Audio mixing

Digital Mixing Console Sony DMX R-100 used in project studios

Audio mixing is the process by which a multitude of sound sources are combined into
one or more channels. The source signals might be live or recorded and could be different
musical instruments, vocals, orchestra sections, announcers or crowd noise. In the
process, the source signals' level, frequency content, dynamics and panoramic position
are commonly being manipulated and effects such as reverb might be added. This
practical, aesthetic or otherwise creative treatment is done in order to produce an elevated
mix that is more appealing to listeners.

Music production

Audio mixing is done in studios as part of an album or single making. The mixing stage
follows the multitrack recording stage and the final mixes are normally submitted to a
mastering engineer. The process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer (a mixer),
though sometimes it is the musical producer who mixes the recorded material.

A mixer working on a commercial release would normally spend 1-3 days mixing a
single track, although times might vary greatly depending on budget, quality of the
recordings and the complexity of the production.

Audio mixing on a personal computer is also gaining momentum. More and more
independent artists are starting to use their personal computers for digital recording and
mixing their work. Audio editing on the computer is also easy and generally preferred.

Post-production

During the post-production stage of a film or a television program, audio mixing takes
place in a studio (or a theater) once the final cut is produced. Normally the engineer will
mix 4 main elements:

• Speech (dialogue, ADR, Voice-Overs, etc.)

• Ambiance (or atmosphere)
• Sound FX
 • Music

A 20 minute television program might be mixed in around 16 hours. A full-featured film

might spend more than half a year in the mixing theater.

Public performance

Sometimes audio mixing is done live by a sound engineer or recording engineer, for
example at rock concerts and other musical performances where a public address system
(PA) is used. A big concert might involve two mixers, one located in the audience to mix
the front of house (FOH) speakers heard by the audience, and the other located at the side
of the stage, mixing for the monitor speakers positioned directly in front of the
performers so that they can hear one another.

Equipment
Mixers

A mixer, or mixing console, or mixing desk, or mixing board, or software mixer is the
operational heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each is fed by
a track from a multitrack recorder; mixers would normally have 2 main outputs (in the
case of two-channel stereo mixing) or 8 (in the case of surround).

Mixers offer three main functionalities:

• Mixing - summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated

summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm.
• Routing - allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external
processing units and effects.
• Processing - many mixer also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and
compressors.

A mixer has numerous rotating controls (potentiometers) and sliding controls (faders
which are also potentiometers) that facilitate the manipulation of levels, the addition of
effects such as reverb, and frequency content (equalization) of audio signals. On most
consoles, all the controls that apply to a single channel of audio are arranged in a vertical
column called a channel strip. Larger and more complex consoles such as those used in
film and television production can contain hundreds of channel strips. Many consoles
today, regardless of cost, have automation capabilities so the movement of their controls
can be recorded, and then played back automatically, like a player piano. A recent trend is
to use a "control surface" connected to a computer. This eliminates much of the
electronics in a conventional console as the actual automation work is done digitally by
the computer.
Simple mixing console

Outboard gear and plugins

Outboard gear (analog) and software plugins (digital) can be inserted to the signal path in
order to extend processing possibilities. Outboard gear and plugins fall into two main
categories.

• Processors - these are device are normally connected in series to the signal path,
so the input signal is replaced with the processed signal (e.g. equalizers).
• Effects - while an effect can be considered as any unit that affects the signal, the
term is mostly used to describe units that are connected in parallel to the signal
path and therefore they add to the existing sounds, but do not replace them.
Examples would be reverbs and delays.

Common classes:

• Processors:
o Faders - used to attenuate or boost the level of signals.
o Pan pots - used to pan signal to the left or right and in surround also back
and front.
o Equalizers - used to manipulate the frequency content of signals.
o Compressors - used to manipulate the dynamic content of signals. Among
many applications they can even the level fluctuations of a singer, or
reshape dynamic envelopes of percussive instruments (e.g. adding attack
to a snare).
o Gates - used mainly to attenuate low-level signals, for example, the kick
spill on a snare recording.
• Effects:
o Reverbs - used to simulate the boundary reflection created in a real room,
but that adding a sense of space to other wise 'dry' recordings.
o Delays - most commonly used to add distinct echoes as a creative effect.