Price ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot gi c. Convention (n) Cng -c (e.g. ~ on the Rights of the Child or CRC : Cng -c v Quyn Tr em; ~ for the Protection of Ozone Layer: Cng -c v bo v tng dn; ~ for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: Cng -c v bo v di sn vn ho v thin nhin th gii; ~ on Biological Diversity: Cng -c v bo v s a dng sinh hc; ~ on International Trade in Endangered Species: Cng -c v th-ng mi quc t i vi cc loi ng vt c nguy c tit chng; ~ on the Law of the Sea: Cng -c v Lut bin). Convicted children (n) Tr em b kt ti (i.e. children recognized as having infringed on the penal law). Coping strategy (n) Chin l-c ng ph, bin php khc phc kh khn (i.e. plans, means and actions used by the poor and/or the vulnerable to deal with difficult situations such as unemployment, sickness, food shortage). Core (n) Li, nhn, ct li. ~ conservation area: Khu vc bo tn li. Core principles on the rights of the child (n) Cc nguyn tc then cht v quyn tr em (i.e. the four key principles of the CRC, namely i) non-discrimination, ii) devotion to the best interests of the child, iii) the right to life, survival and development and iv) respect for the views of the child). 22

A glossary of common development terms Core resources: Ngun vn th-ng xuyn (i.e. voluntary contributions by donor governments to UN development Agencies, as opposed to Non-core resources Vn khng th-ng xuyn, vn huy ng thm). Corporate (adj) Tng qut (e.g. A ~ plan: Mt k hoch tng qut); Thuc v cng ty (e.g. A ~ law: Lut cng ty). Corporate governance (n) Qun tr doanh nghip. Corporate social responsibility (n) Trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip (i.e. the continuing commitment by a business to behave ethically and contribute to socioeconomic development while improving the quality of life of its workers and their families as well as of the local community and society at large) Xem thm Global compact. Corrupt (adj) Tham nhng, b mua chuc (e.g. The senior official was convicted for ~ practices: V quan chc cao cp b kt n v tham nhng). Corrupt somebody (v) Lm h- hng, mua chuc. E.g. It is sad to see a senior official so corrupted by the desire for money and power. Corruption (n) S tham nhng (i.e. defined broadly as the abuse of public office for private gains). ~ - free (adj) Khng c tham nhng (e.g. A ~ society: Mt x hi khng c tham nhng). Cost (n) Chi ph. Fixed ~ : Chi ph c nh; Hidden ~ : Ch ph n; Visible ~ : Chi ph hin. Cost sharing (n) ng ti tr (i.e. financial contributions which are made by another donor to a development project of UNDP and which are entrusted to UNDP to manage in accordance with UNDP's own financial rules/regulations). Xem thm Co-financing. Cost-benefit analysis (n) Phn tch chi ph li ch (i.e. a conceptual framework for the evaluation of investment projects in the government sector, although it can be extended to any private sector project. It considers all gains (benefits) and losses (costs) regardless of to whom they accrue). Cost-benefit ratio (n) T sut li trn mc u t- (i.e. a method for calculating the returns from a capital expenditure by dividing the total benefits by the total costs). Cost-effective (adj) Hiu qu tnh theo chi ph, hiu qu kinh t. Cost-effectiveness analysis (n) Phn tch chi ph hiu qu (i.e. an approach adopted when the benefits from a project cannot be readily measured on monetary terms, yet it has political or corporate benefits). Counterpart (n) Bn i tc, bn ng nhim. ~ agency: C quan i tc; ~ capacity: Nng lc ca c quan i tc. The Vietnamese Foreign Minister and his US ~ : Ngoi tr-ng Vit Nam v ng-i ng nhim Hoa K. Counterpart funding (n) Vn i ng (i.e. the contribution in local currency to project costs by a country receiving development aid, also Counterpart funds). Counterpart personnel (n) Nhn vin i tc (i.e. local staff of a country receiving aid who have the same role as, and complement the work, of technical assistance experts). Countries with transitional economies: Cc n-c c nn kinh t trong giai on chuyn i (i.e. countries moving from centrally planned to market-oriented economies like China, Viet Nam, Mongolia, former Republics of the Soviet Union). Xem thm Transitional economy, Economy in transition.

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A glossary of common development terms Country classification (n) Phn loi quc gia (i.e. The World Banks method of classifying member countries into three groups Low income, Middle income and High income, based on GNI per capita, to serve its operational and analytical purposes and its lending programmes. Income classifications are set each year on 1 July and fixed during the WBs fiscal year ending on 30 June). Xem thm Low income country, Middle income country and High income country. Country programme (n) Ch-ng trnh quc gia (e.g. UNDPs ~ for Viet Nam for the period 1992-1996). Cover (n) che ph (i.e. for vegetation, that proportion of the ground overlain by the canopy of the plants growing on it; e.g. forest ~ : che ph ca rng). Cover (v) cp n (e.g. The research report ~ed a range of important economic issues); Chu chi ph (e.g. He was so kind as to ~ the costs of the gala dinner). Credit (n) Tn dng. Micro ~ or small ~ : Tn dng quy m nh; Rural ~ : Tn dng nng thn; Informal ~ association: Hi chi hi; ~ bank: Ngn hng tn dng; ~ card: Th tn dng; ~ ceiling: Hn mc tn dng; ~ guarantee: Giy bo m tn dng; ~ policy: Chnh sch tn dng; ~ systems: Cc h thng tn dng. Creditor government (n) Chnh ph n-c cho vay. Creditworthy (adj) C kh nng thanh ton n (e.g. a ~ country, company). Hence, Creditworthiness (n) Kh nng thanh ton n. Critical mass (n) Khi l-ng cn thit, to nn tc ng mong mun. (e.g. There needs to be a ~ of assistance in order to make a meaningful impact on poverty reduction efforts in the province). Crop (n) Ma v, cy trng. ~ calendar (n) Lch ma v; ~ productivity (n) Nng xut cy trng; ~ system (n) H thng b tr cy trng. Crop intensification (n) Thm canh tng v (i.e. a concept, approach or process of growing more crops per year either sequentially or simultaneously). Crop rotation (n) Lun canh (i.e. an agricultural method in which two or more crops are rotated from year to year to reduce nutrient depletion of the soil and reliance on pesticides). Cropping (n) Trng trt, canh tc. ~ pattern: C cu cy trng; ~ rotation: Lun canh cy trng; ~ season: Ma v trng trt; ~ sequence: Trnh t gieo trng; ~ system: H thng trng trt; ~ yield: Nng sut cy trng. Cropping index (n) H s canh tc (i.e. number of crops per year on a given field time). Cropping intensity (n) C-ng canh tc (i.e. the percentage of net area available for cropping that is actually cropped). Cross check (n) Kim tra cho. Cross fertilization (n) Th tinh cho, (ngha bng) s trao i kinh nghim (The ~ between beneficiary groups is very important to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of development projects). Cross-cutting (adj) Mang tnh a ngnh, xuyn sut. ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn mang tnh a ngnh; ~ issue: Mt vn xuyn sut. Cross-sectoral (adj) Mang tnh a ngnh. ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn mang tnh a ngnh. Crowd out (v) Ln t, chn ln (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a project can ~ local initiative). Hence, Crowding out (n) S ln t, s chn ln.

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A glossary of common development terms Crude birth rate or CBR (n) T sut sinh th.( ~ is calculated as the total number of births in a given 12-month period divided by the size of the population in the middle of that period. It is usually expressed in per one thousand people.) The increase, the rise in ~ : S gia tng v t sut sinh th. Crude death rate or CDR (n) T sut cht th. (~ is directly calculated as the total number of deaths in a given 12-month period divided by the size of the population in the middle of that period. It is usually expressed in per one thousand people.) Crude rate of natural increase, decrease (n) T sut tng, gim dn s t nhin. (~ is the number of people for every 1,000 population as a result of fertility and mortality. It is calculated by substracting the crude dealth rate from the crude birth rate.) Cultural (adj) Thuc v vn ho. ~ cooperation: Hp tc vn ha; ~ diversity: S a dng v vn ho; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng vn ho; ~ exchange: Trao i vn ho; ~ life: Cuc sng vn ha; cuc sng tinh thn; ~ policy: Chnh sch vn ha; ~ pluralism: Tnh a nguyn vn ha; ~ property: Ti sn vn ho; ~ relations: Quan h vn ha; ~ values: Cc gi tr vn ho. Cultural diplomacy (n) Ngoi giao vn ha. (e.g. Viet Nam made significant breakthroughs in cultural diplomacy in 2009 and 2010 with a series of its natural sites, biosphere reserves and cultural assets added to the list of UNESCO-recognized heritages). Cultural heritage (n) Di sn vn ho. The Hue Royal Music, Space of Gong Culture, Bac Ninh folk love duet singing, Tru ceremonial songs, etc have been recognized by UNESCO as humanitys intangigle ~ s : Nh nhc cung nh Hu, Khng gian vn ha cng ching, Quan h Bc Ninh v Ca Tr -c UNESCO cng nhn l Di sn vn ha phi vt th ca nhn loi. Cultural identity (n) Bn sc vn ho (e.g. national ~ : Bn sc vn ho dn tc). Cultural integration (n) Hi nhp v vn ho. Cultural shock (n) C sc v vn ho (do tip xc vi mt nn vn minh rt khc bit). Culture (n) Vn ho. ~ in development: Vn ho trong (hot ng) pht trin; Development ~: Vn ho pht trin; Envelope ~ : Vn ha phong b (m ch tp qun t lt bng phong b chy vic); Football ~ : Vn ho bng ; Office ~ : Vn ho cng s; Traditional ~ : Vn ho truyn thng. Culture of Peace (n) Nn Vn ho Ho bnh (do UNESCO pht ng trn ton th gii nm 2000). Cumulative (adj) Tch lu. ~ impact, effect: Tc ng, hiu qu tch lu. Curricula vitae (n) L lch trch nganh (th-ng -c vit tt l CV). Cut across (v) Lin quan n nhiu ngnh, nhiu t chc (e.g. Issues that ~ Government agencies: Nhng vn lin quan n nhiu c quan Chnh ph). Cutting edge (n) Mi nhn, tn tin nht (e.g. A ~ technology: Cng ngh mi nhn; To be on the ~ of the development business: ng hng u hot ng pht trin).

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A glossary of common development terms

D
DAC List of Aid Recipients (n) Danh sch cc n-c nhn vin tr ca y ban Vin tr pht trin thuc OECD. The DAC List is reviewed every three years. Accordingly, countries are divided into income groups based on GNI per capita as reported by the WB, with the Least Developed Countries, as defined by the United Nations, separately identified. Countries that have exceeded the high-income threshold for three consecutive years at the time of the review are removed from the List. The List is designed for statistical purposes, not as guidance for aid or other preferential treatment. The DAC List consists of Part I (i.e. "traditional" developing countries counted as Official Development Assistance) and Part II (i.e. "more advanced" developing and eastern European countries recorded separately as "official aid". Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA): C quan Pht trin quc t an Mch. Data (n) D liu, s liu. ~ analysis: Phn tch d liu; ~ bank: Ngn hng d liu; ~ base: C s d liu; ~ collection: Thu thp d liu; ~ processing: X l d liu; ~ retrieval: Truy cp d liu; ~ storage: L-u tr d liu; ~ structure: Cu trc d liu; ~ transmission: Truyn d liu. Database management system (n) H thng qun l c s d liu. Deadline (n) Thi hn, thi hn cui cng (e.g. The ~ for the submission of the Annual Project Progress Report). To meet the ~ : Kp thi hn cui cng; To miss the ~ : L thi hn cui cng. Debrief (v) Bo co kt qu, khi kt thc mt hot ng (e.g. The visiting delegation ~ ed the Minister at the end of its visit). Hence, Debriefing (n) Bui bo co kt qu. Debt (n) N. Bad ~ : N kh ng, n kh i; Bilateral ~ : N song ph-ng; Domestic ~ : N trong n-c; Foreign ~: N n-c ngoi (also external ~ ); Multilateral ~ : N a ph-ng; Public ~ : N cng. Debt cancellation (n) Xo n (also Debt forgiveness). Debt crisis (n) Cuc khng hong n (i.e. widespread inability in the 1980s among developing countries to service loans, resulting in strains in domestic development due to rising oil prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lending and declining exports ). Debt management (n) Qun l n. Debt refinancing (n) Ti tr bng vay n (i.e. a form of debt relief in which a new loan is arranged to enable the debtor country to meet service payments on an earlier loan). Debt relief (n) Gim n (i.e. a form of programme aid provided by the IMF to write off part of the debt owned by a recipient government. Debt relief may be in the form of Debt cancellation, Debt refinancing, and/ or Debt rescheduling). Debt renegotiation (n) Th-ng l-ng li v vic tr n (i.e. negotiation in order to change the terms of existing loans, usually by extending repayment nominal interest rates). Debt repayment (n) Tr n (Hence, To repay a debt). Debt rescheduling (n) Hon tr n, o n (Hence, To reschedule a debt). Debt restructuring (n) C cu li n (i.e. any action officially agreed between the creditor and the debtor that alters the terms previously established for the repayment, including forgiveness or rescheduling). Hence, To restructure a debt).

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A glossary of common development terms Debt service (n) Tng n phi tr (i.e. the sum of principal payments and interest payments on total external debt). Hence, Debt servicing (n) Vic tr n, vic thanh ton n. Debt service obligations (n) Ngha v tr n. Debt service ratio (n) T xut n phi tr (i.e. the ratio of debt service payments to earnings from exports of goods). Debt structure (n) C cu n. Debt swap (n) Tro n. Debt-for-nature swap (n) Chuyn hon n phc v bo tn thin nhin (i.e. an arrangement whereby a debt is resettled well below face value with the debtor country, on the understanding that the funds received to settle the debt will be invested in the country concerned on conservation projects). Debtor (n) Con n. A ~ country, nation: N-c vay n. A ~ government (n) Chnh ph n-c i vay. Decentralization (n) S phi tp trung ho, phn cp qun l (i.e. a general term that refers to the restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions at central, regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two key elements, namely devolution phn quyn and delegation y quyn). Decentralize (v) Phi tp trung ho, phn cp qun l (e.g. To ~ the decision-making process: Phn cp qu trnh ra quyt nh). Decentralized (adj) -c phn cp qun l. ~ decision-making: Phn cp ra quyt nh; ~ management: Phn cp qun l. Deficit (n) Thm ht. Budget ~ : Thm ht ngn sch; Food ~ : Thiu l-ng thc; Trade ~ : Thm ht cn cn th-ng mi. Deficit financing (n) Ly ti chnh b thm ht ngn sch, ti tr thm ht ngn sch (i.e. a situation where expenditure exceeds revenue such that a deficit is operated deliberately in order to stimulate economic activity and employment by injecting more purchasing power into the economy). Deflation (n) Gim pht. Hence, Deflator (n) Ch s gim pht. Deforestration (n) Tnh trng tn ph rng (i.e. Loss of forest cover from 40% of the trees or more). Degradable pollutant (n) Cht nhim d phn gii. Degradation (n) S thoi ha, s xung cp, s phn gii. Environmental ~ : S xung cp v mi tr-ng. Degraded forest (n) Rng thoi ha (i.e. a forest that is heavily damanged and that the land area has no forest cover). Delegate (v) U quyn, giao ph (e.g. To ~ the authority to someone: U quyn cho ai). Delegation (n) S u quyn (i.e. the transfer of government decision-making and administrative authority to local units who may still be legally accountable to the central government). Also Delegation of authority. Deliver (v) Giao, bn giao (e.g. The consultant is expected to ~ his mission report by the end of this month). Thc hin (e.g. We should ~ on our promise).

27

A glossary of common development terms Delivering as One (n) Hnh ng nh mt th thng nht, thng nht hnh ng (i.e. A pilot initiative launched in 2007 by the United Nations as part of its reform programme, in order to make it more coordinated, coherent, effective and efficient. The initiative was based on four key elements: One Leader Mt nh lnh o chung, One Programme Mt ch-ng trnh vin tr chung, One Budget Mt ngn sch chung and One Office Mt vn phng chung. It has been piloted in eight countries, i.e. Albania, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Pakistan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uruguay and Viet Nam). Xem thm UN reform. Delivery (n) Giao hng, cung cp (e.g. Your order is ready for ~ ). Qu trnh sinh (e.g. Safe ~ : Sinh an ton; An easy ~ case: Ca d; A difficult ~ case: Ca kh); ~ of basic social services: Cung cp cc dch v x hi c bn. Cash on ~ : Ch thanh ton khi giao hng, Delivery rate (n) T l gii ngn (Also Disbursement rate). Demand (n) Yu cu, l-ng cu (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply). Aggregate ~ : Tng cu; In ~ : -c nhiu ng-i yu cu, -c -a chung (e.g. Top quality secretaries are always in great ~). Excess ~ : D- cu. Demand analysis (n) Phn tch l-ng cu, phn tch nhu cu. Demand curve (n) -ng cu Demand management (n) Qun l l-ng cu (i.e. the control of aggregate level demand in an economy through the use of monetary policy and/or fiscal policy). Demand-driven (adj) Trng cu, do cu quyt nh (as opposed to Suppply-driven Trng cung). ~ development aid: Vin tr pht trin theo nhu cu (ca bn tip nhn). Demand-pull inflation: Lm pht do cu v-t cung. Demand-side economics: Kinh t hc trng cu (as opposed to Supply-side economics Kinh t hc trng cung). Demand-side management or DSM (n) Qun l bn cu, qun l pha tiu th (i.e. policies, programmes for influencing the demand for goods and/or services. In the energy sector, DSM is aimed at reducing the demand for electricity and energy sources. DSM helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions). Demographic (adj) Thuc v dn s hc, thuc v nhn khu hc. ~ analysis: Phn tch dn s hc; ~ change: Thay i dn s hc; ~ forecasting: D bo dn s hc; ~ indicators: Cc ch s dn s hc; ~ momentum: ng lc dn s hc. Demographic bonus (n) Thi k c cu dn s vng (i.e. a period in a nations demographic evolution during which the number of working-age people nearly doubles that of those who are of dependent age. The ~ happens only once in a nations lifetime and is often seen as the golden era, as it presents opportunities for the socioeconomic development of a country). Demographic model (n) M hnh dn s hc (i.e. a model concerned with the structure, growth and change of populations). Demographic transition: Chuyn tip dn s hc (i.e. the argument that as countries improve their standards of living, birth and death rates converge and zero population growth is achieved). Demography (n) Dn s hc, nhn khu hc (i.e. the study of the size and composition of human populations, especially fertility, mortality and migration patterns). Demonstration (n) Trnh din (e.g. ~ activities: Cc hot ng mang tnh trnh din; A ~ project: Mt d n mang tnh trnh din). Denuded hills and waste land (n) t trng i trc. Department for International Development (DfID): C quan Pht trin quc t Anh quc. 28

A glossary of common development terms Dependency ratio (n) T l ph thuc (i.e. the ratio of the population defined as dependent, aged under 15 and above 65, on the working age population, aged 15- 64). Depletable (adj) Khng th ti sinh. ~ resources (n) Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh. Deplete (v) Lm suy gim, lm cn kit (e.g. To ~ natural resources: Lm cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn; To ~ the ozone layer: Lm suy gim tng -dn). Montreal Convention on Substances that ~ the Ozone Layer: Cng -c Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn. Hence, depletion (n) S cn kit. Depleting (adj) Lm suy gim, lm cn kit. Ozone ~ substances: Cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn. Depreciation (n) S khu hao. ~ of fixed assets: Khu hao ti sn c nh; ~ rate: T l khu hao. Desertification (n) (Tnh trng, hin t-ng) sa mc ho (i.e. the process by which land becomes desert through climatic change or human actions). Design (v) (n) Bn thit k (e.g. A project ~ : Thit k ca mt d n; A product ~ : Thit k ca mt sn phm). Design (v) Thit k (e.g. The consultant team was assigned to ~ the technical assistance project within two months; The product has been ~ ed to meet international standards). Devaluation (n) S ph gi, gim gi. ~ of the US dollar: S ph gi ng -la M; ~ of the local currency: S ph gi ng ni t. Devalue (v) Ph gi, gim gi (e.g. To ~ the US dollar, the pound, the local currency: Ph gi ng -la M, ng bng Anh, ng ni t). Developing country (n) N-c ang pht trin (i.e. a low- or middle-income country in which most people have a lower standard of living than do most people in a highincome country). Development (n) (S) pht trin (i.e. the process of improving the quality of all human lives which consists of three equally important aspects: raising people's living standards in terms of their incomes and consumption levels; creating conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-esteem through the establishment of social, political, and economic systems/ institutions; and increasing people's freedom to make their choices in terms of consumer goods and services). ~ agency: C quan, t chc pht trin; ~ cycle: Chu k pht trin; ~ plan: K hoch pht trin; ~ partner: i tc pht trin; ~ right: Quyn tham gia pht trin; ~ target: Ch tin pht trin. Development administration (n) Qun tr pht trin (i.e. public administration designed to foster economic and social development). Development assistance (n) Vin tr pht trin, tr gip pht trin. Development Assistance Committee (DAC): U ban Vin tr pht trin, thuc T chc Hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD). OECDs Development Assistance Committee is one of the key forums in which the major bilateral donors work together to increase the effectiveness of their common efforts to support sustainable development. Development cooperation (n) Hp tc pht trin (i.e. a term often used synonymously with overseas development assistance to indicate the inter-dependent nature of the development process and emphasize the cooperative effort of both poorer and richer countries). Development economics (n) Kinh t hc pht trin. Development effectiveness (n) Hiu qu ca hot ng pht trin (i.e. the extent to which an institution or an intervention has brought about targeted change in a country or in the life of an individual beneficiary. E.g. The Government of Viet Nam and the donor community have made strong joint efforts to improve aid effectiveness and ~ ). 29

A glossary of common development terms Development financing (n) (Ngun) ti tr phc v pht trin (e.g. ~ of basic social services in low-income countries takes many forms, from outright grants for service delivery and public sector training to concessional loans from bilateral and multilateral sources). Development objective (n) Mc tiu pht trin (i.e. a long-term objective of national development or of a national programme). Development planning (n) Quy hoch pht trin. Development programme, project (n) Ch-ng trnh, d n pht trin. Development strategy (n) Chin l-c pht trin (e.g. Viet nams Ten-Year SocioEconomic ~ 2001-2010). Devolution (v) S phn quyn (i.e. a concept which is commonly understood to be genuine decentralization. Under devolution, local units of government have full authority to take decisions over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control). Diffusion of information (n) S ph bin thng tin. Digital (adj) Thuc v cng ngh s. ~ divide: Khong cch cng ngh s, khong cch s; ~ opportunity: C hi cng ngh s, c hi s; ~ revolution: Cch mng cng ngh s. Digital divide (n) Khong cch cng ngh s (i.e. the richest 20% of the world population have access to 93.3% of the internet facilities and 74% of the telephone lines while the poorest 20% have access to only respectively 0.2% and 1.5%). Dimension (n) Cnh, kha cnh, chiu (e.g. This issue should be looked at from different dimensions: Vn ny cn -c xem xt t nhiu kha cnh). Dimentional (adj) Thuc v cnh, chiu. Multi-dimentional: a chiu, nhiu kha cnh; Single-dimentional: n chiu (E.g. Poverty is multi-dimensional rather than single-dimensional: Ngho i l vn a chiu ch khng phi l vn n chiu). Diminishing returns to scale (n) Li tc gim dn theo quy m (i.e. a generalization that while an increase in some inputs relative to other fixed inputs may raise total output, there will come a point when the extra output is likely to diminish). Law of ~ : Quy lut li tc gin dn. Direct (adj) Trc tip. ~ cost: Chi ph trc tip; ~ investment: u t- trc tip; ~ tax: Thu trc thu. Direct appointment (n) Ch nh trc tip (e.g. The ~ of a contractor: Ch nh thu trc tip, tc l chn nh thu khng qua quy trnh u thu cnh tranh). Direct contracting (n) Ch nh thu trc tip (often used interchangeably with Direct appointment of contractor). Direct shopping (n) Phng thc mua sm trc tip. Direct support (n) H tr trc tip. A ~ project: D n h tr trc tip (i.e. a project designed to respond to a one-time need and to reach its beneficiaries directly by preparing, for example, feasibility studies, development plans, technical designs...). Disability (n) Khuyt tt, tnh trng khuyt tt. Children with disabilities Tr em khuyt tt; People with disabilities Ngi khuyt tt. Disabled person (n) Ng-i khuyt tt (ng ngha vi handicapped person). Disadvantaged (adj) B thit thi. Economically ~ provinces: Cc tnh b thit thi v kinh t; ~ groups: Cc nhm dn c- b thit thi. Disaster (n) Thin tai (th-ng hay i vi natural ~ s ). Environmental ~ : Tai bin mi tr-ng; Technological ~ : Tai ho do cng ngh gy ra; Man-made ~ : Tai ho do con ng-i gy ra; Water ~ : Thin tai do n-c gy ra, thu tai. 30

A glossary of common development terms Disaster forecasting (n) D bo thin tai. Disaster management (n) Qun l thin tai. Disaster mitigation (n) Gim nh (hu qu) thin tai. Disaster preparedness (n) Phng chng thin tai, sn sng ng ph vi thin tai. Disaster relief (n) Cu tr thin tai. Disaster response (n) Bin php i ph vi thin tai. Disaster warning (n) Cnh bo v thin tai. Disaster-prone (adj) Hay gp thin tai (e.g. Viet Nam is one of the most ~ countries in the world). Disburse (v) Gii ngn (e.g. Viet Nam disbursed over US$ 1.4 billion of ODA in 2001). Disbursement (n) S tin -c gii ngn, mc gii ngn, vn thc hin (e.g. Viet Nam's total ODA ~ during 2001 was over US$ 1.4 billion). Disclosure of information (n) Tit l thng tin. Discrimination (n) S phn bit i x. Racial, religious, sexual ~ : Phn bit i x v chng tc, tn gio, gii tnh. ~ against women, people with disabilities: Phn bit i x vi ph n, vi ng-i khuyt tt. ~ in employment: Phn bit i x trong vic lm (i.e. paying different salaries for the same work). Disease (n) Bnh. Chronic ~s : Bnh mn tnh; Endemic ~ s: Bnh dch; Guinea worm ~ s: Bnh giun Ghi-n; Infectious ~s: Bnh truyn nhim; Mental ~s: Bnh tm thn; Occupational ~s: Bnh ngh nghip; Respiratory ~s: Bnh -ng h hp; Vector-borne ~ s: Bnh truyn qua vt ch trung gian; Water-borne ~ s: Bnh truyn qua n-c. Disincentive (n) Khng khuyn khch, lm thui cht (i.e. an incentive that discourages rather than encourages action). Displaced people (n) Ng-i lnh nn (i.e. persons who have fled or been driven from their communities to other localities within their home country). Internally ~ : Ng-i lnh nn trong n-c. Disposable income (n) Thu nhp kh dng (i.e. income after tax). Dissolution (n) Gii th (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enterprises: Gii th cc doanh nghip Nh n-c lm n thua l). Distribute (v) Phn phi, phn pht (To ~ the workload in the office; To ~ the benefits of economic growth amongst the population). Distribution (n) S phn phi, s phn pht. ~ channel: Knh phn phi; ~ of profits: Phn phi li nhun; Geographical ~ of aid: Phn b vin tr theo vng lnh th; Geographical ~ of poverty: Tnh trng ngho theo vng lnh th. Distribution network (n) Mng l-i phn phi. Distribution of income (n) Phn phi thu nhp. Functional ~ : Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng (i.e. dividing income according to sources such as wages, profits, rent, etc...); Size ~ : Phn phi thu nhp theo quy m (i.e. showing how many persons or families receive how much income). Diversification (n) S a dng ho. Crop ~ : a dng ho cy trng; Export ~: a dng ho xut khu; Risk ~ : Phn tn ri ro. Diversify (v) a dng ha, lm cho tr thnh a dng (e.g. To ~ learning, advancement opportunities for the office staff). Diversity (n) Tnh a dng (e.g. The ~ of ecosystems: Tnh a dng ca cc h sinh thi). Cultural ~ : Tnh a dng v vn ha; Ethnic ~ : Tnh a dng v sc tc.

31

A glossary of common development terms Diversity in unity (n) Tnh a dng trong thng nht (e.g. To maintain the ~ in unity of the United Nations Organization). Divest (v) Thanh l. Thus, Divestiture (n) S thanh l. (e.g. ~ of a loss making business: Thanh l doanh nghip lm n thu l). Divide (n) -ng phn cch, khong cch. North-South ~ : Khong cch gia cc n-c ph-ng Bc (cc n-c giu) v cc n-c ph-ng Nam (cc n-c ngho); Urban - rural ~ : Khong cch gia thnh th v nng thn; Digital ~ : Khong cch cng ngh s. Dividend (n) Tin li c phn, c tc. To pay dividends: Tr li c phn; (ngha bng) mang li li ch (e.g. The strong reform measure that the Government last year took has paid fast ~ s: Bin php ci cch mnh m Chnh ph thc hin nm ngoi mang li li ch nhanh chng). Division (n) S chia, phn chia. The ~ of roles between senior managers of the company; the ~ of workload between staff of the office). Division of labour (n) Phn cng lao ng (i.e. the process whereby labour is allocated to the activity in which it is most productive). Document (n) Ti liu, vn bn, vn kin (e.g. a legal ~ : vn bn php lut; a project ~ : vn kin d n. Document (v) Vn bn ho, ghi chp thnh vn bn (e.g. Lessons from poverty reduction projects must be well- ~ ed and widely shared amongst beneficiary groups). Documentary Heritage (n) Di sn t- liu. The Nguyen wood blocks and the 82 stone stelae of doctoral graduates of the Le Mac dynasties have been recognized by UNESCO as the worlds ~ s under the Memory of the World Programme: Mc bn triu Nguyn v 82 bia tin s triu L Mc -c UNESCO cng nhn l Di sn tliu th gii theo Ch-ng trnh K c th gii. Endangered ~ : Di sn t- liu c nguy c b hy hoi; Lost ~ : Di sn t- liu b mt; Missing ~ : Di sn t- liu b tht lc. Dollarization (n) (S, tnh trng) la ho (i.e. the ~ of a national currency, economy). Dollarize (v) l ha. Hence, Dollarized (adj), e.g. The national economy of many developing countries is heavily ~ ). Domestic (adj) Trong n-c, ni a, trong nh. ~ consumption: Tiu th trong n-c; ~ market: Th tr-ng trong n-c; ~ trade: Ni th-ng; ~ wastes: Rc thi sinh hot; ~ work: Lao ng ti gia; ~ worker: Ng-i ni tr. Domestic-oriented growth (n) Tng tr-ng h-ng vo th tr-ng ni a. Donor (n) Nh ti tr. ~ country: N-c ti tr; ~ agency, organiztion: T chc ti tr; Bilateral ~: Nh ti tr song ph-ng; Multilateral ~: Nh ti tr a ph-ng; ~ community: Cng ng cc nh ti tr. Donor-driven or donor-led (adj) (B, do) nh ti tr chi phi (e.g. A ~ aid coordination event: Hot ng iu phi vin tr do cc nh ti tr chi phi). Downsizing (n) Ct gim quy m (i.e. the act of reducing the size of an organization, department, division, project, etc). (the same as rightsizing). Downstream (adj) cp vi m, cui ngun, i lp vi Upstream cp v m, th-ng ngun (e.g. The effectiveness of ~ assistance activities is heavily affected by the upstream economic policy and institutional environments). Drop-out (n) B hc. ~ rate: T l b hc (Xem thm School drop-out). Hence, to drop out of school (v) : B hc. Drought (n) Hn hn. Drought tolerance (n) Kh nng chu hn, s chu hn (i.e. the capacity of plants to survive drought or specifical adaptation that enhances their power to withstand droughtincluded stress). 32

A glossary of common development terms Drought-resistant (adj) C kh nng chu hn (e.g. ~ crops: Cc loi cy trng c kh nng chu hn). Drug (n) Thuc. Essential ~ s: Cc loi thuc thit yu; Ma tu, cht gy nghin. Drug abuse (n) Lm dng ma tu. Hence, Drug abuser (n) Ng-i lm dng ma tu. Drug addiction (n) Nghin ma tu. Hence, Drug addict (n) Ng-i nghin ma tu. Drug control and prevention (n) Kim sot v phng chng ma tu. Drug dealer (n) Ng-i bun bn ma tu. Drug demand reduction (n) Gim l-ng cu ma tu. Drug detoxification (n) Cai nghin ma tu. Community-based ~ : Cai nghin ti cng ng; Family-based ~ : Cai nghin ti nh; Obligatory ~ : Cai nghin bt buc; Voluntary ~ : Cai nghin t nguyn. Drug inhaling (n) Ht, ngi ma tu. Hence, Drug inhaler (n) Ng-i ht, ngi ma tu. Drug interdiction and seizure (n) Ngn chn bun lu v bt gi ma tu. Drug rehabilitation (n) Phc hi chc nng ng-i nghin (e.g. A drug treatment and rehabilitation programme: Ch-ng trnh iu tr v phc hi chc nng ng-i nghin ma tu). Drug relapse (n) Ti nghin. ~ rate: T l ti nghin. Drug supply reduction (n) Gim l-ng cung ma tu. Drug trafficking (n) Vn chuyn, bun lu ma tu. Hence, Drug trafficker (n) Ng-i vn chuyn, bun lu ma tu. Drug treatment (n) iu tr. Drug-related harms (n) Tc hi do may tu gy ra. Dry farming (n) Canh tc trn t kh hn (i.e. cultivation of cereals in rotation with one or two years of fallow in arid and semin-arid zones of the subtropics). Duration (n) Thi gian din ra (mt s kin, mt hot ng). Project ~ : Thi gian thc hin d n. Contract ~ : Thi gian thc hin hp ng. Duty bearer (n) Ng-i c ngha v, c quan c ngha v (i.e. an entity, often a State, with the responsibility for meeting its obligations under international law to respect, protect and fulfill the rights of people (or rights-holders). Dysfunctional family (n) Gia nh b trc trc (i.e. a family that fails to perform its necessary functions and starts to harm individual family members).

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A glossary of common development terms

E
Early warning system (n) H thng cnh bo sm (i.e. a system that predicts or forecasts the formation or movement of a potentially disastrous phenomenon, natural or otherwise). Ear-mark (v) Phn b s b. Hence, Ear-marking (n) S phn b s b (e.g. the ~ of available aid resources: S phn b s b cc ngun vin tr hin c). Earth Summit (n) Hi ngh Th-ng nh v Tri t (i.e. the other name of the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Easy money (n) Tin d vay. Eco-friendly (adj) Thn thin sinh thi (e.g. ~ tourism: Du lch thn thin sinh thi; a ~ resort: Khu ngh d-ng thn thin sinh thi). Ecological (adj) Thuc v sinh thi. ~ balance: Cn bng sinh thi; ~ indicators: Cc ch s v sinh thi. Ecological agriculture (n) Nng nghip sinh thi. Ecological capacity (n) Sc ti ca h sinh thi (Xem thm Carrying capacity). Ecological diversity (n) S a dng v sinh thi. Ecological economics (n) Kinh t hc sinh thi (i.e. non-traditional economics that focuses attention not only on the allocation and distribution of resources but also on the larger ecosystem or environment). Ecological niche (n) Ni c- tr, sinh thi (i.e. a place in the system that provides all the living needs of a species, that species being better adapted to occupy that niche than any other species). Ecological resilience (n) Sc bn ca h sinh thi. Ecological service (n) Dch v sinh thi, dch v h sinh thi (Xem Ecosystem service). Ecological system (n) H sinh thi ( Xem Ecosystem). Ecologically sustainable (adj) Bn vng v mt sinh thi. Ecology (n) Sinh thi hc (i.e. scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment). Human ~ : Sinh thi hc nhn vn; Marine ~: Sinh thi hc v bin. Ecomuseum (n) Bo tng sinh thi. Ha Long Bay ~ feasibility study: Nghin cu kh thi v bo tng sinh thi Vnh H Long. Economic (adj) Thuc v kinh t. ~ agreement: Hip nh kinh t; ~ aid: Vin tr kinh t; ~ analysis: Phn tch kinh t; ~ cost: Chi ph kinh t; ~ disparity: S chnh lch v kinh t; ~ doctrine: Hc thuyt kinh t; ~ forecasts: D bo kinh t; ~ incentive: Bin php khuyn khch kinh t; ~ indicators: Cc ch s kinh t; ~ instruments: Cc cng c kinh t; ~ research: Nghin cu kinh t; ~ resources: Cc ngun lc kinh t; ~ sanction: Trng pht kinh t, ch ti kinh t; ~ systems: Cc h thng kinh t. Economic cooperation (n) Hp tc kinh t. Economic dependence (n) S ph thuc v kinh t (i.e. the status in which a countrys economy is subordinated to the development of another countrys economy). Economic depression (n) Suy thoi kinh t (i.e. a period marked by low production and sales and a high rate of business failures and unemployment). Economic development (n) Pht trin kinh t (i.e. qualitative change and restructuring in a countrys economy which involve the progress towards goals and objectives). 34

A glossary of common development terms Economic diplomacy (n) Ngoi giao lm kinh t. Economic discrimination (n) Phn bit i x v kinh t (i.e. including both price discrimination and discrimination in employment). Economic downturn (n) Tnh trng kinh t suy gim, i xung. Economic feasibility (n) Tnh kh thi v kinh t (i.e. an analysis that determines whether the benefits of the proposed solution outweigh the costs). Economic growth (n) Tng tr-ng kinh t (i.e. quantitative change or expansion in a countrys economy, giving rise to an increase in Real National Income). Economic integration (n) Hi nhp kinh t. International ~ : Hi nhp kinh t quc t. Regional ~ : Hi nhp kinh t khu vc. Economic interdependence (n) S tu thuc ln nhau v kinh t (i.e. mutual economic dependence among countries, implying complementarity of output between countries). Economic liberalization (n) T do ho kinh t (i.e. the reduction or removal of restrictive economic controls). Economic performance (n) Hiu qu hot ng kinh t. Economic planning (n) Quy hoch kinh t. Economic take-off (n) Kinh t ct cnh, kinh t khi sc. Economically active population (n) Dn s hot ng kinh t (i.e. all men or women who supply labour for the production of goods/services during a specified period of time). ~ in working age: Dn s hot ng kinh t trong tui lao ng. Economies in transition (n) Cc nn kinh t trong thi k chuyn i (i.e. countries with national economies in the process of changing from a planned economic system to a market-based economic system). Economies of scale (n) Hiu qu kinh t theo quy m, tit kim nh quy m (i.e. the gains by way of reduced average and marginal costs of production per unit of output arising from increasing the scale of a plant, business or industry). Economistic (adj) Mang tnh kinh t thun tu (e.g. An ~ approach: Cch tip cn kinh t hc thun tu). Economy (n) Nn kinh t. Barter ~ : Nn kinh t hng i hng; Centrally planned ~ : Nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung; Closed ~ : Nn kinh t ng (also Inward-looking ~ ); Command ~ : Nn kinh t theo mnh lnh; Market ~ : Nn kinh t th tr-ng; Mixed ~: Nn kinh t hn hp (c cc thnh phn kinh t t- nhn v Nh n-c); Open ~ : Nn kinh t m (also Outward-looking ~). Ecosystem (n) H sinh thi (i.e. a self-sustaining and self-regulating community of organisms interacting with each other and with the environment). Coastal ~ : H sinh thi ven b; Marine ~ : H sinh thi bin; Natural ~ : H sinh thi t nhin; Representative ~ : H sinh thi i din c tr-ng; Supporting ~ : H sinh thi h tr; Sensitive ~ : H sinh thi nhy cm; Terrestrial ~ : H sinh thi t lin . Ecosystem diversity (n) a dng h sinh thi. Ecosystem integrity (n) Tnh thng nht ca h sinh thi. Ecosystem management (n) Qun l h sinh thi. Ecosystem rehabilitation (n) Khi phc h sinh thi. Ecosystem resilience (n) Sc bn ca h sinh thi, sc bn sinh thi. Ecosystem restoration (n) Phc hi h sinh thi. Ecosystem service (n) Dch v h sinh thi, dch v sinh thi (i.e. ecological processes or functions that have value to individuals or society). 35

A glossary of common development terms Eco-tourism (n) Du lch sinh thi (i.e. a form of tourism in which all activities related to the tourist are ecological benign; in other words, they do not affect the interrelationships between local plants, animals and their environment). Education (n) Gio dc. Primary ~ : Gio dc tiu hc; Lower secondary ~ : Gio dc trung hc c s; Upper secondary ~ : Gio dc trung hc ph thng; Higher ~ : Gio dc cao hc. Educational (adj) Thuc v gio dc. ~ aid: Vin tr gio dc; ~ budget: Ngn sch gio dc; ~ cost: Chi ph gio dc; ~ development: Pht trin gio dc; ~ financing: Ti tr cho gio dc; ~ grant: Tr cp gio dc; ~ indicator: Ch s gio dc; ~ institution: C s gio dc, nh ch gio dc; ~ opportunity: C hi hc hnh; ~ planning: Lp k hoch gio dc; ~ reform: Ci cch gio dc; ~ system: H thng gio dc; ~ technology: Cng ngh gio dc. Educational attainment (n) Hc vn. Level of ~ : Trnh hc vn. Effective (adj) C hiu lc, hiu qu (e.g. An ~ public administration system). Effect (n) Tc ng, tc dng (i.e. the intended or unintended change due directly or indirectly to an intervention). To come into effect: n giai on -c s dng, c hiu lc (e.g The agreement will ~ as of 1 July this year). Effectiveness (n) Tnh hiu lc, tnh hiu qu (i.e. the extent to which the development interventions objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved, taking into account their relative importance; e.g. The ~ of a technical assistance project: Tnh hiu qu ca mt d n tr gip k thut). Efficiency (n) Hiu sut (i.e. a measure of how economically resources/inputs (funds, expertise, time, etc.) are converted to results. Efficiency, thus, means comparing outputs to inputs ). Hence, Efficient (adj) C hiu sut (e.g. An ~ management mechanism). Electronic (adj) Bng ph-ng tin in t, th-ng -c vit tt l E-, v d: E-business: Kinh doanh in t; E-banking: Ngn hng in t; E-commerce: Th-ng mi in t; E-government: Chnh ph in t; E-learning: Hc tp qua mng in t; E-mail: Th- in t; E-payment: Thanh ton (qua mng) in t; E-training: o to qua mng in t. Eligibility (n) S ph hp, s thch hp, c t- cch (e.g. Viet Nams ~ for IDA financing). ~ assessment: nh gi s thch hp hay t cch; ~ criteria cc tiu ch xt s thch hp hay t cch). Eligible for (adj) Ph hp, thch hp, c t- cch (e.g. ~ for promotion c tiu chun -c bt, ~ for membership c t- cch tr thnh thnh vin, ~ for IDA financing c t- cch nhn ti tr t Hip hi Pht trin quc t; ~ for the fellowship programme c t- cch tham gia ch-ng trnh hc bng). Eliminate (v) Loi ra, loi b (e.g. The Governments plan is to ~ hunger across the country in the next five years: K hoch ca Chnh ph l xa i trong c n-c trong 5 nm ti y). Elimination (n) S loi ra, loi b (e.g. The ~ of the export quota system has become a matter of top urgency Vic loi b ch xut khu theo hn mc tr thnh mt yu cu ti khn cp; The Governments hunger ~ plan has lagged behind schedule: K hoch xa i ca Chnh ph chm hn d kin). Embezzle (v) Bin th (i.e. appropriate (as property entrusted to one's care) fraudulently to one's own use; e.g. The accountant ~ ed thousands of dollars while working for the company). Hence, Embezzlement (n) S bin th (e.g. The accountant was found guilty of ~ ). Emergency relief (n) Cu tr khn cp (e.g. To send ~ to flood victims). Emission (n) S pht thi, kh pht thi. 36

A glossary of common development terms Emissions pathway (n) L trnh kim sot kh pht thi. Global ~ : L trnh kim sot kh pht thi ton cu (theo Ngh nh th- Kyoto). Emissions permit (n) Giy php pht thi kh nh knh (i.e. the non-transferable or tradable allocation of entitlements by an administrative authority (inter-governmental organization, central or local government agency) to a regional (country, sub-national) or a sectoral (an individual firm) entity to emit a specified amount of a substance). Emissions quota (n) Ch tiu, hn mc pht thi kh nh knh (i.e. the portion of total allowable emissions assigned to a country or a group of countries within a framework of maximum total emissions). Emissions tax (n) Thu nh vo kh pht thi (i.e. levy imposed by a government on each unit of CO2 equivalent emissions by a source subject to the tax). Emissions trading (n) Mua bn pht thi (i.e. a market-based approach to achieving environmental objectives that allows those reducing greenhouse gas emissions below what is required, to use or trade the excess reductions to offset emissions at another source inside or outside the country). Empirical (n) Thuc v thc nghim, thuc v thc t. ~ evidence: Bng chng thc nghim, bng chng thc t; ~ ground: Cn c, c s thc nghim, thc t. Employment (n) Vic lm. Casual ~ : Vic lm tm thi; Clandestine ~ : Vic lm ngm (i.e. gainful occupation carried out illegally); Full ~: C vic lm y (i.e. the state of an economy in which all persons seeking employment are able to obtain paid positions); Productive ~ Vic lm c nng sut; Seasonal ~ : Vic lm thi v; Vulnerable ~ : Vic lm bp bnh, khng n nh. Employment generating (adj) To ra vic lm (e.g. ~ policy measures: Cc bin php to vic lm). Employment generation (n) To vic lm. Employment security (n) n nh v vic lm, m bo vic lm. Employment-intensive (adj) To ra nhiu vic lm (e.g. an ~ business, industry, project: Doanh nghip, ngnh cng nghip, d n to ra nhiu vic lm). Employment-to-population ratio (n) T sut vic lm trn s dn (i.e. the number of employed persons, calculated as a percentage of the working-age population). Empower (v) Nng cao v th, trao quyn, to iu kin tham gia (e.g. To ~ the poor: Nng cao v th ca ng-i ngho, trao quyn cho ng-i ngho, to iu kin ng-i ngho tham gia). Empowerment (n) Nng cao v th, to iu kin thun li (i.e. the expansion of ability and/or opportunity to someone which enables him/her to participate in or endorse decision-making that affects his/her life). E.g. The ~ of women: Trao quyn cho ph n, nng cao v th ca ph n. Enabling environment (n) Mi tr-ng thun li (i.e. conditions surrounding an activity or system that facilitate the fulfillment of the potential of that activity or system, such as supportive laws and policies; e.g. An ~ for foreign direct investment). Endangered species (n) Cc loi vt c nguy c tit chng (i.e. Organisms that are at risk of becoming extinct). Endogenous (adj) Ni sinh (i.e. growing, developing or originating from within; caused by factors inside an organism or system). Endogenous growth theory (n) Thuyt tng trng ni sinh (i.e. a new growth theory developed in the 1080s as a response to criticism of the neo-classical growth model. The ~ holds that policy measures can have an impact on the long-run growth rate of an economy. For example, subsidies on research and development or education increase the growth rate in some endogenous growth models by increasing the incentive to innovate). Xem thm Exogenous growth theory. 37

A glossary of common development terms End-user (n) Ng-i s dng cui cng (e.g. The end-users of project results). Energy (n) Nng l-ng. ~ conservation: Bo ton nng l-ng; ~ consumption: Tiu th nng l-ng; ~ efficiency: Hiu sut s dng nng l-ng; ~ sources: Cc ngun nng l-ng; ~ tax: Thu nng l-ng. Energy use per capita: Mc tiu dng nng l-ng trn u ng-i (i.e. the amount of energy a country consumes in a certain period usually one year divided by the population of that country). Energy-intensive (adj) Tiu th, s dng nhiu nng l-ng (e.g. an ~ industry, product, technology: Ngnh cng nghip, sn phm, cng ngh s dng nhiu nng l-ng). Engine of growth (n) ng lc tng tr-ng (e.g. The private sector is often seen as the ~ of a market economy). Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF): Th thc iu chnh c cu tng cng ca IMF (i.e. a programme of financial assistance set up by the International Monetary Fund to support poor countries from December 1987 through 1999. It replaced the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) and was itself replaced by the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). Enrolment (n) S ng-i i hc, s ng-i nhp hc, tuyn sinh (nu -c bo co vo u nm hc). Age-specific ~ ratio: T l i hc c tr-ng theo la tui; Gross ~ ratio: T l i hc chung. Net ~ ratio: T l i hc ng tui. Entitlement (n) Tiu chun, ch . Entitlement-based (adj) Theo tiu chun, ch (e.g. To replace a ~ system by a merit-based system: Thay th h thng da vo tiu chun bng h thng da vo kt qu lm vic). Entrepreneur (n) Nh doanh nghip, doanh nhn Entrepreneurial (adj) C thc doanh nhn, c u c kinh doanh. Entrepreneurship (n) thc doanh nhn, u c kinh doanh. Environment (n) Mi tr-ng. Built ~ : Mi tr-ng do con ng-i to ra, mi tr-ng nhn to; Business ~ : Mi tr-ng kinh doanh; Cultural ~ : Mi tr-ng vn ho; Human ~ : Mi tr-ng nhn vn; Institutional ~ : Mi tr-ng th ch; Investment ~ : Mi tr-ng u t-; Natural ~ : Mi tr-ng t nhin; Physical ~ : Mi tr-ng vt cht; Policy ~ : Mi tr-ng chnh sch; Political ~ : Mi tr-ng chnh tr. Built and natural ~ of the Ha Long World Heritage Area: Mi tr-ng nhn to v mi tr-ng t nhin ca Khu Di sn th gii vnh H Long. Environmental (adj) Thuc v mi tr-ng. ~ concerns, considerations: Cc vn (cn quan tm) v mi tr-ng; ~ forecasting: D bo v mi tr-ng; ~ impact: Tc ng n mi tr-ng; ~ indicators: Cc ch s v mi tr-ng; ~ legislation: Lut php v mi tr-ng; ~ science: Khoa hc mi tr-ng; ~ tax: Thu mi tr-ng. Environmental accounting (n) Kim k mi tr-ng (i.e. an effort to incorporate into measures of economic output the environmental consequences of economic production, such as soil depletion, air pollution, water pollution). Environmental assessment (n) nh gi v mi tr-ng (i.e. a scan of the environment to determine external conditions, threats and opportunities). Strategic ~ : nh gi mi tr-ng chin l-c (Xem thm Strategic environmental assessment).

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A glossary of common development terms Environmental audit (n) Kim ton mi tr-ng (i.e. a general term that can reflect various types or evaluations intended to quantify environmental performance/ compliance. In this way, they perform a function similar to financial audits. There are generally two different types of ~ s: compliance audit and management systems audit). Environmental awareness (n) Nhn thc v mi tr-ng. ~ strategy: Chin l-c nng cao nhn thc v mi tr-ng. Environmental capital (n) Vn mi tr-ng. Environmental care system (n) H thng bo m mi trng (i.e. a system of internal measures aimed at preventing or minimizing the local environmental pollution caused by our operations. These measures may include monitoring, accounting, audit, reporting, etc ). Environmental conservation (n) Bo tn mi tr-ng. Environmental degradation (n) Suy thoi, xung cp v mi tr-ng. Environmental economics (n) Kinh t hc mi tr-ng. Environmental education (n) Gio dc v mi tr-ng (e.g. ~ at schools: Gio dc mi tr-ng ti tr-ng hc). Environmental evaluation (n) nh gi v mi tr-ng. Environmental heritage (n) Di sn mi tr-ng. Environmental impact assessment (n) nh gi tc ng mi tr-ng (i.e. a systematic method for identifying, predicting and evaluating the potential effects on the environment of a development project or activity). Environmental impact statement (n) Bo co v nh gi tc ng mi tr-ng. Environmental management (n) Qun l mi tr-ng. Environmental monitoring (n) Quan trc (hoc gim st) mi tr-ng; Environmental policy and planning (n) Chnh sch v quy hoch mi tr-ng. Environmental protection (n) Bo v mi tr-ng. Environmental quality (n) Cht l-ng mi tr-ng. Environmental quality standards (n) Cc tiu chun cht l-ng mi tr-ng, bao gm Ambient standards Tiu chun mi tr-ng xung quanh v Emission/discharge standards Tiu chun pht thi). Environmental regeneration (n) Ti to mi tr-ng. Environmental reporting (n) Lp bo co v mi tr-ng. Environmental science (n) Khoa hc mi tr-ng. Environmental sustainability (n) Tnh bn vng v mi tr-ng. Environmental toxicology (n) c hc mi tr-ng. Environmentally critical area (n) Khu vc quan trng v mi tr-ng. Environmentally harzardous (adj) C hi cho mi tr-ng (e.g. ~ chemicals: Cc ha cht c hi cho mi tr-ng, i.e. chemicals and chemical wastes that pose a threat to the environment). Environmentally sensitive (adj) Nhy cm v mi tr-ng (e.g. An ~ area: Khu vc nhy cm v mi tr-ng; An ~ export: Mt hng xut khu nhy cm v mi tr-ng). Environmentally-friendly (adj) Quan tm bo v mi tr-ng, thn thin vi mi tr-ng (e.g. An ~ production technology, development project). Environmentally-sustainable (adj) Bn vng v mi tr-ng. Environmentally-sustainable farming system (n) H thng canh tc bn vng v mi trng.

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A glossary of common development terms Environmentally-sustainable technology (n) Cng ngh bn vng v mi trng (i.e. a technology that is less polluting, uses resources in a more sustainable manner, recycles more of its wastes and products, and handles residual wastes in a more acceptable manner than the technologies that it substitutes). Equitable distribution (n) Phn phi cng bng (e.g. An ~ of the benefits of economic growth: Phn phi cng bng nhng li ch ca tng tr-ng kinh t). Equitize (v) C phn ho. Hence, Equitization (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enterprises: C phn ho cc doanh nghip Nh n-c lm n thua l). Ergonomics (n) Nhn trc hc (i.e. the study of the relationship between people and the equipment, machinery, tools and furniture they use at workplace, with the aim of improving their work performance). Essential drugs (n) Cc loi thuc thit yu (i.e. basic medicinal drugs that are considered indispensable for the health needs of a population). Ethical (adj) Thuc v o c; ~ value: Gi tr o c. Ethics (n) o c. Professional ~ : o c ngh nghip. Evaluation (n) nh gi (i.e. a time-bound exercise that attempts to assess systematically and objectively the relevance, performance, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of on-going or completed projects, programmes). Project ~ : nh gi d n. Evaluation by agent (n) nh gi theo ng-i thc hin, gm c: External or independent ~ : nh gi bn ngoi hay nh gi c lp v Internal ~ : nh gi ni b. Evaluation by scope (n) nh gi theo quy m, gm c: Project ~ : nh gi d n, Cluster ~ : nh gi cm d n, Programme ~ : nh gi ch-ng trnh, Sectoral ~ : nh gi theo ngnh, v Thematic ~ : nh gi theo chuyn . Evaluation by timing (n) nh gi theo thi im, gm c: Mid-term ~ : nh gi gia k, Terminal ~ : nh gi kt thc, v Ex-post ~ : nh gi sau khi kt thc hay Impact ~ : nh gi tc ng. Evaluation of offers (n) nh gi thu (often used interchangeably with Evaluation of bids). Evaluation team (n) on chuyn gia nh gi (i.e. the group of specialists responsible for the detailed planning and conduct of an evaluation, including writing the evaluation report). Evolving (adj) Pht trin mt cch t nhin, tin ha, thay i (e.g. The ~ conceptual framework of development financing; the ~ nature of development assistance). Evolving capacities of the child (n) S pht trin kh nng mt cch t nhin ca tr em (e.g. States Parties shall provide, in a manner consistent with the ~ , appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of his/ her rights recognized in the Convention on the Rights of the Child). Excellence (n) S xut sc. Center of ~ : Trung tm tri thc hay cng ngh xut sc. Exchange (n) Trao i, hi oi. Cultural ~ : Trao i vn ho; ~ market: Th tr-ng hi oi; ~ rate: T gi hi oi. Exchange control regulations (n) Quy ch qun l ngoi hi. Exclusion (n) S loi b, rung b. Social ~ : (Tnh trng) b x hi rung b, b gt ra ngoi l x hi (Also social marginalization). Exclusive breastfeeding (n) Nui con hon ton bng sa m (e.g. To promote ~ for children less than six months old). Executing agency: C quan iu hnh, ch u t- (ca mt d n hay ch-ng trnh) . 40

A glossary of common development terms Executing arrangements: Cch t chc iu hnh (ca mt d n hay ch-ng trnh). Execution (n) S iu hnh (i.e. the management of an ODA-funded project which includes the production of project results and accountability for the effective use of its resources). National execution: Ph-ng thc quc gia iu hnh d n. Exit strategy (n) Chin l-c, k hoch gim dn s tr gip (i.e. a plan for phasing out external assistance). Exogenous (adj) Ngoi sinh (i.e. growing, developing or originating outside an organism or system; caused by factors outside an organism or system). Exogenous growth theory (n) Thuyt tng trng ngoi sinh (i.e. a neo-classical growth theory. The ~ holds that the long-run rate of growth is exogenously determined by either assuming a savings rates or a rate of technical progress). Expendable equipment (n) Thit b tiu hao. Expenditure (n) Chi tiu. Public ~ : Chi tiu cng cng; Public ~ management: Qun l chi tiu cng cng; Public ~ review: Kim im chi tiu cng cng. Expense (n) Ph tn (e.g. An ~ of time, energy, cash: Ph tn v thi gian, cng sc, tin bc); Expenses [pl] Cc khon chi tiu nhm mt mc dch c th (e.g. travelling ~ ; local ~ for a training workshop). Expert (n) Chuyn gia (Hence, Expertise kin thc chuyn su). Export (n) Xut khu; ~ earnings: Thu nhp t xut khu; ~ promotion: Xc tin xut khu; ~ quota: Hn ngch xut khu; ~ subsidies: Tr gi xut khu; ~ value: Kim ngch xut khu. Export of pollution (n) Xut khu nhim (i.e. transportation of pollutants to another country or area). Export processing zone (n) Khu ch xut (i.e. an area, normally near a seaport or an airport, into which firms can import goods duty-free if they are to be re-exported or used in the manufacture of goods for re-export). Export-led growth (n) Tng tr-ng theo h-ng xut khu. Export-oriented (adj) Theo nh h-ng xut khu (e.g. An ~ economy, industry: Nn kinh t, nn cng nghip nh h-ng xut khu). Export-oriented industrialization (n) Cng nghip ha theo nh h-ng xut khu. Exposed (adj) -c tip cn vi, b phi nhim (e.g. to be ~ to international experiences: -c tip cn vi kinh nghim quc t; to be ~ to HIV/AIDS: B phi nhim tr-c HIV/AIDS). Exposure (n) Tip xc, tip cn vi (e.g. ~ to international experiences: Tip xc, tip cn vi kinh nghim quc t); Phi nhim (e.g. ~ to HIV/AIDS). Expression of interest (n) Th- by t quan tm, th- by t nh (e.g. To call for ~ : Mi cc cng ty by t nh tham gia u thu). Extended family (n) Gia nh m rng, gia nh nhiu th h. Extension (n) Ko di, gia hn. Contract ~ : Gian hn hp ng, trin hn hp ng; Project ~ : Gia hn d n, ko di d n. Extension (n) Ph bin rng ri. Agricultural, industrial, fishery, forestry ~ : Khuyn nng, khuyn cng, khuyn ng-, khuyn lm; ~ service: Dch v khuyn (nng, cng, lm, ng-). Extensive (adj) Rng v din tch, ln v s l-ng. Extensive farming (n) Qung canh (i.e. a way of farming characterized by a low level of inputs and hence a low yield per unit of land).

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A glossary of common development terms Extensive growth (n) S tng tr-ng da vo khai thc ti nguyn (i.e. economic growth based on extensive exploitation of resources). Extensive land use (n) S dng t kiu qung canh (i.e. land use or management spread over a large area where land is plentiful). Externality (n) Ngoi ng, yu t ngoi lai (i.e. a benefit or cost falling on a third party who normally cannot pay or be compensated for it through the martket mechanism). Extrabudgetary (adj) Ngoi ngn sch. ~ expenditure: Khon chi tiu ngoi ngn sch; ~ income: Thu nhp ngoi ngn sch.

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A glossary of common development terms

F
Face value (n) Gi tr danh ngha, gi tr b ngoi (e.g. to take something for its ~ : Chp nhn, nhn nhn mt ci g theo gi tr danh ngha ca n). Facilitate (v) To d dng, dn dt, h-ng dn (e.g. to ~ a workshop, seminar, policy dialogue). Facilitating (adj) To d dng, dn dt, h-ng dn (e.g. To play a ~ role in the training course: ng vai tr l ng-i dn dt trong kho o to). Facilitation (n) To thun li (e.g. Business, investment ~ : To iu kin thun li cho th-ng mi v u t-). Trade ~ : Thun li ho th-ng mi. Facilitator (n) Ng-i dn dt, ng-i h-ng dn, ging vin, ng-i ng vai tr trung gian (e.g. The consultant served as a ~ for the training workshop). Factor (n) Yu t. ~ market : Th tr-ng cc yu t sn sut. Factors of production (n) Cc yu t sn sut (i.e. land, labour, capital, natural resources... that combine to produce goods and services). Familiar with (adj) Quen bit, am hiu, thu hiu (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic and political conditions: Am hiu iu kin kinh t v chnh tr Vit Nam). Hence, Familiarity with (n) S am hiu, s thu hiu. Family (n) Gia nh. Extended ~ : Gia nh m rng, gia nh nhiu th h; nuclear ~ : Gia nh ht nhn (gm cha m v cc con). Family business (n) Doanh nghip gia nh. Family dysfunction (n) Trc trc trong gia nh. Family environment (n) Mi tr-ng trong gia nh; Family farm (n) Trang tri gia nh. Family health (n) Sc khe gia nh. Hence, Hamily health services (n) Dch v chm sc sc khe gia nh. Family income (n) Thu nhp gia nh. Family planning (n) K hoch ho gia nh (i.e. the use of various methods of birth control to limit the size of a family). ~ services: Dch v k hoch ho gia nh. Family-based (adj) Da vo h, gia nh (e.g. A ~ farming system: H thng canh tc da vo h gia nh). Family-friendly society (n) X hi thn thin vi gia nh (i.e. a society that recognizes and accepts that childcare is not the individual womans or even the individual familys responsibility alone, but that children represent future human capital and their care is therefore a shared responsibility within society as a whole). Family-friendly work environment (n) Mi tr-ng lm vic thn thin vi gia nh. Farm (n) Nng tri. On-farm (adj) Trn ng rung, lin quan n nng nghip (e.g. ~ employment); Off-farm (adj) Phi nng nghip (e.g. ~ income generating activities). Farm forestry (n) Lm nghip trang tri. Farm household system (n) H thng nng tri h gia nh. Farmer (n) Ng-i nng dn. ~ network analysis: Phn tch mng l-i nng dn. Farming (n) Canh tc. Dry ~ : (Ph-ng php) canh tc trn t kh hn; Extensive ~ : Qung canh; Intensive ~ : Thm canh; Mixed ~ : Xen canh; Organic ~ : Ph-ng php canh tc sch, canh tc hu c (khng s dng ho cht m ch s dng cc cht hu c). 43

A glossary of common development terms Farming system (n) H thng canh tc (i.e. all elements of a farm which interact as a system, including people, crops, livestock, vegetation, wildlife and the environment). Farming system research (n) Nghin cu v cc h thng canh tc. Farming techniques (n) K thut canh tc. Feasibility study (n) Nghin cu kh thi (i.e. a study to determine whether a solution is achievable or feasible, given the organizations resources and constraints). Feedback (n) kin phn hi, s hi m (i.e. the use of information produced at one stage in a series of operations as input at another stage). ~ mechanism: C ch cung cp thng tin phn hi; A bottom-up ~ mechanism: C ch cung cp thng tin phn hi t c s. Fellowship (n) o to theo hc bng, xut hc bng. Hence, Fellowship holder: Ng-i -c cp hc bng; ~ training programme: Ch-ng trnh o to theo hc bng. Female head of household (n) Ch h l n. Female-headed household (n) H do ph n lm ch h (i.e. a household in which adult males either are not present or do not contribute to the household income; e.g. In South Africa, two-thirds of ~ s are poor, compared to only one-third of male-headed households)). Xem thm Woman. Feminize (v) N ha . Hence, Feminization: Xu hng n ha (e.g. The ~ of HIV/AIDS infection is increasing in all regions of the world; There is clear evidence that internal migration in Viet Nam has been increasingly ~ d over the last ten years). Fertile (adj) Mu m, ph nhiu (e.g. A ~ delta); tt ging, c th sinh con (e.g. A ~ cow); phong ph (e.g. A ~ imagination). Fertility (n) S mu m, kh nng sinh , mc sinh (e.g. the ~ of the Mekong delta: S mu m ca ng bng sng Cu Long; a drop, decline or fall in ~ : Gim mc sinh; increase, rise in ~ : Tng mc sinh). Fertility rate (n) T sut sinh. Age-specific ~ : T sut sinh c tr-ng theo la tui; Crude ~ : T sut sinh th; Fecundity ~ : T sut sinh tim nng; Marital ~ : T sut sinh trong gi th; Natural ~ : T sut sinh t nhin; Total ~ : Tng t sut sinh (i.e the number of childdren that a woman would have, hypothetically, during her lifetime if current age-specific fertility rates were to persist). Field (n) Thc a (e.g. A ~ level activity: Hot ng trn thc a hay cp thc a; A ~ visit: Chuyn i thm thc a; A ~ worker: Ng-i lm vic trn thc a). Field (v) Trin khai trn thc a (e.g. To ~ a consultant mission: -a on chuyn gia t- vn n thc a). Financial (adj) Thuc v ti chnh. ~ analysis: Phn tch ti chnh; ~ incentive: Kch thch ti chnh; ~ loss: Tn tht ti chnh; ~ management: Qun l ti chnh; ~ market: Th tr-ng ti chnh. Financial assistance (n) Vin tr ti chnh (i.e. all bilateral or multilateral financial flows, excluding the cost of technical cooperation. It is sometimes called capital aid, and includes both project and non-project aid). Financial closure (n) Kho s ti chnh, kt thc v ti chnh (e.g. The ~ of a project: Kt thc d n v ti chnh, kho s ti chnh ca d n). Financial management information system (n) H thng thng tin qun l ti chnh. Financial services (n) Cc dch v ti chnh, i.e. including banking, insurance, securities and investment services.

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A glossary of common development terms Finding (n) Pht hin, nhn xt (i.e. a factual statement about a project, an activity based on empirical evidence gathered through monitoring and evaluation. E.g. The evaluation report offers a series of very useful ~ s and conclusions from the recent progress and performance of the project). See Conclusion for the difference between a finding and a conclusion. Finnish Department of International Development Cooperation (FINNIDA): C quan Hp tc pht trin quc t Phn Lan. Fiscal (adj) Thuc v ngn sch, thuc v ti kho. ~ balance: Cn i ngn sch; ~ deficit: Thm ht ngn sch; ~ discipline: K lut ngn sch; ~ expenditure: Chi tiu ngn sch; ~ policy: Chnh sch ti kho; ~ revenue: Thu ngn sch; ~ year: Nm ti kho. Flood (n) L lt. Flash ~ : L qut; ~ peak: nh l; ~ trough: Chn l. Flow chart (n) Biu chui (i.e. a diagram representing a series of steps or procedures in logical sequence, indicating how to achieve a stated objective or objectives). Flu (n) Bnh cm (used as the informal form of influenza). Avain flu or bird flu: Cm g. Follow up on (v) Trin khai tip theo (e.g. to ~ the decisions taken by the Monthly Government Meeting). Follow-up (n) Trin khai tip theo (e.g. To plan ~ activities after the World Summit on Social Development: Ln k hoch hot ng sau Hi ngh th-ng nh th gii v pht trin x hi). Food (n) L-ng thc, thc phm. ~ deficit or shortage: Thiu l-ng thc; ~ surplus: D- tha l-ng thc. Food aid (n) Vin tr l-ng thc. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): T chc Nng - L-ng LHQ. (Established on 16 October 1945, FAO is a UN specialized agency that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. It assists developing countries and countries in transition to modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices and ensure good nutrition for all). Food deficiency (n) (Tnh trng) thiu l-ng thc. Hence, Food deficient (adj): Thiu l-ng thc (e.g. Viet Nam used to be a ~ country). Food for works (n) L-ng thc phc v xy dng cng trnh (i.e. an aid modality used by the World Food Programme to finance development projects by providing food to people who take part in such projects). Food hygiene (n) V sinh thc phm. Food insecurity (n) Tnh trng thiu an ninh l-ng thc. Food relief (n) Cu tr l-ng thc. Food safety (n) An ton thc phm. Food security (n) An ninh l-ng thc (e.g. World Summit on ~ : Hi ngh Th-ng nh th gii v an ninh l-ng thc) Foreign direct investment or FDI (n) u t- trc tip ca n-c ngoi (i.e. foreign investment that establishes a lasting interest in or effective management control over an enterprise). Foreign investment (n) u t- ca n-c ngoi (i.e. investment in an enterprise that operates outside the investors country). Hence, Foreign investor: Nh u t- n-c ngoi.

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A glossary of common development terms Forest (n) Rng. Closed ~ : Rng dy, rng kn; Managed ~ : Rng qun l; Multilayered ~ : Rng nhiu tng; Natural ~ : Rng t nhin; Open ~ : Rng th-a, rng m; Rain ~ : Rng rm nhit i; Special use ~ : Rng c dng. Forest conservation (n) Bo tn rng. Forest coverage (n) che ph ca rng. Forest degradation (n) Tnh trng rng xung cp. Forest ecology (n) Sinh thi rng. Forest ecosystem (n) H sinh thi rng. Forest landscape (n) Cnh quan rng. Forest management (n) Qun l rng. Forest nursery (n) V-n -m cy trng rng. Forest planning model (n) M hnh lp k hoch rng. Forest resources (n) Ti nguyn rng. Forestry (n) Lm nghip. Social ~ : Lm nghip x hi. Forestry extension (n) Khuyn lm. ~ worker: Ng-i lm cng tc khuyn lm. Formulate (v) Son tho, xy dng (e.g. To ~ a policy, project). Hence, Formulator (n) Ng-i xy dng, ng-i son tho (e.g. The ~ of a project). Formulation (n) (Vic) son tho, xy dng (e.g. the ~ of a policy, a project, a plan). Project ~ : Xy dng d n. Forward-looking (adj) H-ng ti t-ng lai, i lp vi Backward-looking (e.g. The analysis should be ~ : Vic phn tch cn h-ng v t-ng lai). Fragment (v) V thnh nhiu mnh nh; phn tn. E.g. The coordination of ODA resources in the country is ~ ed across various Government ministries. Hence, Fragmentation (n) (Tnh trng, s) phn tn, manh mn. Fraud (n) Gian ln, la o. Trade ~ : Gian ln th-ng mi. Hence, Fraudulent (adj) Mang tnh gian ln (e.g. ~ practices: Cc hnh ng gian ln). Free (adj) T do, khng phi tr tin. ~ exchange rate: T gi hi oi t do; ~ goods, services: Hng ho, dch v min ph. Free economic zone (n) Khu vc kinh t t do (.i.e. a government-designated area in which exceptions to the prevailing tax, customs and legal regimes are created and in which investors can benefit from a variety of fiscal, financial and non-financial incentives). Free market (n) Th tr-ng t do. ~ economy: Nn kinh t th tr-ng t do. Free of charge (adj, adv) Khng mt tin, khng phi tr tin, min ph (e.g. Legal aid is provided ~ to the poor and vulnerable people: Tr gip php l -c cung cp khng mt tin cho ng-i ngho v ng-i d b tn th-ng). Free trade (n) T do th-ng mi (i.e. international trade which is neither restricted nor encouraged by direct government intervention). Free trade area (n) Khu vc th-ng mi t do (i.e. a form of economic integration in which all barriers to trade among member countries have been removed and in which each member is free to levy different tariffs on goods coming from non-member countries). Free trade trap (n) By mu dch t do (i.e. nh hng ca tro lu t do mu dch khin cu trc v li th so snh ca cc nc i sau b c nh, kh thay i. Hu qu l cc nc vng by s khng th dch chuyn ln trnh cao hn).

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A glossary of common development terms Free-standing (adj) c lp ( phn bit vi Investment-related). ~ technical assistance: Tr gip k thut c lp (i.e. assistance that is provided for institutional development, capacity building or, more broadly, for any purpose that is not directly related to an investment project). Friendly (adj) Hu ngh, thn thin vi, quan tm n, tin li; Child-friendly: H tr cho tr em, thn thin vi tr em; Environmentally-friendly: Thn thin vi mi tr-ng; User-friendly: Tin li cho ng-i s dng. Full cost (n) Chi ph y . Full employment (n) C vic lm (i.e. the state of an economy in which all persons seeking employment are able to obtain paid positions). Full employment budget (n) Ngn sch ton dng nhn cng. Full time (adj) Chuyn trch (e.g. ~ job, post: Cng vic, chc danh chuyn trch). Function (n) Chc nng. (v) Hot ng, vn hnh (e.g. The whole system is ~ ing relatively well). Functional (adj) Thuc v chc nng. ~ food: Thc phm chc nng; ~ income distribution: Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng. Functional literacy (n) Bit ch hnh dng. Funding instruments (n) Cc ph-ng thc cung cp ti tr (i.e. modalities to provide aid whereby each has different management structures, accounting arrangements and conditions attached. These often refer to programme aid and project aid). Fungibility (n) (Tnh cht) c th thay th -c, ti tr thay cho chnh ph (e.g. financing an activity that the recipient country would have implemented anyway. A practical implication of fungibility is that the recipient country might use the donor support for financing programmes, projects or budget items, which the donor is not willing to finance).

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A glossary of common development terms

G
Galloping inflation (n) Lm pht phi m (i.e. inflation at an extraordinarily high rate and almost impossible to control). Gap (n) Khong cch, s chnh lch (e.g. the growing ~ between the rich and the poor, between urban and rural areas: Khong cch ngy cng gia tng gia ng-i giu v ng-i ngho, gia thnh th v nng thn); s thiu ht (e.g. the information, knowledge ~ : S thiu ht thng tin, tri thc). Gender (n) Gii (i.e. a concept that is defined to refer to the interaction between and socially constructed roles of men and women. Hence, ~ is different from Sex gii tnh). (Xem thm Sex). Gender analysis (n) Phn tch v gii (i.e. the process of analyzing information to ensure that development resources and benefits are effectively and equitably targeted to both women and men). Gender and Development (GAD) Gii v pht trin (i.e. an approach developed in the 1980s, with the objective of removing disparities in social, economic and political equality between women and men as a pre-condition for achieving people-centered development). Xem thm Women in Development. Gender awareness (n) Nhn thc v gii (i.e. the awareness of the needs to create equal opportunities for women and men in development activities). Gender blind (adj) M v gii, khng quan tm n vn gii (e.g. A ~ policy, project). Gender disparity (n) Bt bnh ng v gii. Gender equality (n) Bnh ng v gii (i.e. women and men have equal conditions for realizing their full human potential as well as equal opportunities for participating in, contributing to and benefiting from national, political, economic, social and cultural development gains). Gender Equality Law Lut Bnh ng gii. Gender equity (n) Cng bng v gii. Gender focused (adj) Tp trung vo vn gii, t trng tm vo vn gii (e.g. A ~ aid project: Mt d n vin tr tp trung vo vn gii; The proportion of ~ aid ranges from one-third in Latin America to one-fifth in the Middle East). Gender mainstreaming (n) Lng ghp vn gii (i.e. the systematic integration of gender equality objectives into development policies, plans, activities... to ensure that both women and men equally participate in and benefit from development). Gender needs (n) Nhu cu v gii, gm hai loi: Practical gender needs Nhu cu thc tin v gii v Strategic gender needs Nhu cu chin l-c v gii. Gender planning (n) Lp k hoch v gii (i.e. the process of planning development policies, plans, activities that are gender sensitive and which take into account the impact of differing gender roles and gender needs of women and men). Gender relations (n) Quan h v gii. Gender responsive (adj) p ng gii (e.g. A ~ social development policy: Mt chnh sch pht trin x hi p ng gii). Gender roles (n) Vai tr v gii (i.e. learned behaviours in a given society or community that condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived as male and female. Hence, ~ are dynamic and changing over time). ~ consists of three dimensions, namely reproductive role (vai tr sinh sn), productive role (vai tr sn xut) v community participation role (vai tr tham gia cng ng). 48

A glossary of common development terms Gender sensitive (adj) Nhy cm v gii (e.g. A ~ agricultural policy: Mt chnh sch nng nghip nhy cm v gii; ~ development planning: Lp k hoch pht trin nhy cm v gii). Gender-based (adj) Trn c s gii. ~ division of labour: Phn cng lao ng trn c s gii; ~ human rights violations: Vi phm nhn quyn trn c s gii; ~ pay inequalities: Bt bnh ng v tr cng trn c s gii. Gender-based violence (n) Bo lc trn c s gii, bo lc gii (also informally called violence against women). Gender-blindness (n) (S) m v gii, khng quan tm n vn gii (i.e. the failure to realize that development policies, plans, activities can have different effects on men and women). Gender-related Development Index or GDI (n) Ch s pht trin gii (i.e. an index based on HDI but discounted or adjusted (downward usually) for gender inequality, taking note of the inequality in the achievements of men and women). General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade (GATT): Hip nh chung v thu quan v th-ng mi (i.e. a international organization that existed from 1947 to 1995, with a mandate in regulating the world trade system. GATT was succeeded by the World Trade Organization in 1995). General budget support (n) H tr ngn sch (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF and that is is similar to the balance of payments support, except for the fact that its conditionality is focused on the use of donor funds within the recipient government's budget rather than balance of payments issues). Generate (v) To ra, sinh ra (e.g. To ~ employment, income: To vic lm, to thu nhp). Generation (n) To ra, sinh ra. Employment ~ : To vic lm; Income ~ : To thu nhp; Resources ~ : To ngun lc. Generation gap (n) Khong cch th h. Generic (ad) Thuc v di truyn, ph bin cho c loi. ~ characteristics: Cc tnh cht ph bin. Hence, Generically (adv) Mang tnh ph bin. Genetic (n) Thuc v ngun gen. ~engineering: Cng ngh gen; ~ erosion: S si mn, suy thoi ngun gen; ~ resources: Cc ngun ti nguyn v gen, ngun gen. Genetic diversity (n) S a dng di truyn, a dng v ngun gen (i.e. the genetic variation present in a population or species). Genetically modified (adj) -c bin i gen, chuyn gen (e.g. ~ crops: Cc cy trng bin i gen, cy trng chuyn gen; ~ organisms: Cc sinh vt bin i gen, cc sinh vt chuyn gen). Geographic information system (GIS) H thng thng tin a l (i.e. a computerized system for entering, storing, handling, analysing and displaying data that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped). Geographical (adj) Thuc v a l. ~ distribution of aid: Phn b vin tr theo vng lnh th; ~ distribution of poverty: Tnh trng ngho theo vng lnh th. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (vit tt theo ting c l GTZ): C quan Hp tc k thut CHLB c. Gini coefficient or Gini index (n) H s Gini (i.e. a measurement of the inequality in income distribution, whereby 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents absolute inequality).

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A glossary of common development terms Global Compact (n) Hp ng ton cu v trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip (i.e. a United Nations initiative through which businesses are committed to aligning their operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption. The Compact was launched at the World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999). Xem thm Corporate Social Responsibility. Global emissions pathway (n) L trnh ton cu v kim sot kh pht thi (theo Ngh nh th Kyoto). Global Environmental Facility (n) Qu mi tr-ng ton cu (i.e. a facility which was initially set up by the World Bank in 1991 and later endorsed by UNDP and UNEP, to provide additional grant and concessional funding for the achievement of agreed global environmental benefits). Global Environmental Monitoring System: H thng quan trc mi tr-ng ton cu (i.e. a global system to monitor the earths environment, established in 1992 and operated by the United Nations Environment Programme or UNEP). Global Geoparks Network or GGN (n) Mng li cng vin a cht ton cu (i.e. a global programme established by UNESCO in 1998, to promote and conserve the planets geological heritage, as well as encourage the sustainable research and development by the concerned communities). E.g. The Dong Van Stone Plateau has been recognised by UNESCO as a member of the ~ : Cao nguyn ng Vn c UNESCO cng nhn l thnh vin ca Mng li cng vin a cht ton cu. Global Positioning System or GPS (n) H thng nh v ton cu. Global warming (n) Hin t-ng nng ln ca tri t, hin t-ng nng ln ton cu (i.e. the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropegenic emissions). Globalization (n) Ton cu ho (i.e. the increasing integration of world production, commerce, communications, finance, social life and other related aspects). ~ process: Qu trnh ton cu ho. ~ of finance, trade, communications: Ton cu ho v ti chnh, th-ng mi, thng tin. Good governance (n) iu hnh quc gia tt, nn thnh tr (i.e. the ideal situation where a country is well governed in the widest possible public interest). Governance (n) iu hnh quc gia, qun tr quc gia (i.e. the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a countrys affairs at all levels). i khi Governance -c s dng thay th cho Management khi cn nhn mnh tnh ton din ca cng tc qun l (e.g. Corporate ~ ; Economic ~ ; Environmental ~ ). Democratic ~ : Qun tr quc gia theo nguyn tc dn ch. Government-led (adj) Do Chnh ph ch o, do Chnh ph ch tr (e.g. ~ aid coordination activities: Cc hot ng iu phi vin tr do Chnh ph ch o). Grace period (n) Giai on hon tr n, n hn (i.e. the period at the beginning of the term of a loan during which no amortization payments are required). Graduate from or out of (v) Hon thnh mt kha hc, tt nghip, tin ln, thot khi (e.g. Two main reasons that have prevented low-income countries from ~ ing out of the vicious cycle of poverty, hunger and disease are under-investment in basic social services and the failure to coordinate public actions at a cross-sectoral level). Grant (n) Vin tr khng hon li, also Grant aid, grant assistance (i.e. financial assistance and the cost of technical cooperation, provided as a gift. Grants may be made bilaterally or as contributions to international organizations with development assistance programmes). On a ~ basis: Trn c s khng hon li, theo nguyn tc khng hon li.

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A glossary of common development terms Grant element (n) Yu t khng hon li, thnh t h tr (i.e. a measure of the extent to which the terms of a loan are below the normal commercial rates at the time, with regard to interest rate t l li sut, maturity thi hn phi tr n and grace period n hn). Xem thm Official development assistance. Grassroots (n) Cp c s (e.g. ~ organizations: Cc t chc cp c s). At the ~ level: cp c s. Grassroots democracy (n) Dn ch c s. ~ Decree: Ngh nh (ca Chnh ph) v thc hin quy ch dn ch c s. Green account (n) Ti khon xanh. Green acounting (n) K ton xanh (i.e. a type of accounting that attempts to factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations). Green economy (n) Nn kinh t xanh (i.e. an economy or an economic development model that is based on sustainable development and knowledge of ecological economics. Its most distinguishing feature from prior economic development models is the direct valuation of natural capital and natures services as having economic value). Green Gross Domestic Product (n) GDP xanh (i.e. a popular term for environmentally adjusted GDP. It can also be defined as an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in). Green growth (n) Tng tr-ng xanh (i.e. economic growth that takes into due account all factors that would affect environmental management and sustainable development). Green revolution (n) Cuc cch mng xanh (i.e. the promotion of high-yielding cereal crops in the 1960's and 1970's). Green sector (n) Mng xanh lc (i.e. environmental issues that relate to forests and bio-diversity). Green tax (n) Thu xanh, thu nhim mi tr-ng (i.e. a tax on activities that pollute, deplete or degrade the environment). Green tourism (n) Du lch xanh (i.e. a tourist modality that is focused on visiting wildlife sites and/or that does not damage the sites and communities being visited). Often used enterchangeably with Ecotourism. Greenhouse effect (n) Hiu ng nh knh (i.e. the warming of the atmostphere due to the absorption of certain gases called greenhouse gases). Greenhouse gases or GHGs (n) Cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, cholorofluorocarbons or CFCs). Grey sector (n) Mng xm (i.e. environmental issues that relate to education, awareness raising and capacity building for environmental management). Gross (adj) Tng s, ton b. ~ income: Tng thu nhp (tr-c khi khu tr thu); ~ profit: Tng s li; ~ weight: Tng trng l-ng (bao gm c bao b, thing ng). Gross domestic investment rate: T l tng u t- ni a (i.e. all the outlays made to replace and increase a countrys physical capital, plus changes in inventories of goods, expressed as a percentage of GDP). Gross domestic product (GDP) (n) Tng sn phm trong n-c, tng sn phm quc ni (i.e the total output of goods and services for final use produced by an economy by both residents and non-residents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims). Gross domestic saving rate: T l tng tit kim ni a (i.e. GDP minus consumption by government and the private sector, expressed as a percentage of GDP). Gross enrollment ratio: T l nhp hc th (i.e. the number of students enrolled at a certain level of education as a percentage of the population of the age group that officially corresponds to that level). 51

A glossary of common development terms Gross enrolment ratio (n) T l i hc chung (i.e. the number of students enrolled in a level of education). Gross national product (GNP) (n) Tng sn phm quc dn (GNP comprises GDP plus net factor income from abroad which is the income residents receive from abroad for factor services, less similar payments made to non-residents who contribute to the domestic economy). Growth (n) S tng tr-ng (i.e. an increase in size, number, value; an expansion or an extension. Growth does not necessarily mean Development). Balanced ~ : Tng tr-ng cn i; Broad-based ~ : Tng tr-ng trn din rng; Export-led ~ : Tng tr-ng da vo xut khu; ~ pole: Cc tng tr-ng; ~ potential: Tim nng tng tr-ng; ~ rate: T l tng tr-ng. Growth model (n) M hnh tng tr-ng. New ~ : M hnh mi v tng tr-ng; Old ~ : M hnh c in v tng tr-ng. Growth theory (n) L thuyt tng tr-ng. New ~ : L thuyt mi v tng tr-ng (i.e. an attempt to understand the role of knowledge and technology in driving productivity and economic growth). Growth with equity (n) Tng tr-ng i i vi bnh ng.

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A glossary of common development terms

H
Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness Cam kt H Ni v (nng cao) hiu qu vin tr (i.e. a formal statement that was jointly adopted in June 2005 by the Vietnamese Government and its development partners and that includes five guiding principles to improve aid effectiveness and a set of country-specific performance indicators. The HCS is often seen as a localized version of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness). Xem thm Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Habitat (n) Ni sinh sng, mi tr-ng sng, ni , sinh cnh (i.e. a place where organisms live). ~ loss: (S) mt mi tr-ng sng (i.e. the loss of natural habitat, often caused by human actions). Habitat management area (n) Khu bo tn sinh cnh. Habitat restoration (n) Phc hi sinh cnh. Handicapped (adj) B tn tt, b khuyt tt (e.g. ~ children). The handicapped: Nhng ng-i b tn tt, nhng ng-i b khuyt tt. Harmonization (n) Lm hi ho, dung ho (e.g. The ~ of donor and government ODA implementation procedures: Lm hi ho th tc ca nh ti tr v th tc ca Chnh ph v vic thc hin vin tr pht trin chnh thc). Harmonization and simplification: Hi ha v n gin ha (i.e. one of the five principles of the Paris Declaration and Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness, which is understood as donors adopting common arrangements and simplifying procedures for planning, formulating and implementing their aid projects in the recipient country). Harmonize (v) Lm hi ho, dung ho (e.g. to ~ international and national ODA implementation regulations). Hazardous waste: Cht thi c hi (i.e. waste possessing chemical, physical or biological characteristics that represent a threat to the environment or human health). Health (n) Y t, sc khe. ~ center: Trung tm y t; ~ indicator: Ch s v sc khe; ~ insurance: Bo him y t; ~ legislation: Lut php v y t; ~ planning: Lp k hoch y t; ~ statistics: Thng k y t; ~ : system: H thng y t. Health care (n) Chm sc sc khe. Preventive ~ : Chm sc sc khe d phng; Primary ~ : Chm sc sc khe ban u. Health education (n) Gio dc v chm sc sc khe (i.e. education of the general population to promote habits of health and hygiene). Health hazard (n) Mi nguy him i vi sc khe (e.g. Smoking is a serious ~ : Ht thuc l mi nguy him nghim trng i vi sc khe). Health services (n) Cc dch v y t, cc dch v chm sc sc khe (i.e. use in connection with facilities to provide health care and medical treatment to people). Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (n) Sng kin gim n cho cc n-c ngho (i.e. an initiative proposed by WB/IMF in 1996 and agreed by creditor countries to help the most heavily indebted countries to obtain debt relief). Heritage - based tourism (n) Du lch di sn. Heritage (n) Di sn (e.g. Ha Long Bay is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage). cultural ~ : Di sn vn ho; documentary ~ : Di sn t- liu; environmental ~ : Di sn mi tr-ng; intangible ~ : Di sn phi vt th; natural ~ : Di sn thin nhin; tangible ~ : Di sn vt th; traditional ~ : Di sn truyn thng. 53

A glossary of common development terms Heritage conservation (n) Bo tn di sn. Heritage criteria (n) Cc tiu ch chn di sn. Heritage economics (n) Kinh t hc di sn Heritage interpretation (n) Thuyt minh di sn. High income country (n) N-c c thu nhp cao (i.e. a country with an annual GNI per capita of USD 11,456 or more in 2007, according to the World Banks country classification). High risk (n) Nguy c cao. ~ group: Nhm c nguy c cao (e.g. Drug injectors and sex workers are regarded as ~ s). High risk behavior (n) Hnh vi c nguy c cao (e.g. Drug injection and unprotected sex are seen as ~ s). High technology (n) Cng ngh cao (th-ng vit tt l High-tech, e.g. High-tech industry, product Ngnh cng nghip cng ngh cao, sn phm cng ngh cao). High yielding (adj) C nng sut cao, tng sn. A ~ rice field: Cnh ng la tng sn, cnh ng la c nng sut cao; A ~ variety: Ging tng sn, ging c nng sut cao. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Vi-rt gy suy gim min dch ng-i. HIV/AIDS endemic: Dch bnh HIV/AIDS; HIV-negative: HIV m tnh, chng t ch-a nhim HIV; HIV-positive: HIV d-ng tnh, chng t nhim HIV. HIV testing (n) Xt nghim HIV. Anonymous ~ : Xt nghim HIV du tn; Confidential ~ : Xt nghim HIV -c gi kn; Mandatory ~ : Xt nghim HIV bt buc; Rapid ~ : Xt nghim HIV nhanh; Voluntary ~ : Xt nghim HIV t nguyn. HIV testing with informed consent: Xt nghim HIV c s -ng thun sau khi -c thng tin y . HIV transmission (n) Ly truyn bnh HIV. Husband-to-wife ~: Ly truyn HIV t chng sang v; Mother-to-child ~: Ly truyn HIV t m sang con. Holistic (adj) Mang tnh tng hp. A ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn tng hp. Home-based (n) Ti nh. ~ work: Lao ng ti nh; ~ worker: Ng-i lao ng ti nh. Home-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghin ma ty ti nh. Household (n) H, h gia nh (i.e. a socio-economic unit frequently used in official statistics and normally defined as a group of individuals who live in common dwellings and habitually take their meals together). ~ head: Ch h; ~ income: Thu nhp h; ~ size: S nhn khu trong h, quy m h; ~ survey: iu tra h. Household composition (n) C cu h (i.e. age distribution, sex distribution, etc of household members). Household economy (n) Kinh t h, kinh t gia nh. Household living standards survey (n) iu tra mc sng h gia nh. Human capital (n) (Ngun) vn con ng-i (e.g. human talents, knowledge, skills, experience that make them economically productive). Human development (n) Pht trin con ng-i (i.e. the process of enlarging peoples choices; these choices can be infinite and change over time, but the three essential ones are for people to lead a long/healthy life, to acquire knowledge/skills and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living). Human development index (n) Ch s pht trin con ng-i (i.e. an index introduced by UNDP as an alternative to GDP, in order to measure economic and social progress. HDI includes life expectancy, adult literacy, years of schooling and GDP per capita measured at Purchasing Power Parity). 54

A glossary of common development terms Human Development Report: Bo co Pht trin con ng-i (i.e. a flagship report published annually by UNDP since 1990, each often discussing a major global development theme, e.g. economic growth and human development in 1996, poverty eradication in 1997, consumption patterns in 1998, globalization in 1999, human rights in development in 2000, new technologies for human development in 2001, etc). Human poverty (n) Tnh trng ngho tng hp. (Human poverty is more than a shortfall or lack of income. It is broadly defined as the denial of economic, political, social and physical opportunities to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity, self-esteem and the respect of others). Human poverty index (n) Ch s ngho tng hp. Human resources (n) Ngun nhn lc (i.e the total quantity and quality of human effort available to produce goods and services). Human resources development (n): Pht trin ngun nhn lc (i.e. training and education to create a workforce capable of meeting the needs of a nation, a particular sector or a given organization). Human resources management (n) Qun l ngun nhn lc (i.e. the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business). Human rights (n) Cc quyn con ng-i (i.e. the range of entitlements that are universal in character and extend to all human beings. These are commonly seen as consisting of (a) civil and political rights and (b) economic, social and cultural rights). Humanitarian aid, assistance (n) Vin tr nhn o (i.e. provision of direct aid or assistance to victims of war, natural disasters or violations of human rights). Hunger (n) i. Chronic ~ : Tnh trng i kinh nin; ~ eradication, elimination: Xo i. Hunting reserve (n) Khu d tr sn bn. Hyper inflation (n) Siu lm pht (i.e. a situation of rapidly accelerating inflation when prices rise ten or even a hundred-fold in a single month).

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A glossary of common development terms

I
ICT for development (n) Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng phc v pht trin. ICT (abbreviated form of Information and Communications Technology (n): Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng (i.e. the range of new digitally-based technologies that capture, store, process, communicate and display information, such as internet, TV, radio, mobile phones, etc). Identification (n) S xc nh, nhn din, pht hin. Project ~ : Xc nh hay nhn din d n. Early ~ of emerging issues: Sm pht hin vn ny sinh. Identify (v) Xc nh, nhn din, pht hin (e.g. To ~ problems, ideas for future projects: Xc nh vn , t-ng cho cc d n trong t-ng lai; To ~ emerging issues in a timely manner: Kp thi pht hin cc vn ny sinh). Immediate objective (n) Mc tiu trc tip (i.e. the objective that should be reached within the life of a project). Immune (adj) Min dch, -c min (normally with from sth). E.g. Viet Nam cannot be ~ from the adverse impacts of the global economic and financial crisis: Vit Nam khng th min nhim tr-c nhng tc ng tiu cc ca cuc khng hong kinh t, ti chnh ton cu. Immunity (n) Kh nng min dch, quyn min tr. E.g. The 1946 UN Convention on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: Cng -c 1946 ca Lin Hp Quc v quyn -u i v min tr ngoi giao. Immunization (n) Tim chng. Expanded ~ programme: Ch-ng trnh tim chng m rng; Universial child ~ programme: Ch-ng trnh tim chng ph cp cho tr em. Immunization coverage (n) Din tim chng (i.e. the percentage of children under one year old receiving antigens used in the Universal Child Immunization Programme). Impact (n) Tc ng (i.e. the result of a project in relation to the development objectives or long-term goals originally set out for it). ~ analysis: Phn tch tc ng; ~ evaluation, assessment: nh gi tc ng. Impact on (v) Tc ng n (e.g. There are emerging problems which will ~ the wellbeing of the poor at the local level). Imperfect competition (n) Cnh tranh khng hon ho. Implementation (n) Thc hin. Project ~ : Thc hin d n; The ~ of socio-economic development policies: Vic thc hin cc chnh sch pht trin kinh t x hi. Implementation rate (also Delivery rate): T l vn thc hin (i.e. expenditure in a given year expressed as a percentage of the maximum level of the approved budget to be reached for that year). Implementing agency (n) C quan thc hin d n, ch d n (also Implementing parther). Implementing arrangements (n) Cch t chc thc hin. Project ~ : Cch t chc thc hin d n. Import (n) Nhp khu. ~ value: Kim ngch nhp khu. Import quotas (n) Hn ngch nhp khu (i.e. Government-imposed limits on the quantities of certain goods and services allowed to be imported). Import substitution (n) Thay th nhp khu (i.e. a strategy based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrial/ agricultural products). 56

A glossary of common development terms Import tarrifs (n) Thu nhp khu (i.e. Government-imposed taxes on certain imported goods or services). In-kind support (n) H tr bng hin vt (i.e. aid that is provided to the recipient country in the form of goods or services). Incentive (n) Bin php khuyn thch, vt khuyn khch. Direct ~ : Bin php khuyn khch trc tip; Economic ~ : Bin php khuyn khch kinh t; Indirect: Bin php khuyn khch gin tip. Incentive payments system (n) H thng thanh ton khuyn khch. Inception report (n) Bo co ban u (e.g. a project ~ : Bo co ban u ca d n). Inclusive (adj) C s tham ca gia tt c cc nhm i tng, mang li li ch cho tt c cc nhm i tng (e.g. ~ development). Inclusive education (n) Gio dc ha nhp (i.e. an education environment that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions). Income (n) Thu nhp. Assessable ~ : Thu nhp chu thu (Also Taxable ~ ); Corporate ~ : Thu nhp cng ty; Disposable ~ : Thu nhp kh dng (sau khi nh thu); Earned ~ : Thu nhp t lao ng; Personal ~ : Thu nhp c nhn; Unearned ~ : Thu nhp khng phi t lao ng (v d t x s, kiu hi). Income distribution (n) Phn phi thu nhp. Income generating activities (n) Cc hot ng to thu nhp. Income generation (n) To thu nhp. Income tax (n) Thu thu nhp. Corporate ~ : Thu thu nhn doanh nghip ; Personal ~ : Thu thu nhp c nhn. Incorporate (v) Lng ghp, st nhp (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy making process: Lng ghp cc vn gii vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch). Incorporation (n) S lng ghp (e.g. ~ of environmental considerations into the investment planning process: Lng ghp cc vn mi tr-ng vo qu trnh lp k hoch u t-). Increasing rate of returns to scale (n) T l sinh li gia tng theo quy m. Incremental capital-output ratio or ICOR (n) Ch s sn l-ng trn u t- hay Ch s ICOR (i.e. ICOR is computed as investment ratio divided by real growth. The higher the ICOR, the more capital is required for a unit of growth or, in other words, investment is less efficient). Incremental cost (n) Chi ph gia tng (i.e. the cost associated with increasing production by one unit). ~ analysis: Phn tch chi pha gia tng. Incur (v) Thc hin (vic chi tiu). (e.g. To ~ an expenditure: Thc hin mt khon chi). Indebted (adj) Mc n (e.g. A heavily ~ country: N-c b mc n nhiu). Indebtedness (n) Tnh trng mc n. Indicative (adj) Mang tnh nh h-ng, mang tnh h-ng dn. ~ budget allocation: D kin phn b ngn sch; ~ planning (n) Lp k hoch nh h-ng. Indicator (n) Tiu ch, ch s (i.e. a signal that helps to measure change in terms of quantity, quality and timeliness). Measurable ~ : Ch s c th o l-ng -c. Nominal ~ : Ch s danh ngha; Qualitative ~ : Ch s nh tnh; Quantitative ~ : Ch s nh l-ng; Quantifiable ~ : Tiu ch c th l-ng ho -c. Real ~ : Ch s thc t. Indigenous (adj) Bn x, bn a (i.e. native to a specified area, not introduced). ~ experiences, initiatives: Kinh nghim, sng kin bn a; ~ people: Ng-i dn bn a; ~ animals, plants: Cc ging con, cy bn a. 57

A glossary of common development terms Indigeneous knowledge (n) Kin thc bn a, kin thc a ph-ng (i.e. knowledge that develops in a particular area and accumulates over time through being handed down from generation to generation) Individual (adj) Thuc v c nhn. ~ capacity: Nng lc c nhn (khc vi institutional capacity nng lc th ch); ~ level: Cp c nhn (khc vi institutional level cp th ch). Individual learning (n) Hc hi c nhn (i.e. an individual plan that shows the development in learning activities, support and resources, success indicators, and measures for improving performance). Industrial (adj) Thuc v cng nghip. Industrial crops (n) Cy cng nghip. Industrial development (n) Pht trin cng nghip. Industrial economics (n) Kinh t hc cng nghip. Industrial extension (n) Khuyn cng. Industrial integration (n) Hi nhp cng nghip. Industrial investment (n) u t- cng nghip. Industrial management (n) Qun l cng nghip. Industrial park (n) Khu cng nghip (i.e. an area designed and zoned for manufacturing industries and associated activities). Industrial policy and planning (n) Chnh sch v quy hoch cng nghip. Industrial pollutants and wastes (n) Cht gy nhim v cht thi cng nghip. Industrial pollution (n) nhim cng nghip. Industrial property rights (n) Quyn s hu ti sn cng nghip. Industrialization (n) Cng nghip ho. Export-led ~ : Cng nghip ho theo h-ng xut khu; Import-substituting ~ : Cng nghip ho thay th nhp khu; ~ and modernization strategy: Chin l-c cng nghip ho v hin i ho. Inequality (n) Tnh trng, s bt bnh ng. Inertia (n) S tr tr, sc (e.g. The initial ~ in the disbursement of ODA resources: Tnh trng tr tr ban u trong vic gii ngn ngun vn ODA). Infant industry (n) (Ngnh) cng nghip non tr. Infant mortality rate or IMR (n) T sut t vong tr s sinh. (i.e. the probability that a newborn infant will not survive to his or her first birthday and is expressed in the number of infant deaths per thousand live births.) Infants with low birth-weight (n) Tr s sinh thiu cn. Xem thm Underweight. Inflation (n) Lm pht (i.e. a persistent rise in the general level of prices or alternatively a persistent fall in the purchasing power of money). Demand pull ~ : Lm pht do cu v-t cung; Supply full ~ : Lm pht do cung v-t cu. Inflation rate (n) T l lm pht. Inflationary (adj) Thuc v lm pht. ~ Process: Qu trnh lm pht; ~ pressures: Sc p lm pht. Inflationary spiral (n) Vng xoy lm pht (i.e. an inflationary situation which encourages employees to demand higher wages which in turn increases cost of production and hence prices increase even further) Inflow (n) Dng vo. E.g. Capital, FDI, ODA, capital inflows: Dng vn, dng u ttrc tip ca n-c ngoi, dng vin tr pht trin chnh thc vo trong n-c. Influenza (n) Bnh cm (also called flu as its informal form). Avian ~ : Cm g ; Human ~ : Cm ngi. 58

A glossary of common development terms Informal sector (n) Khu vc kinh t khng chnh quy (i.e. business outside the organized sector of a country's economy, normally consisting of small-scale or subsistence production, household production, the hidden economy and the nonmonetary sector). Informant (n) Ng-i cung cp thng tin (i.e. an individual who is respondent in an interview). Information (n) Thng tin. ~ analysis: Phn tch thng tin; ~ dissemination: Ph bin thng tin; ~ exchange: Trao i thng tin; ~ management: Qun l thng tin; ~ policy: ~ Chnh sch thng tin; processing: X l thng tin; ~ requirements: Nhu cu thng tin; ~ retrieval: Truy cp thng tin; ~ sharing: Chia s thng tin; ~ storage: L-u tr thng tin. Information superhighway (n) Xa l thng tin (i.e. the global communication network capable of transferring all types of digital information at very high speed). Information systems (n) Cc h thng thng tin (i.e. organized procedures for collecting, processing, storing and retrieving information, together with their associated human and technical resources). Information technology (n) Cng ngh thng tin (i.e. including technology for database management systems as well as for information dissemination, such as teleprocessing systems, networks of terminals, videotex systems, micrography, etc). Information-poor (adj) Ngho v thng tin; (n) Ng-i ngho v thng tin. Information-rich (adj) Giu v thng tin; (n) Ng-i giu v thng tin (e.g. the widening gaps between the ~ and the information-poor). Informed (adj) C thng tin (e.g. To take ~ policy decisions: -a ra cc quyt sch trn c s thng tin y ). Injecting drug user (n) Ng-i tim chch ma tu. Input - output budgeting (n) Ph-ng php lp ngn sch theo u vo v u ra (i.e. a budgeting method that organizes outputs and inputs so that outputs can be planned and monitored according to their respective costs). Input (n) u vo (i.e. personnel, goods and services that are used to carry out a project). E.g. The mobilization of project ~ s: Huy ng u vo cho vic thc hin d n. Input-output analysis (n) Ph-ng php phn tch theo u vo v u ra (i.e. economic analysis, using linear formulae, of the inter-relations among various sectors of an economy to determine the effects of changes in output requirements). Institution (n) nh ch, th ch, thit ch. International financing ~ s: Cc nh ch (t chc) ti chnh quc t; Market ~ s : Cc nh ch kinh t th tr-ng (nh- th tr-ng vn, chng khon, t gi hi oi, t ai, ti sn...); State ~ s : Cc th ch Nh n-c. Institution building (n) Xy dng th ch. An ~ project: D n xy dng th ch (i.e. a project designed to create or upgrade the capacity of an institution to produce certain desired services or products on a sustained basis). Institutional (adj) Thuc v th ch. ~ framework: Khun kh th ch; ~ level: Cp th ch (khc vi individual ~ cp c nhn). Institutional analysis (n) Phn tch th ch (i.e. an analysis of the relationships between the different institutions and actors of an organization). Institutional capacity: Nng lc th ch (i.e. defined broadly as the ability of State institutions to effectively manage the business of the legislative, executive and judiciary branches, or narrowly as the capacity of an individual institution or organization to effectively manage its own business).

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A glossary of common development terms Institutional memory (n) Tr nh ca t chc, b nh ca t chc (i.e. a collective set of facts, concepts, experiences and know-how held by a group of people working in an organization or an institution). Institutionalization (n) S th ch ho (e.g. The ~ of recommendations into concrete policies: Vic th ch ho cc khuyn ngh thnh chnh sch c th). Institutionalize (v) Th ch ho (e.g. To ~ resolutions of the National Assembly into concrete policies: Th ch ho cc ngh quyt ca Quc hi thnh chnh sch c th). Intangible (adj) V hnh, phi vt th (e.g. ~ asset, value: Ti sn, gi tr v hnh hoc phi vt th); ~ cultural heritage: Di sn vn ho phi vt th. Integrate (v) Lng ghp, gn kt, hi nhp (e.g. To ~ environmental considerations into the investment planning process: Lng ghp, gn kt cc vn mi tr-ng vo qu trnh lp k hoch u t-; To ~ economically with the region: Hi nhp kinh t vi khu vc). Integrated (adj) Mang tnh tng hp, lng ghp, tch hp. An ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn tng hp, lng ghp; ~ rural development: Pht trin nng thn tng hp; an ~ information system: H thng thng tin tch hp. Integrated pest management (n) Qun l su bnh tng hp (i.e. a mixed strategy of selective use of agro-chemicals, biological methods, genetic assistance and appropriate management practices). Integrated pollution control (n) Kim sot nhim tng hp. Integration (n) S lng ghp, gn kt, hi nhp (e.g. ~ with the world market: Hi nhp vi th tr-ng th gii; ~ of environmental considerations into the policy-making process Gn kt cc vn mi tr-ng vo qu trnh xy dng chnh sch); International and regional ~ : Hi nhp quc t v khu vc. Integration roadmap (n) L trnh hi nhp. Intensive (adj) Chuyn su, c c-ng ln. ~ farming: Thm canh. Capital ~ : Cn nhiu vn, thm dng vn; Labour ~ : Cn nhiu lao ng, thm dng lao ng. Interact (v) C quan h t-ng tc, c quan h hai chiu, tc ng ln nhau (e.g. to ~ with end-users and beneficiaries: C quan h t-ng tc vi ng-i s dng v ng-i th h-ng). Interaction (n) Quan h t-ng h, t-ng tc (e.g. the ~ between international consultants and national project personnel). Interactive (adj) Mang tnh cht t-ng h, t-ng tc (e.g. an ~ relationship: Mi quan h t-ng h, mi quan h t-ng tc; an ~ TV programme: Ch-ng trnh truyn hnh mang tnh t-ng tc). Inter-cropping (n) Xen canh (i.e. the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field). E.g. ~ practices of local farmers: Tp qun xem canh ca nng dn a ph-ng. Interest (n) Li ch. Legitimate ~ : Li ch chnh ng; Long-term ~ : Li ch lu di; Short-term ~ : Li ch ngn hn, li ch tr-c mt; Vested ~ : Li ch thit thn. Interest groups (n) Nhm li ch (i.e. use in connection with bodies capable of exerting pressure to influence decision-making at the governmental level). Inter-generational equity (n) Principle of ~ : Nguyn tc cng bng gia cc th h (i.e. a sustainable development principle that requires that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs). Intern (n) Thc tp sinh, ng-i hc vic.

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A glossary of common development terms Internal (adj) Bn trong, trong n-c, ni ti. ~ cost: Chi ph ni ti; ~ labour market: Th tr-ng lao ng trong n-c; ~ savings (also, domestic savings): Ngun tch lu, ngun tit kim trong n-c; ~ resources: Ngun lc trong n-c, ni lc. Internal controls (n) Cc bin php kim sot ni b (i.e. measures applied in an organization, in order to ensure transparency and compliance in business activities) Internalization (n) Ni ho, lng ghp vo quy trnh ni b, tnh gp vo c ch gi; ~ of environmental costs: Tnh gp chi ph mi tr-ng (i.e. environmental costs of an activity shall be borne by the initiator through pollution control measures); ~ of participatory methods: Lng ghp cc ph-ng php tip cn c s tham gia ca ng-i dn (vo quy trnh lm vic ca mt c quan hoc t chc). Internalize (n) Ni a ho, tnh gp vo c ch gi, lng ghp vo quy trnh ni b (e.g. The work process must be internalized: Quy trnh lm vic phi tr thnh quy ch ni b; Imported technology and knowledge must be internalized: Cng ngh v tri thc nhp khu phi -c ni ha). International bidding (n) u thu quc t. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): T chc Hng khng dn dng quc t (Set up on 4 April 1947, ICAO became a specialized agency of the UN in October 1947. It is responsible for codifying the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fostering the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth). International financing institutions (n) Cc nh ch hay t chc ti chnh quc t (i.e. Asian Development Bank, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other similar international banking institutions). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): Qu quc t v pht trin nng nghip (i.e. a specialized agency of the United Nations that was established as an international financial institution in 1977. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty, generating agricultural employment, promoting food security and reducing malnutrition in developing countries). International Labour Organization (ILO): T chc Lao ng quc t (i.e. Established in 1919 as an inter-governmental organization, ILO was recognized by the United Nations in 1946 as a specialized agency. ILO is responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards. Its main objectives are promoting rights at work, encouraging decent employment opportunities, enhancing social protection and strengthening dialogue on work-related issues). International Organization for Migration (IOM): T chc di dn quc t. (Initially established in 1951 as the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe, it became the International Organization for Migration in 1989. IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants). Internet (n) Mng vi tnh ton cu (i.e. a global collection of computer networks that exchange information by the TCP/IP suite of networking protocols and that support services such as online database access, file transfer and electronic mail). Internet access service (n) Dch v truy cp internet. Internet application service (n) Dch v ng dng internet. Internet content provider (n) Ng-i cung cp dch v thng tin internet. Internet exchange provider (n) Ng-i cung cp dch v kt ni internet. Internet exchange service (n) Dch v kt ni internet. Internet service provider (n) Ng-i cung cp dch v internet.

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A glossary of common development terms Internship (n) Thc tp, hc vic (e.g. an ~ programme: Ch-ng trnh tip nhn ng-i hc vic). Interntional Monetary Fund (IMF): Qu Tin t quc t (i.e. an inter-governmental organization that was established in 1945 in accordance with the Bretton Woods Agreement. IMF is dedicated to oversee the global financial system by following the macro-economic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on the exchange rate and balance of payments) . Intra-generational equity (n) S bnh ng trong cng th h. Principle of ~ : Nguyn tc cng bng trong cng th h (i.e. a sustainable development principle that requires that people within the present generation have the right to benefit from the exploitation of resources and that they have an equal right to a clean and healthy environment). Intravenous drug user (n) Ng-i tim chch ma tu (also injecting drug user). Investment (n) u t- (i.e. outlays made by individuals, firms or governments to add to their capital). Public ~ : u t- cng cng. Investment planning (n) Lp k hoch u t-. Investment portfolio (n) Danh mc cc d n u t-. Investment programme (n) Ch-ng trnh u t-. Investment promotion (n) Xc tin u t-. An ~ campaign: Chin dch xc tin u t-. Investment-intensive (adj) Cn nhiu u t- (e.g. ~ growth: Tng tr-ng da trn u t-, tng tr-ng cn nhiu u t-). Investment-related (adj) H tr u t- (e.g. An ~ project: D n h tr u t-); ~ technical assistance: Tr gip k thut h tr u t- (i.e. technical assistance that is provided within the framework of an investment project). Invisible hand (n) Bn tay v hnh (i.e. a term used by Adam Smith to mean that the influence of market forces through which self-interest often, but not always, benefits the community as a whole). Inward-looking (adj) H-ng ni, i lp vi Outward-looking H-ng ngoi (e.g. Viet Nams economic policies before the mid-1980s were mostly ~ ; The ~ nature of importsubstituting industrialization: Bn cht h-ng ni ca cng nghip ho thay th nhp khu. Iodine (n) Cht i-t. Iodine deficiency: (Tnh trng) thiu cht i-t (Hence, Iodinedeficient (adj) Thiu cht i-t). Iodization of salt: Lm mui i-t. Hence, Iodized salt: Mui i-t. Island country, nation (n) Quc o (i.e. countries like Singapore, Sri Lanka, Seychells, Madagascar, etc). Issue (n) im ang tho lun, vn (i.e. a point or matter of discussion or debate. It differs from a problem in that the latter implies a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved). (E.g. To raise or identify an ~ for discussion: Nu vn , xc nh vn tho lun). To make an ~ out of something (v) C b x ra to, e.g. It is only a small disagreement; do not make it an issue). Issue (v) Ban b, ban hnh, -a ra. E.g. To ~ a report: Cng b bn bo c; To ~ a policy, a decision: Ban hnh chnh sch, quyt nh). Issue paper (n) Bo co chuyn (i.e. a formal document outlining an issue that is regarded to be of some importance; e.g. The ~ on gender-based violence in Viet Nam: Bo co chuyn v bo lc gii Vit Nam).

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J
Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC): Ngn hng Hp tc quc t Nht Bn (Established in October 1999 by the Japanese Government, JBICs main function is promoting economic cooperation between Japan and foreign countries, by providing resources to foreign investments, fostering international commerce and promoting Japanese exports/imports). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA): C quan Hp tc quc t Nht Bn. JICA is responsible for managing Japanese grants or technical cooperation activities while JBIC for managing Japanese loans to foreign countries. Job (n) Cng vic. A full-time ~ : Cng vic chuyn trch; A well-paid ~ : Cng vic -c tr cng, tr l-ng hu hnh; A part-time ~ : Cng vic bn chuyn trch. Job counseling (n) H-ng nghip. Job creation (n) To vic lm. Job description (n) Bn m t cng vic, chc nng v nhim v (i.e. a recognized list of functions and tasks included in a particular job). Job generation (n) To vic lm (also Job creation). Job requirements (n) Yu cu i vi mt cng vic. Job satisfaction (n) S hi lng vi cng vic. Job seeker (n) Ng-i tm vic lm. Jobless (adj) Khng c vic lm, khng to ra vic lm; ~ people: Nhng ng-i khng c vic lm, tht nghip; The jobless (n) Ng-i tht nghip. Jobless growth (n) S tng tr-ng khng to ra vic lm (i.e. increases in production and productivity without an increase in employment). Joint (adj) Chung, lm chung. A ~ account: Ti khon chung; A ~ effort: N lc chung; A ~ initiative: Sng kin chung. Hence, Jointly (adv) Lm chung vi nhau (e.g. The Government and its development partners have ~ strived to address existing bottlenecks in their cooperation programmes). Joint evaluation (n) Cuc nh gi chung (i.e. an evaluation to which different donor agencies or partners contribute). Joint programme, project (n) Ch-ng trnh chung, d n chung (i.e. a programme or project that is financed by more than one donor). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS): Ch-ng trnh chung ca Lin Hp Quc v phng chng HIV/AIDS. Launched in January 1996 as a joint UN programme, UNAIDS is mandated to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to HIV/AIDS that includes preventing transmission of HIV, providing care and support to those already living with the virus, reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV and alleviating the impact of the epidemic. UNAIDS seeks to prevent the HIV/AIDS epidemic from becoming a severe pandemic. Joint venture (n) Lin doanh (applied especially to enterprises that are owned jointly by parties from developed and developing countries). Judiciary (adj) Thuc v ngnh t- php. ~ reform: Ci cch t- php; ~ system: H thng t- php. Justice (n) T- php, cng l. Access to ~ : Kh nng tip cn cng l. Justice for all (n) Cng l cho tt c mi ng-i. 63

A glossary of common development terms Justification (n) Lun chng, bin minh (e.g. the ~ for an investment project: Lun chng cho d n u t-). Justify (v) Bin minh, l gii (e.g. To ~ one's failure: Bin minh cho tht bi ca mnh). Juvenile delinquency (n) Tnh trng phm ti trong thanh thiu nin.Prevention of ~ : Phng trnh tnh trng thanh thiu nin phm ti. Juvenile delinquents (n) Thanh thiu nin phm ti. Juvenile justice (n) T php i vi thanh thiu nin. Administration of ~ : Qun tr t php i vi la tui thanh thiu nin. Juvenile offender (n) Thanh thiu nin phm ti. Juveniles in conflict with the law (n) Thanh thiu nin lm tri php lut, thanh thiu nin vi phm php lut.

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K
Key (n) Cha kho, then cht (e.g. Neutrality and impartiality are ~ factors that ensure a strong position for UNDP in Viet Nam). Key informant (n) Ng-i cung cp thng tin chnh hay ch yu. ~ interviews: Phng vn nhng ng-i cung cp thng tin ch yu. Keynote (n) ch o, ch chnh. E.g. A ~ speech at the conference: Bi pht biu ch o hi ngh. Know-how (n) B quyt lm mt vic g y (i.e. knowledge of how to do a particular thing; technical expertness; practical knowledge). Technical ~ s: B quyt k thut. Knowledge (n) Tri thc, kin thc (i.e. information that is put in a particular context to produce an actionable understanding). Codified ~ : Tri thc -c in ch ho; Explicit ~ : Tri thc hin (i.e. knowledge that can be written down or codified, shared with others and put into a database); Tacit ~ : Tri thc ngm (i.e. knowledge that cannot be articulated in codified forms, such as know-how, rules of thumb, experience, insights and intuition); Codification of ~ : in ch ho tri thc; Market for ~ : Th tr-ng tri thc; Transferability of ~ : Kh nng chuyn giao ca tri thc. Knowledge accumulation (n) Tch lu, nng cao, trau di kin thc (also Knowledge building). Knowledge bank (n) Ngn hng tri thc. Knowledge economy (n) Kinh t tri thc (i.e. an economy which is directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information). Knowledge Economic Index (KEI): Ch s kinh t tri thc (i.e. an aggregate index that represents the overall level of development of a country towards the Knowledge Economy. E.g. Viet Nam was ranked 102 out of the 133 countries rated in 2008 in terms of ~ , with a score of 3.02, compared to the average score of 4.1 for MiddleIncome Countries). Knowledge fair (n) Hi ch tri thc (i.e. a face-to-face event where participants set up displays to share their knowledge-based products and undertakings). Knowledge for development (n) Tri thc phc v pht trin. Knowledge gap (n) Khong cch tri thc (i.e. unequal distribution of knowledge across and within groups of population or countries). E.g. To narrow, bridge, reduce the ~ : Thu hp khong cch tri thc. Knowledge hoarding (n) u c tri thc. ~ mentality: Tm l u c tri thc; ~ propensity: Xu h-ng u c tri thc. Knowledge industry (n) Cng nghip tri thc (i.e. the portion of the labour force engaged in occupations essentially concerned with producing and handling information rather than goods). Knowledge intensive (adj) C nhiu tri thc, c hm l-ng tri thc cao (e.g. an ~ product, service: Mt sn phm, dch v c hm l-ng tri thc cao). Knowledge management (n) Qun l tri thc (i.e. the broad process of locating, creating, organizing, transferring and using the information and expertise within an organization). Knowledge network (n) Mng l-i tri thc. Knowledge sharing (n) Chia s tri thc. 65

A glossary of common development terms Knowledge transfer (n) Chuyn giao tri thc (i.e. disseminating knowledge and providing inputs to problem solving). Knowledge worker (n) Ng-i lao ng tri thc. Knowledgeable (adj) Am hiu, hiu bit nhiu (e.g. To be ~ about globalization issues). Knowledge-based (adj) Da vo tri thc. ~ development: Pht trin da vo tri thc; organization: Mt t chc da vo tri thc, hoc c tri thc vng vng. Knowledge-based economy (n) Nn kinh t da vo tri thc, nn kinh t tri thc (xem Knowledge economy). Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA): C quan Hp tc quc t Hn Quc.

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A glossary of common development terms

L
Labour (n) Lao ng. Hence, Labourer (n) Ng-i lao ng. Labour administration (n) Qun l lao ng. Labour Code (n) B lut Lao ng. Labour contract (n) Hp ng lao ng (i.e. a work contract between an employer and an individual employee). Labour costs (n) Chi ph lao ng (i.e. all costs involved in providing labour, i.e. wages, allowances, social services, etc). ~ per unit of output (n) Chi ph lao ng trn n v sn l-ng. Labour court (n) To n lao ng. Labour demand (n) L-ng cu lao ng, nhu cu lao ng. Labour dispute (n) Tranh chp lao ng. Labour economics (n) Kinh t hc lao ng. Labour exchange (n) Trao i lao ng. Labour force (n) Lc l-ng lao ng. Labour legislation (n) Lut php v lao ng. Labour market (n) Th tr-ng lao ng. Labour mobility (n) Tnh c ng ca lao ng (i.e. the ease of movement of labour between areas and occupations). Labour productivity (n) Nng sut lao ng (i.e. efficiency of labour usually measured in terms of output per worker or per man-hour worked). Labour redundancy (n) D- tha lao ng (i.e. the dismissal of employees on account of the cessation or diminution of the activity for which they were employed). Labour relations (n) Quan h lao ng (i.e. covering broad relations among employers and employees, management and organized labour, management and the government). Labour shortage (n) Thiu lao ng (i.e. lack of people to fill available jobs). Labour supply (n) L-ng cung lao ng, cung lao ng. Labour-intensive (adj) S dng nhiu lao ng, thm dng lao ng (e.g. a ~ industry: Nn cng nghip s dng nhiu lao ng). Labour-saving (adj) Tit kim lao ng (e.g. ~ devices, tools, technical process: Cc thit b, cng c, quy trnh k thut tit kim lao ng). Land (n) t ai. ~ Law: Lut t ai. Land degradation (n) Tnh trng t xung cp. Land ownership (n) Quyn s hu t ai (also Land titlement). Land pollution (n) nhim t. Land reform (n) Ci cch rung t (i.e. comprehensive reform of the system of land tenure and the structure of agricultural production and supporting services, to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development through the redistribution of wealth, opportunity and power implicit in the ownership and control of land, water and other resources). Land tenure (n) Hn in, thi gian s dng t. Land use planning (n) Quy hoch s dng t. 67

A glossary of common development terms Landless (adj) Khng c t ai (e.g. ~ people: Nhng ng-i khng c rung t); The landless (n): Nhng ng-i khng c rung t. Landlocked countries (n) Cc n-c khng c b bin (i.e. countries like Afghanistan, Laos, Mongolia). Landscape (n) Cnh quan. ~ analysis: Phn tch cnh quan; ~ conservation: Bo tn cnh quan. Landscape ecology (n) Sinh thi cnh quan (i.e. a sub-discipline of ecology focusing on the spacial relationships and interactions between patterns and processes). Lasting (adj) Lu di, bn vng (e.g. The reform programme will be of ~ significance to the country: Ch-ng trnh ci cch s c ngha lu di i vi t n-c). A ~ effect, interest, relationship: Tc ng, quyn li, mi quan h lu di; A ~ peace: Nn ha bnh bn vng. Law (n) Lut php, b lut. ~ on the State Budget: Lut ngn sch Nh n-c. ~ on Personal Income Tax: Lut thu thu nhp c nhn. Law enactment (n) Ban hnh lut php. Law enforcement (n) Thc thi lut php. Law implementation (n) Thc hin lut php. Law making (n) Lm lut, xy dng lut (e.g. the ~ process in Viet Nam). Law of diminishing returns (n) Quy lut sinh li gim dn (i.e. when increasing quantities of a variable factor are added to fixed quantities of some other factor, first the marginal and then the average returns to the variable factor will, after some point, diminish). Law of the Sea (n) Lut bin (i.e. a convention which was adopted by the United Nations in 1982, aimed at establishing a new legal regime for the oceans and their vast resources). Laws of supply and demand: Quy lut cung - cu (i.e. the basic laws in respect of the marketing of goods and services in a market economy). Lay-off (n) S gin th, ngh vic tm thi (i.e. termination of employment by an empoyer due to shortage of raw materials or power, the breakdown of machinery, etc... Layoff is normally of a temporary nature and is without prejudice to the worker) . ~ pay: L-ng ngh vic. Lead (n) Ch o, u tu. ~ donor: Nh ti tr chnh; ~ role: Vai tr ch o, vai tr u tu. Lead time (n) Thi gian cn thit hon thnh mt cng vic (e.g. A long ~ will be required to properly prepare for this important event). Leapfrogging (n) i tt n u (i.e. the ability of developing countries to bypass intermediate technologies and jump straight to advanced clean technologies). A ~ strategy for scientific-technological development: Chin lc i tt n u v pht trin khoa hc cng ngh. Learning (n) Hc hi. Individual ~ : hc hi c nhn; Interactive ~ : Hc hi t-ng tc, hc hi hai chiu; Lifelong ~ : Hc tp sut i; On-line ~ : Hc hi trc tuyn, hc hi qua mng; Organizational ~ : Hc hi ca t chc; Organized ~ : Hc hi c t chc. Learning by doing (n) Va hc va lm (e.g. A ~ approach, principle: Ph-ng php, nguyn tc va hc va lm). Learning organization (n) T chc coi trng hc tp (i.e. an organization that relies strongly on the creation, acquisition, transfer and use of knowledge to improve its performance).

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A glossary of common development terms Learning society (n) X hi hc tp (e.g. To build an effective ~ : Xy dng x hi hc tp c hiu qu). Least Developed Countries or LDCs (n) Cc n-c km pht trin nht (i.e. the 45 poor and vulnerable countries that were defined by the United Nations with an annual per capita income of less than US$ 765 in 1995) . Lecture-based (teaching) method (n) Ph-ng php dy hc da vo gio trnh. Legal (adj) Thuc v php l, thuc v lut php. ~ corridor: Hnh lang php l; ~ framework: Khun kh php l; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng php l; ~ reform: Ci cch lut php. ~ status: a v php l. Legal aid (n) H tr php l (i.e. the provision of assistance to people otherwise unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system). Legally-binding (adj) Rng buc v mt php l (e.g. ~ international agreements, commitments). Legislative (adj) Thuc v lp php; ~ branch: Ngnh lp php; ~ body, institution: C quan lp php; ~ power: Quyn lp php. Lending (n) Cho vay. ~ organization: T chc cho vay; ~ programme: Ch-ng trnh cho vay; ~ rate: Li sut cho vay. Lessons learned (n) Bi hc (e.g. To draw, distill ~ from a successful development project: c rt bi hc kinh nghim t mt d n pht trin thnh cng). Letter of acceptance (n) Th- chp thun (i.e. A letter that creates an immediate binding contractual relationship between the contracting or procuring party and the successful tenderer prior to entering into a formal contract). Level playing field (n) Sn chi bnh ng (e.g. A ~ for the private sector: Sn chi bnh ng cho khu vc kinh t t- nhn, i.e for the private sector to compete in an equal footing with State-owned enterprises). Leverage (v) Kch thch, thu ht (e.g. the effective use of ODA to ~ on additional financing for development, such as foreign investment, domestic resources and trade). Liberalize (vn) T do ho. Hence, Liberalization (n) S t do ho (e.g. Price, trade ~ : T do ho gi c, th-ng mi). Life (n) Cuc sng, tui th, thi hn (e.g. The ~ of a loan: Thi hn ca khon n; the ~ of a project: Thi hn thc hin d n). Life cycle (n) Chu k, vng i ( e.g. the ~ of a project: Vng i d n, chu k d n). Life expectancy (n) Tui th (mong i). ~ at birth: Tui th (i.e. the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same throughout the childs life). Average ~: Tui th trung bnh (i.e. the number of years that an average person can expect to live). Life insurance (n) Bo him nhn th. Life skills education (n) Gio dc v nhng k nng sng, gio dc v nhng iu cn bit trong cuc sng. Life style (n) Phong cch sng. Line agency (n) C quan ch qun, c quan cp trn trc tip. Line management (n) Qun l theo ngnh dc (i.e. administration of the line functions of an organization). Line manager (n) Th tr-ng cp trn trc tip (i.e. a manager who is one level higher in rank than you in a company and is in charge of your work). Line ministry (n) B ch qun.

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A glossary of common development terms Linkage (n) Mi lin kt (e.g. The ~ between donor-funded projects and national programmes: Mi lin kt gia cc d n do n-c ngoi ti tr v cc ch-ng trnh quc gia). Backward ~ : Mi lin kt ng-c; Horizontal ~ : Mi lin kt ngang; Foreward ~ : Mi lin kt xui; Vertical ~ : Mi lin kt dc. Literacy (n) Bit ch. ~ rate (n) T l ng-i bit ch. Literacy among adults (n) T l bit ch ng-i ln (i.e the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read and write). Livelihoods (n) Cch kim sng, k sinh nhai, sinh k. Sustainable ~ : Ph-ng thc kim sng bn vng, sinh k bn vng. Livestock population (n) n gia sc. Living costs (n) Chi ph sinh hot. Loan (n) Khon cho vay, khon vay. Concessional or soft ~ : Khon cho vay -u i. Local area network (n) Mng vi tnh cc b (i.e. a computer network located on users premises within a limited geographical area, also called LAN). Local costs (n) Chi ph ti ch (i.e. those costs of a development project which are made up of locally procured goods and services). Logframe analysis (n) Phn tch khung lgc. Logical framework or logframe: Khung lgc (i.e. a method that allows for a logical linkage between the various elements in a project design and enables a successful implementation of the expected results of the project). Long-term (adj) Di hn (e.g. a ~ goal: mc tiu di hn; a ~ vision: tm nhn di hn). E.g. Although Viet Nam already has a long-term vision of attaining industrialization and modernization by 2020, it is now urgent to develop a clear roadmap of industrialization to inform and guide its people, investors and policymakers. Low income country (n) N-c c mc thu nhp thp (i.e. a country with an annual GNI per capita of USD 935 or less in 2007, according to the World Banks country classification). Low income group (n) Nhm (dn c-) c thu nhp thp. Low paid job (n) Cng vic -c tr l-ng thp. Low-carbon (adj) C cng pht thi cc-bon thp. ~ energy: Nng lng c pht thi cc-bon thp Low-carbon growth (n) Tng trng kinh t c cng pht thi cc-bon thp (i.e. economic growth that causes a low rate of CO2-equivalent emissions). Low-carbon technology (n) Cng ngh c cng pht thi cc-bon thp (i.e. a technology that over its life cycle causes less CO2-equivalent emissions than other technological options do). Lower Middle-Income Country (n) N-c c mc thu nhp trung bnh thp (i.e. a country that has an annual GNI per capita between USD 936 and USD 3,705 in 2007). Lump-sum (n) Trn gi. ~ contract: Hp ng trn gi, hp ng khon gn; ~ payment: Tr trn gi; ~ price: Gi trn gi.

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M
Macro environment (n) Mi tr-ng v m (i.e. a combination of key factors such as policy, legislation, function and tasks, information and knowledge, and infrastructure). Macroeconomic (adj) Thuc kinh t v m (e.g. ~ instruments, management, reform, stability: Cc cng c, qun l, ci cch, s n nh kinh t v m). Macroeconomics (n) Kinh t hc v m (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned with the study of relationships between broad economic aggregates - national income, savings, investment, employment, trade, money supply, foreign exchange, etc...). Mainstream (n) Xu h-ng ch o, dng chy chnh, chnh l-u (e.g. the ~ of the development thinking: Xu h-ng ch o ca t- duy pht trin). Mainstream (v) Lng ghp (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy making process: Lng ghp vn gii vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch). Mainstreaming (n) S lng ghp (e.g. the ~ of gender issues into personnel policies: Lng ghp vn gii vo chnh sch nhn s). Male head of household (n) Ch h l nam. Male to female transmission of HIV (n) S lan truyn HIV t nam gii sang n gii. Male-headed household (n) H do nam gii lm ch h. Malnourished (adj) B suy dinh d-ng. ~ children: Tr em suy dinh d-ng. Malnutrition (n) S suy dinh d-ng (e.g. ~ among children under five years of age). Manageable (adj) C th qun l -c, c th kim sot -c (e.g. External debt must be kept at a ~ level: Phi gi n n-c ngoi mc c th kim sot -c). Managed resource area (n) Khu bo tn ti nguyn -c qun l. Management (n) Qun l (used in connection with three main tasks: supervision of and responsibility for the work of others; allocating labour, material and capital to produce a high return; and decision-making). ~ skills:.K nng qun l; ~ science: Khoa hc qun l; ~ style: Phong cch qun l; ~ techniques : K thut qun l; ~ training: o to v cng tc qun l. Management arrangements (n) Cch t chc qun l (e.g. Project ~ : Cch t chc qun l d n). Management by exception (n) (Ph-ng php) qun l theo ngoi l (i.e. a management style whereby only the information that indicates a significant deviation of actual results from the budgeted or planned results is brought to Managements notice). Management by objectives (n) Qun l theo mc tiu (i.e. the process of setting goals and designing and implementing courses of action in order to reach those goals). Management consultant (n) Chuyn gia t- vn qun l. Management information system (n) H thng thng tin qun l (i.e. a system in which defined data are collected, processed and communicated to assist those responsible for the use of resources). Managing for results: Qun l theo kt qu (i.e. one of the five principles of the Paris Declaration and Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness, which means that the Government of the recipient country and donors jointly use results-oriented performance assessment frameworks in order to maximize aid effectiveness and manage the implementation of national socio-economic development strategies, plans, programmes).

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A glossary of common development terms Man-made (adj) Do con ng-i to ra. ~ capital: (Ngun) vn do con ng-i to ta (e.g. machines, buildings, infrastructure); ~ disasters: Thin tai do con ng-i to ra (khc vi Climate-related disasters: Thin tai lin quan n kh hu). Manpower (n) Nhn lc (i.e. used to refer to persons available or required for work). ~ need: Nhu cu v nhn lc; ~ planning: Lp k hoch nhn lc; ~ utilization: S dng nhn lc. Manufactured goods: Hng ho ch tc (i.e. goods produced using primary goods). Margin (n) L, bin, ra. At the ~ of the development process: bn l ca qu trnh pht trin. E.g. Climate change belongs to none in the mainstream, yet to all at the margin. Marginalization (n) Gt ra ngoi l, phn bit i x (e.g. The growing ~ of the less developed countries in the world economy: Tnh trng cc n-c km pht trin ngy cng b gt ra ngoi l nn kinh t th gii). Social ~ : Tnh trng b gt ra ngoi l x hi, tnh trng phn bit i x. Marginalize (v) Gt ra ngoi l, phn bit i x. Marginalized (adj) B gt ra ngoi l, phi chu thit thi, b phn bit i x (E.g. ~ economically, socially and culturally; ~ groups: Nhng nhm dn c- phi chu thit thi, b phn bit i x, b gt ra ngoi l (ca qu trnh pht trin). Marine (adj) Thuc v bin; ~ ecology: Sinh thi bin; ~ ecosystems: Cc h sinh thi bin; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng bin; ~ pollution: nhim bin; ~ protected area: Khu bo tn bin; ~ resources: Ti nguyn bin. Market (n) Th tr-ng. Free ~ : Th tr-ng t do; Organized ~ : Th tr-ng c t chc. Market demand (n) L-ng cu ca th tr-ng, nhu cu ca th tr-ng. Market economy (n) Kinh t th tr-ng (i.e. an economic system that allows market forces to dictate prices and quantities of goods produced. Market forces allocate resources in a market economy). Market equilibrium (n) Cn bng th tr-ng. Market failure (n) Tht bi ca th tr-ng (i.e. cases where a market economy fails to provide people with a desirable supply of certain kinds of goods and services). Market forces (n) Cc tc nhn th tr-ng, lc l-ng th tr-ng (i.e. factors that drive or propel a market). Market instruments (n) Cc cng c th tr-ng. Market liberalization: T do ho th tr-ng (i.e. removing and abstaining from using state controls that impede the normal functioning of a market economy; e.g. lifting price and wage controls). Market orientation (n) nh h-ng th tr-ng. Market prices (n) Gi th tr-ng. Market share (n) Th phn. Market supply (n) L-ng cung ca th tr-ng. Marketing (n) Tip th. ~ plan: K hoch tip th; ~ strategy: Chin l-c tip th. Market-oriented (adj) Theo nh h-ng th tr-ng. ~ economy: Nn kinh t theo nh h-ng th tr-ng. Marriage (n) Hn nhn. Arranged ~ : Hn nhn -c sp t; ~ certificate: Giy hn th; ~ of convenience: Hn nhn v li. Masculinization: (Hin tng, tnh trng) nam gii ha, tng t l nam gii. Process of ~ : Qu trnh nam gii ha; Wave of ~ : Ln sng nam gii ha. Master plan (n) Quy hoch tng th (e.g. A ~ for the Mekong Delta: Quy hoch tng th ng bng sng Cu Long. A tourism ~ : Quy hoch tng th ngnh du lch). 72

A glossary of common development terms Maternal and child health (n) Sc khe b m v tr em. Maternal health and safe motherhood programme: Ch-ng trnh sc khe b m v lm m an ton. Maternal mortality rate (n) T l t vong cc b m, t l cht m (i.e. the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births). Maternity (n) Chc nng lm m, nhim v lm m. ~ grant: Tr cp sinh ; ~ leave: Ngh . Maturity period (n) Thi hn phi tr n (i.e. the time from the date on which a loan agreement comes into force until the date on which the loan is due for complete repayment). Means of verification (n) Cng c, cch thc kim chng (i.e. the use of evaluation reports, audit reports, survey data, etc in order to verify the achievement of outputs, outcomes, impacts by a development project). Measurable (adj) C th o -c. ~ impact: Tc ng c th o l-ng -c; ~ indicator: Ch s c th o l-ng -c; ~ results: Cc kt qu c th o l-ng -c. Medium-term expenditure framework (n) Khun kh chi tiu trung hn (i.e. a 3 to 5 year plan to provide a framework for fiscal policy and to facilitate strategic sector planning and programming). Mekong River Commission (n) U hi quc t v sng M-cng (i.e. the international commission set up in 1995 by the Agreement on Cooperation for Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam). Memory of the World Programme (n) Ch-ng trnh K c th gii (i.e. an international initiative, launched by UNESCO in 1992, to safeguard the documentary heritage of mankind against collective amnesia, neglect, the ravages of time and climatic conditions and willful and deliberate destruction). Merging (n) St nhp (e.g. The ~ of small businesses into a large company). Merit-based (adj) Da vo kt qu, as opposed to Entitlement-based Da vo tiu chun, ch (e.g. Future resource allocation should be ~ , not entitlement-based: Vic phn b ngun lc trong t-ng lai nn da vo kt qu cng vic, khng nn da vo tiu chun, ch ). Micro-credit (n) Tn dng quy m nh (also Micro-finance), e.g. a ~ programme for community-based poverty reduction initiatives). Microeconomic (adj) Thuc v kinh t vi m (e.g. ~ management, reform, instruments: Qun l, ci cch, cc cng c kinh t vi m). Microeconomics (n) Kinh t hc vi m (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned with the study of individual decision-making units, firms, individuals). Micro-nutrient (n) Cht dinh d-ng vi l-ng; ~ deficiency (n) (Tnh trng, s) thiu cht dinh d-ng vi l-ng. ~ deficient (adj) Thiu cht dinh d-ng vi l-ng. Middle income country trap (n) By thu nhp trung bnh (i.e. a situation when a MIC is not able to reach a higher income level for a long time). E.g. The majority of Latin American countries remain MICs even though they had achieved relatively high income levels as early as in the 19th century. This phenomenon is called the MIC Trap. Middle income country or MIC (n) N-c c mc thu nhp trung bnh (i.e. According to the World Banks country classification, countries which have an annual GNI per capita of between USD 936 and USD 11,455 in 2007). These include Lower Middle-Income Countries N-c c mc thu nhp trung bnh thp, and Upper Middle-Income Countries N-c c mc thu nhp trung bnh cao.

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A glossary of common development terms Middle management (n) Cn b qun l trung cp (i.e. the wide range of technical and supervisory staff between first-level supervision and top management). Mid-term (adj) Gia k. ~ evaluation: nh gi gia k; ~ review: Kim im gia k. Migration (n) S di c-. Forced ~: Di c- c-ng bc; Internal ~: Di c- ni a; Organized ~ : Di c- c t chc; Rural - urban ~ : Di c- t nng thn ra thnh th; Seasonal ~ : Di c- theo ma v; Spontaneous, unorganized ~ : Di c- t do. Millennium Declaration (n) Tuyn b Thin nin k (i.e. a declaration that was adopted on 8 September 2000 by world leaders, following the Millennium Summit at the UN Headquarters in New York). Millennium Development Goals (n) Cc mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k (e.g. halve the number of people who suffer from absolute poverty between 1990 & 2015; halve the number of people who suffer from hunger between 1990 & 2015; ensure universal primary education by 2015; reduce by 2/3 the under-five mortality rate between 1990 & 2015; reduce by 3/4 the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 & 2015, etc). Millennium Summit (n) Hi ngh th-ng nh Thin nin k (i.e. a three-day meeting of Heads of State and Government of 180 countries over the world - from 6 to 8 September 2000 - at the UN Headquarters to discuss the role of the United Nations at the turn of the 21st century. The Millennium Summit adopted the Millennium Declaration that included the eight Milennium Development Goals). Minimize (v) Gim thiu, ct gim (e.g. To ~ urban waste and pollution: Gim thiu rc thi v nhim th; To ~ donor interference in recipient countries policy-making processes: Gim thiu s can thip ca nh ti tr vo qu trnh xy dng chnh sch ca nc tip nhn vin tr). Minimum age(s) for admission to employment (n) Tui ti thiu c tham gia lao ng (defined by ILO Convention No. 138 at 18 years old as the ~ for any employment that is likely to jeopardize a persons health, safety or moral and at 15 as the general ~ ). Mission (n) Tn ch, s mnh, phi on. A ~ statement: Bn tuyn b v tn ch, mc ch; A consultant ~ : on chuyn gia t- vn; A peace ~ : S mng ho bnh. Mitigate (n) Lm du, gim nh, gim thiu. E.g. To ~ adverse social impacts of the global economic and financial crisis: Gim thiu tc ng x hi tiu cc ca cuc khng hong kinh t, ti chnh ton cu. Mitigation (n) Gim nh bin i kh hu. Disaster ~ : Gim nh (tc ng, hu qu) thin tai. Mitigative capacity (n) Kh nng gim nh tc ng (i.e. a countrys ability to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions or to enhance natural sinks where ability refers to skills, competencies, fitness and proficiency that a country has attained and depends on technology, institutions, wealth, equity, infrastructure and information). Mixed credit (n) Tn dng h hp. (Also Mixed financing). Mobile labour force (n) Lc l-ng lao ng thuyn chuyn linh hot Mobilization (n) Vn ng, huy ng. ODA ~ : Vn ng ngun vn ODA; Input ~ : Huy ng u vo (cho d n); Resource ~ : Huy ng ngun lc; Social ~ : Vn ng x hi. Mobilization of domestic or internal resources (n) Huy ng ngun lc trong n-c, huy ng ni lc Modality (n) Ph-ng thc (e.g. Aid modalities: Cc ph-ng thc vin tr; Project execution modalities: Cc ph-ng thc iu hnh d n). Monetary (n) Thuc v tin t; ~ crisis: Khng hong tin t; ~ policy: Chnh sch tin t; ~ reserve: D tr tin t; ~ system: H thng tin t. 74

A glossary of common development terms Money (n) Tin. Bad ~ : ng tin xu; Easy ~ : ng tin d vay: Good ~ : ng tin tt (Bad money drives out good money: ng tin xu ui ng tin tt); Highpowered ~ : ng tin mnh; Idle, inactive ~ : ng tin nhn ri; ~ market: Th tr-ng tin t; ~ laundering: Ra tin; ~ supply: L-ng cung tin mt; ~ demand: L-ng cu tin mt. Monitor (v) Theo di (To ~ somebodys performance, project progress: Theo di s tin b ca mt ng-i no , theo di tin thc hin ca mt d n). Monitoring (n) Theo di (i.e. a continuing function aimed primarily at providing early indications of progress or lack thereof in the achievement of project objectives). Project ~ : Theo di d n, bao gm cc khu nh- regular field visit, ad hoc field visit, periodical reporting, periodical review v terminal reporting. Monoculture (n) Tp qun, ch c canh (i.e. an agricultural practice in which a single species of plant is cultivated in an area). Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (n) Ngh nh thMontreal v cc cht ph hu tng -dn (i.e. an international agreement that was reached in 1998 by over 30 countries and that is aimed at protecting the ozone layer by controlling the emission of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs) and halons). Moonlighting (n) Lm thm vic ngoi gi (th-ng l vo bui ti). Mortality (n) T vong. Child ~ : T vong tr em; Infant ~ : T vong tr s sinh; Under-five ~ : T vong tr em d-i 5 tui; Maternal ~ : T vong b m, t vong m. Mortality rate (n) T sut t vong. Most-favoured (adj) -c -u tin nhiu nht. ~ nation: Ti hu quc; ~ nation clause: iu khon ti hu quc. Mother (n) Ng-i m. Expecting ~ : Ng-i m ang mang thai; Nursing ~ : Ng-i m ang nui con. Motherhood (n) Lm m. Safe ~ : Sinh an ton, lm m an ton. Mothering skills (n) K nng lm m. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (n) S lan truyn HIV t m sang con. Multi-cultural (adj) a vn ho, nhiu mu sc vn ho. ~ organization: T chc a vn ho; ~ society: X hi a vn ho. Multi-dimensional (adj) (C) nhiu kha cnh, nhiu mt, a chiu (also multifaceted). E.g. Poverty is ~ rather than single-dimensional: Ngho l vn mang tnh a chiu ch khng phi n chiu. A ~ problem: Mt vn c nhiu kha cnh. Multi-disciplinary (adj) Lin quan n nhiu lnh vc (e.g. A ~ approach: Cch tip cn a ngnh; Interventions of a ~ nature: Cc bin php can thip lin quan ti nhiu lnh vc). Multi-lateral (adj) a ph-ng (khc vi Bilateral Song ph-ng). ~ aid: Vin tr a ph-ng; ~ donor: Nh ti tr a ph-ng; ~ forum: Din n a ph-ng. Multi-lateral agency or organization (n) T chc a ph-ng (i.e. an international agency or organization to which individual countries contribute funds for subsequent disbursement by the organization itself). Multi-lateral aid (n) Vin tr a ph-ng (i.e. financial aid and technical cooperation provided by a multilateral organization to a developing country). Multi-lateral trade agreement (n) Hip nh th-ng mi a ph-ng. Multiple cropping (n) a canh (i.e. simultaneous cultivation of different crops on separate plots of field). Multiple indicator cluster survey (n) iu tra cm dn c a ch s. 75

A glossary of common development terms Multiplier (n) S nhn; (adj) C tnh lan to. ~ effect: Tc dng lan ta (e.g. the ~ effect of a successful poverty reduction programme: Tc ng lan ta ca mt ch-ng trnh xa i gim ngho thnh cng). Multi-purpose (adj) Phc v nhiu mc ch, a mc ch (e.g A ~ data survey: Cuc iu tra a mc ch; A ~ project: D n a mc ch). Mutual (adj) Ng-i ny i vi ng-i kia, ln nhau. E.g. ~ affection, suspicion: Tnh cm vi nhau, nghi k ln nhau; ~ aid, assistance, support: Vin tr, tr gip, h tr ln nhau; ~ responsibility, obligation: Trch nhim, ngha v vi nhau. Mutual accountability: C trch nhim ln nhau (i.e. one of the five principles of the Paris Declaration and Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness, which specifies that the Government of the recipient country and donors are accountable to each other for the efficient and effective use of development resources and for development results).

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A glossary of common development terms

N
Narcotics (n) Ma tu, thuc gy m. Hence, Anti-narcotic activities: Cc hot ng phng chng ma tu. National (adj) Thuc v quc gia; ~ accounting: K ton quc gia; ~ budget: Ngn sch quc gia; ~ debt: N quc gia; ~ expenditure: Chi tiu quc gia; ~ income: Thu nhp quc gia. National accounts (n) Ti khon quc gia (i.e. ~ broadly present the production, income and expenditure activities of the economic actors (corporations, government, households) in an economy, including their relations with other countries' economies, and their wealth). System of ~ : H thng ti khon quc gia (i.e. The ~ describes a coherent, consistent and integrated set of macroeconomic accounts in the context of a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules). National execution (n) Ph-ng thc quc gia iu hnh d n (i.e. the management of a project in an aid recipient country carried out by a national entity of that country). National income (n) Thu nhp quc dn (i.e. a measure of the money value of the total flow of goods and services produced in an economy over a specified period). National parks (n) V-n quc gia (i.e. limited areas for the protection of indigenous flora and fauna). Nationally recruited (adj) -c tuyn trong n-c (e.g. ~ consultants: Chuyn gia tvn -c tuyn dng trong n-c). Natural capital (n) Ngun vn t nhin (e.g. resources, minerals, energy, ozone layer). Natural disasters (n) Thin tai. Natural Heritage (n) Di sn thin nhin. The Ha Long Bay, Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park have been recognized by UNESCO as ~ s. Natural monopoly: c quyn t nhin (i.e. a situation that occurs when one firm in an industry can serve the entire market at a lower cost than would be possible if the industry were composed of many smaller firms). Natural monument (n) K quan thin nhin. Natural population increase: Tng dn s t nhin (i.e. the difference between the birth rate and the death rate over a period of time). Natural resources (n) Ti nguyn thin nhin. Nature reserve (n) Khu d tr t nhin (i.e. an area where natural resources can be exploited in a scientific and controlled manner to ensure its conservation). Needs assessment (n) nh gi nhu cu (i.e. a process for pinpointing reasons for gaps in performance or a method for identifying new and future performance needs). E.g. To undertake a training ~ : Tin hnh nh gi nhu cu o to. Net (adj) Cn li (e.g. ~ income: Thu nhp thc, tc l sau khi tr thu; ~ price: Gi thc, tc l sau khi khu hao; ~ profit: Li rng; ~ weight: trng l-ng tnh, tc l khng bao gm trng l-ng ca bao gi, thng ng). Net enrolment ratio (n) T l i hc ng tui (i.e. the number of children of official school age enrolled in school as a percentage of the number of children of official school age in the population). Net official assistance: H tr chnh thc rng (i.e. the sum of grants and concessional loans from donor country governments to recipient countries, minus any repayment of loan principal during the period of the loans). 77

A glossary of common development terms Network (n) Mng l-i (e.g. ~ of research institutions: Mng l-i cc vin nghin cu; Knowledge ~ : Mng l-i tri thc hoc kin thc). Network (v) Lin kt, thit lp mng l-i (e.g. To ~ with other training institutions in the region). Network age (n) K nguyn kt ni mng. Networked (adj) -c kt ni thnh mng l-i. ~ economy: Nn kinh t kt mng; ~ society: X hi kt mng. Networking (n) (S) lin kt, thit lp mng l-i (e.g. the ~ of research institutions in the region). New environmental paradigm: T- duy mi v mi tr-ng (i.e. a new set of assumptions about the nature of the relationship between humans and the larger environment). New growth model (n) M hnh mi v tng tr-ng (i.e. a model characterized by a set of new assumptions whereby economic growth depends largely on technological innovation and the accumulation of human capital as well public goods and infrastructure). Newly industrialized country (n) N-c cng nghip mi (i.e. a country that has been industrialized only recently, e.g. South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan...). Niche (n) V th thch hp nht. E.g. UNDP must identify a ~ for itself in the development business; Ni sinh sng l t-ng, i.e. place in an ecosystem which a species is specially adapted to fit, e.g. the ~ for pandas: Ni sinh sng l t-ng ca loi gu trc). Niche market (n) Th trng ngch (i.e. the subset of the market on which a specific product is focusing; therefore the ~ defines the specific product features aimed at satisfying specific market needs, as well as the price range, production quality and the demographics that is intended to impact). Nominal (n) Tn ti trn danh ngha, khng thc (e.g. ~ value: Gi tr danh ngha; the ~ ruler of the country: Ngi cai tr t nc trn danh ngha). Nominal indicator (n) Ch s danh ngha (i.e. an indicator that uses the prices prevailing at the time of measurement). Nominate (v) Ch nh, c (e.g. to ~ participants in a study tour: C ngi tham gia on kho st). Nomination (n) S ch nh, c (e.g. the ~ of representatives to the Project Steering Committee: Ch nh i din vo Ban ch o d n). Non-communicable diseases (n) Cc cn bnh khng ly lan. Non-core resources: Cc ngun vn khng th-ng xuyn, ngun vn huy ng thm, khc vi Core resources. Non-expendable equipment (n) Thit b lu bn, thit b khng tiu hao. Non-formal education (n) Gio dc khng chnh quy (i.e. activities or programmes organized outside the established educational system but directed towards definite educational objectives). Non-governmental organization (n) T chc phi chnh ph, th-ng vit tt l NGO (i.e. a private organization of a charitable, educational or research nature which is concerned with problems of developing countries and the spread of knowledge about them). Non-performing (adj) Khng sinh li, khng c hiu qu (e.g. a ~ loan: Mt khon vn vay khng c hiu qu).

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A glossary of common development terms Non-project aid (n) Vin tr phi d n (i.e. financial assistance other than project aid and includes budgetary assistance, debt relief, assistance for pensions and compensation, programme aid and maintenance aid). Non-refundable (adj) Khng hon tr. ~ aid: Vin tr khng hon li. Non-regulatory (adj) Khng mang tnh php quy, khc vi Regulatory. ~ approaches, instruments: Cc ph-ng php tip cn, cc cng c khng mang tnh php quy. Non-renewable (adj) Khng th ti sinh (khc vi Renewable). ~ energies: Cc ngun nng l-ng khng ti sinh, nh- khong sn, du la, kh t, than . ~ resources: Cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti sinh. Non-tariff barrier (n) Hng ro phi thu quan. Normative (adj) Mang tnh quy phm (e.g. ~ legal documents: Cc vn bn php l mang tnh quy phm, cc vn bn quy phm php lut). Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD): C quan Pht trin quc t Na Uy. Not in anybody's backyard: Khng -c trong v-n nh ai (i.e. the idea that hazardous activities and substances should not be located in anybody's backyard). Not in my backyard: Khng -c trong v-n nh ti (i.e. the idea that hazardous activities and substances should not be located in my backyard). Nuclear family (n) Gia nh ht nhn, gia nh nh (tc gia nh gm b m v con ci). Nutrition (n) Dinh d-ng (e.g. A ~ education programme for rural population: Ch-ng trnh gio dc dinh d-ng cho dn c- nng thn).

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O
Occupational (adj) Thuc v ngh nghip. ~ accident: Tai nn ngh nghip; ~ disease: Bnh nghn ghip; ~ health: Sc kho ngh nghip. . Occupational multiplicity (n) Lm nhiu vic, a dng ngnh ngh; Occupational safety (n) An ton ngh nghip (i.e. referring to policies and practices intended to prevent or reduce industrial accidents and diseases by means of awareness raising, training, regulations, etc). Offer (n) Li cho, th- cho hng (often used interchangeably with Bid). Evalution of ~ s: nh gi cc bn cho hng, nh gi thu; Solicitation of ~ s: Mi cho hng, mi thu. Off-farm (adj) Phi nng nghip. ~ employment: Vic lm phi nng nghip. Official aid (n) Vin tr chnh thc (i.e. financial flows which meet the conditions of eligibility for inclusion in ODA, other than the fact that the recipients are on Part II of the DAC List of Aid Recipients). Xem thm DAC List of Aid Recipients. Official development assistance (ODA): Vin tr pht trin chnh thc, tr gip pht trin chnh thc (i.e. a grant and a soft loan to countries in Part I of the DAC List of Aid Recipients which is provided to the official sector, which is intended for development purposes and which has a grant element of at least 25% of the value of the loan itself). Xem thm DAC List of Aid Recipients. Oil pollution (n) nhim du. Oil spill (n) Trn du, tai nn trn du. Old growth model (n) M hnh c in v tng tr-ng (i.e. a model chatacterized by a set of traditional assumptions whereby economic growth depends largely on constant returns on production). One Budget (n) Mt ngn sch chung (i.e. a common, integrated budget for UN Organizations in Viet Nam to support the successful implementation of the One Plan. It provides a clearer sense of the total resources that will be required during the One Plan cycle and to which parts of the One Plan such resources will be allocated). Xem thm One Plan. One Plan (n) Mt k hoch chung (i.e. the common country programme of 14 resident UN Organizations (FAO, IFAD, ILO, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA, UN-HABITAT, UNIDO, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIFEM, UNODC, UNV and WHO) that participate in the One UN Initiative in Viet Nam. It seeks to synthesize and harmonize technical assistance activities of the 14 UN Organizations within a single five-year planning framework to better support national development needs and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals). Xem thm UN reform in Viet Nam. On-farm (adj) Trn ng rung, thuc ngh nng. ~ employment: Vic lm nng nghip. ~ training workshop: Lp tp hun u b. On-lend (v) Cho vay li (e.g. The loan from the World Bank was on-lent by the Government to a State-owned corporaation). On-lending (n) S cho vay li (e.g. ~ terms and conditions: Cc iu kin cho vay li). On-line (adj or adv) -c -a ln mng internet, trc tuyn (e.g. The report has been posted ~ ). ~ learning: Hc qua mng internet, hc trc tuyn; ~ service: Dch v cung cp qua mng internet, dch v trc tuyn. On-line service provider (n) Ng-i cung cp dch v ng dng internet.

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A glossary of common development terms Open (adj) M, b ng. ~ access resource: Ti nguyn tip cn t do; ~ forest: Rng th-a, rng ch-a khp tn; ~ market: Th tr-ng m; ~ system: H thng m. Open bidding (n) u thu rng ri (i.e. the most competitive but administratively demanding procedure whereby a tender notice is advertised internationally and any supplier in any country is eligible to submit a tender). Open-door (adj) M ca (e.g. An ~ diplomatic policy: Chnh sch ngoi giao m ca. Open-ended (adj) m, b ng, khng c gii hn. An ~ contract: Hp ng b ng; An ~ question: Cu hi m (i.e. a question that a respondent answers in his or her own words); An ~ discussion: Cuc tho lun khng hn ch. Opportunity cost (n) Chi ph c hi (i.e. a measure of value of the opportunity foregone when a resource is used for one thing rather than for another). Oral rehydration therapy (n) Ph-ng php chng mt n-c c th qua -ng ming. Organic agriculture, farming (n) (Ph-ng php) canh tc sch, canh tc hu c (i.e. an agricultural system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, livestock feed additives and relies as practicable as possible on organic substitutes). Organic fertilizer (n) Phn hu c. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): T chc Hp tc v Pht trin kinh t (i.e. an international economic organization founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. Its predecessor was the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, established in 1948 to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II). Organizational impact analysis (n) Phn tch tc ng t chc (i.e. a study of the way a proposed system will affect organizational structure, attitude, decision-making and operations). Outcome (n) Kt qu lu di (i.e. the results of a project relative to its immediate objectives that are generated by the project outputs). Output (n) Kt qu trc tip, u ra (i.e. the tangible products or services, of a project that are necessary to achieve its objectives; e.g. A development project should be designed to produce tangible outputs). Output budgeting (n) (Ph-ng php) lp ngn sch theo u ra (i.e. the process of linking budgetary appropriations to specific outputs). Output-based (adj) Da vo kt qu u ra, da vo sn phm (e.g. an ~ contract: Hp ng theo sn phm). Outreach (n) Phm vi hot ng, nh h-ng (e.g. An ~ strategy: Chin l-c m rng tm hot ng, m rng phm vi tip cn; To improve ~ to non-member countries: M rng nh h-ng n cc n-c khng phi l thnh vin). Outward-looking (adj) H-ng ngoi, khc vi Inward-looking H-ng ni (e.g. Viet Nams economic policies have become much more ~ since the late 1980s). Overhead costs (n) Chi ph qun l chung (i.e. ongoing expenses of operating a business (also known as Operating Expenses). Overheating (n) Tnh trng qu nng. E.g. The overheating of the economy was a result of massive capital inflows: Tnh trng nn kinh t pht trin qu nng l do lung vn vo t. Overtime (adv & adj) Ngoi gi (e.g. to work ~: Lm vic ngoi gi; to be paid extra for ~ : -c tr thm cho cng vic lm ngoi gi; ~ payments: Tin tr lm ngoi gi. Own (v) S hu, l ti sn ca mnh (e.g. The socio-economic development strategy is genuinely ~ ed by the Government of this country). 81

A glossary of common development terms Ownership (n) ( thc) ch ng, lm ch. National ~ : thc lm ch, thc ch ng ca quc gia. Ownership (or country ownership): Quc gia lm ch (i.e. one of the five principles of the Paris Declaration and Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness, which means that the Government of the recipient country defines and is the owner of national development policies and strategies). Ozone depleting substances (n) Cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn (e.g. To phase out ~: Gim dn vic s dng cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn). Ozone depletion (n) S suy gim tng -dn (i.e. Depletion of the ozone layer in the earths upper atmosphere primarily by the accumulation of human-produced gasses, such as chlorofluorocardons). Ozone layer (n) Tng -dn.

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A glossary of common development terms

P
Pacific rim (n) Vnh ai Thi bnh d-ng (i.e. the 34 countries and 23 islands in and around the Pacific Ocean). Parallel (n) Song song, song trng (i.e. As a key principle of the Ha Noi Core Statement, donors are committed to avoid creating ~ structures for the day-to-day management and implementation of ODA-funded programmes/ projects). Parallel financing (n) Ti tr song song (i.e. financial contributions that are made by donors to a joint development project and that are managed by respective donors in accordance with their own financial rules/regulations). Xem thm Co-financing. Parallel support (n) H tr song song (i.e. aid that is kept separate from the general resources in the national budget but should still be reflected in the national budget, and that is used according to rules and procedures that may be more or less in conformity with those laid down in the national public expenditure management system). Parent (n) Ng-i cha; ~ rights: Cc quyn ca ng-i cha. Parental education (n) Tuyn truyn i vi cc bc cha m, gio dc lm cha m. Parental guidance (n) S ch bo, dy d ca cc bc cha m (as required by the CRC, parents have the responsibility for providing the child with appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of his/her rights recognized by the CRC). Parental responsibility (n) Trch nhim ca cc bc cha m (as required by the CRC, parents have the responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child). Parenting skills (n) K nng lm cha. Paris Club (n) Cu lc b Pa-ri (i.e. ad hoc meetings, usually in Paris, of creditor governments since 1956 to coordinate the re-negotiation of debts and guarantees among sovereign countries). Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (n) (i.e. an international agreement that was endorsed on 2 March 2005 by over one hundred Ministers, Heads of Agencies and other Senior Officials. It represents the commitment of their governments and organizations to continue efforts in increasing aid effectiveness. The Paris Declaration is guided by five key principles - namely: ownership, alignment, harmonization, resultsmanagement and mutual accountability - and a set of minitorable actions and indicators). Parity (n) Trng thi bng nhau, cn bng. Parity zone: Khu vc cn bng, im cn bng (e.g. At the present rate, it will take another 40 years for developing countries to reach the ~ of 30% of female representatives in national parliaments). Partially untied aid (n) Vin tr c mt phn iu kin (i.e. official aid for which the associated goods and services must be procured in the donor country or among a restricted group of other countries, which however must include substantially all developing countries). Participation (n) S tham gia (ca ng-i dn hoc cc i t-ng th h-ng vo cc hot ng pht trin). Participatory (adj) C s tham gia ca cc i t-ng th h-ng hay ca ng-i dn ni chung, cng tham gia. A ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn c s tham gia ca cc i t-ng th h-ng hay ca ng-i dn, ph-ng php cng tham gia (e.g. ~ approaches are often applied in community-based development projects). Participatory crop improvement (n) Ci thin cy trng c s tham gia ca ng-i dn. 83

A glossary of common development terms Participatory planning (n) Lp k hoch (pht trin) vi s tham gia ca ng-i dn. Participatory poverty assessment (n) nh gi tnh trng ngho i c s tham gia ca ng-i dn (i.e. an assessment that uses participatory methodologies to construct a regional or national poverty profile). Participatory poverty ranking (n) Xp loi ng-i ngho c s tham gia ca ng-i dn. Participatory project evaluation (n) nh gi d n vi s tham gia ca cc i t-ng th h-ng. Participatory research (n) Nghin cu c s tham gia ca cc i t-ng th h-ng (i.e. research method in which the people who are being studied collaborate in the research design and analysis). Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): Ph-ng php nh gi nng thn c s tham gia ca cc i t-ng th h-ng (i.e. a method for interacting with, learning from and analyzing rural communities and population, through which to directly exchange ideas with beneficiaries and encourage their wide participation). Participatory teaching method (n) Ph-ng php dy hc c s tham gia ca hc sinh (i lp vi lecture-based teaching method Ph-ng php dy hc da vo gio trnh). Partner (n) i tc. Development ~ : i tc hp tc pht trin; dialogue ~ : Bn i thoi. Partnership (n) Quan h i tc (i.e. cooperation on equal terms between countries, institutions, groups or individuals). E.g. A close ~ between the Government and the NGO community); ~ development: Xy dng quan h i tc; ~ groups: Cc nhm i tc. Partnership for development (n) Quan h i tc v (s nghip) pht trin (E.g. Developing a global ~ is one of the 8 Millennium Development Goals). Part-time (adj) Kim nhim (e.g. a ~ job, post: Mt cng vic, chc danh kim nhim). Part-time employment (n) Lao ng kim nhim. Paternity (n) T- cch lm cha, trch nhim lm cha. ~ leave: Ngh php cho ng-i cha (khi v sinh con). Pattern (n) Hnh thi, tp qun. ~ of consumption: Tp qun tiu dng; ~ of development: Hnh thi pht trin; ~ of growth: Hnh thi tng tr-ng. Pay back (v) Thanh ton, hon tr (To ~ a loan within the deadline). Pay-back period: Thi k hon vn. Peace-keeping (n) Gn gi ho bnh (e.g. ~ operations of the United Nations: Cc hot ng gn gi ho bnh ca Lin hp quc). Peer (n) Ng-i ng ng, ng-i ng cnh. Peer education (n) Gio dc ng ng (i.e. an approach to education and awareness raising, in which peers are supported to share real-life experience and knowledge with the ultimate goal of promoting mutual understanding and attitudinal/behavioural change). Peer review (n) Nghin cu ng ng, kim im ng ng. People living together with HIV (n) Nhng ng-i chung sng vi HIV (i.e. a new term which is increasingly used to replace "HIV affected people", in order to reduce discrimination and encourage patients to live positively). People-centered (n) Ly con ng-i lm trung tm. ~ development: (S nghip) pht trin ly con ng-i lm trung tm. Per capita (adj) Tnh theo u ng-i. ~ GNP: Tng thu nhp quc dn theo u ng-i; ~ income: Thu nhp theo u ng-i.

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A glossary of common development terms Perennial (adj) L-u nin, lu nm. ~ field crop: Cy trng l-u nin; ~ plant: Thc vt l-u nin. Perform (v) Hot ng (e.g. To ~ well: Hot ng tt, hot ng c hiu qu). Performance (n) Hiu nng, hiu qu hot ng. Environmental, economic, financial ~ : Hiu qu hot ng v mi tr-ng, kinh t, ti chnh. Performance evaluation (n) nh gi hiu qu hot ng. Performance gap (n) Khong cch v hiu qu hot ng (i.e. the difference between the actual performance of a given organizational unit or individual and the planned performance of the same unit/ individual). Performance indicators (n) Ch s nh gi hiu qu hot ng. Performance measurement (n) o lng hiu qu hot ng (i.e. a system for assessing performance of development interventions, or of an organization, against stated goals). Performance monitoring (n) Theo di hiu qu hot ng (i.e. a continuous process of collecting and analysing data to compare how well a project, programme, or policy is being implemented against expected results). Performance review (n) Kim im hiu qu hot ng (i.e. an assessment of whether a country programme and its management are on track with regard to stated goals, plans and procedures, giving recommendations on possible adjustments required). Performing (adj) Hot ng c hiu qu, sinh li (e.g. a ~ loan: Mt khon vay c hiu qu; a high ~ economy, industry: Nn kinh t, ngnh cng nghip c hiu qu cao). Periodical (adj) (Mang tnh) nh k, tc l hng qu, na nm, hng nm, v.v (e.g. A ~ project review: Kim im d n nh k ; ~ project progress report: Bo co tin thc hin d n nh k). Pest (n) Su hi. Integrated ~ management: Qun l su hi tng hp. Pesticide (n) Thuc tr su. ~ resistance : Tnh trng khng thuc tr su (i.e. a situation in which pests are not affected by a particular pesticide). Hence, ~ resistant (adj) C kh nng khng thuc tr su. Phase out (v) Gim dn (e.g. To ~ the use of ozone depleting substances: Gim dn vic s dng cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn; To ~ foreign exchange controls, import quotas, non-tariff barriers: Gim dn cc bin php kim sot ngoi hi, hn ngch xut khu, hng ro phi thu quan; To ~ foreign aid : Gim dn ngun vin tr n-c ngoi). Phasing out (n) S gim dn (e.g. the ~ of foreign exchange controls, export quotas, non-tariff barriers). Physical capital (produced assets): Vn vt cht (i.e. Buildings, machines and equipment used in production plus inventories of raw materials, half-finished goods and finished goods). Pick winners (v) Chn ng-i thng cuc (i.e. The idea that governments promote economic development by selecting particular projects for financial/ technical support. This strategy only promotes economic growth if the government is better than private investors at picking projects likely to succeed). E.g. Picking winners is not a policy that encourages fair competition in a market economy). Pilot (n) Th nghim, th im. ~ activities: Nhng hot ng th nghim; A ~ production facility: Ph-ng tin sn xut th. Pilot (v) Th nghim, th im (e.g. To ~ a new initiative, a new policy: Th nghim mt sng kin mi, mt chnh sch mi).

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A glossary of common development terms Pilot project (n) D n th im (i.e. a project of which the primary function is to determine the viability under experimental conditions, of a process, technology or approach in order to make recommendations for its application on a large scale and in actual conditions). Pipeline Danh mc cc d n ang ngh xin ti tr, hoc ang trong giai on chun b (i.e. the backlog of proposed projects for which assistance is requested). A ~ project: D n trong giai on chun b. Planned economy (n) Nn kinh t k hoch ho (i.e. an economy in which the Government takes central responsibility for economic decision-making, including developing plans for economic growth). Pledge (n) S ha hn vin tr (i.e. the amount of ODA intended to be made by a donor to a recipient country as announced by its official representative or by way of any official document. Hence, ODA moves from pledges through commitments to disbursements). Xin xem thm Commitment and Disbursement. Policy (n) Chnh sch. ~ dialogue: i thoi chnh sch; ~ research and analysis: Nghin cu v phn tch chnh sch; Policy-driven (also policy-based): Phc v chnh sch (e.g. ~ research: Nghin cu phc v chnh sch). Policy Framework Paper (n) Ti liu khun kh chnh sch (i.e. a policy document which was introduced by the IMF and which outlined IMF's approach to economic policy in borrowing countries, including conditions attached to loans). Policy maker (n) Ng-i lm chnh sch. Policy-making (n) Xy dng chnh sch. A decentralized ~ process: Quy trnh xy dng chnh sch -c phn cp. Pollute (v) Gy nhim. Hence, Pollutant: Cht gy nhim; Polluter: Ng-i gy nhim, n v gy nhim. Polluter pays principle (n) Nguyn tc ng-i gy nhim phi tr tin (i.e. a sustainable development principle which suggests that the polluter should bear the costs of preventing and controlling pollution). Polluting (adj) Gy nhim (e.g. A ~ industry: Mt ngnh cng nghip gy nhim). Pollution (n) S nhim. Air ~: nhim khng kh; Coastal ~ : nhim ven bin; ~ fee: Ph i vi ng-i gy nhim; Industrial ~ : nhim cng nghip; Marine ~ : nhim bin; Urban ~ : nhim th; Water ~ : nhim ngun n-c. Pollution abatement (n) Gim thiu, lm gim bt nhim. ~ costs: Chi ph gim thiu nhim; ~ technology: Cng ngh gim thiu nhim. Pollution control strategy (n) Chin l-c kim sot nhim. Pollution prevention (n) Phng nga nhim. Pollution source (n) Ngun gy nhim. Pollution-intensive adj) Gy nhiu nhim (e.g. A ~ industry, investment project: Nghnh cng nghip, d n u t- gy nhiu nhim). Poor (adj) Ngho, ngho i. The poor (n) Ng-i ngho (e.g. Bank for the Poor: Ngn hng Ng-i ngho). The energy ~ : Ng-i ngho v nng l-c; The income ~: Ng-i ngho v thu nhp; The information ~ : Ng-i ngho v thng tin; The opportunity ~ : Ng-i ngho v c hi. Also, Km (cht l-ng), e.g. The quality of the consultant resport is very ~ ). Population (n) Dn s. A ~ boom: (Tnh trng) bng n dn s; Pressures of ~ : Sc p dn s. Population ageing (n) Tnh trng dn s ngy cng gi thm (i.e. the continuing increase of elderly population both in absolute and in proportional terms in a given society). 86

A glossary of common development terms Population census (n) Tng iu tra dn s. Population density (n) Mt dn s. Population distribution (n) Phn b dn s. Population dynamics (n) ng thi dn s. Population explosion (n) (Tnh trng) bng n dn s (i.e. acceleration of the rate of population growth. ng ngha vi Population boom). Population forecast (n) D bo dn s (i.e. projections of the future development of a population, based on realistic assumptions). Population growth (n) Tng dn s. ~ rate: Tc tng dn s (i.e. the increase in a countrys population during a certain period usually one year expressed as a percentage of the population when the period began). Population planning (n) Lp k hoch v dn s. Portfolio (n) Danh mc cc d n, do mt ng-i hoc t chc qun l (e.g. The World Banks ~ in Viet Nam). Portfolio investment (n) u t- gin tip (i.e. stock and bond purchases that, unlike direct investment, do not create a lasting interest in or effective management control over an enterprise). Also see Foreign direct investment. Position (n) V tr, lp tr-ng. To be in a (good) position to do something: v th thun li lm vic g (e.g. As an impartial partner, UNDP is in ~ to provide technical assistance in promoting legal and legislative reforms in Viet Nam). Position (v) Chn v tr (e.g. UNDP should ~ itself in such a way to assist the Government most effectively; UNDP is well- ~ ed to support the Government most effectively). Post-harvest (used as adj) : Sau thu hoch. ~ losses: Tn tht sau thu hoch. Post-natal health care (n) Chm sc sc khe sau khi sinh. Poverty (n) Tnh trng ngho, ngho i (i.e. a broadly defined term to mean unacceptable low living standards). E.g. To rise above ~ : Thot khi cnh ngho i; to fall back into ~ : B y tr li cnh ngho i; ti ngho). Absolute ~ : Ngho theo ngha tuyt i (i.e. poverty such that even basic needs cannot be met); Extreme or hard core ~ : Tnh trng ngho cng cc; Multi-dimensional ~ : Ngho a chiu, tc l ngho o bng nhiu ch s nh- mc thu nhp, cht l-ng cuc sng, kh nng tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn ); Relative ~ : Tnh trng ngho t-ng i; Singledimensional ~ : Ngho n chiu, tc l ngho o bng mt ch s nh- mc thu nhp hay l-ng ca-lo tiu th mi ngy). Poverty alleviation, reduction (n) Gim ngho (e.g. A ~ strategy: Chin l-c gim ngho). Poverty elimination, poverty eradication (n) Xo i, gim ngho. Poverty gap (n) Khong cch ngho (i.e. measurement of the depth of poverty compared to the poverty line). Poverty gap index (n) Ch s o khong cch ngho (i.e. an index which shows, in general terms, how far the life of a poor group is below the poverty line). Poverty incidence or Poverty rate (n) T l ngho i (i.e. the proportion of the population living below the poverty line); Overall (general, total) poverty rate: T l ngho tng th, t l ngho chung.

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A glossary of common development terms Poverty line (n) Chun ngho, ng-ng ngho (i.e. the income level below which people are defined as poor). E.g. Different ~ s will produce different estimates of how many people are poor": Cc chun ngho khc nhau s dn n nhng -c tnh khc nhau v s ng-i ngho; To rise above the ~ : Thot khi ng-ng ngho). National ~ : Chun ngho quc gia; Internationally comparable ~ : Chun ngho quc t; Expenditure-based ~ : Chun ngho v chi tiu; Income-based ~ : Chun ngho v thu nhp; Food-based ~ : Chun ngho v l-ng thc, thc phm; Official ~ : Chun ngho chnh thc. Under or below the ~ : D-i mc ngho (e.g. 50% of the population are living ~ ). Poverty map (n) Bn v tnh hnh ngho i. Hence, Poverty mapping (n) Lp bn v tnh hnh ngho i. Poverty ranking (n) Xp loi ng-i ngho (e.g. Proper ~ is a basis to develop sound poverty alleviation strategies). Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility or PRGF (n) Th thc h tr xo i, gim ngho v tng tr-ng (i.e. IMF's loan facility which replaces ESAF and which applies to 80 low-income member countries with a per capity GDP at US$ 885 or below in 1999). Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper or PRSP (n) Vn bn chin l-c xo i, gim ngho (i.e. a policy document introduced in 1999 by IMF to replace the Policy Framework Paper as a condition for debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries. It describes a country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes to promote growth and reduce poverty). Poverty Reduction Support Credit or PRSC (n) Tn dng h tr xo i, gim ngho (i.e. soft credit which is provided by WB to poor countries eligible for IDA funding to support the implementation of the PRSP). Poverty-stricken (adj) Trong tnh trng ngho i (e.g. ~ regions of the country: Cc vng ngho i ca t n-c). Practical gender needs (n) Nhu cu thc tin v gii (i.e. needs which women identify in their accepted roles in society; these are practical in nature and often concern inadequacies in living conditions). Practice (n) Tp qun Best ~ : Tp qun tt, kinh nghim tt (i.e. processes and techniques that have produced outstanding results in a situation and that could be adatpted to another situation). Practitioner (n) Ng-i thc hnh (khc vi Theorist). Development ~ : Ng-i thc hnh trong hot ng pht trin. Precautionary principle (n) Nguyn tc cnh bo tr-c (i.e. a sustainable development principle which holds that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing costeffective measures to prevent environmental degradation). Precursor (n) Tin cht (i.e. a chemical or biochemical substance, such as an intermediate compound in a chain of enzymatic reactions, from which a more stable or definitive product is formed). Predictability (n): Kh nng d bo, kh nng tin liu (It is important for donors to enhance the ~ of their future aid through transparent decision-making processes and multi-year aid planning frameworks). Hence, Predictable (adj) C th d bo, c th tin liu. Preferential (adj) u i. ~ tariffs: Thu quan -u i; ~ trade arrangements: Cc tho thun th-ng mi -u i; ~ treatment: i x -u i. Pre-natal health care (n) Chm sc sc khe tr-c khi sinh. Preventive medicine (n) Y t d phng.

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A glossary of common development terms Price discrimination (n) Phn bit i x v gi c (i.e. selling the same product at different prices to different buyers). Primary education (n) Gio dc tiu hc (i.e. elementary education given to children from the time they first attend school until they enter secondary school or leave school to work). Primary forest (n) Rng nguyn sinh (i.e. a forest that is totally unmodified by human beings). Primary goods: Hng ho th (i.e. goods that are sold - for consumption or production - just as they were found in nature). Primary health care (n) Chm sc sc khe ban u (i.e. front-line medical care including simple diagnosis and treatment at a cost that the community can afford). Principles for sustainable development law: Cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng (i.e. Public trust doctrine, conservation of biodiversity, precautionary principle; intergenerational equity, internalization of environmental costs, intra-generational equity, subsidiarity principle, polluter pays principle and user pays principle). Principles of public expenditure management (n) Cc nguyn tc qun l chi tiu cng cng (i.e. these principles are fiscal discipline, allocation of spending, efficiency of spending, integrating aid into the State budget, public accountability, public expenditure planning and financial management). Prior obligation (n) iu kin tin quyt (i.e. an obligation that must be fulfilled before a project is formally signed; e.g. As a ~ , the counterpart agency has to build the premises to house the pilot milk processing plant being financed by the project). Prioritization (n) (S) sp xp -u tin (e.g. The ~ of socio-economic development projects in the coming years). Prioritize (v) Sp xp -u tin (e.g To ~ work tasks in the next year: Sp xp th t -u tin cng vic trong nm ti). Priority (n) u tin (e.g. Poverty reduction is a high ~ in the national socio-economic development plan: Xo i, gim ngho l -u tin cao trong k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca quc gia). Priority setting (n) Xp xp -u tin, la chn -u tin. Private (adj) Thuc v t- nhn. ~ aid: Vin tr t- nhn (i.e. aid provided by churches, foundations, private individuals, etc); ~ business: Kinh doanh t- nhn, doanh nghip t- nhn; ~ debt: N t-; ~ farm: Trang tri t- nhn; ~ investment: u t- t- nhn; ~ ownership: S hu t- nhn; ~ sector: Khu vc (kinh t) t- nhn. Privatize (v) T- nhn ho. Hence, Privatization (n) S t- nhn ho (e.g. The ~ of lossmaking State-owned enterprises: T- nhn ho cc doanh nghip Nh n-c lm n thua l). Proactive (adj) Ch ng, tch cc (i.e. pertaining to actions taken to foresee problems or events and deal effectively with them before they become troublesome). A ~ response: Phn ng hay cch ng ph ch ng, khc vi a reactive response phn ng hay ng ph th ng, i ph). Problem-solving technique (n) K thut gii quyt vn . Process (n) Qu trnh, quy trnh (i.e. a term that describes the work of an organization in terms of the steps necessary to produce an output; e.g. the policy-making, decisionmaking ~ : Quy trnh xy dng chnh sch, quy trnh ra quyt nh). Process consultancy (n) T- vn v quy trnh (i.e. a distinctive form of management consultation in which the consultant helps the client initiate and sustain a process of change and continuous learning for systematic improvement).

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A glossary of common development terms Process-oriented (adj) nh h-ng theo quy trnh, khc vi Result-oriented (adj) nh h-ng theo kt qu. Procure (v) Mua sm (e.g. To ~ equipment for a project: Mua sm thit b cho d n). Procurement (n) Vic mua sm. ~ procedures, rules: Th tc mua sm, quy ch mua sn; International ~: Mua sm quc t; Local ~ : Mua sm trong n-c; Public ~ : Mua sm cng. Procurement ethics (n) o c trong hot ng mua sm (i.e. those acts that must be avoided or prohibited in procurement, such as Corruption Tham nhng, Fraud Gian ln, Collusion Cu kt, thng ng, Coercion C-ng bc, gy sc p). Procurement methods (n) Cc ph-ng thc mua sm (often used interchangeably with Bidding methods). Procurement planning (n) Lp k hoch mua sm. Hence, Procurement plan (n) K hoch mua sm. Procurement principles (n) Cc nguyn tc trong mua sm (often used interchangeably with Bidding principles). Procurement process (n) Quy trnh thc hin mua sm (often used interchangeably with Bidding process). Product (n) Sn phm. Agricultural ~ s: Sn phm nng nghip, nng sn; Cultural ~ s: Sn phm vn ho; Industrial ~ s: Sn phm cng nghip; Knowledge ~ : Sn phm tri thc; Tourist ~ s : Sn phm du lch. Product design (n) Thit k sn phm. Product development (n) Pht trin sn phm. Product diversification (n) a dng ha sn phm. Product life (n) Tui th sn phm (i.e. the life duration of a product). Production (n) Sn xut (i.e. quantity of goods and seervices produced by an enterprise, country, region, etc in a given period of time). ~ capacity: Nng lc sn xut; ~ costs: Chi ph sn xut; ~ standards: Cc tiu chun sn xut; ~ targets: Cc ch tiu sn xut. Production resources: Cc ngun lc cho sn xut (i.e. the main inputs for any production). Productive employment (n) Lao ng c nng sut. Productive role (n) Vai tr trong sn xut (ca ph n). Xem thm Gender roles. Productivity: Nng sut (i.e. output of goods and services per unit of input for example, per unit of labour (labour productivity), or per unit of energy; e.g. GNP per unit of energy use). Programme (n) Ch-ng trnh (i.e. a time-bound intervention which cuts across sectors, themes, or geographic areas, uses a multi-disciplinary approach, involves several institutions, and may be supported by different funding sources). ~ cycle: Chu k ch-ng trnh; ~ design: Thit k ch-ng trnh; ~ management: Qun l ch-ng trnh. Programme aid (n) Vin tr theo ch-ng trnh (i.e. financial assistance given to help fund government budget, often consisting of balance of payment support, general budget support, sector budget support and/or debt relief). Programme budgeting (n) (Ph-ng php) lp ngn sch theo ch-ng trnh (i.e. budgeting organized around broad programmes and linked to outcomes as performance indicators). Programme evaluation (n) nh gi ch-ng trnh (i.e. the application of techniques for the assessment of programmes, either during their implementation or after their completion). 90

A glossary of common development terms Programme-based approach (n) Ph-ng php tip cn theo ch-ng trnh (i.e. an approach based on the principle of co-ordinated support for a locally owned programme of development, such as a national poverty reduction strategy, a sector programme, a thematic programme or a programme of a specific organisation). Programming (n) Xy dng ch-ng trnh, d n (i.e. the process of screening, evaluating, prioritizing and ranking projects/programmes, given the scarce investment resources). Progress report (n) Bo co tin thc hin (e.g. an annual, quarterly ~ for the project: Bo co tin thc hin d n hng nm, hng qu). Project (n) D n (i.e. a time-bound intervention that consists of a set of planned, interrelated activities which are aimed at achieving defined objectives). ~ document: Vn kin d n; ~ idea: t-ng d n; ~ management: Qun l d n; ~ outline: c-ng d n. Project aid (n) Vin tr qua d n (i.e. assistance in the form of grants or loans that is channelled through specific projects to finance new, or the expansion of existing, technical, production and infrastructure facilities, or to improve human and institutional capacities). Project appraisal (n) Thm nh d n (i.e. the review that provides a basis for decisions whether or not a project can be approved, based on certain criteria such as its relevance, feasibility, cost-effectiveness, social impact, environmental impact, sustainability, design, etc). Project cycle (n) Chu k d n, vng i d n (i.e. the various stages through which a project moves. The ~ is defined differently by different organizations but normally consists of four main stages: (i) identification; (ii) preparation (including formulation, appraisal and approval); (iii) implementation, monitoring and evaluation; and (iv) completion). Project design (n) Thit k d n (i.e. a process of project planning and analysis that begins with problem identification/analysis and leads to a clear explanation of the cause and effect relationships among the various project elements such as activities, inputs, outputs, objectives). Project document (n) Vn kin d n (i.e. a formal control document for a project agreed to by and between the recipient government, funding agency and selected executing agency). Project revision (n) iu chnh d n (i.e. the introduction of changes in an approved and fully signed project document or parts thereof). Project-based approach (n) Ph-ng php tip cn theo d n, khc vi hay i lp vi Programme-based approach. Projectization (n) Xu h-ng d n ha (i.e. a tendency, often seen negatively, of spreading foreign aid to countless projects that becomes a serious burden for the weak administrations and public finances in developing countries). Also labeled as Projectitis. Promote (v) Xc tin (e.g. to ~ business, investment and trade: Xc tin kinh doanh, u t-, th-ng mi). Promotion (n) S xc tin (e.g. business, investment and trade ~ ). Property right (n) Quyn s hu. Industrial ~ : Quyn s hu cng nghip; Intellectual ~ : Quyn s hu tr tu. Pro-poor (adj) H tr ng-i ngho, v ng-i ngho. ~ economic growth: Tng tr-ng kinh t v ng-i ngho; ~ policies: Cc chnh sch h tr ng-i ngho.

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A glossary of common development terms Protected area (n) Khu vc bo tn (i.e. an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the conservation of biological diversity, natural and cultural resources). Terrestrial, coastal, marine ~ : Khu vc bo tn trn t lin, ven bin, trn bin; ~ management (n) Qun l cc khu vc bo tn. Protected areas (n) Cc khu bo tn. ~ -c phn thnh nhiu loi nh-: habitat management area, hunting reserve, managed resource area, natural monument, natural park, nature reserve hay strict nature reserve, species management area, v wilderness area. Protection, protectionism (n) Bo h, ch ngha bo h (i.e. the imposition of import tarrifs, quotas, or other barriers that restrict the flow of imports). Trade ~ : Bo h mu dch, ch ngha bo h mu dch. Protective (adj) C tnh cht bo h. ~ measures, devices: Cc bin php bo h. Proxy (n) Thay th. ~ indicators: Cc ch s thay th; ~ variables: Cc bin s u nhim (i.e. a variable used in regression analysis to replace or "stand in for" another more theoretically satisfactory variable which is either not measurable or for which data is not available). Psychotropic substance (n) Cht h-ng thn (i.e. a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior). Public Private Partnership or PPP (n) Hp tc cng- t (i.e. the involvement of private enterprises - in the form of management expertise and/or monetary contributions, in government projects aimed at public benefit. Its key features are a) the private sector invests in infrastructure and provides related services to the government, b) the government retains responsibility for the delivery of core services, and c) arrangements between the government and the private sector are governed by long-term contracts that specify the services the private sector has to deliver and to what standards). Public (adj) Thuc v cng chng, cng cng. ~ expenditure: Chi tiu cng; ~ opinion: Cng lun, d- lun; ~ ownership: S hu cng; ~ revenue: Ngun thu cng. Public administration (n) Hnh chnh cng. ~ reform: Ci cch hnh chnh cng; ~ system: H thng hnh chnh cng. Public debt (n) N cng (i.e. the total of indebtedness of local, state and national governments of a country). Public expenditure management (n) Qun l chi tiu cng cng (i.e. the process of planning, spending and accounting for public expenditure); Principles of ~ : Cc nguyn tc qun l chi tiu cng cng. Public expenditure review (n) Kim im chi tiu cng cng. Public finance (n) Ti chnh cng (i.e. finances of the State, including fiscal policy, taxation, etc). Public goods (n) Hng ho cng cng (i.e. goods that cannot be withheld from people even if they do not pay for them). International ~ : Hng ho cng cng quc t. Public hearing (n) iu trn. E.g. ~ s are being piloted in Viet Nam as an important element of the countrys ongoing legal and legislative reform agenda). Public investment (n) u t- cng cng. ~ programme: Ch-ng trnh u t- cng cng.

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A glossary of common development terms Public relations (n) Quan h cng cng, quan h i ngoi (i.e. the efforts of a business firm that are directed at creating and maintaining a favourable impression on the part of the public towards the firm). Public sector (n) Khu vc kinh t cng cng (i.e. the portion of the economy whose economic and non-economic activities are under the control and direction of the State). Public services (n) Dch v cng cng (i.e. used in connection with services supplied to the public and controlled by national or local government, such as water, gas, electricity, waste disposal, etc). Public trust doctrine (n) Nguyn tc xy dng lng tin ca cng chng (i.e. a sustainable development principle which places a duty on the State to hold environmental resources in trust for the benefit of the public). Purchasing power parity or PPP (n) Sc mua t-ng -ng (i.e. a method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different countries' currencies over the same types of goods and services).

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Q
Qualification (n) Nng lc, trnh , tiu chun. Academic ~ s: Cc tiu chun v hc thut (v d bng cp, chng ch, chuyn ngnh hc, v.v; e.g. Applicants for the vacant post must meet the academic ~ s and work experiences as specified in the Job Description). Qualified (adj) C tiu chun, trnh , nng lc, iu kin. ~ candidates: Cc ng vin c tiu chun; ~ approval: S ng d dt (c iu kin). Qualify (v) C trnh , tiu chun (e.g. Our team has qualified for the next round of competition); Pht biu thm, b sung kin lm r hoc gii hn, phm vi mt kin tr-c (e.g. I feel I must ~ my earlier remarks in case they are misinterpreted). Qualitative (adj) nh tnh, thuc v cht l-ng. ~ analysis: Phn tch nh tnh; ~ improvement: Ci thin v cht; ~ indicators: Cc ch s nh tnh. Quality (n) Cht l-ng, phm cht (e.g. The ~ of the consultant report is very good; The project evaluation report is of highest ~ . ~ management: Qun l cht l-ng; ~ standards: Tiu chun cht l-ng. Quality assurance (n) m bo cht lng, qun l cht lng (i.e. any activity that is concerned with assessing and improving the merit or the worth of a development intervention or its compliance with given standards. Performance review is a key quality assurance instrument). Quality control (n) Kim tra cht l-ng (i.e. the process of checking industrial products at various stages of manufacture to ensure that they conform to set standards). Quality of growth (n) Cht l-ng tng tr-ng (i.e. the type of economic growth that reduces poverty, generates productive employment, narrows social inequality, protects the environment and sustains the growth process itself). Quality of life (n) Cht l-ng cuc sng (i.e. the general well-being of individuals and societies. ~ should not be confused with the concept of standard of living which is based primarily on income. Instead, standard indicators of the ~ include not only wealth and employment, but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging). Quantifiable (adj) C th l-ng ho -c (e.g. ~ results, benefits: Kt qu, li ch c th l-ng ha -c). Quantify (v) L-ng ho (e.g. To ~ the benefits of a social development project). Quantitative (adj) nh l-ng, thuc v l-ng. ~ analysis: Phn tch nh l-ng; ~ improvement: Ci thin v l-ng; ~ indicators : cc ch s nh l-ng; ~ restrictions: Hn ch v s l-ng. Quantity (n) L-ng, s l-ng. Unkown ~ : n s; Ng-i hay vt ch-a tng bit, do khng th ni tr-c tnh cht, ngha (e.g. The new director still is a bit of an ~ : ng gim c mi vn cn l mt n s). Quantum leap (n) Tin b v-t bc, b-c tin v-t bc, s t ph (e.g. The country has made a ~ in its poverty reduction efforts). Quarterly (adj) Hng qu (e.g. ~ Project Progress Report: Bo co tin thc hin d n hng qu; ~ project review: Kim im d n hng qu). Questionnaire (n) Phiu cu hi, bng cu hi. Survey ~ : Phiu cu hi iu tra. 94

A glossary of common development terms Quick disbursing (adj) Gii ngn nhanh. ~ loans: Cc khon cho vay gii ngn nhanh. Quintile (n) Nhm iu tra (Ng phn v, tc l 20% ca tng iu tra) (e.g. Expenditure ~ : Nhm iu tra theo chi tiu; Income ~ : Nhm iu tra theo thu nhp). Quota (n) Hn ngch. ~ system: H thng cp hn ngch; Export ~ : Hn ngch xut khu; Import ~ : Hn ngch nhp khu. Quotation (n) Bn bo gi (e.g. The ~ for a piece of equipment: Bn bo gi cho mt hng mc thit b). Quote (v) Bo gi (e.g. To ~ US$ 1500 for the computer: Bo gi 1.500 USD cho chic my vi tnh). Trch dn (e.g. To ~ something from the project evaluation report: Trch dn t bo co nh gi d n).

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R
Rain-fed farming (n) Canh tc da vo n-c m-a (i.e. cultivation relying solely on rainfall). Raise (v) Nng cao, lm tng thm. To ~ awareness of something: Nng cao nhn thc v ; e.g. To raise awareness of gender, environmental issues, HIV/AIDS: Nng cao nhn thc v gii, mi tr-ng, HIV/AIDS). Rapid rural appraisal (n) (Ph-ng php) nh gi nhanh nng thn (i.e. a method with which a multi-disciplinary team of researchers use social science tools for a quick collection of primary data and transform such data into secondary data for assessment and analysis). Rating system (n) H thng cho im (i.e. an instrument for forming and validating a judgement on the relevance, performance and success of a project through the use of a scale with numeric, alphabetic and/or descriptive codes). Reactive (adj) Th ng, i ph (e.g. A ~ response: Phn ng th ng, mang tnh i ph), khc vi Proactive. Real GDP per capita (n) Tng thu nhp quc ni thc tnh theo u ng-i. Real indicator (n) Ch s thc t (i.e. an indicator that uses the prices from some base year). Real time (adj & adv) Thi gian thc (i.e. the actual time that it takes a process to occur, e.g. Information is updated in real time; e.g. UNDPs Atlas system can provide ~ financial data for regular reporting). Recipient (n) Ng-i tip nhn (vin tr). ~ country: N-c nhn vin tr; ~ agency: C quan nhn vin tr. Recommend (v) -a ra khuyn ngh (e.g. The consultant team ~ that the current land tenure be extended in order to further promote agricultural production). Recommendation (n) Khuyn ngh (e.g. The consultant has offered a series of ~ s in order to improve financial performance and accountability of State-owned enterprises). Reconcile (v) Dung ho (e.g. To ~ different procedures of the Government and donors); Cn i (e.g. To ~ the year-end budget accounts of the project). Reconciliation (n) S dung ho, s cn i (e.g. the ~ of different points of view: Dung ha cc quan im khc nhau; the ~ of year-end financial accounts: Cn i ti khon cui nm). Recruit (v) Tuyn dng. E.g. to ~ qualified people for the vacant posts: Tuyn dng nhng ng-i c nng lc cho cc v tr cn trng. Recruitment (n) Vic tuyn dng (i.e. policies and procedures for seeking and hiring qualified employees). Recurrent (adj) Ti din, xy ra th-ng xuyn. ~ problems: Nhng vn lp i lp li; ~ expenditures: Chi tiu th-ng xuyn. Recycle (v) Ti to, ti sinh, e.g. To ~ plastic wastes). Hence, Recycled (adj) -c ti to (e.g. ~ materials: Vt liu ti to). Recyclable (adj) C th ti to (e.g. ~ wastes: Cc cht thi c th ti to). Recycling (n) S ti to, tn dng (e.g. The ~ of waste materials: Ti to cc cht thi). Red tape (n) T quan liu (i.e. overly burdensome, elaborate, complex or unnecessary rules, regulations, policies or procedures). 96

A glossary of common development terms Reduce (v) Lm gim v kch th-c, s l-ng, mc , gi c (e.g. To ~ pressures on inflation Gim sc p lm pht; To ~ industrial wastes Gim cht thi cng nghip). Reduction (n) Gim, ct gim. ~ of drug-related harms: Gim tc hi do ma tu gy ra; ~ of poverty: Gim ngho; ~ of industrial wastes: Gim cht thi cng nghip. Redundancy (n) Lao ng di d-. ~ Support Fund: Qu h tr lao ng di d-. Reforestation (n) Trng li rng (i.e. replanting of a forest which has been chopped down or destroyed by fire). Refugees (n) Ng-i t nn (i.e. people who have fled their countries because of wellfounded fear of persecution for reasons of their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a social group, and who cannot or do not want to return). Regulatory (adj) C tnh php quy, khc vi Non-regulatory Khng mang tnh php quy. A ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn mang tnh php quy. Regulatory framework (n) Khun kh php quy, khung iu tit. Regulatory instruments (n) Cc cng c mang tnh php quy (e.g. ~ approaches, instruments for environmental management). Reimburse (v) Hon tr, hon ng (i.e. to repay somebody for the money he/she has already spent on an agreed activity). Reimbursement: S hon tr, s hon ng, e.g. He has submitted a request for reimbursements for his project monitoring visit). Reintegration (n) S ti ho nhp (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese returnees from Hong Kong: S ti ho nhp ca nhng ng-i t nn Vit Nam t Hng Cng tr v). Reinvent (v) Ti pht minh, lp li (i.e. a popular term used in some government reform initiatives to redefine the fundamental role of government and then to implement newer and different ways in which government functions in delivering services). Reinvent the wheels (n) Ti pht minh bnh xe (i.e. a phrase that means to duplicate a basic method that has already previously been created or optimized by others, hm vic lp li mt t-ng c sn, qu c). Relevance (n) S thch hp, ph hp (i.e. the degree to which the objectives of a project remain valid within the immediate context and external environment of that project; e.g. The recommendation offered by the consultant team is of direct ~ to local conditions). Relevant (adj) Thch hp, ph hp (e.g. ~ to local conditions: Thch hp vi iu kin a ph-ng). Reliable (adj) ng tin cy (E.g. A ~ partner: Mt i tc ng tin cy; a ~ report: Mt bo co ng tin cy). Reliability (n) S tin cy, kh nng tin cy (e.g. Absolute ~ of evaluation data is hard to obtain). Relocation (n) Chuyn vng, chuyn a im. ~ of an industry: Chuyn vng cng nghip (i.e. the practice of transferring the production of certain goods and services to countries with lower labour costs). Relocation allowances (n) Tr cp chuyn vng cng tc. Remunerate (v) Tr cng, tr th lao (e.g. To ~ him for his lecturing during the training workshop). Remuneration (n) S tr cng, tr th lao. ~ rate: Mc th lao. Renewable (adj) C kh nng ti sinh. ~ energies: Cc ngun nng l-ng ti sinh, nhnng l-ng mt tri, nng l-ng gi, thu li nh, khc vi Non-renewable energies Cc ngun nng l-ng khng ti to, nh than , du la, etc

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A glossary of common development terms Rent seeking (n) Li dng c quyn, c li (i.e. the use of resources to bring about an uncompensated transfer of goods or services from another person or persons to one's self as the result of a favorable decision on some public policy). Repatriation (n) Hi h-ng (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese boat-people: Hi h-ng thuyn nhn ngi Vit Nam). Repay (v) Hon tr, tr n (e.g. To ~ the loan within ten years). Repayment (n) S hon tr, tr n. ~ conditions: Nhng iu kin tr n. Replacement level fertility (n) Mc sinh thay th (i.e. fertility level at which couples have the number of children required to replace themselves, i.e. two children). Replicate (v) Nhn rng (e.g. To ~ the successful lessons learned from recent projects). Replication (n) S nhn rng. Replicability (n) Kh nng nhn rng. Report (n) Bo co. Annual progress ~ : Bo co tin hng nm; Periodical progress ~ : Bo co tin nh k; Quarterly progress ~ : Bo co tin hng qu; Terminal ~ : Bo co kt thc. Reporting (n) Vic bo co, vic lp bo co (e.g. Periodical ~ requirements: Ch bo co nh k, cc yu cu bo co nh k; Project ~ requirements: Ch bo co d n, cc yu cu bo co d n). Reproductive (adj) Thuc v sinh sn. ~ age: Tui sinh sn; ~ behavior: Hnh vi sinh sn; ~ health: Sc khe sinh sn; ~ health care: Chm sc sc khe sinh sn; ~ rights: Quyn sinh sn. Reproductive role (n) Vai tr sinh sn ca ph n. Xem thm Gender roles. Request (n) Yu cu, th- yu cu (e.g. ~ for Proposal: Th- yu cu np xut d thu; ~ for Quotation: Th- yu cu np bo gi. Reschedule (v) Xp xp li lch biu (To ~ the annual project review meeting). Hence, Rescheduling (n) S xp xp li lch biu. Research and development (R & D): Nghin cu v trin khai (i.e. creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications). R & D institutes: Cc vin nghin cu v trin khai. Resilience (n) Sc bn, s bn b, sc chu ng (e.g. the ~ of the national economy in face of the ongoing financial and economic crisis). Resistance (n) S khng c, sc khng. Antibiotic ~ : (Tnh trng) khng thuc khng sinh; Drug ~ : Khng thuc; Drought ~ : Kh nng chu hn (ca cy trng); Pest ~ : Kh nng khng ry. Resistant (adj) C kh nng khng c, c kh nng khng. Resource (n) Ngun lc. Domestic ~: Ngun lc trong n-c, ni lc; External ~: Ngun lc t bn ngoi, ngoi lc; Financial ~ : Ngun lc ti chnh; Human ~ : Ngun nhn lc; Natural ~ s : Ti nguyn thin nhin . Resource allocation (n) Phn b ngun lc, b tr ngun lc. Resource mobilization (n) Huy ng ngun lc. ~ strategy: Chin l-c huy ng ngun lc. Resource person (n) Nh chuyn mn, chuyn gia, ngun tham kho (i.e. an individual whose experiences and knowledge are of value in helping to plan, operate efficiently, provide specific instruction, or solve particular problems; e.g. The consultant served as an effective ~ for the training workshop). Resource-intensive (adj) Cn nhiu ti nguyn, thm dng ti nguyn (e.g. a ~ industry: Ngnh cng nghip s dng nhiu ti nguyn, cng ging Resource-based). 98

A glossary of common development terms Restricted bidding (n) u thu hn ch (i.e. procurement procedure whereby a number of national and foreign suppliers are invited to submit a tender/ bid on the basis of a previously established shortlist). Restructure (v) Sp xp li c cu, chuyn dch c cu, ti c cu (e.g. To ~ the national economy Chuyn dch c cu nn kinh t quc dn, the countrys car manufacturing industry Ti c cu ngnh cng nghip ch to my, ~ a debt Ti c cu khon n). Restructuring (n) S chuyn dch c cu, sp xp li c cu, ti c cu (e.g. The ~ of the national economy, of the countrys ship-building industry). Result (n) Kt qu (i.e. Result is a broad term used to refer to the effects of a project. The terms output, outcome and impact describe more precisely the different types of results at various levels of aggregation). Result-based management (n) (Ph-ng php) qun l gn vi kt qu, qun l da vo kt qu (i.e. a management method which is aimed at improving performance and achieving results). Result-oriented (adj) nh h-ng theo kt qu (e.g. Our action plan must be ~ ). Retraining (n) o to li (i.e. training designed to equip workers displaced by technological change or retrenchments with new skills for which there is a demand in the labour market). Retrenchment (n) Lao ng d- tha, lao ng d- di (e.g. retrenchements due to the divestiture of loss-making State-owned enterprises). Return (n) Li nhun. A high rate of ~ : T sut sinh li cao; Internal ~ : T sut li tc ni hon. Return on equity (n) T sut sinh li trn vn c phn. Return on invested capital (n) T sut sinh li trn vn u t-. Return on sales (n) T sut sinh li trn doanh thu. Review (n) Kim im. Annual ~ : Kim im hng nm; Mid-term ~ : Kim im gia k; Periodical ~ : Kim im nh k; Quarterly ~ : Kim im hng qu; Terminal ~ : Kim im kt thc. Revise (v) iu chnh, sa i (e.g. to ~ a policy, a workplan, a project document). Revision (n) S iu chnh, sa i. Budget ~ : iu chnh ngn sch; Project ~ : Sa i d n. Revolving (adj) Quay vng. ~ credit: Tn dng quay vng; ~ fund: Qu quay vng. Right (n) Quyn. ~s of the child: Quyn ca tr em (as in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Cng -c LHQ v quyn tr em). Development ~s : Quyn tham gia pht trin; Human ~ : Quyn con ng-i. Right to be heard (n) Quyn c lng nghe (i.e. the right of the child to be provided with the opportunity to be heard in any judicial or administrative proceedings affecting him or her as stipulated in Article 9(2) of the CRC). Rights holder (n) Ngi c quyn, ngi c hng quyn (i.e. an individual or a group with valid claims on universally recognized rights). Rights-based (adj) Da vo cc quyn con ng-i. A ~ approach to development: Ph-ng php tip cn pht trin da vo cc quyn con ng-i (i.e. an approach to development which is centered around the basic principles of human rights that have been universally recognized). . Rio Conference: Hi ngh Rio de Janeiro (i.e. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992). 99

A glossary of common development terms Risk (n) Ri ro. ~ averse (adj): S ri ro; ~ tolerant (adj): Gim chu ri ro; Actuarial ~ : Ri ro -c bo him. Risk analysis: Phn tch ri ro (i.e. an analysis of factors - called assumptions in the logframe - that affect or are likely to affect the successful achievement of the objectives of a development intervention or a business activity). Risk assessment and management (n) nh gi v qun l ri ro. Risk behavior (n) Hnh vi c nguy c cao (i.e. behavior and practices that may cause physical harm to one or both partners or subject them to an infectious disease, frequently used in relation to sexual practices and drug abuse). Risk diversification (n) Phn tn ri ro (i.e. method designed to reduce exposure to risk by combining a variety of investments, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, which are unlikely to all move in the same direction, or to allocate proportional risk to all parties in a contract usually through a risk premium). Risk group (n) Nhm c nguy c cao (e.g. Drug users, sex workers, HIV-positive people are seen as high ~ s). Risk minimization and diversification: Gim thiu v phn tn ri ro. Risk of acquiring or contracting HIV (n) Nguy c b ly nhim HIV. Road map (n) L trnh (e.g. a ~ for Viet Nam's full economic integration with ASEAN). Rolling principle (n) Nguyn tc cun chiu (i.e. the principle of continuous programming of technical assistance activities). Round Table Meeting (n) Hi ngh bn trn (i.e. a periodic meeting, chaired by UNDP, between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for dialoguing on national development issuses and priorities and mobilizing external assistance.). Rule by law Ch php tr (i.e. a rule under which the Government uses laws to control the people). Rule of law Ch php quyn, s th-ng tn php lut (i.e. a rule under which everyone including individuals as well as State institutions, are equally subject to the rules of the game). Rule-based (adj) Da vo quy ch (e.g. an open, non-discriminatory and ~ trading system: H thng th-ng mi m, khng phn bit i x v da vo quy ch). Rules of origin (n) Quy ch n-c xut x (i.e. restrictions on a country from which publicly procured goods and services may originate, applying in particular to "tied aid"). Rules of thumb (n) Ph-ng php thc hnh n gin, da vo kinh nghim (e.g. the consultant report is expected to offer ~ for project personnel to undertake participatory rural appraisals in their projects). Rural - urban disparity (n) Mc chnh lch gia nng thn v thnh th. Rural credit (n) Tn dng nng thn. Rural development (n) Pht trin nng thn. Rural economy (n) Kinh t nng thn. Rural employment (n) Vic lm nng thn. Rural industry (n) Cng nghip nng thn. Rural infrastructure (n) Kt cu h tng nng thn, h tng c s nng thn. Rural planning (n) Quy hoch nng thn. Rural society (n) X hi nng thn. Rural sociology (n) X hi hc nng thn. Rural water and sanitation (n) N-c sch v v sinh nng thn. 100

A glossary of common development terms

S
Safe (n) An ton. ~ abortion: No ph thai an ton; ~ delivery: Sinh an ton; ~ femalehood: Lm thiu n an ton; ~ motherhood: Lm m an ton; ~ sex practices: Quan h tnh dc an ton; ~ womenhood: Lm ph n an ton. Safe motherhood initiative: Sng kin lm m an ton. Safety net (n) Mng l-i an ton (i.e. a social security system that provides basic services and needs to poor and vulnerable groups who are unable to provide these for themselves). Salt iodisation (n) S dng mui i-t. Universal ~ : Ph cp dng mui i-t, ton dn dng mui i-t. Sample (n) Mu. A random ~ : Mu ngu nhin; A ~ representative ~ : Mu i din. Sample survey (n) iu tra mu. Sampling (n) Chn mu (iu tra). ~ procedures: Quy trnh chn mu iu tra; ~ techniques (n) K thut chn mu iu tra. Sanitation (n) V sinh mi tr-ng (e.g. urban ~ : V sinh mi tr-ng th). Savings (n) Tit kim, tch ly (i.e. income not used for current consumption). Domestic ~ : Tit kim ni a, tch ly trong n-c. Scarce (adj) Tnh khan him (e.g. It has become increasingly difficult for developing countries to compete for the ~ development resources). Scarcity (n) S khan him (i.e. limited in supply in the face of great demand, e.g the increased ~ of development resources). Schedule (n) Lch biu. E.g. The ~ of a project monitoring visit: Lch lm vic ca chuyn thm quan d n. Schedule (v) Lp lch biu. Hence, Scheduling (n) Vic lp lch biu (e.g. The ~ of the visiting mission). School (n) Tr-ng hc. ~ age: Tui i hc; ~ discipline: K lut hc -ng; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng hc -ng. School age population (n) Dn s trong tui i hc. School drop-out rate (n) T l b hc. School enrolment rate (n) T l i hc, t l nhp hc (nu tnh vo u nm hc). Sea level changes (n) (Hin t-ng) bin i mc n-c bin. Sea level rise (n) (Hin t-ng) n-c bin dng cao (i.e. an increase in the mean level of the ocean). E.g. Viet Nam is among the coutries with the most adverse impact of global climate change and especially ~ . Seasonal (adj) Theo ma, theo ma v. ~ cropping : Trng trt theo ma ; ~ employment: Vic lm theo ma v ; ~ plant : Cy mt ma. Sector budget support (n) H tr ngn sch ngnh (i.e. a financial support from a donor that is channelled into the general treasury account of a recipient country where, as an integral part of the resources herein, it co-funds the national budget of a particular sector).

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A glossary of common development terms Sector review (n) Nghin cu tng quan ngnh (e.g. To conduct a ~ for agriculture and rural development: Tin hnh nghin cu tng quan v nng nghip v pht trin nng thn). Sectoral (adj) Theo ngnh. ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn theo ngnh; ~ development: Pht trin ngnh; ~ planning: Quy hoch ngnh. Sector-wide approach or SWAp (n) Cch tip cn theo ngnh (i.e. a programmebased approach operating at the level of an entire sector. Donor support for a SWAp can take any form project aid, technical assistance or budget support although there should be a commitment to progressive reliance on government procedures to disburse and account for all funds as these procedures are strengthened). Seed money (n) Ngun vn lm ht ging (i.e. an amount of capital which is used to create good conditions for attracting further investment). Also Seed capital, Catalyst money. Self-employed (adj) T to vic lm. Hence, Self-employment: Vic lm t to. Self-help (n) T lc (i.e. activities carried out by the community on its own initiative and for its own benefit; e.g. a ~ group: Nhm t lc). Sensitization (n) S vn ng (e.g. a ~ mission: Mt phi on i vn ng). Sensitize (v) Vn ng, cho lm quen vi (e.g. To ~ oneself with the latest developments in Viet Nam: Tm hiu nhng din bin mi nht ca tnh hnh Vit Nam). Sequence (v) Xp xp trnh t (e.g. To ~ economic reform measures: Xp xp trnh t cc bin php ci cch kinh t). Sequencing (n) S xp xp trnh t (e.g. The ~ of public administration and economic reform measures). Sequential (adj) Theo tun t. ~ cropping: Lun canh tun t; ~ cropping system: H thng lun canh tun t. Service (n) Dch v, s phc v. Consulting ~ : Dch v t- vn; Public ~ s: Cc dch v cng cng; Social ~ s: Cc dch v x hi. Service-minded (adj) C thc phc v, c tinh thn phc v (e.g. a ~ person). Service-oriented (adj) nh h-ng dch v (e.g. a ~ organization). Sewage (n) N-c thi. domestic ~ : N-c thi sinh hot; Industrial ~ : N-c thi cng nghip. Sewage disposal and treatment (n) Thu gom v x l n-c thi. Sex (n) Gii tnh (Differing from Gender, Sex is defined to refer to biological differences between men and women). Safe ~ : Tnh dc an ton; Unprotected ~ : Tnh dc khng an ton. Sex determination (n) Xc nh gii tnh thai nhi. ~ prior to birth: Xc nh gii tnh thai nhi trc sinh; ~ services: Dch v xc nh gii tnh thai nhi. Sex imbalances (n) Tnh trng, s) mt cn bng gii tnh. Sex of the foetus (n) Gii tnh thai nhi. Prior knowledge of the ~ : Bit trc gii tnh thai nhi. Sex ratio (n): T sut gii tnh (i.e. a demographic indicator that reflects the sex composition of a population; The ~ of a population: T sut gii tnh ca mt qun th dn s); ~ trends: Xu hng bin ng ca t sut gii tnh.

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A glossary of common development terms Sex ratio at birth or SRB (n) T sut gii tnh khi sinh (i.e. the number of boys being born per one hundred of girls, normally 104- 106/100). ~ by age group: T sut gii tnh khi sinh theo nhm tui; ~ by birth order: T s gii tnh khi sinh theo th t sinh; ~ by birth history: T sut gii tnh khi sinh theo lch s sinh sn; ~ of last births: T sut gii tnh khi sinh ca ln sinh cui cng. Sex roles (n) Cc vai tr gii tnh, khc vi cc vai tr v gii (~ are essentially biologically determined, ensuring successful reproduction and forming the basis of sexual division of labour, in which women are associated with child-rearing and childraising). Xem thm Gender roles. Sex selection (n) La chn gii tnh. Pre-natal ~ : La chn gii tnh trc sinh. ~ behavior: Hnh vi la chn gii tnh. ~ technology: Cng ngh la chn gii tnh. Sex selective abortion (n) Hin tng ph thai chn lc gii tnh. Sex-disaggregated data (n) S liu phn theo gii tnh. Sexual (adj) Thuc v gii tnh, tnh dc. ~ abuse: Lm dng tnh dc; ~ assault: Xm phm tnh dc; ~ behaviour: Hnh vi tnh dc. ~ harassment: Quy ri tnh dc; ~ health: Sc kho tnh dc. ~ violence: Bo lc tnh dc. Sexually transmitted diseases or STDs (n): Cc cn bnh truyn theo -ng tnh dc. Asymptomatic and symptomatic ~ : Cc bnh STD c triu chng v khng c triu chng; STD output, outburst: S bng pht ca cc bnh STD. Shadow economy (n) Nn kinh t bng (i.e. part of the economy that consists of business activities not accounted for by official statistics). Also Gray economy. Shared (adj) Cng chia s. ~ goal: Mc ch chung; ~ values: Cc gi tr chung; ~ vision: Tm nhn chung. Shared natural and water resources (n) Ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v ngun n-c chung (i.e. resources that are shared by two or more countries). Sharing (n) S chia s. ~ of experience: Chia s kinh nghim; ~ of information: Chia s thng tin; ~ of knowledge: Chia s tri thc. Shifting cultivation or farming (n) Du canh (i.e. a farming system in which land is periodically cleared, farmed and then returned to fallow). Also Swidden cultivation, farming). Shooting star (n) Ngi sao ang ln, c nhn hoc h ang tr nn giu c hn (i.e. an individual or hourshold which has become better off or richer). Shortlist (v) S tuyn, lp danh sch ngn (e.g. Ten of the thirty candidates were ~ ed for the final interview). Hence, Shortlisting (n) S s tuyn, lp danh sch ngn (e.g. The ~ of the long list of candidates). Short-term (adj) Ngn hn (e.g. A ~ goal, plan, strategy, vision: Mc tiu, k hoch, chin l-c, tm nhn ngn hn). Silviculture (n) Lm sinh (i.e. a branch of forestry that is concerned with the methods of raising and growing trees). Simplification (n) S n gin ha (e.g. the ~ of administrative, trade procedures). Simplify (v) n gin ho. (e.g. To ~ customs, foreign direct investment procedures). Simulation model (n) M hnh m phng (i.e. any type of model that is described and investigated, usually with the aid of a computer, so as to initiate the essential features and behavior of a real system). Sinking stone (n) Tng ang chm xung, c nhn hoc h ang tr nn ngho i hn (i.e. an individual or household which has become worse off or poorer). 103

A glossary of common development terms Situation specific analysis (n) Phn tch tnh th c th (i.e. an appraisal/ diagnostic method to examine interactions between a local resource management system and dynamics of the system under a specific environment). Size (n) C, quy m (e.g. the family ~ : S ng-i bnh qun trong gia nh, quy m gia nh; the ~ of an assistance programme: Quy m ch-ng trnh vin tr). One size fits all: Mt c va cho mi ng-i, o ni ng giy (e.g. There isn't a ~ solution for all developing countries: Khng c gii php o ni ng giy cho tt c cc nc ang pht trin). Slash-and-burn farming (n) t rng lm ry. ~ system: H thng t rng lm ry. Slowdown (n) Gim bt tc . E.g. A ~ in the dairy, manufacturing industries: S guy gim trong ngnh cng nghip sa, trong ngnh cng nghip ch to. SMART (n) Ph-ng php SMART (i.e. method applied in project management at the project objective setting stage, consisting of five key criteria, namely Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound). SMEs (n) Cc doanh nghip nh v va (i.e. abbreviated form of Small and Medium Enterprises) Smuggle (v) Bun lu (i.e. to move (goods) illegally into or out of a country; e.g. to ~ alcohols, drugs, weapons, etc). Smuggling (n) Bun lu. Cross-border ~ : Bun lu qua bin gii. Social (adj) Thuc v x hi. Social alienation (n) (Tnh trng) b x hi xa lnh. Social behaviour (n) Hnh vi x hi. Social capital (n) Vn x hi (i.e. the web of social relations that enable people to live and work productively). Social change (n) Thay i v x hi. Social cohesion (n) S gn kt x hi. Social cost-benefit analysis (n) Phn tch chi ph - li ch (v mt) x hi (i.e. a technique which attempts to set out and evaluate the social costs and social benefits of investment projects). Social costs (n) Chi ph x hi, nh h-ng tiu cc v x hi (e.g. ~ of reform, structural adjustment, globalization: Nhng chi ph x hi ca cng vic ci cch, iu chnh c cu, ton cu ho). Social development (n) Pht trin x hi. Social environment (n)) Mi tr-ng x hi. Social equity (n) Cng bng x hi. Social evil (n) T nn x hi (Sex work in Viet Nam is highly stigmatized and is often labeled as a ~ ). Social exclusion (n) Tnh trng b gt ra l x h. Social fabric (n) Mi lin kt x hi. Social forestry (n) Lm nghip x hi (i.e. the practice of using trees and/or tree planting specifically to pursue social objectives, usually betterment of the poor through delivery of the benefits to the local people). Social indicators (n) Cc ch s x hi.

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A glossary of common development terms Social integration (n) Ho nhp v x hi (i.e. the process leading to the unification of the various elements of a society and to the building-up of a social system). Social mobilization (n) Vn ng x hi. Social norms (n) Cc chun mc x hi. Social opportunity cost (n) Ch ph c hi (v mt) x hi (i.e. the losses and gains in economic welfare which are incurred by society as a whole if a particular project is undertaken). Social protection (n) Bo tr x hi. Social relief fund (n) Qu cu tr x hi. Social safety net (n) Mng li an sinh x hi (i.e. a non-contributory transfer programme seeking to prevent the poor or those vulnerable to shocks and poverty from falling below a certain poverty level). Also socio-economic safety net. Social security (n) Bo him x hi. ~ systems: Cc h thng bo him x hi. Social survey (n) iu tra x hi. Social values (n) Cc gi tr x hi. Social welfare programme (n) Ch-ng trnh phc li x hi. Socialization (n) X hi ho (In the Vietnamese context, socialization means the sharing of social costs in undertaking development or business activities between the State, Non-State sectors and population, e.g. the ~ of cultural and sport activities). Soft assistance (n) S tr gip mm (i.e. that part of assistance that is specifically linked to advocacy, policy advice, facilitation, brokerage, partnership development, etc). Soft loan (n) Khon vn vay -u i, xem thm Concessionary and Concessional. Solicitation documents (n) H s mi thu (often used interchangeably with Bidding documents). ~ often consist of an invitation to offer Th- mi thu, instructions to offerors H-ng dn cho ng-i d thu, form of the offer requested Mu h s d thu, form of the contract Mu hp ng, technical specifications Chi tit k thut (i vi thit b) or terms of reference iu khon giao vic (i vi hp ng t- vn), evaluation criteria Cc tiu ch nh gi thu. Solicitation process (n) Quy trnh gi thu (normally consisting of Preparation of solicitation documents Xy dng h s mi thu, Submission and receipt of offers Np v tip nhn h s d thu, and Opening of offers M thu). Solid waste (n) Cht thi rn. ~ disposal and treatment: Thu gom v x l cht thi rn; ~ management: Qun l cht thi rn. Son preference (n) (Tm l) thch con trai, chung con trai. Special development circumstances (n) Cc hon cnh pht trin c bit (i.e. difficult situations of a developing country, such as being land-locked countries or island nations, or having gone through military conflicts, serious natural disasters). Species diversity (n) a dng loi. Species management area (n) Khu bo tn cc loi ng vt. Stakeholder (n) i t-ng, ng-i hoc bn c lin quan (i.e. people, groups, entities that have a role and interest in a project, activity). Hence, ~ group: Nhm i t-ng. Stakeholder analysis (n) Phn tch cc nhm i t-ng.

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A glossary of common development terms Stakeholder participation (n) S tham gia ca cc nhm i t-ng. ~ framework: Khun kh hay c ch cho php cc nhm i t-ng cng tham gia. Stand-alone (adj) c lp, n l (e.g. A ~ project: D n n l; A ~ computer: My vi tnh c lp, tc khng ni mng). Standard of living (n) Mc sng (i.e. the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person, community or nation). Xem thm Quality of life. Standardization (n) Vic chun ha (e.g. The ~ of staff performance assessment criteria Vic chun ha cc tiu ch nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca cn b, nhn vin c quan). Standardize (v) Chun ha, lm cho ph hp vi mt tiu chun (e.g. In order to improve the coherence and effectiveness of UN assistance, it is urgent to ~ programme/project management concepts and practices amongst UN Agencies). State of the art (n) Tn tin nht, mi nht. A ~ technology: Cng ngh tn tin nht. State of the Environment Report (n) Bo co v hin trng mi trng (i.e. a report that analyzes trends in the environment of a particular place. This analysis can encompass aspects such as water quality, air quality, land use, ecosystem health and function, along with relevant social and cultural matters). State ruled by law (n) Nh n-c php quyn. State-owned enterprise (n) Doanh nghip Nh n-c, vit tt l SOE. ~ reform: Ci cch doanh nghip Nh n-c; ~ restructuring: Xp xp li doanh nghip Nh n-c. Steering Committee (n) Ban ch o (e.g. A Project ~ : Ban ch o d n). Stigma (n) S k th (e.g. ~ against people affected with HIV/AIDS: S k th i vi nhng ng-i b nhim HIV/AIDS). Stigmatize (v) K th (e.g. ~ people affected with HIV/AIDS). Hence, Stigmatization (n) K th ho (e.g. ~ of people affected with HIV/AIDS). Stimulus (n) S kch thch, tc nhn kch thch. E.g. An economic ~ package: Gi kch thch kinh t. Stock of total capital (n) Tng ngun vn. ~ has three types of assets, namely manmade capital, human capital and natural capital. Strategic (adj) Mang tnh chin l-c; ~ evaluation: Cuc nh gi mang tnh chin l-c; ~ framework: Khun kh chin l-c; ~ plan: K hoch chin l-c. Strategic Environmental Assessment (n) nh gi mi trng chin lc (i.e. the application of Environmental Impact Assessment not only to individual projects but also to policies, plans, programmes and regional land use objectives). Strategic gender needs (n) Nhu cu chin l-c v gii (i.e. needs which women identify because of their subordinate position in society; these are strategic in nature and may include legal rights, division of labour, equal wages, domestic violence...). Strategic management (n) Qun l tm chin l-c (i.e. the formulation and implementation of plans and the carrying out of activities relating to matters which are of vital, pervasive importance to the total organization). Strategic planning (n) Lp quy hoch chin l-c (i.e. the process of examining an organization's current situation, setting goals and developing the "means" to achieve those goals as well as measuring the results).

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A glossary of common development terms Strategies for sustainability (n) Cc chin l-c pht trin bn vng (i.e. the general term to describe various environment-related plans, such as conservation strategy, environmental action plan, environmental management plan, sustainable development strategy). Strategy (n) Chin l-c, cch thc thc hin. A coping ~ : Cch thc i ph vi kh khn; A project ~ : Cch thc t chc thc hin d n; A socio-economic development ~ : Chin l-c pht trin kinh t x hi. Streamline (v) Tinh gin (e.g. To ~ public administration: Tinh gin nn hnh chnh cng). Hence, Streamlining (n) S tinh gin (e.g. The ~ of administrative procedures). Street children (n) Tr em lang thang c nh, tr em -ng ph. Strict nature reserve (n) Khu bo tn thin nhin nghim ngt. Structural (adj) Thuc v c cu. Structural adjustment (n) iu chnh c cu (i.e. Government action which is directed towards altering the structure of the economy). ~ credit: Tn dng iu chnh c cu; ~ programme: Ch-ng trnh iu chnh c cu. Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF): Th thc h tr iu chnh c cu (i.e. an assistance programme set up in 1986 by IMF to help developing low-income countries in addressing problems in blance of payments). Structural change (n) Thay i c cu. Structural reform (n) Ci cch c cu. Structural shifting (n) Chuyn dch c cu. Structural unemployment (n) Tht nghip c cu .(i.e. unemployment caused by changes in the structure of the economy resulting from such factors as technological change or relocation of industry, or by changes in the composition of the work force). Study tour (n) Chuyn i kho st (e.g. an overseas ~ : Chuyn i kho st n-c ngoi). Stunted (adj) B ci (e.g. A ~ child: a tr b ci). Stunting (n) Tnh trng ci tr em (i.e. height for age falls below international standard norms, usually indicating nutritional deficiencies in an earlier period of a childs growth). Sub-contract (n) Hp ng ph (i.e. a subordinate contract under which the supply of materials, services, or labour is let out to someone other than a party to the main contract). Sub-contract (v) K hp ng ph (e.g. To ~ something to somebody: K hp ng ph vi mt ng-i no lm mt vic g). Sub-contracting (n) Vic k hot ng ph. E.g. The ~ of the household living standard survey to a foreign consulting company: K hp ng ph vi cng ty t- vn n-c ngoi tin hnh cuc iu tra mc sng h gia nh. Subject to (adj) L thuc, ph thuc vo (e.g. The funding priorities of bilateral development agencies remain ~ to the foreign policy needs of their own governments). Subsidize (v) Tr cp, tr gi, bao cp (cho ci g, cho ai). Subsidized (adj) -c tr cp, -c tr gi, -c bao cp. (e.g. ~ housing, education, health care: Nh , gio dc, y t -c tr cp). Subsidy (n) Tin tr cp, tin tr gi, -c tr gi. E.g. Food, housing subsidies: Cc khon tin tr cp l-ng thc, nh . Interest rate subsidy: H tr li sut tin vay. 107

A glossary of common development terms Subsistence (n) S tn ti, t cung t cp (i.e. that which is directly needed for consumption or to exist). ~ farming: Ch canh tc t tc t cp. Xem thm Farming. Subsistence economy (n) Nn kinh t t tc t cp (i.e. an economy in which production meets a populations minimum needs but produces no surplus). Subsistence minimum (n) Mc sng ti thiu (another term for Poverty line). Substance (n) Ni dung, cht. Substantive (adj) Thuc ni dung, thuc v cht (e.g. a ~ role, input: Vai tr, ng gp v ni dung; a ~ change: S thay i v cht). Success indicator (n) Ch s nh gi thnh cng (e.g. the ~ s for a capacity development project). Success story (n) Bi hc thnh cng, cu chuyn thnh cng (e.g. The UNDP/UNCDF-funded project on promoting small rural infrastructure development in Quang Nam province was a ~ ). Supplier (n) Nh cung ng. Sourcing of ~ s: Xc nh cc nh cung ng, tm kim cc nh cung ng (v d, thng qua qu trnh gi thu). Supply (n) Cung, l-ng cung (e.g. The ~ of skilled labour is below market demand: L-ng cung lao ng lnh ngh khng p ng nhu cu ca th tr-ng); Aggregate ~ : Tng cung; Excess ~ : D- cung. Supply chain (n) Chui gi tr (i.e. a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer). Supply chain management (n) Qun l chui gi tr (i.e. management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers). Supply management (n) Qun l l-ng cung. Supply pull inflation(n) Lm pht do cung v-t qu cu. Supply- side economics (n) Kinh t hc trng cung, khc vi Demand-side economics. Supply-demand relationship (n) Quan h cung cu. Supply-driven: Trng cung, do cung chi phi (e.g. ~ development aid: Vin tr pht trin do bn cung chi phi). Surplus (n) Thng d-, d- tha. Budget ~ : Thng d- ngn sch; Food ~ : D- tha l-ng thc; Labour ~ : Lao ng d- tha; Trade ~: Thng d- th-ng mi. Survey (n) iu tra. Social ~ : iu tra x hi hc; Labour market ~ : iu tra th tr-ng lao ng; Household living standard ~ : iu tra mc sng h gia nh. Sustainability (n) Tnh bn vng (e.g. The ~ of economic growth: Tnh bn vng ca tng tr-ng kinh t). Strategies for ~ : Cc chin l-c pht trin bn vng. Sustainable (adj) Mang tnh bn vng. ~ farming and livelihoods: Ph-ng php canh tc v sinh k bn vng; ~ use: S dng mt cch bn vng; ~ yield: Nng sut bn vng; Environmentally, economically and financially ~ : Bn vng v mi tr-ng, kinh t v ti chnh. Sustainable agriculture (n) Nng nghip bn vng (i.e. agricultural practices that ensure long-term productivity with few harmful effects).

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A glossary of common development terms Sustainable development (n) Pht trin bn vng (i.e. development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs). Commission on ~ : Hi ng Pht trin bn vng (i.e. an international body set up in December 1992 by the UN General Assembly as a functional commission of the UN Economic and Social Council, implementing a recommendation of the Earth Summit held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Sustainable human development (n) Pht trin con ng-i bn vng (i.e. an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach to development, which places people at the center of the development process and advocates the protection of life opportunities for present and future generations while respecting the natural systems upon which all life depends). Sustainable industry (n) Cng nghip bn vng (i.e. industrial development that encourages a competitive economy, creates productive employment and protects the environment). Sustainable land use (n) S dng t bn vng (i.e. land use that achieves production sufficient to meet the needs of present and future populations while conserving or enhancing the land resources on which production depends). Sustainable tourism (n) Du lch bn vng (i.e. tourism that is developed in such a way that it remains viable over a long period and does not degrade its surrounding environment to a degree that it prohibits the successful development of other activities) Swap (n) Hon i. ~ arrangements: Cc tho thun hon i, tro n. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA): C quan Hp tc pht trin quc t Thu in. Swidden farming (n) Du canh (i.e. another term for Shifting farming). Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC): C quan Hp tc v pht trin Thu S. SWOT analysis (n) Ph-ng php phn tch bi cnh (i.e. a method of contextual or environmental assessment in support of strategic/ business planning, covering Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. E.g. It is essential to do a careful ~ before the annual business plan is developed for the Organization). Synergy (n) Tc ng tng hp, sc mnh tng hp (i.e. the interaction of two or more efforts in order to ensure greater overall effect, e.g. the ~ of UN-supported technical assistance activities in Viet Nam). System (n) H thng. Systems analysis: Phn tch h thng; Systems approach: Ph-ng php tip cn h thng. Systematic (adj) Mang tnh h thng (e.g. A ~ approach to staff training and career development: Mt cch tip cn mang tnh h thng i vi cng tc o to v pht trin s nghip ca cn b, nhn vin). Systems design (n) Thit k h thng (i.e. development of an integrated method for conducting a required article or performing a desired operation).

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T
Take-off (n) S ct cnh. Economic ~ : S ct cnh v kinh t, khi sc v kinh t. Tangible (n) Hu hnh, vt th, c th. ~ asset, heritage, value: Ti sn, di sn, gi tr hu hnh hoc vt th; ~ result: Kt qu c th. Tangible cultural heritage (n) Di sn vn ha vt th (e.g. The Cham towers in My Son, the Hoi An acient town, the Hue ancient city and the Thang Long Royal Palace have been recognized by UNESCO as humanitys ~ s). Target (n) Ch tiu (i.e. an end-point which is measured using numerical criteria and is produced using a pre-determined approach. It can be an output, an objective or a goal). To set a ~ : t ch tiu; To meet a ~ : t -c ch tiu; To miss a ~ : Khng t ch tiu). Target (v) Xc nh i t-ng, nh h-ng (e.g. To ~ the poor: Xc nh i t-ng ng-i ngho, nh h-ng phc v ng-i ngho). Target beneficiary (n) i t-ng th h-ng, ng-i th h-ng. Target group (n) Nhm i t-ng th h-ng (i.e. a group of people that a programme or project intends to benefit). Targeting (n) S xc nh i t-ng, nh h-ng (e.g. good ~ : Xc nh ng i t-ng, nh h-ng ng; geographic and ethnic ~ of poverty alleviation programmes: H-ng mc tiu cc ch-ng trnh xo i gim ngho vo cc vng lnh th v dn tc thiu s). Tariff (n) Thu quan. ~ barrrier: Hng ro thu quan; ~ coverage: Din thu quan; ~ cuts: Ct gim thu quan; ~ schedule: Biu thu quan. Tax (n) Thu. Hence, To tax (v) nh thu, and Taxation (n) Vic nh thu. ~ authority: C quan thu v. Tax base (n) Din thu. Tax bracket (n) Khung thu sut. Tax evasion (n) Trn thu. Tax exemption (n) Min thu. Tax holiday (n) Thi gian min hoc gim thu. Tax incentive (n) Khuyn khch qua thu. Tax rate (n) Thu sut. Tax refund (n) Khon thu -c hon li. Tax relief (n) Gim thu. Tax revenue (n) Ngun thu t thu. Tax write-off (n) Xo thu. Team building (n) Xy dng tinh thn ng i, xy dng tinh thn tp th (e.g. A ~ activity, effort, workshop). Team work (n) Lm vic theo nhm (i.e. work undertaken in groups that involves the dependence of one workers duties on the completion of the duties of another member of the group).

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A glossary of common development terms Technical assistance (n) Tr gip k thut (foreign aid mostly pure grant - that takes the form of the transfer of expertise/ knowledge, development of skills, provision of advice, etc for capacity building and institutional development objectives, rather than a simple transfer of funds). Free-standing ~ : Tr gip k thut c lp; Investmentrelated ~ : Tr gip k thut h tr u t-. Technical cooperation (n) Hp tc k thut (often used synonymously as technical assistance). Technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC): Hp tc k thut gia cc n-c ang pht trin, l ph-ng thc hp tc -c UNDP ch tr-ng v khuyn khch. Technological change (n) Thay i cng ngh, i mi cng ngh. Technology (n) Cng ngh. Appropriate ~ : Cng ngh thch hp; Process ~ : Cng ngh quy trnh sn xut; Product ~ : Cng ngh lm sn phm; State-of-the art ~ : Cng ngh tn tin nht; Choice of ~ : S la chn cng ngh . Technology Achievement Index (n) Ch s v thnh tu cng ngh (i.e. a composite index to measure how well a country is creating and diffusing technology as well as building human skills). Technology transfer (n) Chuyn giao cng ngh (i.e. the movement of new technology from its creator or a researcher to a user or from developed areas to less-developed areas). Tele-medicine (n) Cha bnh t xa (i.e. the remote diagnosis and treatment of patients by means of telecommunications technology). Terms of reference (n) iu khon tham chiu, iu khon giao vic, c-ng cng tc (e.g. The ~ for a consultant: iu khon giao vic cho chuyn gia t- vn). Terms of trade (n) Gi ko cnh, iu kin trao i th-ng mi (i.e. the ratio of export prices to import prices). Domestic ~ : Gi ko cnh trong n-c. Test out (v) Th nghim (e.g. To ~ a new development model: Th nghim mt m hnh pht trin mi). Thematic (adj) Theo chuyn (e.g. ~ working groups: Cc nhm cng tc chuyn ). Hence, Theme (n) Chuyn . Think - tank (n) C quan tham m-u, t chc t- vn (i.e. A group or an institution organized for intensive research and solving of problems, especially in the areas of technology, social development, economic development or political strategy; e.g. The Central Institute of Economic Management is an important ~ of the Party and Government in Viet Nam). Threshold (n) Ng-ng ca, ng-ng (e.g. He was on the ~ of manhood, of his career; The high income country ~ in 2007 was USD 936 of GNI per capita). Threshold value (n) Ga tr ng-ng. Tied (adj): Mang tnh rng buc. ~ aid: Vin tr c iu kin, vin tr rng buc (i.e. official aid for which the procurement of associated goods or services is limited to the donor country or to a group of countries which does not include substantially all developing countries). Time-bound (adj) C thi hn (e.g. All development projects are ~ ). Time-frame (n) Khung thi gian (Also Time scale). The ~ for meeting the target set at the beginning of the year).

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A glossary of common development terms Top-down (adj) T trn xung, t trn di xung (e.g. The PRSP was meant to redress the problem of ~ , donor-led development finance policy-making, but ). A ~ approach: Ph-ng php tip cn t trn xung (i.e. an approach that favours decisionmaking by officials without the participation or contribution of individuals at lower levels, particularly the target population), i lp vi Bottom-up (adj) T d-i ln (e.g. A ~ approach: Cch tip cn t d-i ln. Top-down planning process (n) Quy trnh lp k hoch t trn di xung. Total fertility rate or TFR (n) Tng t sut sinh. (~ is calculated by summing up the age-specific fertility rate observed in a year, and as such is interpreted as the average number of children a woman will bear in her lifetime if she bears her children at the agespecific rates observed during that year.) Tourism (n) Du lch. Cultural ~ : Du lch vn ho; Community-based ~: Du lch da vo cng ng, du lch cng ng; Eco-friendly ~ : Du lch thn thin sinh thi; Ecotourism: Du lch sinh thi, cn gi l Green tourism Du lch xanh; Heritage-based ~ : Du lch di sn; Medical ~ : Du lch cha bnh; Nature-based ~ : Du lch thin nhin; Sustainable ~ : Du lch bn vng. Tourist arrivals (n) S khch du lch n (e.g. International ~ are estimated to have increased by 7% during the first half of 2010). Tourist destination (n) im n du lch. ~ development: Pht trin im n du lch. Tourist management model (n) M hnh qun l du lich; Participatory ~ : M hnh qun l du lch c s tham gia ca ng-i dn. Tourist product (n) Sn phm du lch. ~ development: Pht trin sn phm du lch. Track (v) Theo di, theo du vt, tm kim. E.g. it is of critical importance to set up a reliable and updated data system in order to ~ the progress being made towards achieving the MDGs in Viet Nam. Tracking (n) S theo di, theo du vt, tm kim. A ~ system: H thng tm kim s liu; e.g. To date, no consistent ~ of investment on gender equality aid exists in multilateral institutions). Trade (n) Th-ng mi. ~ agreement: Hip nh th-ng mi; ~ barriers: Hng ro th-ng mi; ~ restrictions: Cc hn ch v th-ng mi. Trade in services (n) Bun bn dch v, th-ng mi dch v. Trade expansion (n) M rng th-ng mi. Trade facilitation (n) Thun li ho th-ng mi (i.e. the standardization of procedures and documents and development of new data processing and communication methods in order to make trade procedures more efficient). Trade liberalization (n) T do ho th-ng mi (i.e. reduction and/or removal of taxes, tariffs or other barriers on a country's exports and imports). Trade promotion (n) Xc tin th-ng mi. Trade related (adj) Lin quan n th-ng mi. ~ agreement: Hip nh lin quan n th-ng mi; ~ intellectual property rights (TRIPS): Quyn s hu tr tu lin quan n th-ng mi. Trade-off (n) S nh i, s cn i, s tho hip (i.e. opportunity cost of selecting one alternative rather than another; e.g. the ~ between economic growth and economic equity: S nh i gia tng tr-ng kinh t v bnh ng kinh t). Trade off (v) nh i, cn i, tha hip e.g. Is it not worth ~ ing off the limited shortterm economic benefits of the industrial plant with the long-term, inevitable negative impacts on the living environment of the surrounding communities?).

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A glossary of common development terms Trading system (n) H thng th-ng mi. Global ~ : H thng th-ng mi ton cu; Multilateral ~ : H thng th-ng mi a ph-ng; Rule-based ~ : H thng th-ng mi da vo lut l. Traditional (adj) Thuc v truyn thng. ~ medicine: Y hc truyn thng, y hc c truyn; ~ values: Cc gi tr truyn thng. Traditional agriculture: Nn nng nghip truyn thng (i.e. farming based on practices such as crop rotation, use of animal manures instead of chemical fertilizers, and use of animal power). Traditional intensive agriculture: Nng nghip thm canh truyn thng; Traditional subsistence agriculture: Nng nghip t tc t cp truyn thng. Trafficking (b) Bun lu. Drug ~ : Bun bn ma tu; Wildlife ~ : Bun bn ng vt hoang d; Human ~ : Bun bn ng-i; ~ in women and children: Bun bn ph n v tr em. Trained workers (n) Lao ng qua o to tay ngh. Transaction costs (n) Chi ph giao dch (i.e. the full costs of making an exchange; e.g. The disbursement of aid through countless individual projects has increased ~ for recipient countries through duplicity of administrative procedures). Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN): Chuyn giao tri thc thng qua kiu dn, l ph-ng thc chuyn giao tri thc -c UNDP ch tr-ng v khuyn khch. Transfer of kowledge (n) Chuyn giao tri thc. Transfer payments (n) Tr cp (i.e. payments from the government to individuals used to redistribute a countrys wealth). Transition (n) S chuyn i (e.g. The ~ from a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy). In transition: Trong giai on chuyn i (e.g. an economy ~ : Nn kinh t trong giai on chuyn i). Transitional (adj) Thuc v giai on chuyn i, qu . A ~ economy: Nn kinh t trong giai on chuyn i; During the ~ period: Trong giai on chuyn i, trong giai on qu . Translate (v) Chuyn ho (e.g. To ~ a political commitment into real action: Bin cam kt chnh tr thnh hnh ng thc t). Transparency (n) S r rng, minh bch (i.e. sharing information and acting in an open manner; e.g. ~ in bidding, procurement, recruitment practices). Hence, transparent (adj) R rng, minh bch. Triangulation (n) Ph-ng php kim tra cho (i.e. a technique of verifying information by obtaining data from one source and cross-checking it with another or by oneself). Trickle down (v) Chy nh git. Trickle-down effect (n) Hiu ng nh git. Tripartism (n) Mi quan h ba bn (e.g. The ~ between the employer, employee and the State: Mi quan h ba bn gia ng-i s dng lao ng, ng-i lao ng v Nh n-c). Tripartite (adj) Ba bn (e.g. A ~ project review meeting: Cuc hp kim im d n ba bn, tc l gia C quan iu hnh d n, Chnh ph tip nhn d n v C quan ti tr d n). The ~ nature in labour relations: Bn cht ba bn trong quan h lao ng. Trust fund (n) Qu y thc (financial contributions which are made by a donor to a UN Agency to support development activities identified by the donor itself in line with the policies and objectives of the UN Agency and which are often channeled through a specific project). Xem thm Co-financing.

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A glossary of common development terms Twenty/twenty Initiative (n) Sng kin 20/20 (i.e. an initiative adopted by the 1995 Social Development Summit, whereby governments of donor countries and recipient countries agreed to devote at least 20% of their ODA resources and government budgets respectively to basic social services). Two-envelope system (n) Ch np thu hai phong b (i.e. the tendering system whereby a bidder or offeror submits its technical proposal xut k thut and financial proposal xut ti chnh in two separate sealed envelopes). Two-step method (n) Ph-ng thc u thu hai b-c (i.e. a tendering system whereby bids or offers go through two phases of evaluation, namely Preliminary evaluation nh gi s b and Detailed evaluation nh gi chi tit). Two-tier (adj) Hai cp. ~ banking system: H thng ngn hng hai cp (i.e. ngn hng trung -ng v ngn hng th-ng mi); ~ market: Th tr-ng hai cp; ~ pricing policy: Chnh sch gi hai cp (i.e. gi bao cp v gi th tr-ng t do). Types of competition (n) Cc hnh thc cnh tranh (trong u thu, mua sm). ~ often consist of Open international competition Cnh tranh quc t rng rI, Limited or restricted international competition Cnh tranh quc t hn ch, and Local competition: Cnh tranh trong n-c. Typhoon-prone (adj) Hay b bo (e.g. Viet Nam is a highly ~ country).

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U
Umbrella agreement (n) Tho thun khung, hip nh khung (i.e. a general agreement between a donor and a recipient government, covering broad conditions relating to the provision of ODA, including the administration and responsibilities of both parties). Umbrella project (n) D n d, d n khung (i.e. a project that encompasses activities of limited scope and duration that cannot be incorporated into existing projects and for which the formulation of a stand-alone project is unwarranted). UN reform (n) Ci cch Lin Hp Quc (i.e. an ongoing reform programme to make improvements in the way the entire UN family of organizations works. Its goal is for the UN to adapt to new conditions and provide for changing needs, in all the areas in which the UN is active: development, peace, security, international law, environment, social development, etc UN reform is a means to deliver better services to the Governments and people it serves). UN reform in Viet Nam (n) Ci cch Lin Hp Quc ti Vit Nam (i.e. the reform programme launched in 2006 by the UN Organizations present in the country. It was previously called One UN Initiative Sng kin Mt Lin Hp Quc and now Delivering as One Initiative Sng kin Hnh ng thng nht. It consists of five key elements: One Leader Mt nh lnh o chung, One Plan Mt k hoch chung, One Budget Mt ngn sch chung, One Set of Management Practices Mt b tp qun qun l chung and One UN House Mt ngi nh chung. This set of deliverables is also referred to as the Five Ones). Unaffordability (n) Khng c kh nng chi tr, khng c kh nng thanh ton (the ~ of high-quality housing to the urban poor). Unaffordable (adj) Khng th chi tr, khng th thanh ton (e.g. The high costs of basic social services are ~ to the poor). Underdeveloped (adj) Chm pht trin, km pht trin (e.g. An ~ country). Underdevelopment (n) (S, tnh trng) chm pht trin, km pht trin (e.g. The ~ of most African countries). Underemployed (n) Thiu vic lm (i.e. employed only part-time when one needs fulltime employment or not making full use of ones skills; e.g. Migrants are likely to be poor and ~ ). Underemployment (n) (S, tnh trng) thiu vic lm (i.e. employment or workers less than full time or at more menial, less skilled work than their training or ability permits). Undernourished (adj) Thiu dinh d-ng (e.g. ~ children of the rural poor). Undernourishment (n) (S, tnh trng) thiu dinh d-ng (e.g. the ~ of most children in remote, isolated rural areas of the country). Undernutrition (n) (S, tnh trng) thiu dinh d-ng. Underweight (n or adj) Thiu cn. ~ children: Tr em thiu cn. Unemployed (adj) Tht nghip (e.g. ~ people). The unemployed: Nhng ng-i tht nghip, cn -c gi l The jobless. Unemployment (n) Tnh trng tht nghip. Cyclical ~ : Tht nghip theo chu k (i.e. unemployment due to variations in the business cycle); Disguised ~ : Tnh trng tht nghip -c che y; Frictional ~ : Tnh trng tht nghip dai dng; Hidden ~ : Tht nghip n; Seasonal ~ : Tht nghip theo ma v; Structural ~ : Tht nghip c cu. 115

A glossary of common development terms Unemployment benefits (n) Tr cp tht nghip (i.e. payments made by the State or other authorized bodies to unemployed people). Uneven development (n) Pht trin khng ng u (i.e. the tendency for some areas of a country or region to prosper, while other areas stagnate). Unfair competition (n) Cnh tranh khng lnh mnh (i.e. competitors compete on unequal terms, because favourable or disadvantageous conditions are applied to some competitors but not to others). United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF): Qu Nhi ng Lin Hp Quc, created by the UN General Assembly on 11 December 1946, to take care of the provision of emergency food, healthcare, nutrition and education to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System. United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF): Khung Tr gip pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc (i.e. a common strategic programming framework of the UN System at the country level. It provides a collective, coherent and integrated UN response to national development priorities and needs, within the framework of the MDGs and other international agreements, goals and targets to which the country has committed to implement). United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM): Qu Pht trin v ph n ca Lin Hp Quc. Established in December 1976, UNIFEM provides financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies that promote womens human rights, political participation and economic security. United Nations Development Group (UNDG): Nhm cc t chc thuc h thng pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc (i.e. created by the Secretary General in 1997 as an instrument for UN reform, UNDG unites the 32 UN funds, programmes, agencies, departments and offices that play a role in development. The Groups common objective is to deliver more coherent, effective and efficient support to countries seeking to attain internationally agreed development goals, including the MDGs. The Group is chaired by the Administrator of the UNDP on behalf of the Secretary General and its four-member Executive Committee is composed of UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA and WFP. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Ch-ng trnh Pht trin Lin Hp Quc, founded in 1966 through the merger of the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (1949) and the United Nations Special Fund (1958). UNDP is the largest technical cooperation agency of the UN System, providing assistance to local governments to meet development challenges and develop local capacities. Additionally, UNDP works internationally to help countries achieve the MDGs. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): T chc Vn ho, khoa hc v gio dc Lin Hp Quc, established by the United Nations with a Constitution that was signed on 16 November 1945 and became effective on 4 November 1946. UNESCO works with member states to create enabling conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Ch-ng trnh mi tr-ng ca Lin Hp Quc. Founded as a result of the UN Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972, UNEP is mandated to coordinate the United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.

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A glossary of common development terms United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA): Qu (Hot ng) Dn s Lin Hp Quc. Founded by the UN General Assembly in 1969, UNFPA provides assistance to countries in using population data for policies and programmes to reduce poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, every young person is free of HIV, and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and respect. United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR): Cao u Lin Hp Quc v ng-i t nn. Established by the UN General Assembly on 14 December 1950, UNHCR is mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO): T chc Pht trin cng nghip Lin Hp Quc. Established in 1967 by the UN General Assembly as a specialized agency of the UN System, UNIDO's primary objective is the promotion and acceleration of industrial development in developing countries and countries with economies in transition and the promotion of international industrial cooperation. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC): C quan Phng chng ma ty v ti phm ca Lin Hp Quc. Established in 1997 as the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the UN International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the UN Office in Vienna. Renamed as the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002, UNODC is mandated to assist the UN and member countries in better addressing a coordinated, comprehensive response to the interrelated issues of illicit trafficking in and abuse of drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice, international terrorism, and corruption. United Nations specialized agencies: Cc c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc (i.e. agencies that may or may not have been originally created by the United Nations, but have been incorporated into the UN System by the UN Economic and Social Council acting under Articles 57 and 63 of the UN Charter. Currently, the UN has 17 specialized agencies that, among others, include FAO, UNIDO, UNESCO, WHO, IAAE, ICAO, ILO, IOM and others. United Nations Volunteers (UNV): Ng-i tnh nguyn Lin Hp Quc. United Nations Volunteers Programme: Ch-ng trnh Ng-i tnh nguyn Lin Hp Quc (i.e. a programme of the UN that contributes to peace and development in the world, by advocating for recognition of volunteers, working with partners to integrate volunteerism into development programming, and mobilizing an increasing number and diversity of volunteers throughout the world. United States Agency for International Development (USAID): C quan Pht trin quc t Hoa K. Unity (n) Tnh thng nht. Unity in diversity: Thng nht trong a dng (e.g. To maintain the ~ of ASEAN countries: Duy tr s thng nht trong a dng ca cc n-c ASEAN). Universal access (n) Kh nng tip cn cho mi ng-i, kh nng tip cn ph cp (E.g. ~ to basic social services: Mi ng-i -c s dng cc dch v x hi c bn; ~ to clean water, primary education, reproductive health care, treatment for HIV/AIDS, etc: Mi ng-i -c s dng n-c sch, gio dc tiu hc, chm sc sc khe sinh sn, iu tr HIV/AIDS, v.v). Universal Child Immunization Programme (n) Ch-ng trnh tim chng ph cp cho tr em (i.e. a programme launched by UNICEF in the early 1980s, together with WHO, in order to achieve Universal Childhood Immunization of the six vaccines against tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles).

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A glossary of common development terms Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Tuyn ngn Nhn quyn (i.e. a declaration on human rights that was jointly issued in 1948 by members of the United Nations System). Universal primary education (n) Ph cp gio dc cp mt hoc tiu hc. Universalization (n) (S) ph cp ho (e.g. ~ of primary education: Ph cp gio dc cp mt hoc tiu hc). Universalize (v) Ph cp ho (e.g. To ~ primary education, child immunization). Unpaid labour (n) Lao ng khng -c tr cng (i.e. work that produces goods or services but is unremunerated, including domestic labour, subsistence production and the unpaid production of items for markets. This should however not be confused with the unpaid family labour). Unskilled labour (n) Lao ng khng lnh ngh, lao ng ch-a qua o to, lao ng ph thng. Unskilled worker (n) Ng-i lao ng ph thng, ng-i lao ng ch-a qua o to. Unsustainability (n) Khng c tnh bn vng (e.g. the ~ of slash-and-burn farming practices). Unsustainable (adj) Khng mang tnh bn vng (e.g. ~ coal mining practices). Unsustainable debt (n) N qu sc chu ng (i.e. debt which exceeds 2 to 2.5 times a country's annual export earnings). Untapped resources (n) Cc ngun lc ch-a -c khai thc. Untie (v) Xa b iu kin (i.e. To ~ aid for least developing countries: Xo b iu kin vin tr cho cc n-c km pht trin nht). Untied aid (n) Vin tr v iu kin (i.e. official aid for which the associated goods and services may be fully and freely procured in substantially all countries). Untying (n) S xo b iu kin (e.g. the ~ of aid to least developed countries). Update (v) Cp nht (e.g. To ~ a work plan: Cp nht k hoch cng tc). Upper Middle-Income Country (n) N-c c mc thu nhp trung bnh cao (i.e. a country with an annual GNI per capita of USD 3,706 to USD 11,455 in 2007). Upstream (adj) cp v m, u ngun, khc vi Downstream cp vi m, h ngun (e.g. ~ aid activities: Cc hot ng vin tr cp v m; ~ interventions: Cc bin php can thip v m). Urban - rural migration (n) Di dn t thnh th v nng thn. Urban - urban migration (n) Di c- gia cc vng th. Urban (adj) Thuc v th. ~ ecosystem: H sinh thi th; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng th; ~ pollution: nhim th; ~ development: Pht trin th; ~ management: Qun l th; ~ planning (n) Quy hoch th. Urbanization (n) th ho. Pressures of ~ : Sc p ca qu trnh th ho. Use rights (n) Quyn s dng. User charge, fee (n) Ph s dng (i.e. direct payment by the consumer of goods and services provided by the public sector to the private sector). User group (n) Nhm ng-i s dng (i.e. a specified group of people who share mutually recognized claims to specified use rights).

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A glossary of common development terms User pays principle (n) Nguyn tc ng-i s dng phi tr ph. This principle applies the Polluter Pays Principle more broadly so that the cost of a resource to a user includes all the environmental costs associated with its extraction, transformation and use, including the costs of alternative or future uses foregone. User-friendly (adj) Tin li cho ng-i s dng, thn thin vi ng-i s dng (e.g. A ~ piece of equipment: Mt thit b tin li cho ng-i s dng. Hence, user-friendliness.

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V
Vaccination (n) Tim phng, tim chng (e.g. ~ against diphtheria, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis and tuberculosis: Tim phng cc bnh bch hu, un vn, si, bi lit v ho lao). Vaccine-preventable diseases (n) Cc bnh c th phng nga bng tim chng vcxin. Valuation (n) nh gi. Asset ~ : nh gi ti sn. Value (n) Gi tr. Cultural ~ s: Cc gi tr vn ho; Traditional ~ s: Cc gi tr truyn thng; Face ~ : Gi tr b ngoi, gi tr danh ngha (also Nominal value). Value added (n) Gi tr gia tng (i.e. the difference between the total revenue and the cost of bought-in raw materials, services and components; it measures the value that a firm has "added" to these items in the process of production). Value Added Tax: Thu gi tr gia tng; Value chain (n) Chui gi tr (i.e. The sequence of activities that a firm undertakes to create value, including the various steps of the supply chain but also additional activities, such as marketing, sales, and service). E.g. If Viet Nam wants to enter the global ~ when it becomes a middle-income country, it needs to create a better business environment for the private sector and businesses and accelerate infrastructure development. Value chain analysis (n) Phn tch chui gi tr (i.e. a systematic examination of the value chain of an enterprise to ascertain how much and at which stage value is added to its goods and/or services, and how it can be increased to enhance the enterprises competitive advantage).. Value chain management (n) Qun l chui gi tr (i.e. an improvement method that helps minimize wastes and maximize resources in a supply chain by integrating information, materials, labor, facilities, logistics, etc... into a time-responsive, capacitymanaged solution). Value for money (often best ~ ) (n) Cht l-ng t-ng xng vi chi ph, ca no tin ny (i.e. a procurement principle meaning the selection of the offer that presents the optimum combination of life-cycle costs and benefits and that meets the users needs. It does not necessarily mean the lowest price option but rather represents the best return on the investment, taking into consideration the evaluation criteria specified in the bidding documents). Verifiable (adj) C th kim chng (e.g. A ~ impact: Tc ng c th kim chng -c). Verifier (n) Cng c, cch thc kim chng (i.e. data or information to verify progress using certain indicators in logical framework analysis). Xem thm Means of verification. Viable (adj) C th ng vng, c hiu qu (e.g. The project will be financially ~ ). Hence, Viability (n) Kh nng ng vng -c, kh nng c hiu qu. Violence (n) Bo lc. Domestic ~ Bo lc gia nh; Emotional ~ or Mental ~ : Bo lc tnh cm; Intimate partner ~ : Bo lc bn tnh; Physical ~ : Bo lc thn th; Sexual ~ : Bo lc tnh dc.

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A glossary of common development terms Violence against women: S dng bo lc i vi ph n ( ~ is defined in Article 1 of the UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Violence against Women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life). Virtual (adj) o, o nh. A global ~ team: Nhm lm vic o ton cu (i.e. a temporary, culturally diverse, geographically dispersed and electronical group which works together and interacts with each other through the internet) Vision (n) Tm nhn (i.e. the desirable future state of an organization; e.g. The 2020 Vision of ASEAN: Tm nhn nm 2020 ca ASEAN). A long-term ~ : Tm nhn di hn; A short-term ~ : Tm nhn ngn hn. Voluntary (adj) T nguyn. ~ compliance: Tun th t nguyn (e.g. ~ with environmental protection standards: T nguyn tun th cc tiu chun bo v mi tr-ng). Voluntary contributions (n) ng gp t nguyn (i.e. l ng gp ca cc n-c ti tr vo ngun ngn sch th-ng xuyn ca cc t chc thuc LHQ). Xem thm Core resources. Voluntary repatriation (n) Hi h-ng t nguyn (i.e. the return by refugees to their countries of origin based on their freely expressed willingness). E.g. The ~ of Vietnamese boat people from Hong Kong. Vulnerability (n) Tnh trng d b xm hi, d b tn th-ng, d b tc ng bi ngoi cnh (i.e. the condition of being exposed to great risks, economically, physically or socially. In poverty context, ~ is not only being exposed to high risks but also implies not having sufficient means to cope with such risks). Vulnerable (adj) D b xm hi, d b tn th-ng, d b tc ng bi ngoi cnh (To be ~ to abuse, harassment, attack, blackmail: D b lm dng, quy ri, tn cng, bt cc). A ~ situation: Tnh hnh bp bnh. Vulnerable groups (n) Cc nhm dn c- d b tn th-ng (i.e. groups particularly threatened by social, economic, political or other pressures, such as children, women, the elderly, the handicapped).

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W
Waive (v) Linh ng, b qua, min u thu (e.g. To ~ a procurement contract: Min u thu i vi mt hp ng mua sm). Waiver (n) S linh ng, s b qua, s min u thu (e.g. To request, recommend a ~ from the competitive bidding procedures: ngh, khuyn ngh min u thu cnh tranh). Warming (n) Lm nng ln. Global ~ : Hin t-ng nng ln ca tri t, hin t-ng nng ln ton cu. Warning (n) Cnh bo, cnh co. An early ~ system: H thng cnh bo sm (phc v phng chng thin tai, qun l mi tr-ng); A ~ signal: Tn hiu cnh bo, tn hiu cnh co. Waste (n) Rc thi; lng ph. Hazardous ~ : Cht thi c hi; Radioactive ~ : Cht thi phng x; Solid ~ : Cht thi rn; ~ of production materials, public resources (n) Lng ph vt t- sn xut, lng ph ca cng. Waste disposal and treatment (n) Thu gom v x l rc thi. Waste management and minimization (n) Qun l v gim thiu rc thi. Waste recycling (n) Ti sinh cht thi. Waste water (n) N-c thi. Water (n) N-c. ~ consumption: Tiu th n-c; ~ distribution: Phn phi n-c; ~ management: Qun l n-c; ~ pollution: nhim n-c; ~ resources: Ngun n-c, ti nguyn n-c; ~ shortage: Thiu n-c; ~ supply: Cung cp n-c; ~ treatment: X l n-c; ~ utilization: S dng n-c. Water catchment (n) Vng (l-u vc) thu n-c m-a (Xem Catchment area). Water-borne diseases (n) Cc bnh truyn theo -ng n-c. Water-logged (adj) B ngp ng ( ~ areas, regions: Cc khu vc, cc vng ngp ng). Watershed (n) Rng u ngun, l-u vc phng h (i.e. a topographically delineated area that is drained by a stream system). Watershed management (n) Qun l rng u ngun. Wealth ranking (n) Phn loi mc giu c, phn loi ng-i giu. Weather (n) Thi tit. ~ forecasts: D bo thi tit. Weigh (v) Cn, cn nhc (e.g. To ~ the overall costs and benefits of a project: Cn nhc ton b chi ph v li ch ca d n). Weight (n) Trng l-ng, trng s (i.e. a numerical co-efficient assigned to an item to express its relative importance in a frequency distribution; e.g. To assign a ~ to something Gn mt trng s cho mt ci g ). Weightless economy (n) Nn kinh t khng trng l-ng (i.e. an economy that focuses on the use of knowledge). Welfare (n) Phc li. Social ~ : Phc li x hi. Welfare economics (n) Kinh t hc phc li (i.e. that branch of economics which is concerned with normative issues such as economic efficiency, resource allocation and social welfare). Welfare economy (n) Nn kinh t phc li. Welfare payments (n) Cc khon tin tr phc li. 122

A glossary of common development terms Welfare State (n) Nh n-c phc li. Well-being (n) An sinh, s sung tc (e.g. The ~ of the working people). Well-defined (adj) Xc nh r rng, nh ngha r rng (e.g. The objectives of the project are ~ ). Well-off (adj) Kh gi, giu c (e.g. ~ people, regions of the country: Nhng ng-i, nhng vng kh gi trong n-c). Wetland (n) Vng t ngp n-c. Coastal ~ : Vng t ngp mn ven bin; ~ management: Qun l cc vng t ngp n-c. Why in my backyard: Ti sao li qung vo v-n nh ti (i.e. the question of why hazardous activities and substances are placed in a particular location). Wilderness area (n) Khu bo tn tnh hoang d, khu bo tn ng vt hoang d. Wildlife (n) i sng hoang d, ng vt hoang d. ~ management: Qun l ng vt hoang d. Winning strategy (n) Chin l-c dn n thnh cng, chin l-c bo m thnh cng. Win-win (adj) C li cho tt c cc bn, mang thnh cng cho tt c cc bn (i.e. a situation, a course of action by which cooperation, compromise or group participation leads to all participants benefiting. The term can be applied to many aspects of daily living, and it is contrasted to the win-lose situation, where the dominant factor is that at least one person wins while another loses). A ~ solution: Gii php c li hay mang thnh cng cho tt c cc bn. Woman (n) Ng-i ph n. Advancement of ~ : S tin b ca ph n (e.g. National Committee for the Advancement of Women y ban quc gia v s tin b ca ph n); Discrimination against ~ : Phn bit i x i vi ph n (UN Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women Cng -c Lin Hp Quc v xo b mi hnh thc phn bit i x vi ph n); Empowerment of ~ : Trao quyn cho ph n, nng cao v th ca ph n; Violence against ~ : Bo lc i vi ph n; Domestic violence against ~ : Bo lc trong gia nh i vi ph n. Women in child-bearing age (n) Ph n trong tui sinh . Women in development (WID): Ph n trong pht trin (i.e. an approach developed in the 1970s, aimed at designing policies and actions to integrate women fully into development activities). Xem thm Gender and Development. Women-headed household (n) H do ph n lm ch h. Xem thm Household. Work (n) Lao ng; ~ environment: Mi tr-ng lm vic. Work place (n) Ni lm vic. Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the ~ : Phng chng HIV/AIDS ni lm vic; Sexual harassment in the ~ : Nn quy ri tnh dc ni lm vic. Work plan (n) K hoch cng tc (e.g. Annual project ~ : K hoch cng tc d n hng nm; Quarterly project ~ : K hoch cng tc d n hng qu). Working age (n) Tui lao ng (i.e. 15 - 60 tui i vi nam gii; 15 - 55 tui i vi ph n). Population in ~ : Dn c- trong tui lao ng. Working Party on Aid Effectiveness (n) Nhm cng tc v hiu qu vin tr (i.e. The international grouping of donors and recipient countries that oversees the implementation of the Paris Declaration. It has a number of sub-groups (or Joint Ventures) on Public Financial Management, Procurement, Managing for Development Results and Monitoring the Paris Declaration). Workload (n) Khi l-ng cng vic (e.g. He has a heavy ~ ). Workshop (n) Lp tp hun, hi tho.

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A glossary of common development terms World Bank (n) Ngn hng th gii. Set up in 1944 as a result of the Bretton Woods Agreement, the WB consists of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Ngn hng Quc t v ti thit v pht trin and the International Development Association Hip hi Pht trin quc t. The WB provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes for poverty reduction and socio-economic development. By law, all of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade and facilitate capital investment. World Bank Group (n) Nhm Ngn hng th gii. The WB Group consists of five financing institutions, namely the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation Cng ty Ti chnh quc t; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency C quan Bo him u t- a ph-ng; v International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes Trung tm Quc t v gii quyt tranh chp u t-. Set up in 1945, the WB Groups mission is to help in improving the living standards of developing countries by transferring parts of the development resources from rich countries to poor countries. World Biosphere Reserve (n) Khu bo tn sinh quyn th gii. The Cham Islands, Ca Mau Cape, Cat Tien National Park, Cat Ba Island, etc have been recognized by UNESCO as ~ s. World Environment Day (n) Ngy mi tr-ng th gii (i.e. 5 June each year, the day adopted by the UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, as an annual means of focusing public attention on national and world environmental problems). World Food Programme (WFP): Ch-ng trnh L-ng thc th gii. WFP was set up in 1963 by the UN General Assembly and FAO as the UNs food aid branch and the worlds largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger worldwide. WFP strives to eradicate hunger and malnutrition, with the ultimate goal of eliminating the need for food aid itself, by providing food to (i) save lives in emergency situations, (ii) improve the nutrition and quality of life of the most vulnerable people at critical times in their lives and (iii) promote the self-reliance of poor people and communities, particularly through labour-intensive works programmes. World Geological Park (n) Cng vin a cht th gii. The stone mountains of the Dong Van Plateau have been recognized by UNESCO as a ~ . World Health Organization (WHO): T chc Y t th gii. Established on 7 April 1948 as a specialized agency of the UN, WHO is the coordinating authority for public health within the UN System. WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to member countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. World Heritage List (n) Danh mc Cc di sn th gii (i.e. a list created by the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and administered by UNESCO). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): T chc Ti sn tr tu th gii. Set up in 1967 as a specialized agency of the UN, WIPO is mandated to promote creative intellectual activity and facilitate the transfer of technology related to industrial property to developing countries in order to accelerate economic, social and cultural development. World Meteorological Organization (WMO): T chc Kh t-ng th gii. Established in 1950, WMO became a specialised agency of the UN in 1951 for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.

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A glossary of common development terms World Poverty Day (n) Ngy th gii xo i, gim ngho (17 October was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 22 December 1992 as the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty or the World Povery Day). World Trade Organization (WTO): T chc Th-ng mi th gii (i.e. an international organization that was set up in January 1995 to succeed GATT and that serves as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations and helping to resolve its members trade disputes). Worse off (adj) Tr nn ngho i hn (e.g. ~ regions, groups in the country). Worst forms of child labour (n) Cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht (~ are defined by Article 3 of ILO Convention 182 as (a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery; (b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances;(c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities;and (d) work which is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children). Wrap-up meeting (n) Cuc hp tng kt (e.g. The ~ organized by the visiting delegation was very useful and constructive). Write off (v) Tha nhn tht bi hay thua l, xa n (i.e. to recognize that something is a loss or a failure; cancel; e.g. to ~ a debt Xa b mt khon n; to ~ a loss Tha nhn thua l).

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A glossary of common development terms

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS AND REPORTS A Study on Aid to the Environment Sector in Viet Nam, MPI & UNDP, Ha Noi, November 1999. A World Fit for Children, UNICEF, New York, December 2004. Aid Transaction Costs in Viet Nam, A. Fozzard, A. Brown & F. Naschold, Dec. 2000. Assessing Aid What Works, What Doesnt And Why, World Bank, Washington, 1998. Catching up, United Nations, Ha Noi, October 1996. Completion of Viet Nams Legal Framework for Economic Development, UNDP, Ha Noi, March 1999. East Asia : From Miracle to Crisis, UNDP, Ha Noi, June 1998. Expanding Choices for the Rural Poor, UNDP, Ha Noi, December 1998. Gender-Based Violence - Issue Paper, UNFPA Viet Nam, Ha Noi, May 2010. Gender Briefing Kits, UNDP, Hanoi, December 2000. Governance for Sustainable Human Development, UNDP, New York, January 1997. Human Development Reports, UNDP, New York, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008. Living Standards During an Economic Boom - The Case of Viet Nam (bilingual), UNDP & GSO, Statistical Publishing House, Ha Noi, December 2001. Looking Ahead A Common Country Assessment, United Nations, Ha Noi, Dec. 1999. Overview of Official Development Assistance in Viet Nam, UNDP, Ha Noi, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. Partnership A Review of 20 Years of Cooperation, United Nations, Ha Noi, September 1997. Proceedings of the First Training Workshop on EIA (bilingual), National Center for Natural Science and Technology, Tien Bo Printing House, Ha Noi, December 1997. Recent Change in the Sex Ratio at Birth in Viet Nam A Review of Evidence, UNFPA Viet Nam, Ha Noi, August 2009. Report on Progress of the World Women 2008-2009: Who Answers to Women: Gender & Accountability, UNICEF, New York, 2009. Results of Population Projections in Viet Nam 1999-2004, GSO, UNDP-supported project VIE/97/914, Ha Noi, 2000. Review of Technical Cooperation in Viet Nam, Van Arkadie, Vu Tat Boi & Tran Dung Tien, Hanoi, May 2000. Social Services in Viet Nam, MOLISA & UNDP, Ha Noi, November 1999. Some Lessons Learned in Supporting the Transition from Poverty to Prosperity, UNDP, Ha Noi, September 1997. Viet Nam - Technical Assistance in Transition, UNDP, Ha Noi, October 1996. UNICEF & the Children of Viet Nam, UNICEF Ha Noi, 2008, 2009 and 2010. United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks, United Nations, Ha Noi, 1998 & 2000. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted on 20 November 1989 by the UN General Assembly, New York. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted at the UN Conference on Environment & Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, June 3 - 14, 1992. Viet Nams Development Partners, MPI & UNDP, Ha Noi, 1997, 1999 & 2001. Viet Nam Living Standard Survey 1997-1998 (Bilingual), GSO, UNDP-supported project VIE/95/043, Ha Noi, 2000. Viet Nam Through the Lens of Gender, UNDP, Ha Noi, August 1995. World Development Report Knowledge for Development, Workd Bank, 1998-1999 126

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PROGRAMMING HANDBOOKS, MANUALS AND GUIDELINES Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluating for Results, Central Evaluation Office, UNDP, New York, June 2002. Programme and Project Manual, UNDP, New York, Feburary 1991. Programming Manual, UNDP, New York, October 1999. Programme and Operations Policies and Procedures, UNDP, New York, http://content.undp.org/go/userguide, with special reference to on the Contract and Procurement Section.

GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES Administration Dictionary, Doan Trong Truyen & Colleagues, UNDP-funded project VIE/92/002 Public Administration Reform in Viet Nam, Hanoi, 1997. Childrens Rights Glossary, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Center, Florence, Italy, June 2000. Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development, Alan Gilpen, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996. Dictionary of Modern Economics, Ed. D. Pearce, MacMillan Press Ltd., London, 1992. English - Vietnamese Economic - Financial Glossary, Bui The Giang, Dang The Truyen & Colleagues, World Publishing House, Ha Noi, October 1997. Glossaries associated with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Glossary of Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Bulletin 661, Kansas State University. Glossary of Aid Terms, UNDP-funded project VIE/92/011 Strengthening Aid Coordination, Ha Noi, 1995. Glossary of Key Development Terms and Concepts, DAC/OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org.dac/ Glossary of Terms in Monitoring, Evaluation & Results-Based Management, UNFPA Viet Nam, Ha Noi, 2008. Glossary Related to Public Expenditure Management by Mr Emmanuel Cuvillier, Chief Technical Advisor of UNDP-funded project VIE/96/028. English Vietnamese Glossary on Natural Resources Management for Upland Areas, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha noi, May 2001. HIV/AIDS Lexicon, National AIDS Committee & UNDP, World Publishing House, Ha Noi, 1998. Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the Field of Economic and Social Development, 5th edition, United Nations & OECD, Paris, 1998. Terminology, Bulletin No. 348 on Womens Issues, United Nations, New York, 1995.

MAIN WEBSITES http://www.oecd.org.dac/ http://www.worldbank.org/ http://www.un.org http://www.undp.org http://intra.undp.org http://content.undp.org/go/userguide http://www.unicef.org 127

A glossary of common development terms http://www.unfpa.org http://www.unesco.org http://en.wikipedia.org

VIETNAMESE REFERENCE MATERIALS Bin i kh hu, D n VIE/05/009 do UNDP h tr, Nh xut bn Khoa hc Vit Nam, H Ni, 5/2008. Kinh t tri thc - Nhng khi nim & vn c bn, ng Mng Ln, NXB Thanh Nin, H Ni, 2002. T in Anh - Vit, Vin Ngn ng hc, NXB Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2005. T in a dng sinh hc v Pht trin bn vng (Anh - Vit), B Khoa hc, Cng ngh & Mi tr-ng, NXB Khoa hc & K thut, H Ni, 2001. T in Kinh t hc Hin i, H Kinh t Quc dn, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 1999.

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