DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF DIRECT INJECTION GASOLINES Student

Daniel Petrea (2284/D)

Objectives
1. To find the optimum working parameters which maximize the volumetric efficiency of a direct injection gasoline engine, for two working conditions: Naturally aspirated process: OIV, CIV, OEV, CEV. Naturally aspirated process and air injection: OIV, CIV, OEV, CEV, pinj, Tinj, ninj, inj, inj, Linj, tinj, inj. when the geometric parameters of the model: B, S, DIV, DEV, hIV, hEV, nIV, nEV, as well as the initial working parameters: pa = patm, Ta = Tatm, N, are known. B inj Air injector Cylinder TDC inj Air injector Linj
Figure 1 Air injector positions

S BDC

where: Parameter OIV - crank angle open inlet valve CIV - crank angle close inlet valve OEV - crank angle open exhaust valve CEV - crank angle close exhaust valve - crank angle pinj air injection pressure Tinj air injection temperature ninj injectors number Linj distance between injector and BDC inj vertical injection angle tinj injection duration inj injection advanced Parameter inj horizontal injection angle B cylinder bore S cylinder stroke DIV diameter inlet valve DEV diameter exhaust valve hIV lift inlet valve hEV lift exhaust valve nIV inlet valves number [mm] nEV exhaust valves number [deg] N engine speed [s] Nelectric electric engine speed [deg] U.M. [deg] [deg] [deg] [deg] [deg] [Pa] [C] U.M. [deg] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]

[rpm] [rpm]

2. To evaluate and compare the volumetric efficiency ev and ev(inj) for both working.

Experimental part
1. Introduction The volumetric efficiency ev is a measure of the effectiveness of an engines induction process. The volumetric efficiency represents the ratio between the mass of fresh charge in the cylinder at the end of the closing inlet valve, and the mass of fresh charge which would occupy the cylinder volume at the pressure and temperature of the environment at which the charge was gathered (patm, Tatm for naturally aspirated engine and pk, Tk for supercharged engine):
.

Mi ev Vd i
where
.

M i = Mass of fresh mixture per unit time Vd = Total displacement volume of the cylinder i = atmospheric air density (patm, Tatm)
In other words, the volumetric efficiency is represented by the proportion between the charge that actually enters the cylinder and the amount that would enter under ideal conditions. The later cannot be measured and therefore we make use of a piston displacement. An engine would have 100% volumetric efficiency if we take into account the following fact: at atmospheric pressure and normal temperature, an amount of air exactly equal to piston displacement could be drawn into the cylinder. It is impossible due to the following reason: the passages through which the air must flow offer a resistance; is only atmospheric force that pushes the air into the cylinder; during the process the air absorbs heat. The idea which lies behind this analysis is to increase the overall charge mass through the injection into cylinder of an air mass, so that: M total = M i + M inj
. . .

ev (inj )
where i atmospheric air density
.

M i + M inj = ev(inj) > ev Vd i

M inj air mass injected 2. Test procedures 2.1 Injection air mass in intake and/or compression process. The following working conditions will be:
. .

- The air will be the only working fluid, M total = M air . - The fuel mass used in the process will be null (combustion process being removed from the analysis), Mfuel = 0. - The valves control will be performed using a camshaft, synchronized through gears with the engine crankshaft. - The injection duration will be determined, so that the air mass injected in cylinder corresponded at x % from the air mass (Mi) which goes naturally into cylinder in intake process, tinj = f (pinj, ninj, Minj, N).

- The injection advanced will be determined, so that for a given tinj, the x % from the air mass (Mi) will be injected in cylinder, inj = f (tinj, Linj). - The air injection angle (inj, inj) will be determined through tests, so that for a given Minj, the ev(inj) is maximized and the gas movement inside the cylinder is appropriated. - The paraffin particles will be injected in the intake port, for flow visualisation process. - The engine rpm will be depended of the rpms of an electric engine connected to the engine crankshaft, where Nelectric = variable, N = f (Nelectric) 2.2 Injection air mass in exhaust process (future test). 2.3 Injection air mass in intake and/or compression process and exhaust process (future test). 3. Request analysis equipment a. Engine parts: Intake and exhaust system (ports, valves, valve springs, rockers arm, rockers shaft) Cam shaft Cylinder (transparent) Piston Crank shaft Gears Electric engine with variable speed b. Measurement tools: Pressure sensor, for measuring the into-cylinder pressure Pressure sensor, for measuring the injection air pressure Thermometer, for measuring the injection air temperature Speed and position sensors c. Visualisation tools: Optical devices (LASER, convex lenses) HSCCD camera Paraffin particles d. Soft-ware: Data acquisition board

Discussion of results Writing the report