FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPARATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENRATION OF POWER

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
This is an innovative machine which is an ideal equipment used to separate the seedpods of chickpeas from its plant easily and generate power. The machine has a character of compact structure and simple operating mechanism with good performance. The mechanism is operated manually. This machine assemblage contains gray cast iron body, blower, paddle, scraper and dynamo.

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Marketing channel for trading green chickpeas

VILLAGE TRADERS

FARMERS

NFED

APMC

PRIMARY TRADERS

SECONDARY TRADERS

WHOLE SALERS

MILLERS

SEMI MILLERS

RETAILERS

CONSUMERS

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Figure-1. Marketing channel of green chick peas 1.1 Introduction for chickpeas
Green chickpeas (Chana) an important pulse crop in India, belong to Leguminosae Family, and are also known as garbanzo beans. Chana is a rich source of high-quality protein. Chana is broadly divided into two categories Kabuli and Desi -- according to the colour, seed size and taste. Chana or Chickpea is a major pulse crop in the Indian subcontinent and several other countries. Chana is used as an edible seed as well as making flour.

Figure-2 Green Chickpeas Plant

Figure-3 Seedpods
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1.2 Origin
There are two commercial types of Chana, Desi and Kabuli, which are divided according to seed size and geographic origin. The Kabuli types have a large seed and are of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin. The Desi types, the main variety of India, has a smaller seed and is of Indian origin. Desi chana accounts for about 85% of world production, while Kabuli Chana accounts for 15% of production.

1.3 Climate requirements

As chickpea has a deep tap root which enhances its capacity to stand drought conditions, it is usually suited to those areas having relatively cooler climatic conditions and a low level of rainfall. It yields best when grown on sandy, loam soils having an appropiate drainage system as this crop is sensitive to the excess water availability and a lack of such system can hamper the yield levels. The production of chickpea or chana is also affected in excessive cold conditions.

1.4 Seasonality in India

Chickpea is seeded in the months of September to November in India and that is why it is comes under the category of rabi crops. In US, this crop is planted around mid April. The maturity period of desi type chickpea is 95-105 days and of Kabuli type chickpea is 100-110 days. Harvesting of the plant is done when its leaves start drying and shedding off and can be done directly or with the help of a harvester. In India, it is harvested in February, March and April Table-1 seasoning of green chickpeas plant

Nov

Dec

Jan Harvesting
Table-1

Feb Market arrival

Sowing

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1.5 Major Green chickpeas producing states

Green chickpeas are grown in the dry areas of the country as they are best suited for its production. Chickpea producing states in India are: Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh produces the major share of around 40% in the Indian production of around 6 million tons. Rajasthan 22%, Uttar Pradesh 12%, Maharashtra 10%,Andraapradesh 5% and Karnataka 5%. Since 1990, a rise in the productivity of chickpea in India has been observed from 614 kg per hectare to 735 kg per hectare.

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CHAPTER 2
MECHANISM

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PEDDLING MECHANISM

FIG -4 peddling mechanism

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2.1 Peddling mechanism

A pedal mechanism for device is a supported member fixed and mounted on a support plate extending horizontally between legs of a machine table. A pedal mounting base is mounted adjacent to the support plate, a foot operated pedal being mounted on the pedal mounting base, the pedal transmitting an operation signal to a machine controller when the pedal is pressed down and an articulated linkage mechanism for connecting the support member and the pedal mounting base in such a manner that the linkage mechanism can be angularly moved so as to move the pedal mounting base between an operating position and a non-operating position while maintaining the base in a horizontal condition ,so that the pedal mounting base can be placed on the support plate. A pedal mechanism for a device is a support member fixedly mounted on a support plate extending horizontally between legs machine table. A pedal mounting base mounted adjacent to said support plate, a foot-operated pedal being mounted on said pedal mounting base, said pedal transmitting an operation signal to a sewing machine controller when said pedal is pressed down. A pair of connecting members for connecting said support member and said pedal mounting base, said connecting members being attached to sides of said pedal mounting base which are perpendicular to said support plate, so as to move said pedal mounting base upward and downward while maintaining said base in a horizontal condition, so that said pedal mounting base can be placed on said support plate. A pedal mechanism in which said pair of connecting members comprises a linkage mechanism. A pedal mechanism in which when said pair of connecting members rotates said pedal mounting base counterclockwise, said pedal mounting base is moved from a lower position through an uppermost position continuing rotating counterclockwise and downward to a retracted position below said uppermost position, said pedal mounting base being placed on said support plate in said retracted position.

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A pedal mechanism in which said pedal mounting base is angularly moved upward to be placed on said support plate at a higher position in a path of angular movement of said pedal mounting base.

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BALL BEARING

Fig-5 Ball bearing with housing

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2.2 Ball bearings

Ball bearings, as shown below, are probably the most common type of bearing. They are found in everything from inline skates to hard drives. These bearings can handle both radial and thrust loads, and are usually found in applications where the load is relatively small.

FIG-6 Cut away view of a ball bearing

In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball, and from the ball to the inner race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very small point, which helps it spin very smoothly. But it also means that there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform or squish, ruining the bearing. The ball bearing we used is of inner dia 10mm and outer 35mm

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PULLEY

Fig-7 Pulley

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2.3.1 Types of pulley systems

FIg-8 Fixed

pulley

FIG -9 Movable

pulley

These are different types of pulley systems:

Fixed pulley has a fixed axle. That is, the axle is "fixed" or anchored in place. A fixed

pulley is used to change the direction of the force on a rope (called a belt). A fixed pulley has a mechanical. The advantage of this pulley is a mechanical advantage of one means that the force is equal on both sides of the pulley and there is no multiplication of force.

Movable pulley has a free axle. That is, the axle is "free" to move in space. A movable

pulley is used to multiply forces. A movable pulley has a mechanical advantage that is, if one end of the rope is anchored, pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a doubled force to the object attached to the pulley.

Compound pulley is a combination of a fixed and a movable pulley system. Block and

tackle - A block and tackle is a type of compound pulley where several pulleys are mounted on each axle, further increasing the mechanical advantage. Block and tackles usually lift objects with a mechanical advantage greater than 2.

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2.3.2 How it works

A basic equation for a pulley: In equilibrium, the force F on the pulley axle is equal and opposite to the sum of the tensions in each line leaving the pulley, and these tensions are equal.

A simple pulley system - a single movable pulley lifting weight W. The tension in each line is W/2, yielding an advantage of 2.

Another simple pulley system similar to diagram 2, but in which the lifting force is redirected downward.

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2.4 CENTRIFUGAL FAN

Fig-10 Centrifugal Fan

A centrifugal fan (not to be confused with blowers) is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases with a very low increase in pressure. These fans increase the speed of air stream with the rotating impellers. They use the kinetic energy of the impellers or the rotating blade to increase the pressure of the air/gas stream which in turn moves them against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans accelerate air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90o) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. Centrifugal fan is a constant CFM device or a constant volume device, meaning that, at a constant fan speed, a centrifugal fan will pump a constant volume of air rather than a constant mass. This means that the air velocity in a system is fixed even though mass flow rate through the fan is not. The centrifugal fan is one of the most widely used fans. Centrifugal fans are by far the most prevalent type of fan used in the HVAC industry today. They are usually cheaper than axial fans and simpler in construction. In automotive industries, fans are used for cooling internal combustion engines. The fan derives its energy from the power generated by the engine. It is used in transporting gas or materials and in ventilation system for buildings. They are also used
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commonly in central heating/cooling systems. They are also well-suited for industrial processes and air pollution control systems. When one fan cant afford the necessary flow and pressure, the fans must be run in series two or more, in order to achieve the goal. The pressure of the centrifugal fan is high, so it is widely used in the production and has high using frequency, the centrifugal fans in series are often applied in practical production. According to the relevant statistics, fan power consumption accounting for 12% of the total electricity consumption. It has a fan wheel composed of a number of fan blades, or ribs, mounted around a hub. The hub turns on a drive shaft that passes through the fan housing. The gas enters from the side of the fan wheel, turns 90 degrees and accelerates due to centrifugal force as it flows over the fan blades and exits the fan housing. The centrifugal fan was invented by Russian military engineer Alexander Sablukov in 1832, and found its usage both in the Russian light industry (such as sugar making) and abroad.

2.4.1 Principle of Working

The centrifugal fan uses the centrifugal power generated from the rotation of impellers to increase the pressure of air/gases. When the impellers rotate, the gas near the impellers is thrown-off from the impellers due to the centrifugal force and then moves into the fan casing. As a result the gas pressure in the fan casing is increased. The gas is then guided to the exit via outlet ducts. After the gas is thrown-off, the gas pressure in the middle region of the impellers decreases. The gas from the impeller eye rushes in to normalize this pressure. This cycle repeats and therefore the gas can be continuously transferred.

2.4.2 Difference between fans and blowers

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The property that distinguishes a centrifugal fan from a blower is the pressure ratio it can achieve. A blower in general can produce higher pressure ratio. As per American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the specific ratio - the ratio of the discharge pressure over the suction pressure is used for defining the fans and blowers.
Table-2 Differences between fans and blowers

Equipment
Fans Blowers

Pressure ratio
Upto 1.1 1.1 to 1.2

Pressure (mm Hg)

1136 1136-2066

rise

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2.5 Dynamo
A dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power), originally another name for anelectrical generator, generally means a generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (hollow state or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic.

The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current throughFaraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because
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the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

2.6 Scarper blade

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Fig-11 Scraper blade with holders

The scraper blade is made of mild steel where the blade is supported with height adjustable supporters. The function of scraper blade has a vital role in separation of green chick peas pods from leaves etc. The green chick peas plant is placed between the scarper blade and the clearance is adjusted accordingly to the type. The plant is dragged between the blade at the base, and plant is scrapped of pods and leaves by the scraper.

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CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS USED AND MATERIAL COST

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3. MATERIALS USED
MILD STEEL ALUMINIUM SHEETS LEATHER BELT HARDENED STEEL(HS) WOODEN PLANK CAST IRON FRAME

3.1 MATERIAL COST

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Cost In Sl,N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Frame Shaft-12.5*510mm scraper blade0.5*2*9mm Scraper holder25*30*250mm Leather Belt Ball bearings-ID10 OD35mm Bearing house51*26(2nos) Table top24*360*1152mm Centrifugal fan Pulley-32*24mm Fan housing Aluminium channel Dynamo, battery, LED lamp and FM radio 14
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Component

Material Cast Iron EN 24 HS MS Leather

Rs 1100 80 100 60 20 60

MS Wood MS SS Plastic Aluminium

100 150 600 60 80 80 1650

Machining cost TOTAL COST

500 4640
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Table no - 3 Material cost

When the machine is produced on mass scale, the cost may be reduced to 1500Rs to 2000Rs.

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CHAPTER 4 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

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Fig-12 Chickpea Pods Separator and Power Generation Machine

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Fig-13 Front view of machine

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Fig-14 Side view of machine

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Fig-15 Battery

Fig-16 Radio

Fig-17 light

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Fig-18 Chickpea Pods Separator and Power Generation Machine

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FABRICATION
The fabrication of the machine involves the alignment of peddle assembly. The peddle assembly is a combination of all simple mechanism with rotating flywheel which plays vital role during operation process. The whole assembly is mounted on supporting beam made up of mild steel above this there is a wooden plank fixed to the frame. From the supporting beam of pedaling mechanism, shaft assembly is placed laterally with the help of bolt and nut. The cam shaft assembly is a combination of ball bearing, cam, movable pulley aligned on bright steel shaft precisely. The pulley is placed right side of the ball bearing with the distance of 20 mm where it aligns exactly with flywheel in order to have smooth flow of circular motion with the help of rubber chord. The wooden plank fixed above the metal frame, is attached with scraper blade with adjustable holders. Battery, LED lamp and radio are placed on top of the wooden plank.

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Assembly
1.The frame is assembled with the help of screws. 2 Whole assemblies is placed on four wheels, this forms the frame unit. 3 Cam shaft assemblies are fixed above the fly wheel. 4 Pulley and the fly wheel is connected through leather belt 5 Scraper blade and adjustable holder are fixed to the wooden plank with the help of nuts and bolts. 6 Centrifugal fan is attached at the middle of the shaft and dynamo is attached on the right side. 7 Whole assemblies are fixed on a wheel.

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CHAPTER 5 OPERATION OF MACHINE

OPERATION OF MACHINE

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Green chickpeas seed pod is separated using a simple mechanism with the help of scraper blade, peddling motion and centrifugal fan.This separator machine is an innovative machine It is an ideal equipment used to separate the seedpods of chickpeas from its plant easily. The machine has a character of compact structure and simple operating mechanism with good performance. The mechanism is operated manually. This separator machine assemblage contains gray cast iron body, air blower, peddle and scraper. Green chickpeas pods are separated by using a blade where it is placed precisely engineered position. The plant is held the other side of the scraper and is being pulled manually resulting the seed pod seperation from the plant .Later the separated seedpod along with foreign materials such as dirt leaves etc are sieved by using blower which separates completely Where the cleaned, separated seedpods collected in a container kept below the screen. Shaft which is used to run the centrifugal fan has dynamo attached on the other side. Hence, dynamo generates the energy which is stored in the battery. The energy from the battery is used to light the LED bulb, play FM radio, etc.

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CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

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ADVANTAGES

After separating seed pod of green chickpeas from plant, the leaves, branches and roots etc left can be used as manure which is good for farm land, otherwise it would have gone as waste. Value addition to produce. The transporting cost is minimized as only packaged pods are being shipped, instead of a whole plant. Enhancing the annual income of farmers. Easy to operate. Maintenance cost is low. Makes life comfortable with light. User friendly and portable.

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APPLICATIONS With the fabricated machine we can successfully separate the seedpods of green chickpeas from its plant and generate power.

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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

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Conclusion

Our project FABRICATION OF A MACHINE FOR SEPERATING SEEDPODS OF CHICKPEA FROM ITS PLANT AND GENERATION OF POWER is successfully working.

This is designed with simple mechanism. Which is designed with very low cost and with simple mechanism.

Fabricated at a very nominal cost. Simple operation mechanism.

Zero maintenance cost. Manually operated without usage of other energy sources.

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CHAPTER 8 BIBILOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] www.digitalbook.com [2]www.indianinstituteofpulsesresearch.com [3]www.iipr.res.in [4]www.metalmesh.com.au [5]www.cigrjournal.org [6]principle of farm machinery by R.A.kepner,Roy Bainer& E.L.Berger Page 54-63 [7]Farm machines & equipments by C.P.Nakra Vol-1 Page 184 [8] Elements of agricultural Engineering Part-1&Part-2 by Dr.O.P.Singhal& Naresh Aggarwal Page 9-25

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