Basic Properties of Section

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco Desktop Standards
BASIC PROPERTIES OF SECTION
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services. Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos employees. Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Civil Engineering File Reference: CSE 106.01
For additional information on this subject, contact PEDD Coordinator on 862-1026
Civil Engineering: Basic Properties of Section Basic Strength of Materials
Section
Page
OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................. 1 TERMINAL OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................... 1 ENABLING OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... 1 INFORMATION ............................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3 MODULE INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 4 SECTION PROPERTIES ..................................................................................... 5 Types of Sections ...................................................................................... 5 Uniform Sections............................................................................. 5 Non-uniform Sections...................................................................... 6 Simple Solid Sections ..................................................................... 7 Compound Sections........................................................................ 7 Composite Sections ........................................................................ 8 Structural Steel Shapes .................................................................. 9 Thin-Wall Shapes............................................................................ 9 Common Section Properties .................................................................... 10 Area, A (in2, mm2) ........................................................................ 11 Moment of Area, Q (in2, mm2)...................................................... 11 Centroid ........................................................................................ 12 Moment of Inertia, I (in4, mm4) = Aixi2, Aiyi2 ............................. 13 Section Modulus, S (in3, mm3) = I/c ............................................. 14 Torsional Constant, R (in4, mm4) ................................................. 15 Radius of Gyration, r (in, mm) ....................................................... 15 Listed Properties - Standard Sections ..................................................... 16 Properties...................................................................................... 16 Standard Shapes .......................................................................... 16 Example 1: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes ........... 18 Calculating Section Properties for Nonstandard Shapes ......................... 20 Compound Sections...................................................................... 20
Example 2: Properties of Compound Sections ....................................... 21 Composite Sections ................................................................................. 22 Example 3: Calculating Properties of Composite Sections ..................... 23 Example 4: Calculating Properties of Reinforced Concrete Section ....... 24 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 25 WORK AIDS.................................................................................................................. 26 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 68 PRACTICE PROBLEMS ............................................................................................... 70
List of Figures
Figure 1. Uniform Sections............................................................................................. 5 Figure 2. Non-uniform Sections...................................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Simple Solid Sections ..................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. Compound Sections........................................................................................ 7 Figure 5. Composite Sections ........................................................................................ 8 Figure 6. Structural Steel Shapes................................................................................... 9 Figure 7. Thin-Walled Shapes ...................................................................................... 10 Figure 8a. Rectangular Beam ...................................................................................... 18 Figure 8b. Elliptical Sewer Pipe.................................................................................... 18 Figure 9. Structural Member Consisting of Two Back- to-Back Angles ........................ 19 Figure 11. Plate Girder ................................................................................................. 21 Figure 10. Bridge Pier .................................................................................................. 21 Figure 11. Plate Girder ................................................................................................. 21 Figure 12. Composite Sections .................................................................................... 23 Figure 13. Reinforced Concrete Section ....................................................................... 24 Figure 14. Concrete Beam ............................................................................................ 44 Figure 15. Elliptical Pipe............................................................................................... 45 Figure 16. Square Tube ............................................................................................... 47
ii
Figure 17. Steel Girder ................................................................................................. 49 Figure 18. Back-to-Back Angles ................................................................................... 50 Figure 19. Single Angle ................................................................................................ 51 Figure 20. Bridge Pier Section ..................................................................................... 53 Figure 21. Three-Section Procedure ............................................................................ 53 Figure 22. Bridge Pier Section ..................................................................................... 56 Figure 23. Steel I-Section............................................................................................. 58 Figure 24. I-section Parts ............................................................................................. 58 Figure 25. Location of Centroid .................................................................................... 59 Figure 26. Timber Beam Reinforced by Steel Plate and Steel Channel ....................... 61 Figure 27. Transformed Compound Section ................................................................ 62 Figure 28. Timber Beam Reinforced by Steel Plate and Steel Channel ....................... 64 Figure 29. Cross Section of a Concrete Beam Reinforced with Steel Bars .................. 65 Figure 30. Transformed Section ................................................................................... 66
List of Tables
Table 1. Form Used to Record Properties of Compound Sections............................... 52 Table 2. Calculating Properties of Compound Sections ............................................... 57 Table 3. Calculation of Centroid and Moment of Inertia (Work Aid 15) ........................ 60 Table 4. Calculation of Centroid and Moment of Inertia (Work Aid 16) ........................ 64 Table 5. Summary of the calculation around x-axis...................................................... 73 Table 6. Summary of the calculation about x-axis ........................................................ 77 Table 7. Summary of the calculation around x-axis...................................................... 79
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OBJECTIVES TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

Upon completion of this module, the participant will be able to compute basic properties of sections to solve simple Saudi Aramco structural engineering problems.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
In order to meet the terminal objective, the participant will be able to: Define and calculate geometric properties of sections and structural shapes. Note: Definitions of words in italics are contained in the Glossary
This Page Intentionally Blank
INFORMATION INTRODUCTION
As a Saudi Aramco civil/mechanical engineer you will need to use the principles of basic strength of materials in the design of components for structures and buildings. These components are constructed from various types of materials such as concrete, steel and timber. They can be of various shapes and sizes. In analysis and design, you will use information about the properties of materials of construction and their dimensions to ensure that the components are properly proportioned for the loads imposed on them. For example, you can use basic strength of materials concepts to determine if the floor in a building is strong enough to support the weights stored on it and whether it will deflect or sag excessively. The Basic Strength of Materials course, CSE 106, consists of three modules: CSE 106.01 - Basic Properties of Sections. CSE 106.02 - Basic Structural Loads and Stresses. CSE 106.03 - Analysis of Stresses in Structural Components. The information covered in these modules provide you with the data, principles, and procedures used in the more applicationoriented courses such as CSE 104, Analysis and Design of Wood Structures; CSE 108, Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures; CSE 109, Analysis and Design of Steel Structures; and CSE 110, Civil Engineering Aspects of Tanks, Vessels, and Piping. Many of the examples and exercises covered in CSE 106 relate to the topics addressed in those courses.
MODULE INTRODUCTION
The first module of the Basic Strength of Material course focuses on the properties of sections you will normally encounter in structural or mechanical engineering problems. In this module you will identify and use the various types of sections, section properties, computation of section properties and formulas and tables for sectional properties.
SECTION PROPERTIES
The behavior of a structural member subjected to loads is a function of the geometric properties of its cross-section as well as of the material properties. The cross-section is the section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member. Structural members are usually prismatic, the cross-section being uniform. In many structural applications, the designers task is to select or proportion the most efficient section for the given applied loads and properties of the material being used. Section efficiency usually relates to least area, weight, or cost.
Types of Sections
Uniform Sections Uniform - (prismatic) Sections - the same cross-section along the axis of the member.
y A x A B x B Section B-B Section A-A y
Figure 1. Uniform Sections
Non-uniform Sections Non-uniform - (variable) Sections - one or more dimension change along the axis of member. In Figure 2 two examples of non-uniform members often seen in structural/mechanical applications are shown.
Steel beam with cover plates.
Tapered cantilever concrete beam.
Figure 2. Non-uniform Sections
Simple Solid Sections Simple solid sections are usually square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, etc., as shown in Figure 3. Solid sections are easy to fabricate but they may not be efficient for some types of members, loads, or materials.
Figure 3. Simple Solid Sections Compound Sections Compound Sections - consists of combinations of two or more simple solid elements as shown in Figure 4 below.
a) Bridge Pier
b) Wood Beam
c) Precast Concrete Beam
Figure 4. Compound Sections Compound sections are usually used for increased structural efficiency or for their architectural appearance.
Composite Sections Composite Sections - consists of sections of two or more types of material. Composite sections are used to increase structural efficiency and to reduce cost. Examples are given in Figure 5 below. Reinforced Concrete
Structural Steel - Concrete
RC - Steel T Beam
RC - Steel Column
Concrete-Filled Pipe Column or Pile
Structural Steel - Timber
Beam
Bar Joist
Figure 5. Composite Sections
Structural Steel Shapes Structural Steel Shapes - compound sections rolled and fabricated for structural efficiency as shown in Figure 6 below.
Wide Flange
Channel
Tee
Angle (Equal & Unequal Legs)
Figure 6. Structural Steel Shapes
Thin-Wall Shapes Thin-Wall Shapes are cold-formed steel or aluminum sections with wall thicknesses that are small compared to the overall dimensions of the sections. Examples of thin-walled shapes are shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Thin-Walled Shapes Thin-walled shapes are often used for lightweight prefabricated (pre-engineered) construction, building wall and roof cladding, decking for concrete slab, and for sheet piling.
Common Section Properties

Sections have certain geometric properties depending on the shape and size of the structural members cross-section. These are covered in this section. The geometric properties of a section most commonly used in structural analysis are: Area (A) Static moment of area (Q) Centroid (CG)
10
Moment of inertia (I) Section modulus (S) Torsional constant (R) Radius of gyration ( r) The uses, units, formulas, or data sources for these section properties for selected structural shapes are as follows:
Area, A (in2, mm2) Rectangular section: Circular section: Triangular section: A = bd A=

b
d
d2
4
bd A= 2
Some uses for area in strength of materials are:

To calculate stress =
d b
P A PL AE
P
To calculate axial deformation = To calculate axial stiffness
K = P/ =
AE L
E : Modulus of Elasticity
Moment of Area, Q (in2, mm2)
The moment of area is used to locate the centroid of a compound or composite section. Moment of area is the product of an area and the distance from the reference point.
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Q = Aiyi Q = A1y1 + A2y2
A1 A2
y1 y2
Ref. Line
The moment of areas about the centroid (x, y) of a section is equal to zero.
Q = Aixi = Aiyi = 0 The moment of area is also used to compute the shear stress in a beam,
=
VQ Ib bh 3 12
V = shear force I = moment of inertia =

Centroid
The centroid of an area is the geometric center of a section. The centroidal coordinates (x, y) are determined by the first moment equations: x= Qx = A
A x A
i i
y=
Qy
A y A
i i
(3)
12
x=
A 1x 1 + A 2 x 2 A1 + A 2
y=
A 1y 1 + A 2 y 2 A1 + A 2
The longitudinal axis of an axial member is assumed to be at the centroid of the section. The neutral axis of a beam passes through the centroid of the beam section for the case of pure bending.
Moment of Inertia, I (in4, mm4) = Aixi2, Aiyi2
Moment of inertia is the second moment of area about a specified axis. That is, the moment of inertia is the sum of the product of area times the square of distance to the reference axis. The moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of the section to rotation about the axis. It is calculated about the centroidal axes of a section by using the formulas: Ix = Aiyi2 Iy = Aixi2 with respect to x-axis with respect to y-axis
13
These values are for moment of inertia about the neutral axis of the sections. For moment of inertia about any other axis parallel to y axis, the following formula applies:
I y = Iy + Ax2 Where Iy is the moment of inertia about the centroidal axis, A is the area, and x is the distance of the centroid of the section from the new axis. This relationship is used in calculating the moment of inertia of a compound section. Expressions for moment of inertia of simple sections are:
Rectangular Section: Circular Section: Triangular Section:
bd3 Ix = 12 Ix or Iy = Ix = bd3 36
r4
4
or
d 4 64
The moment of inertia is used for computing bending stress, stiffness, and deflection in flexural members. Mc Bending stress: = I
Deflection: Stiffness: = PL3 EI
EI L3 where and are constants that depend on the boundary conditions of the beam. K=
Section Modulus, S (in3, mm3) = I/c
The section modulus is the moment of inertia, I, divided by the distance, c, from the neutral axis of a beam to the fiber farthest from the neutral axis. The section modulus provides the resistance to the bending of a beam. The expressions for section modulus of simple sections are: Rectangular Section: Sx = bd2 6
14
Circular Section:
Sx or Sy =
r3
4
Triangular Section:
bd2 bd 2 Sx = (top), (bottom) 12 24
The section modulus is used to calculate bending stress, : =

Torsional Constant, R (in4, mm4)
M S
The torsional constant (R) is the resistance to twisting due to torsion. For axisymmetric sections (e.g. circular sections), R is equal to the polar moment of inertia, Iz or J, which is the sum of moments of inertia about the x and y axes of the section. That is, R = Iz = J = Ix + Iy Circular Section: R=
r4
2
or
d 4 32
For other sections, R may be significantly less than Iz, due to the warping effects of the section when it is loaded in torsion. In such cases R is determined experimentally, e.g. for a rectangular section of thickness t and width b R = bt3 where is a value that depends on the aspect ratio b/t 1.0 of the section, the torsional constant is used to calculate torsional stiffness and stress.
Radius of Gyration, r (in, mm)
A length called the radius of gyration (r) is a stability parameter that measures the resistance to buckling, and is defined by the following formulas:
15
r=
I A
ry =
Iy A
rx =
Ix A
Rectangular Section:
r=
d 12
d = dimensions in buckling direction Circular Section: r= d 4 d = diameter
It is used to calculate slenderness ratio, L/r of a column.
Listed Properties - Standard Sections

The formulas for calculating section properties are provided in standard engineering handbooks. Some of these formulas are listed in Work Aid 3. These tables include the following:
Properties
A = Area I = Moment of Inertia
S = Section Modulus R = Torsional Resistance r

Standard Shapes
= Radius of Gyration
Simple Solids (Work Aid 3).
Rectangle, Triangle, Circle, and Ellipse.
Hollow (Thick-Wall) Shapes (Work Aid 3).
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Rectangle, Circle, and Ellipse.
Thin-Wall (Line) Sections: t< d/10 (Work Aid 4). Structural Steel Rolled Shapes.
Designated in the form Ad x w or Lb x d x t.
Where A represents a letter W, S, or C defined as follows: W = Wide-flange shape (Work Aids 5 & 6, pages 1 & 2) S = Standard I-beam shape (Work Aids 5 & 6, page 3) C = Channel shape (Work Aids 5 and 6, page 4) And L = Angle with equal or unequal legs (Work Aids 5 & 6, pages 5 & 6) w = Weight per unit length b = Width of angle d = Depth of section t = Thickness of angle legs
The actual values are listed for the section properties for the structural steel rolled shapes. Values for both the U.S. customary units (Work Aid 5) and SI units (Work Aid 6) are given.
17
Example 1: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes

Calculate A, I, S, and r for the following sections about x-axis: A. Concrete beam with nominal dimensions, 4 x 10 in. as shown in Figure 8a.
5 in 10 in x-axis
4 in
Figure 8a. Rectangular Beam
B.
Elliptical sewer pipe having the dimensions shown in Figure 8b.
5 ft 6 ft
10 ft 11 ft
Figure 8b. Elliptical Sewer Pipe
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C.
Square, thin-wall steel tube, mean side 10 in. wide and 0.25 in. thick.
D.
Steel girder, W610 x 155 (SI units).
E.
Structural member consisting of two back-to-back angles, L8 x 6 x 1, (U.S. customary units) as shown in Figure 9.
y 6 in 6 in 1 in
8 in
1 in
1 in
Figure 9. Structural Member Consisting of Two Back- to-Back Angles
F.
Same as in E above, but determine values about axis of symmetry.
19
Solution: Example 1
See Work Aids 8 to 12.
Calculating Section Properties for Nonstandard Shapes

For the nonstandard sections, such as the compound and composite sections discussed above, formulas or tabulated values for the section properties are usually not available. The engineer however, can calculate the values using the procedure outlined below.
Compound Sections
The steps involved in calculating the geometric properties of compound sections are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Divide the compound section into a number of simple sections and number them 1, 2, 3, etc. Calculate the area, Ai, and moment of inertia, Ii, of each simple section. Compute the moment of the areas, Aixi or Aiyi, about the reference axis for the compound section. Locate the centroid of the compound section by the following relationship to calculate x or y:
x=
A x , A
i i i
y=
A y A
i i
Calculate the moment of inertia about the axis passing through the centroid using the relationship: I x = Ii + A i y i
or I y = Ii + A i x i
6.
Calculate the other section properties for the compound section using the standard formulas.
20
You can use Work Aid 13 as a convenient format for doing these calculations. The use of this Work Aid is illustrated in Example 3, Work Aids 14 and 15.
Example 2: Properties of Compound Sections

Determine the area, moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius of gyration of the sections shown in Figures 10 and 11.
Figure 10. Bridge Pier
Figure 11. Plate Girder
Solution: Example 2
See Work Aids 14 and 15.
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Composite Sections
When a structural member consists of two or more types of material, the properties of the composite section can be determined by calculating the values for the transformed section. The transformed section is the equivalent homogeneous section based on the relative elastic modulus of the materials of the composite section. The relative elastic modulus is expressed in terms of modular ratio, n where: Modular ratio, n =
Ei Eo
where: Ei is the elastic modulus of the given material. Eo is the elastic modulus of the reference material. To calculate the properties of a composite section follow these steps: 1. 2. Identify the materials of the section and determine the elastic modulus Ei of each material. Select one material as the reference material for the transformed section. Usually, the material with the lowest E value is used as the reference and denotes its E = Eo. Determine the modular ratio, ni, for each of the other materials in the section. ni = Ei/Eo. Replace each section of the other materials with an equivalent section transformed by multiplying the dimension parallel to the axis of the composite section by the appropriate modular ratio, ni. Then draw the transformed section. From this point, follow the steps used to calculate the properties of the resulting compound section with the help of Work Aid 13.
3. 4.
5.
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Example 3: Calculating Properties of Composite Sections

An 8 x 12-in. timber beam (exact size) is reinforced by adding a 7-7/8 x 1/2-in. steel plate at the top and a C 7 x 9.8 steel channel at the bottom as shown in Figure 12. Determine the section properties, A, I, S, and r relative to the horizontal axis for the composite section.
8 in 7-7/8 in x 1/2 - in Steel Plate
y
12 in
x
Timber Beam C7 x 9.8 (Steel)
Timber Steel
E = 1.8 x 106 psi E = 29 x 106 psi
Figure 12. Composite Sections
Solution: Example 3
See Work Aid 16.
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Example 4: Calculating Properties of Reinforced Concrete Section

A 10 x 20-in. concrete beam is reinforced with four 1-in. diameter steel bars as shown in Figure 13. If the effect of the concrete below the neutral axis through the centroid of the section is ignored, determine the section modulus for calculating stresses in the concrete (top) and in the steel (bottom).
Concrete
10 in 4- 1-in. Diam. Steel Bars
2 in 4 in
Figure 13. Reinforced Concrete Section
Solution: Example 4
See Work Aid 17.
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SUMMARY
This module has reviewed the purpose and significance of section properties in the analysis and design of engineering structures. For various materials, there are certain principles and data required for safe design. These principles and data requirements will be covered in more depth in the specific CSE courses on steel, concrete, and timber. Based on the information in this module, you should now be able to apply basic section properties in structural analysis and design. You should be able to define the various section properties involved in structural analysis and design, identify the types of sections, and review the formulas for calculating these properties. You should be able to use these formulas and calculation procedures to determine the properties of compound and composite sections that relate to reinforced concrete, structural steel, and timber designs.
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WORK AIDS Work Aid 1: Properties of Materials
(U.S.
Specific Weight, lb/in.2
Customary Units)
Yield Strength3 Shear, ksi Tension, ksi Shear, ksi
2
Ultimate Strength Material Tension, Compression, ksi ksi
Modulus of Elasticity 4 10 psi
Modulus of Rigidity, 106 psi
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, 10-6/F
Ductility, Percent Elongation in 2 in.
1 Properties of metals vary widely as a result of variations in composition, heat treatment, and mechanical working. 2 For ductile metals the compression strength is generally assumed to be equal to the tension strength. 3 Offset of 0.2 percent. 4 Timber properties are for loading parallel to the grain.
26
Work Aid 2: Properties of Materials

(SI
Specific Weight, lb/in.2
Units)
Yield Strength3 Shear, ksi Tension, ksi Shear, ksi
2
Ultimate Strength Material Tension, Compression, ksi ksi
Modulus of Elasticity 104 psi
Modulus of Rigidity, 106 psi
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, 10-6/F
Ductility, Percent Elongation in 2 in.
1 Properties of metals very widely as a result of variations in composition, heat treatment, and mechanical working. 2 For ductile metals the compression strength is generally assumed to be equal to the tension strength. 3 Offset of 0.2 percent. 4 Timber properties are for loading parallel to the grain.
27
Work Aid 3: Properties of Standard Sections
Section
Rectangle Centroid axis
Shape
b d
b d
Area A
bd
Moment of Inertia I
bd3 12
bd3 3
Section Modulus S
bd2 6
Radius of Gyration r
d 12
Rectangle Base axis
bd
bd2 3
bd2 24
d 3
d 18
Triangle Centroid axis

Triangle Base axis
d
d 3
bd 2
bd3 36
b
d b
bd 2
bd3 12 d4 64 a3b 4
bd2 12 d3 32 a2b 4
d 6 d 4 a 2
Circle Centroid axis Ellipse Centroid axis

b
d2 4 ab
Hollow square Centroid axis
b a
a b
a4 b4 12
a4 b4 6a
a2 + b2 12 D2 + d2 4
Hollow circle Centroid axis Hollow ellipse Centroid axis

b
(D
d2
64
(D
3
d4
D 4 d4 32 D
a c d
(ab - cd)
(a b c d) 4
3
a 3b c 3 d 4a
1 a 3b c 3 d 2 ab cd
28
Work Aid 4: Properties of Thin-Walled Sections (Cold Formed Steel or Aluminum)

Moment of Inertia I
td
2
Section Axis
d b
Area A
2t (b + d)
Section Modulus S
td 3
Torsion Constant R
2tb d
2 2
d (3b + d)
2
6
td
2
(3b + d)
(6b + d)
tb
3
(3b + d)
b+d
t
3
12(b + d)
2
t (2b + d)
td 6
12
(6b + d)
tb
3
3
t
3
(2b + d) (2b + d)
4 td
3
12(2b + d) b
3
d (6b + d)
b b
t (2b + d)
6 8
3
3
3
3
2
6(2b + d)
td
x
td
4
top : td 6
td
0.3535d
d (4b + d)
3 2
d b
t (b + d)
d (b+d)
2
td (4b + d) ) 12(b + d)
(4b + d)
2
(b + d)
12(b + d)
bottom : tb
3
td (4b + d) 6(2b + d)
2
b d
t (b + d)
3
tb
12 td (4b + d) 12(b + d)
3 t
3
(b + d) (b + d)
12(b + d)
b x d
t (b + d)
top :
td 6
(4b + d)
2
d (b+d)
bottom : td
2
td (4b + d) 6(2b + d) t
3
d b
b d x
t (2b + d)
12
3
(6b + d)
td 6
(6b + d)
td 6
3 t
3
(2b + d) (2b + d)
d (6b + d)
2
12(b + d)
3
t (2b + d)
td (b + 2d) 3(2b + d)
top :
(4b + d)
(b + 2d) 2 3 ( 2b + d)
b
29
Section Axis
x b (2b+d
2
Area A
Moment of Inertia I
Section Modulus S
bottom : td (4b + d)
2
Torsion Constant R
6(2b + d)
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Work Aid 5: Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes (U.S. Customary Units)

(Page 1 of 6)
tf Y
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (U.S. Customary Units)

d X
X tw
W Shapes (Wide-flange Shapes)

Flange Area A, in.2 Depth d, in. Width bf, in. Thickness tf, in. Web Thickness tw, in.
Y bf
Axis X-X Ix, in.

4
Axis Y-Y rx, in. Iy, in.

4
Designation
Sx, in.
Sy, in.3
ry, in.
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
31
(Page 2 of 6)
tf

d X
X tw
Y bf
Flange Area A, in.2 Depth d, in. Width bf, in. Thickness tf, in.
Designation
Web Thickness tw, in.
Axis X-X Ix, in.4 Sx, in.3 rx, in. Iy, in.4
Axis Y-Y Sy, in.3 ry, in.
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
32
(Page 3 of 6)
tf

d X
X tw Y bf
S Shapes (American Standard Shapes
Designation
Axis X-X Ix, in.4 Sx, in.3 rx, in. Iy, in.4
Axis Y-Y Sy, in.3 ry, in.
An American Standard Beam is designated by the letter S followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
33
(Page 4 of 6)
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (U.S. Customary Units) C Shapes (American Standard Channels)
Y tw X x Y bf X d tf
Designation
Axis X-X lx, in.

4
Axis Y-Y rx, in. ly, in.

4
Sx, in.
Sy, in.3
ry, in.
x, in.
An American Standard Channel is designated by the letter C followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot.
34
(Page 5 of 6)
Y

Z
Angles Equal Legs
X Z
y Y
Axis X-X and Axis Y=Y Size and Thickness, In. Weight per Foot, lb/ft Area, in.
2
Ly, in.4
Sy, in.3
ry, in.
x, in.
Axis Z-Z r, in.
35
(Page 6 of 6)
Y x
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (U.S. Customary Units) Angles Unequal Legs

X
Z X
Z
Y
Size and Thickness, In.
Weight per Foot, lb/ft
Axis X-X Area, 2 in. lx, in.

4
Axis Y=Y y, in. ly, in.

4
Axis Z-Z x, in. rx, in. tan
Sx, in.
rx, in.
Sy, in.
ry, in.
36
Work Aid 6: Properties of Rolled-Steel Shapes (SI Units)

(Page 1 of 6)
tf
Properties of Rolled Steel Shapes (SI Units)
X tw
W Shapes (W ide-flange Shapes)

Flange Area A, mm2 Depth d, mm Width bf, mm Thickness tf, mm
Y bf
Designation
Web Thickness tw, mm
Axis X-X lx 106 mm4 Sx 103 mm3 rx mm ly 106 mm
Axis Y-Y Sy 103 mm3 ry mm
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
37
(Page 2 of 6)
tf Y
Properties of Rolled Steel Shapes (SI Units)
X tw

Flange Area A, mm2 Depth d, mm Width bf, mm Thickness tf, mm
Y bf
Designation
Axis X-X lx 106 mm4 Sx 103 mm3 rx mm
Axis Y-Y Sy ly 106 mm 103 mm3 ry mm
A wide-flange shape is designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
38
(Page 3 of 6)
tf Y
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (SI Units)

d X
X tw Y bf
S Shapes (American Standard Shapes
Flange Thickness tf, mm
Designation
Area A, mm2
Depth d, mm
Width bf, mm
Axis X-X lx 106 mm4 Sx 103 mm3 rx mm
Axis Y-Y ly Sy 106 mm4 103 mm3 ry mm
An American Standard Beam is designated by the letter S followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
39
(Page 4 of 6)
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (SI Units) C Shapes (American Standard Channels)
Y tw X x Y bf X d tf
Flange Thickness tf, mm Web Thickness tw, mm Axis X-X Sx lx 106 mm4 103 mm3 rx mm Axis Y-Y ly Sy 106 mm 103 mm3 ry mm
x,
Depth Area Designation A, mm2 d, mm
Width bf, mm
mm
An American Standard Channel is designated by thee letter C followed by the nominal depth in millimeters and the mass in kilograms per meter.
40
(Page 5 of 6)
Y
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (SI Units)

Z
Angles Equal Legs
X Z
y Y
Axis X-X and Axis Y=Y Size and Thickness, mm Weight per Meter, kg/m Area, mm
2
I 6 10 mm
S 3 10 mm 3
r
mm
x or y mm
Axis Z-Z r mm
41
(Page 6 of 6)
Y x
Properties of Rolled-steel Shapes (SI Units) Angles Unequal Legs

X
Z X
Z
Y
Size and Thickness, In.
Mass per Meter kg/m
Axis X-X Area, 2 mm Ix 106mm4 Sx 103mm3 rx mm y mm Iy 106mm4
Axis Y=Y Sy 103mm3 ry mm x mm
Axis Z-Z rx mm tan
42
Work Aid 7: Properties of Safe Axial Loads for Structural Lumber
43
Work Aid 8: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes Concrete Beam
Calculate A, I, S, and r for the following section:
Procedure:
A.
Concrete beam
Dimensions: b = 4 in. d = 10 in. Section Properties: Using Formulas from Work Aid 3 A = (4)(10)
Ix = S= r= bd 3 (4 )(10 ) = 12 12 bd 2 (4 )(10 ) = 6 6 d 12 = 10 3.46
3
NA
2
= 40 in
= 333.33 in4 = 66.67 in3 = 2.89 in

Figure 14. Concrete Beam
rx =
Ix 333.33 = A 40
= 2.89 in
44
Work Aid 9: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes Elliptical Pipe
(Page 1 of 2) Calculate A, I, S, and r for the following section about x-axis: 1. Elliptical sewer pipe having the dimensions shown in Figure 15.
5 ft. 6 ft.
10 ft. 11 ft.
Figure 15. Elliptical Pipe
Elliptical pipe (hollow ellipse) - Work Aid 3. Dimensions - From Figure 15. a b c d = half outside major axis = half outside minor axis = half inside major axis = half inside minor axis = = = = 11 = 5.5 ft 2 6 2 = 3.0 ft
10 = 5.0 ft 2 5 2 = 2.5 ft
45
(Page 2 of 2) Section properties, Work Aid 3: A = (ab cd) Ix = * = 3.142 [(5.5)(3.0) (5.0)(2.5)] = 12.57 ft2 = 55.27 ft4 *
3 3.142 3 (5.5 )(3.0 )3 (5.0 )(2.5 )3 ab cd = 4 4
Note change in centroidal axis, that is, minor and major axes are interchanged.
I x 55.27 = b 3.0 Ix 55.27 = A 12.57
Sx =
= 18.42 ft3
rx =
= 2.10 ft
46
Work Aid 10: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes Square Tube
(Page 1 of 2) Calculate A, I, S, and r for the following section:
Procedure:
1.
Square tube
Square, thin-wall steel tube, mean side 10 in wide and 0.25 in thick.
A.
Use formula for rectangular tube from Work Aid 4. Dimensions b = d = 10 in t = 0.25 in
Figure 16. Square Tube
Section properties: A = 2t(b + d) = 4dt Ix = = 4(0.25)(10) = 10 in2 = 166.67 in4
td2 (3b + d) = 4 td3 = 4 (0.25 )(10 )3 6 6 6 2I 8td2 8 2 = = (0.25 )(10 ) d 6 6 I d 10 = = A 6 2.45
Sx =
= 33.33 in3
rx =
= 4.08 in
47
(Page 2 of 2) B. Use formula for Hollow Square from Work Aid 3. Dimensions: a = 10 + 0.25 b = 10 0.25 Section Properties: A = a b Ix = Sx =
2 2
= 10.25 in = 9.75 in
= (10.75) (9.75)
4 4
= 10 in2 = 166.77 in4 = 32.54 in3
a 4 b 4 (10.25 ) (9.75 ) = 12 12
2I 2(166.77 ) = a 10.25
I = A 166.77 10.0
rx =
= 4.08 in
The results based on the two approaches are close. However, the second method is more accurate and should be used for sections with thick walls. The accuracy of the first approach is reduced as the wall thickness increases. In general: If t <
d then use Work Aid 4 (Thin-Walled Sections) and 10 d use Work Aid 3 (Thick-Walled Sections). 10
If t >
48
Work Aid 11: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes Steel Girder
Calculate A, I, S, and r for the following section:
Procedure:
1.
Steel girder, W610 x 155 (SI units) Section Designation
W d w
= Wide flange = Nominal depth = Unit weight = 610mm = 155kg/m

x x
Figure 17. Steel Girder
Section Properties from Work Aid 6, page 1. Identify designated section, W610 x 155, and read across to value in the appropriate column. Note that for beams and girders section properties are related to the strong axis (X-X) of the section: A Ix Sx rx ry = 19,700 mm2 = 1290 x 106 mm4 (Axis X-X) = 4220 x 103 mm3 (Axis X-X) = 256 mm = 73.9 mm
49
Work Aid 12: Calculating Section Properties for Standard Shapes Back-To-Back Angels
(Page 1 of 2) Calculate A, I, S, and r for the following section:
Procedures:
1.
Back-to-Back Angles (U.S. customary unit): Section Designation Two L8 x 6 x 1
L d b t
= Angle section = Depth of each angle = Width of each angle = 8 in = 6 in
= Thickness of angle legs = 1 in
Figure 18. Back-to-Back Angles
Section Properties: Use Work Aid 5. Note that the location of X-X axis for the back-to-back arrangement of the two angles is the same as for a single angle. However, the Y-Y axis relocates to the axis of symmetry which passes between the two angles. Identify designation L8 x 6 x 1 in Work Aid 5, page 6. Obtain section properties for a single angle by reading across to value in the appropriate column. Modify (multiply by 2) value from table to obtain value for two angles: A Ix Sx rx = 2(13.0) = 2(80.8) = 2(15.1) =
Ix = A 161.6 26.0
= 26.0 in2 = 161.6 in4 = 30.2 in3 = 2.49 in
50
(Page 2 of 2)
Procedures:
2.
Back-to-back Angles in Figure 19. Properties about y'-y' axis (axis of symmetry). Properties of single Angle, L8 x 6 x 1, from Work Aid 5. A = 13.0 in2, for single angle. Obtain values of I and x for a single angle about centroid y-y axis: Iyo = 38.8 in4
x
= 1.65 in
Figure 19. Single Angle
Transpose I to axis y'-y' in Figure 19 using formula: Iy = Iyo + A x 2
Iy = 38.8 + 13.0 (1.65)2 Modify (multiply by 2) for two angles A = 2 (13) Iy = 2 (74.19) Sy = I y' /c = ry = I y' A 148.4 6.00
148.4 26.0
= 74.19 in4
= 26.0 in2 = 148.4 in4 = 24.73 in3 = 2.39 in
51
Work Aid 13: Calculating Properties of Compound Sections Form
Table 1. Form Used to Record Properties of Compound Sections

A ixi
2
Item
Shape/ Size
Area, Ai
Io + A i x i
Io
xi or yi
Aixi or Aiyi x i or y i
or
A iyi
2
or
Io + A i y i
2
Total
x=
A x A
i i
___
or
IX =
(I
+ Aixi
_____________________
y=
A y A
i
i i
___
IY =
(I
+ Aiyi
____________________
52
Work Aid 14: Calculating Properties of Compound Sections - Bridge Pier

(Page 1 of 5) Determine the area, moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius of gyration of the section shown in Figure 20.
4 in. 10 in.
20 in.
40 in.
10 in. x 10 in. 10 in. 20 in.
Figure 20. Bridge Pier Section Procedure:
Section 3:
(3)
Half Circle Solid

4r 8 4 I = yo = r 3 8 9 (I about base of circle)
A=
r
2
4.24 in.
(2) 30 in. 10 in. (1) 6.667 in.
Section 2:
Square Solid A = a2 , I = a4 a , yo = 12 2
10 in.
Section 1:
Triangle Solid bh bh3 2h A= , I= , yo = 2 36 3
Figure 21. Three-Section Procedure
53
(Page 2 of 5)
Procedure:
Use form in Work Aid 13, (see Table 2 for completed form). Divide compound section into three simple shapes and mark 1, 2, and 3. Select reference axis through point O. Select formula and calculate Ai Ii and yi for each simple shape.
Section 1: Triangle, b = 20 in. h = 10 in A1 = bh 2 bh3 36 2h 3 = 20(10 ) 2 20(10 ) 36 2(10 ) 3

3
= 100 in2
I1 y1
= =
= =
= 555.56 in4 = 6.667 in
Section 2: Square, a = 20 in. A2 I2 y2 = a2 = a4 12 a 2 = (20)2 = 20 4 12 20 2 = 400 in2 = 13333.33 in4 = 20 in
= 10 +
= 10 +
Section 3: Half circle, radius, r = 10 in A3 = r 2 2 =

2
3.142(10 ) 2
= 157.1 in2
I3
y3
r 4 4r A3 8 3 30 + 4r 3 =
= 1098 in4 30 + 4(10 ) = 34.24 in 3(3.142 )
Enter values on the form in Work Aid 13 (see Table 2 for completed form) and complete the calculations.
54
(Page 3 of 5)
Procedure:
Calculate y at the bottom of the form to locate the centroid of the compound section: y = 21.38 in This means that the centroid is 21.38 in above O. By symmetry, the centroid also lies on the y-axis. Determine i, the distance of the local centroid of each section from the centroid of the compound section using the relationship:
yi = yi y
Therefore,
y1 = 6.667 21.38 y2
= 14.71 in = 1.38 in = 12.86 in
= 20 21.38 = 34.24 - 21.38
y3
Complete the last two columns in the form and obtain the totals. Determine appropriate values for section properties: Area A = Ai = 657 in 2
Moment of Inertia, Ix =
(Ioxi + A i y i 2 ) (Ioxi + A i y i 2 )
= 63,351.7 in4 =
Alternatively,
Ix =
(I
+ A i yi
4
= 14,986.89 + 48,364.8
= 63,352 in
55
(Page 4 of 5)
Procedure:
Use the appropriate formulas to calculate the other section properties. Section Modulus, S = I c
20 in.
C
CG
40 in.
Figure 22. Bridge Pier Section
Top of section: c+ = h- y = 40 - 21.38 S+ = 63,352 18.62 = 18.62 in = 3402 in

3
Bottom of section: c S = = y 63,352 21,38 =

I A 63,352 657
= 21.38 in = 2963 in
3
Radius of Gyration, r
= 9.82 in
56
(Page 5 of 5)
Procedure:
Table 2. Calculating Properties of Compound Sections

Shape/ Size
A iyi
2
Item
Units 1 2
Area, Ai
in2
Io
in4 555.56 13,333.33
yi
in. 6.667 20
Aiyi
in3 666.7 8000
yi in. -14.71 -1.38
Io + A i y i
in4 21,638.4 761.8
in4 22,194.0 14,095.1
Triangle Square HalfCircle
100 400
157
1098
34.24
5376
12.86
25,964.6
27,062.6
Total
657
14.986.89
14,042.7
48,364.8
63,351.7
y =
A y A
i i
14,042.7 in 3 = 21.37 in. 657 in 2
Ix =
(I
oxi
+ A i yi
) = 63,351.7 in
57
Work Aid 15: Calculating Properties of Compound Sections - Plate Girder

(Page 1 of 3) Determine the area, moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius of gyration of the section shown in Figure 23.
8 in.
1
Rectangle, 8 x 0.75 in.
3/4 in.
y1
2 Rectangle, 0.375 x 24 in.
3/8 in.
25 3/4 in.
x Reference Axis
1 in.
y3
3 Rectangle, 10 x 1.0 in.
10 in.
Figure 23. Steel I-Section
Figure 24. I-section Parts
Procedures:
Divide section into three rectangles as shown and tabulate on the form from Work Aid 13. Choose reference axis at the center of rectangle (2). Calculate Ai and Ii for each rectangle about its local axis by substituting the appropriate values for bi and hi in the relationship: Ai Ii = bihi bh = i i 12
3
and enter values on the form (see Table 3).
58
(Page 2 of 3) Determine yi, the distance from the reference axis to the local centroid of each rectangle. Enter values on the form. Compute values of Aiyi and totals. Locate centroid (CG) of compound section by calculating y (bottom of the form), and calculate the distance y I from the local centroid of each rectangle to CG of the overall section.
Procedure:
Enter values of y I on the form and complete calculations. Obtain from the form the values for A and I, and compute the other section properties required: A I = Ai = (Io + Ai y i2) = 25.0 in2
= 2811.43 in 4
Section modulus: S S+ S = I/c+ or I/c = = 2811.43 14.78 2811.43 10.97 = 190.22 in 3 = 256.28 in 3
C = 14.78 in.
2.03
+ O
CG
C = 10.97 in.
Figure 25. Location of Centroid
59
(Page 3 of 3)
Radius of Gyration: r = =
I/A 2811.43 25.0
= 10.60 in
Procedure: Table 3. Calculation of Centroid and Moment of Inertia (Work Aid 15)
Shape/ Size
A iyi
2
Item Units
Area, Ai in2
Io in4
8 12
yi in
0.75 2
Aiyi in3
yi in
Io + A i y i
in4
in4
Rectangle 8(0.75) = 6.0 Rectangle 0.375(24) = 9.0
(0.75) 3 12 + =0.28
=12.375 0 -12- 1.0 2 = -12.5
74.25
12.375 + 2.03 1245.02 =14.405
1245.3
0.375 12
(24)3
= 432
10 12
2.03
37.09
469.09
Rectangle 10(1.0) = 10
(1)3
= 0.83
-125
-12.5 + 2.03 = 1096.21 -10.47
1097.04
Total
25.0
433.11
-50.75
2378.32
2811.43
y =
A y A
i i
- 50.75 = 2.03 in. 25.0
I =
(I
+ A i yi
) = 2811.43 in
60
Work Aid 16: Calculating Properties of Composite Sections

(Page 1 of 4) An 8 x 12-in. timber beam (exact size) is reinforced by adding a 7-7/8 x 1/2-in. steel plate at the top and a C 7 x 9.8 steel channel at the bottom as shown in Figure 26. Determine the section properties, A, I, S, and r relative to the horizontal axis for the composite section.
8 in 7-7/8 in x 1/2 in PL (Steel)
12 in
Timber Beam
C7 X 9.8 (Steel)
Figure 26. Timber Beam Reinforced by Steel Plate and Steel Channel Procedure:
Step 1:
Identify materials and obtain Elastic Modulus from Work Aid 1. Material Timber Steel Elastic Modulus 1.8 x 106 psi 29 x 106 psi
Steps 2 & 3:
Select reference material and calculate modular ratio, n, for the other material. Timber n = E steel E timber 29 x 10 6 psi = 16 1.8 x 10 6 psi
Reference material: Modular ratio for steel:
61
(Page 2 of 4)
Procedure:
Step 4:
Transform the steel sections and draw the transformed sections for the composite section. Multiply the horizontal steel dimensions by n = 16.
16 x 7.875 = 126 in (Not to Scale) 0.5 in 1 6 in
x
3 6 in 2.09 in 0.54 in
Figure 27. Transformed Compound Section
Step 5:
Calculate the section properties for the transformed compound section (Figure 27) using Work Aid 13. (For details see Table 4). a. The transformed section has three simple sections as indicated. Select the horizontal axis through the centroid of rectangle 2 as the reference axis for the sections. Use the standard formulas to calculate A and I for the two rectangular sections. A1 I1 = bd = bd3 12 = 126(0.5) = 126(0.5)3 12 = 63 in2 = 1.31 in4
b.
The distance from the reference axis to the centroid of rectangle (1) is: y1 A2 = 12 0.5 + 2 2 = 6.25 in = 96 in2
= 8 x 12
62
I2 y2
Procedure:
8(12)3 = 1152 in4 12
(Page 3 of 4)
= 0
For the transformed channel Section 3, the values are obtained by multiplying the appropriate values from Work Aid 5 by n = 16. Channel (3): From Work Aid 5 for C7 x 9.8 channel: 2.87 in2 A3 = I3 = 0.968 in4 about weak axis Therefore, the transformed values are: 2.87 x 16 = 45.92 in2 A3 = I3 = 0.968 x 16 = 15.49 in4 The distance from the back of the channel to its centroid is 0.54. Therefore, y3 c. d. e. f. = 6 0.54 = 6.54 in.
Enter the values in Work Aid 13 and complete calculations, for Aiyi and totals. Determine location of centroid (CG) by computing y and calculate the distance (yi) from the CG to the local axis of the individual sections. Complete calculations for the last two columns and compute totals. Obtain totals for area A and moment of inertia I. A I = Ai = 204.92 in2 = (Io + Aiyi2) = 5551.21 in4
g.
Compute S and r
63
(Page 4 of 4)
S+
5551.21 I = + c 6.044
= 918.47 in3 = 649.57 in3
S-
5551.21 I = c 8.546
I = A
r =
5551.21 = 5.20 in. 204.92
Figure 28. Timber Beam Reinforced by Steel Plate and Steel Channel Table 4. Calculation of Centroid and Moment of Inertia (Work Aid 16)
Item Units Rectangle 126 x 0.5 Rectangle 8 x 12 Channel (C7 x 9.8) in Shape/ Size Area, Ai in2 Io in4 yi in. Aiyi in3
yi A iyi
2
Io + A i y i
in.
in4
in4
63
1.31
6.25
393.75
5.794
2114.94
2116.25
96
1152.0
-0.456
19.96
1171.96
45.92
15.49
-6.54
-300.32
-6.996
2247.51
2263.00
Total
204.92 1168.80
93.43
4382.41
5551.21
y =
A y A
i i
93.43 = 0.456 in 204.92
I=
(I
+ A i yi
)=
5551.21 in
64
Work Aid 17: Calculating Properties of Reinforced Concrete Sections

(Page 1 of 3) A 10 x 20-in. concrete beam is reinforced with four 1-in. diameter steel bars as shown in Figure 29. If the effect of the concrete below the neutral axis through the centroid of the section is ignored, determine the section modulus for calculating stresses in the concrete (top) and in the steel (bottom).
Concrete 20 in
(4) 1-in Diam. Steel Bars
2 in 10 in
Figure 29. Cross Section of a Concrete Beam Reinforced with Steel Bars Procedure:
Step 1
Identify section materials, obtain their elastic modulus, and calculate modular ratio, n. Material Concrete Steel Elastic Modulus 3 x 106 psi 30 x 106 psi ES = EC
30x10 6 psi = 10 3x10 6 psi
Modular ratio, n = Step 2.
Determine the transformed steel area, At = nAS. A t = 10(4 ) 2 (1) = 31.42 in2 4
65
(Page 2 of 3) Step 3. Define/draw transformed section. This consists of the concrete above the neutral axis and the steel below the neutral axis. The concrete below the neutral axis is to be ignored.
Procedure:
If the neutral axis is located a distance, x, below the top of the concrete section, the transformed section appears as follows:
b = 10 in
x x/2 CG d = 18 in d-x
Neutral Axis
At = nAs = 31.42 in
2 in
2 in
Figure 30. Transformed Section
Step 4.
Determine the location of neutral axis by calculating y from the relationship:
Aixi
= 0 about neutral axis = 0 = 0
(bx ) x nA s (d x )
2
bx 2 + nA s x nA s d 2
10x 2 + 31.42x 31.42(18 ) = 0 2 x2 + 6.284x 113.1 = 0
66
(Page 3 of 3)
b b 2 4ac 2a
6.284 +
(6.284 )2 + 4(1)113.11 2(1)
= 7.95 in.
Step 5.
Calculate section properties. Moment of Inertia, I (about N.A) Iconcrete = Ic Isteel = Is = = bx 3 3

nA s (d x )
2
bx 3 I = I c + Is = + nA s (d x)2 3
10(7.95 ) 4 2 = + 31.42(18 7.95 ) = 4848.4 in 3

3
Section Modulus, S Concrete (top), Sc = Steel (bottom), Ss = I x I d- x = =
4848.4 7.95
= 609.9 in = 482.4 in
4848.4 18 - 7.95
67
GLOSSARY
Area Axial Compression Axial Tension Centroid Elastic Modulus Flexure Instability
Usually refers to area of cross section which is used in calculating stress, axial deformation, axial stiffness. Condition which causes compression or shortening of a structural member. Condition which results in extension or stretch of a structural member. Geometric center of a cross section area. Ratio of stress to strain of the material in the elastic range. Also known as modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus. Condition which results when a structural member bends or flexes when it is subjected to an internal moment. Condition which occurs when a slender structural component subjected to compressive load buckles and fails suddenly before the yield strength of the material is reached. Properties determined by testing standard samples of the material in a laboratory that relate to how the a material behaves when loads are applied like compressive and tensile strength and yield stress. Unit used to locate the geometric center (centroid) area of a composite section or neutral axis of a beam, and to compute the shear stress in a beam. Second moment of area about a specified axis, the sum of the product area times the square of the distance to the axis. Properties determine by testing standard samples of the material in a laboratory other than mechanical, that affect the behavior of a structure or structural member. Absolute value of the ratio of transverse to axial strain that relates the lateral and axial deformations of a material when it is loaded along the longitudinal axis. Force or stress that causes a structural member to distort so that angles are changed.
Mechanical Properties
Moment of Area
Moment of Inertia
Physical Properties
Poissons Ratio
Shear
68
Shear Modulus
Ratio of shear stress to shear strain used to calculate shear and torsional stiffness and deformations in structural analysis. Also known as modulus of rigidity. Weight per unit volume. Often used to determine loads due to the self-weight of materials. A dimensionless measure of deformation of a material when it is subjected to a load. Change in length per unit length. The measure of an internal resistance due to an external force measured as force per unit area (e.g. MPa or ksi).
Specific Weight Strain
Stress
69
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practice Problem 1
a) b) c) d)
Find area, location of centroid (x, y ) . Find first moment of areas about x and y axis Find the second moment of areas about x and y axis Find I x and I y about the centroidal axis
e) Find the radius of gyration rx and ry .
Solution
a)
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 502 502 = 1 100 40 + 100 140 + ( 50 50 ) + 2 2 4 = 2000 + 10075 + 2500 + 1963.5 = 16538.5 mm
70
x=
Ax
i
A ( 2000 100 3 ) + 100 140 50 3927 100 4 350 + (50 50 25 ) + 1963.5 50 + 4 350 16538.5
= 39.89 mm
y=
Ay
i
( 2000 (190 + 40 3 )) + (100 140 120 3927 120 ) + (50 50 25 ) + 1963.5 50 4 350 16538.5
= 104.87 mm
b)
Qx = Ax = 16538.5 39.89 = 659720.77 mm 3 Qy = Ay = 16538.5 104.87 = 1734392.50 mm 3
c)
I x = I A1x + I A2 x + I A3 x + I A4 x
I A1x = IA2 x
2 100 403 100 40 + 190 + 40 = 82.87 106 mm 4 3 36 2 100 1403 50 4 502 2 6 4 = + 100 * 140 120 = 165.46 10 mm 12 8 2
I A3 x = IA4 x =
50 503 = 2.08 106 mm 4 3
504
16
502
4
4 50 6 4 50 = 2.85 10 mm 3
I x = ( 82.87 + 165.46 + 2.08 + 2.85 ) 106 = 253.26 106 mm 4
71
I y = I A1 y + I A 2 y + I A3 y + I A4 y
I A1y = IA2y 40 1003 100 40 100 2 + = 3.33 106 mm 4 3 36 2 2 140 1003 504 502 4 50 = + 100 3 2 3 8 = 19.84 106 mm 4 50 503 = 2.08 106 mm 4 3
I A3 y = IA4y =
50 4
16
502
4
4 50 50 + = 11.19 106 mm 4 3
I y = ( 3.33 + 19.84 + 2.08 + 11.19 ) 106 = 36.44 106 mm 4
d)
I x = I x Ay 2 = 253.26 106 16538.5 104.872 = 71.37 106 mm 4 I y = I y Ax 2 = 36.44 106 16538.5 39.892 = 10.12 106 mm 4
e)
rx = Ix 71.37 106 = = 65.69 mm 16538.5 A Iy A 10.12 106 = 24.74 mm 16538.5
ry =
72
Table 5. Summary of the calculation around x-axis
Item Units
Shape/ Size
Area, Ai mm2
Io*106 mm4
yi mm.
Aiyi*103 mm3
yi mm.
A i y i *106
Io + A i y i * 106
mm4
mm4
Triangle 100 x 40 Rectangle half circle Squire 50 x 50 Quarter Circle R=50
2000
0.178
203.3
406.6
98.4
19.37
19.548
10075
20.412
120.0
1209.0
15.1
2.30
22.712
2500
0.521
25.0
62.5
-79.9
15.96
16.481
1963.5
1.227
28.8
56.5
-76.1
11.37
12.597
Total
16538.5
22.34
1734.6
49.00
71.338
y =
A y A
i i
1734.6 103 =104.9 mm 16538.5
I=
(I
+ A i yi
)=
71.338 106 mm
Note:
The value of moment of inertia in the Table is slightly different than on page 76 rounding off of digits.
due to
73
Practice Problem 2
a) b) c) d)
Find area, location of centroid (x, y ) . Find first moment of areas about x and y axis Find the second moment of areas about x and y axis Find I x and I y about the centroidal axis
e) Find the radius of gyration rx and ry .

Solution
a)
A = A1 + A2 + A3
= (100 20 ) + ( 40 20 ) + ( 80 20 ) = 2000 + 800 + 1600 = 4400.0 mm
74
y= =
Ay
i
A ( 2000 70 ) + ( 800 40 ) + (1600 10 ) 4400
= 42.73 mm x= =
Ax
i
A ( 2000 50 ) + ( 800 10 ) + (1600 40 ) 4400
= 39.09 mm
b)
Qx = Ay = 4400 42.73 = 188000 mm 3 Qy = Ax = 4400 39.09 = 172000 mm 3
c)
I x = I A1x + I A 2 x + I A3 x
I A1x = IA2 x I A3 x 100 203 2 + 100 20 ( 70 ) = 9.87 106 mm 4 12 20 403 2 = + 40 20 ( 40 ) = 1.39 106 mm 4 12 80 203 = = 0.21 106 mm 4 3
I x = ( 9.87 + 1.39 + 0.21) 106 = 11.47 106 mm 4
75
I y = I A1y + I A 2 y + I A 3 y
I A1y = IA2y I A3 y 20 1003 = 6.67 106 mm 4 3 40 203 = = 0.107 106 mm 4 0.11 106 mm 4 3 20 803 = = 3.41 106 mm 4 3
I y = ( 6.67 + 0.11 + 3.41) 106 = 10.19 106 mm 4
d)
I x = I x Ay 2 = 11.47 106 4400 42.732 = 3.44 106 mm 4 I y = I y Ax 2 = 10.19 106 4400 39.092 = 3.47 106 mm 4
e)
rx = Ix 3.44 106 = = 27.96 mm A 4400 Iy A 3.47 106 = 28.08 mm 4400
ry =
76
Table 6. Summary of the calculation about x-axis
Item Units
Shape/ Size
Area, Ai mm2
Io*103 mm4
yi mm.
Aiyi*103 mm3
yi mm.
A i y i *103
Io + A i y i *103
mm4
mm4
Rectangle 100 x 20 Rectangle 20 x 40 Rectangle 80 x 20
2000
66.667
70.0
140.0
27.27
1487.3
1553.967
800
106.667
40.0
32.0
-2.73
5.962
112.629
1600
53.333
10.0
16.0
-32.73
1714.00
1767.333
Total
4400
226.667
188.0
3207.267
3433.929
y =
A y A
i i
188.0 * 103 =42.73 mm I = 4400
(I
+ A i yi
)=
3.43 106 mm
77
Practice Problem 3
A W 18 76 section is reinforced with a plate 12 in 1 in at the top of the section. Use work aid 5 to compute the following for the composite section: a) Moment of inertia I x b) Radius of gyration rx c) Section Modulus at top and bottom
Solution
For W 18 76 section:
A = 22.3 in 2 d = 18.2 in I x = 1330 in 4
For the composite section:

y=
Ay A
i i
22.3 18.2 / 2 + 12 18.7 = 12.46 in 22.3 + 12
78
a)
I x = IW sec . + IPlate I x W sec . = 1330 + 22.3 (12.46 9.1) = 1581.76 in 4
2
I x Plate =
12 13 2 + 12 (18.7 12.46 ) = 468.25 in 4 12 I x = 1581.76 + 468.25 = 2050.0 in 4
b)
rx = Ix = A
2050 = 59.77 in = 7.73 in 22.3 + 12
c)
Stop = Ix 2050 = = 304.15 in 3 ctop 19.2 12.46 Ix cbottom
Sbottom =
2050 = 164.53 in 3 12.46
Table 7. Summary of the calculation around x-axis

Shape/ Size
yi A iyi
2
Item Units 1 2
Area, Ai in2
Io in4 0.125 1330.0
yi in 18.7 9.1
Aiyi in3 224.4 202.9
Io + A i y i
in 6.24 -3.36
in4 467.25 251.76
in4 467.375 1581.760
Rectangle 12 x 1 W 18 x 76
12.0 22.3
Total
34.3
1330.13
427.3
719.01
2049.135
y =
A y A
i i
427.3 =12.46 in 34.3
I=
(I
+ A i yi
)=
2049.135 in
79

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