AAS APPARATUS 1. Volumetric flask 2. Pipette 3. Beaker 4. Digital balance 5.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. The desired amount of CaCl2 is 0.03668g is weight out using analytical balances. 2. CaCl2 is placed into volumetric flask and the required amount of distilled water is added until the volume achieved 100ml. Concentration for this stock solution is known 100ppm. 3. After got the stock solution, prepared dilution method for make the standard solution in concentrations are 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 ppm. 4. Many stock solution the same components but often in varying concentrations. To avoid having to make every stock solution from scratch, it is useful to prepare several concentrated

stock solutions and dilute as needed (standard solution). To make 50 ml of 50 ppm CaCl2 standard solution, combine 25 ml of a 100 ppm stock solution and added distilled water until volume for standard solution 50 ml. The following is useful for calculating amounts of standard solution needed: M1V1=M2V2, where M1=initial concentration or conc of stock solution; V1=initial vol, or amount of stock solution needed, M2=final concentration or conc of desired solution; V2=final vol, or volume of desired solution. 5. Repeat step 4 to get the other standard solution in volume of 50ml at different concentration of 25, 12.5 and 6.25ppm.

Determination of element using AAS, model AA-680: 1. Pour all solution 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25ppm in different test tube. 2. Place all that test tube on AAS, model AA-680. 3. Running the AAS, model AA-680 with guideline from lab instructor. 4. Get the automatic recorded result and print out as a reference.

RESULT Result for standard solution Sample ID Concentration, ppm STD1 0.00 STD2 6.25 STD3 12.50 STD4 25.00 STD5 50.00

Absorption -0.0031 0.1132 0.2239 0.4542 0.8936

Ref 0.0048 0.0056 0.0069 0.0177 0.0458

absorption VS concentration for standard solution

1 0.8 absorption 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 concentration 40 60 y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 R = 0.9999

Result for unknown calcium with different pH Sample ID Ideal concentration, ppm Theoretical concentration, ppm (pH) 1 6.75 6.76 2 6.25 6.26 3 6.72 6.73 4 17.11 17.13 5 80.19 80.30

Absorption 0.1213 0.1123 0.1208 0.3070 1.4377C

absorption VS concentration for unknown calcium solution

1.6 1.4 1.2 absorption 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 concentration 60 80 y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 R = 1

CALCULATION Calcium stock solution To prepare 100ml of 100ppm calcium stock solution; Note that, 1ppm = 1mg/L Size of volumetric flask is 100 mL.

The mass of CaCl2 required to prepare for 100ml of 100ppm calcium stock solution is 0.03668g.

Serial Dilutions of Standard CaCl2 Concentrations 1. Standard 2(6.25 ppm): (M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2)

(100 ppm)(V1) = (6.25 ppm)(50 mL) V1 = 3.125 mL 3.125 mL will be taken from 100 ppm stock solution and added with 50 mL of distilled water

2. Standard 3(12.50 ppm): (M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2) (100 ppm)(V1) = (12.50 ppm)(50 mL) V1 = 6.25 mL 6.25 mL will be taken from 100 ppm stock solution and added with 50 mL of distilled water 3. Standard 4(25 ppm): (M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2) (100 ppm)(V1) = (25 ppm)(50 mL) V1 = 12.50 mL 12.50 mL will be taken from 100 ppm stock solution and added with 50 mL of distilled water

4. Standard 5(50 ppm):

(M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2) (100 ppm)(V1) = (50 ppm)(50 mL) V1 = 25.00 mL

25.00 mL will be taken from 100 ppm stock solution and added with 50 mL of distilled water

From the graph, we get the linear equation that is y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 y= absorbance x=concentration of CaCl2 1. The absorbance of unknown absorbance is 0.1213. So, we substitute the value into the equation to get the concentration value for calcium chloride in the solution. y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 0.1213 = 0.0179x + 0.0003 x= 6.76 2. 0.1123 y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 0.1123 = 0.0179x + 0.0003 x= 6.26 3. 0.1208 y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 0.1208 = 0.0179x + 0.0003 x = 6.73 4. 0.3070 y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 0.3070 = 0.0179x + 0.0003 x = 17.13 5. 1.4377 y = 0.0179x + 0.0003 1.4377 = 0.0179x + 0.0003 x = 80.30