KILASBALIK40TAHUN PENELITIANPEI

POTRETSEBUAHPERJALANAN

TIM
Nurindah Rika NovriNelly Yaherwandi Akhmad Rizali Lia Damayanti Buchori

Sumber Makalah (LIA:perbaiki ini ya)

Prosiding kongres entomologi II(1983) Kumpulanmakalah kongres entomologi IV(1992) Prosiding seminarnasional (1997) Prosiding seminarnasional (1999) Prosiding simposium (2000) Prosiding seminarnasional (2004) Prosiding seminarnasional (2005) Prosiding seminarnasional XIII(2005) Konferensi nasional (2007) Kongres VIIdan seminarentomologi Indonesia(2007) Prosiding seminarnasional (2008)

RincianMakalah
Total761makalahdariprosedingseminar tahun1983 2008 PenelitiIndonesia:736makalah PenelitiIndonesia+Asing:32makalah

ENTRY
abstrak 1970: 1980: 1990: 2000: 2010:

Kelompok/Tema Penelitian
Biodiversity(Keanekaragaman) PestisidadanEfikasi PengendalianHamaTerpadu(PHT) PengendalianHayati Biologi Taksonomi MorfologidanFisiologi Behaviour(Perilaku) Polinasi EntomologiKesehatan

KelompokSeranggadanHabitat
Kelompok Serangga: Herbivor Parasitoid Predator Vektor Polinator Kelompok Habitat: Hutan Pertanian:Pangan,Hortikultura Perkebunan Air

TUJUAN:Terbentuknya DatabaseRiset Entomologi di Indonesia

Kategori
Topik Kelompok Serangga Habitat

Subkategori .

MENGAPA?
Mengapa kita perlu database? Mengapa kita perlu melihat sejarah dan perkembangan penelitian serangga? Thesignificanceofinformationonthis research:.
Saling melengkapi penelitian di bidang entomologi
memperkuat hasil penelitian di bidang yangsama

Menghindari duplikasi buang waktu,biaya &energi. Memulai penelitian yangtopiknya belum banyak dilakukan implikasi untuk mendukung terbentuknya betterenvironment

PERJALANANPENELITAN ENTOMOLOGI
PRAPEI:MASAPENJAJAHAN

Sejarah Penelitian Entomologi

Sangat erat kaitannya dengan pertanian Abad1819th (Belanda): kopi(masuk tahun1696 dari India),tebu,kelapa sawit (1848),kakao (1665) largescale plantationemerge Theneedforpest managementtoprotect investment thus: Research:gearedtoward appliedscience

HistoryofResearchLia: indonesiakan ya
Started with the creation of the Botanical Garden in 1817 Early research on insect started in 1883. The emphasize of research was on biology, ecology, taxonomy, which supported pest management. UntilWWII:dualnatureof agriculture:under developedindigenous agriculture(rice)andthe highlydeveloped estate/plantationcrop.

DutchOccupancyera:
Publication of IDEA Journal: since 18001950

Breakthroughresearch

Van der Goot:1918-1921: white stem borer on rice (Scirpophaga innotata: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): thorough research on basic and applied aspects, from taxonomy, ecology, until control method

Stemborers
Distribution: limited when compared to other borers, but have been known to cause widespread famine when it broke. Java, Sumatra, S. Sulawesi,Kalimantan, Sumbawa It occurs in lowland (up to 200 m) region with pronounced dry season. Diapause: last larval instar attack rice that enters reproductive stage (+shortening of the daylength: April-August)

stemborer
Diapause: obligatory, termination: 10 mm rainfall. The longer the resting period lasts, the faster the prepupa and pupa develop Pest management: based on the ecology and population dynamic. Principles that were used were: global as well as detailed observation of population (daily and weekly) and level of instars in the field, natural parasitism were also observed

BreakthroughResearch
Van der Vecht: Artona catoxantha (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) attacking coconut : the biology, ecology and taxonomy was thoroughly studied. Between outbreaks the insect is rare or absent from the plantations; (confined to localized areas?). Severe infestations occur in dry weather and end soon after the start of the wet monsoon. 1925: development surveillance and monitoring system. ETL:established by integrating the population level of the larval moth, and the presence of parasites and hyperparasites.

The complex of parasites and hyperparasites of coconut:about 30 species of natural enemy complexes In fact, this was the first study done which actually implemented the IPM concept (before the birth of the term IPM).

Breakthroughresearch
Kalshoven : study the termites Neotermes tectonae (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) (teak wood -> one of the few species in the world to attack living wood

Otherresearchinclude:
Helopeltis antonii (Hemiptera: Miridae) on tea and cacao in plantation. First recorded: 1841. 1916: Leefmans studied Helopeltis biology and ecology, major breakthrough: the discovery of the black ants (Dolichoderus bituberculatus) tending the mealy bugs Pseudococcus hispidus and that these two species appeared to have reciprocal relationship with Helopeltis

Helopeltis:
Togetherthesetwo insectsdisturb Helopeltisadultsto suchanextentthat theirfeedingand reproductiononcacao areconsiderably impeded basisfor control(1917)

Wherearewenow? Jaman Kemerdekaan

Indonesias role in tropical ecology research:??? Intellectual gap when the Dutch left and the introduction of Green revolution (1950-1960)

GreenRevolutioninIndonesia
Introduction of new rice varieties Extensive uses of fertilizers Extensive uses of pesticides Our knowledge on ecology at that time was very limited Pandangan bahwa semua tipe tanah sama

Penelitian biaspada interaksi seranggatanaman?

Studies on insect-plant interaction are weighted too heavily on economic entomology, with particular emphasis on herbivore damage and economic loss (jalu bisakah ini diperkuat dengan data: apa yang bisa ditampilkan disini?)
data publikasi penelitian ambang ekonomi yang hanya memperhatikan aksi herbivora tanpa memperhitungkan peran predator & parasitoid sebagai faktor mortalitas biotik yang efektif (even until now)

HASILDARI40TAHUN PERJALANAN

TEMA/KELOMPOKPENELITIAN

TEMAPENELITIAN

TEMAPENELITIAN

TEMAPENELITIANMENGENAI PENGENDALIANHAMA

LOKASIPENELITIAN

TRENDS
IndividualResearchTopic

KELOMPOKSERANGGA

KELOMPOKHABITAT

SPECIALTOPICS

INTERAKSISERANGGATANAMAN

KOMODITIPRIORITAS (foodsecuritydan devisa negara)

padi Kakao Sawit Kapas Sayuran?

PADI

Cacao:
Conopomorpha cramerella (Cacao pod borer) was first detected in 1895 and now thought to be an indigenous pest originating from Rambutan (host shift from Nephelium lappaceum). Since insecticide are commonly used, studies on the natural enemies have not gained much information What type of research should be conducted?

Otherresearchinclude:
Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on coffee: first found in1909. Studies were made on the life history and control of the insect by Leefmans (1923). 1980s: introduced parasitoid Cephalonomia africa

Sawit

Kapas
Amrasca biguttulla Keypest :serangga hama yang ditemukan di semua wilayah pengembangan kapas.Studi tentang bioekologi telah dilakukan pada kapas introduksi dan telah dikembangkan teknik pengendalian dengan konservasi predatornya dan tanaman yangmoderately resistant.

Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Pada tahun 1930anbukan sebagai serangga hama yang merugikan,karena dapat dikendalikan oleh musuh alaminya: Parasitoid:43spesies Predator:62spesies Patogen serangga:9jenis

Penggunaan insektisida yangintensif pada menyebabkan serangga ini menjadi hama utama.Studi tentang bioekologi telah dilakukan dan dengan konservasi parasitoiddan predatornya statusnya berubah dari serangga hama utama menjadi serangga hama potensial

Pengendalian Hama
Pestisida kimiawi Pestisida nabati Pengendalian Hayati

Pestisida Kimia

Pestisida Nabati

Pengendalian Hayati

Apa kelemahan penelitian pasca kemerdekaan?

Penelitian integratif dan holistic: menurun Banyak penelitian terapan tetapi sedikit yang menyentuh aspek penelitian dasar (besar di economic entomology) Whilst this is important, we have neglected many other important issues, particularly pollination, insects as vectors, and many fundamental issues of insect plant interaction Evolution-phylogeny

PENELITIANARAHDEPAN

StudiesonPollination
1. Apis cerana: activity and behavior in carrying pollen: 1927 by Heide continued by Tati who looked at the relationship between climate and activity Pollinators of Crotalaria juncea and Tephrosia vogelii: impact of climate toward activity Tea and its pollinators: issues on low pollination The largest study on insect pollintors is the introduction of Elaeidobius kamerunicus from Cameroon to increase the production of oil palm

2.

3. 4.

IslandBiogeography

MolecularGenetics

MolecularGenetics
Penelitian hubungan kekerabatan Trichogrammatoidea spp.Parasitoid Helicoverpa armigera publikasi Bahagiawati dkk (2008)di Agrobiogen

MOLECULARBIOLOGY Serangga Transgenic

Nyamuk dan WOLBACHIA Infeksi Wolbachia menyebabkan: 1.Partenogenensis 2.Kematian pada hewan jantan 3.Feminisasi 4.Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Wolbachia sebagai pengendali hayati (vektor)

DEMAMBERDARAH
Disebarkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus Bian etal.,2010: Wolbachia dapat menekan duplikasi virusdemam berdarah dalam saluran makanan nyamuk Wolbachia dapat menekan penyebaran virusdemam berdarah ke bagian thoraxdan kepala nyamuk Wolbachia dapat menurunkan penyebaran virusdemam berdarah oleh Ae.aegypti Wolbachia dapat meningkatkan lamahidup Ae.Aegypti yang terinfeksi 14hari setelah diinfeksi,wolbachia memblok penyebaran virusdemam berdarah

Bianetal.,2010PLoSPathog6(4)

PerbedaanNyatapada14dan21harisetelahwolbachia diinfeksikanpadanyamukAe.aegypti

Bianetal.,2010PLoSPathog6(4)

MALARIA
Didunia membunuh 12juta orang pertahun terutama anakanak di Afrika DiIndonesiamalariamenjadi penyebab utama kematian,diperkirakan 50orang menderita malariaper 1.000orang penduduk Disebarkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles Pengembangan nyamuk transgenik

ShigetoYoshida,PLoS Pathog3(12

WolbachiaMating,Nature Reviews/Genetics

CytoplasmicIncompatibility,MatingCombination (Clarketal.,2002)

Clarketal. MoD 111(2002)315

LOOKINGINTOTHEFUTURE:
CHALLENGES

Changes in international trade and the appearance of new alien pests: new associations between alien pests and local plants, alien pests and indigenous natural enemies, non-indigenous BC agents and local indigenous insects Climate change and insect-plant interaction Land use change and habitat fragmentation

Landusechangeandinsectplant interaction
Host shift: introduction of cacao and attacks of Conopomorpha cramerella (a local herbivore on rambutan-Nephelium)

HistoryofExoticSpecies
In Indonesia, the problem of exotic species becomes more important due to the fact that it is an archipelago countrywhat will the impact be? Before 1950:
Plutella xylostella, Crocidolomia binotalis

Exoticspeciesduringthe1980sand1990s
Heteropsyllacubana(Homoptera:Psyllidae)fromCaribianon Leucaenaleucocephala 1986

Exoticspeciesduringthe1980sand1990s
Aleurodicusdispersus(Homoptera:Aleyrodidae)fromCentralandSouthAmerica 1987onguava,cassavaamongothers

Exoticspeciesduringthe1980sand1990s
Perycimacruegeri(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)fromPapuaNuginion Poincianaregia 1992

Exoticspeciesduringthe1980sand1990s
Liriomyzahuidobrensis(Diptera:Agromyzidae)onornamentaltovegetables. 1994

Invasivespeciesofplants
Introduction of herbivores: From 16 exotic plants, 44 herbivores have been introduced. What happened to it (monitor?)

 C.odorata,C.connexaanditsimpact

reducefitness?

Newassociation:C.connexaandlocalparasitoid?

Braconidae

Ormyrus sp. (Ormyridae)

Gronotoma sp.(Eucoilidae)

Eupelmus sp.(Eupelmidae)

FOODFORTHOUGHTS
Newassociationbetweenexoticbiocontrolagent withlocalnaturalenemies:whatdoesthisimply? Additionalhosts? Increasepopulationofnaturalenemies? Hostshift? Increasepopofprevioushost(duetorelease frompressure)? Potentialnewpestbuildup? Willexoticnaturalenemiesaffectlocaldiversity?

CONSERVATIONOFLOCALDIVERSITYANDIMPACTSOF BIOLOGICALCONTROL

Biocontrolagentsareadditionalspeciesthathas establishedinitsnewenvironment:
WhatistheOutcomeoftheInteraction?

Nontargetimpact:
Theabilitytoliveandprolonglivinginotherplants: potentialaspestbuildup?i.e.aslongastherearewater hyacinth,thereproductionisensured. Foodwebsubsidies changeinenergyflowinthe foodchain Whatdoesthisscenariomeansinislands? Endemicspecies?

type association?

? Biological control agents (+)

control

(+)

non-target direct and indirect impact to local food web

( - / ?)

Invasive plants (-) Insect community / local insect

(-)
Biotic homogenization

Local plants

new association / extinction?

Modification from Pearson & Callaway (2003)

Invasive alien species in Small islands: what the consequences? Local species diversity: -migration between small island and mainland -High rate of biotic homogenization -Local extinction? - Food subsidies in islands

ModificationofPredator preymodel(islandvs mainland?) InsectConservationin island

Mainland High dispersion rate of invasive species

Low dispersion rate of natural enemies

Interestingcasestopursue
History of past biological control: what is the situation in the field?-established?/lost? What controls it now Is there such thing as non-target biological control impact of past introduction? El Nino: shortening of the cycle: what are the consequences, particularly for explosive species such as locusts?

Interestingcasestopursue(cont)

Insect diversity Habitat fragmentation and pollination success Transgenic plants

Ifwelookcarefully
Research on insect-plant interaction in the tropics pose challenging questions: from taxonomy to ecology, behaviour, evolution and genetics. Many opportunity to conduct quality research The constant problem of local invasiveness: why are BPH still a problem? biotypes or pest management?
pengembangan varietas hanya berorientasi pada produksi pengembangan varietas tahan hanya berdasarkan interaksi antara tplant dan a single herbivore (bitrofik), complex interactions antara herbivores, plant dan musuh alami kurang dicermati/dipelajari.

WhyDBDselalumenjadimasalahkesehatanmasyarakatdimusimmusim tertentu? Perilakuseranggavektor(nyamuk)kurangdidpelajari? dielpattern f