Ferromagnetic resonance in ferrite nanoparticles with uniaxial surface anisotropy

V. P. Shilov, J.-C. Bacri, F. Gazeau, F. Gendron, R. Perzynski et al. Citation: J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6642 (1999); doi: 10.1063/1.370173 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370173 View Table of Contents: http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/JAPIAU/v85/i9 Published by the American Institute of Physics.

Related Articles
Quantum levitation of a thin magnetodielectric plate on a metallic plate using the repulsive Casimir force J. Appl. Phys. 111, 074304 (2012) Investigation of low loss Z-type hexaferrites for antenna applications J. Appl. Phys. 111, 063921 (2012) An analysis of Mn-Zn ferrite microstructure by impedance spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectrometry characterizations J. Appl. Phys. 111, 053928 (2012) Magnetic behavior of Ni and Co doped CuMn2O4 spinels J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07E149 (2012) Large reversible magnetocaloric effect in TmTiO3 single crystal J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07A925 (2012)

Additional information on J. Appl. Phys.

Journal Homepage: http://jap.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://jap.aip.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://jap.aip.org/features/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://jap.aip.org/authors

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS

VOLUME 85, NUMBER 9

1 MAY 1999

Ferromagnetic resonance in ferrite nanoparticles with uniaxial surface anisotropy

V. P. Shilov
Laboratory of Complex Fluids, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, 614013, Perm, Russia and Laboratoire MDH, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 13, case 78, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, France

J.-C. Bacri, F. Gazeau, F. Gendron, and R. Perzynski

Laboratoire MDH, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 13, case 78, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05, France

Yu. L. Raikhera)
Laboratory of Complex Fluids, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, 614013, Perm, Russia

Received 27 April 1998; accepted for publication 14 January 1999 Magnetization oscillations in a single-domain spherical ferromagnetic particle with uniaxial surface and bulk anisotropies are studied. In a linear approximation we consider a weakly nonuniform precession mode and derive the dispersion relationships for the cases of the applied eld either parallel or normal to the particle easy axis. It is shown that in both situations the surface can produce a considerable shift of the precession frequency as observed with the conventional ferromagnetic resonance FMR technique. The data obtained for ne particle assemblies frozen magnetic uids based on -Fe2O3 nanosize grains support the conclusion. Moreover, in the systems under study the surface anisotropy contribution to the FMR resonance eld appears to entirely dominate the bulk one. 1999 American Institute of Physics. S0021-8979 99 03508-2

I. INTRODUCTION

w A r,e
1

K V en

1/2 H a I en 2 ,

In the middle of 1950s Brown shaped up the concept of micromagnetism and derived the pertinent equations. The objective of this theory is to nd the spatial distribution of the magnetization vector I r inside a given ferromagnetic particle, the absolute value I depending only on temperature. Since micromagnetism always deals with nite samples, the type of boundary condition imposed on the magnetization vector at the particle surface is of crucial importance. The most commonly used one reads e N e 0, 1

where n is the unit vector of the easy axis, and K V is the bulk anisotropy constant that denes the internal anisotropy eld as H a 2K V /I. Expression 1 does not take into account the nonequivalence of the states of spins on the surface and inside the bulk. Neel2 after having analyzed this problem, proposed to add to the free energy a new term fs

* K s eN 2 ,

where N is the vector of the external normal to the particle surface and e I/I is the unit vector of magnetization. Equation 1 is a direct consequence of the formal minimization of the free energy functional of a particle written as F
V

f dV,

IeH

I2

w A r,e

1/2IeH . 2

Here H is the external eld, is the nonuniform exchange parameter, w A (r,e) is the volume density of the effective magnetic anisotropy, and H is the demagnetizing eld. The four terms of Eq. 2 are, respectively, the Zeeman energy, the nonuniform exchange, the effective magnetic anisotropy, and the magnetostatic contribution. The bulk anisotropy term in Eq. 2 reects the symmetry of the crystal lattice; further on we take it in a uniaxial form
a

Electronic mail: raikher@icmm.ru 6642

* where K s is the surface anisotropy density. The form of the expression stems from the rotational invariance of both the magnetodipolar interaction and the exchange interaction. In formula 4 the anisotropy axis is local and coincides with the normal N to the particle surface. Due to that, the surface energy term depends strongly on the details of the particle shape and thus lacks any global symmetry. For any particle shape, different from a thin platelet, the Neel anisotropy leads to huge calculational difculties. As far as we know, Eq. 4 was never used in three-dimensional 3D problems. Even for two-dimensional 2D problems the analysis is rather laborious.3 Besides, as mentioned in Ref. 4, until now * there are no trustworthy estimations for the parameter K s . In late 1980s Aharoni4,5 has introduced a model where the main part in the surface anisotropy arises from a contribution of a crystallographic origin, emerging to the particle surface from inside the bulk. A considerable distortion of the spin-orbit coupling must occur, and the symmetry of the surface anisotropy is reduced with respect to that of the bulk. In what follows we consider a simple case of this model: both anisotropies, surface and bulk, are uniaxial and
1999 American Institute of Physics

0021-8979/99/85(9)/6642/6/$15.00

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions

J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 9, 1 May 1999

Shilov et al.

6643

coincide by their axes. However, the corresponding effective constants might differ signicantly. Retaining expression 3 for the bulk contribution, for the Aharoni surface anisotropy density we set fs K s en
2

II. FREE OSCILLATIONS OF THE MAGNETIC MOMENT

cf. Eq. 4 where now n is the unit vector of the common easy axis of the bulk and the surface. Note that formally the same relation was proposed by Neel in Ref. 2. However, there the magnetic material was assumed to be isotropic and n had the meaning of the direction of the major axis of a nonspherical particle. Minimizing the volume free energy integral in Eq. 2 together with the integral of the surface term in Eq. 5 , one gets for the equilibrium distribution of magnetization in the volume of the particle the conventional equation,1 whereas the boundary condition imposed by the Aharoni anisotropy reads N e Ks / I
2

Let a constant magnetic eld H0 be applied to a particle whose anisotropy is a combination of two uniaxial contributions, volume and surface, with the same direction n of the easy axis. After H0 is turned on, the coupled volume and surface spins systems evolve towards equilibrium. The latter is characterized by a stationary spatial distribution e0 (r) of the magnetization orientation. Function e0 (r) is always uniform under the boundary condition 7 and in strong elds under the condition 8 .
A. The easy axis parallel to the external eld

To describe the particle magnetodynamics, we use the LandauLifshitz equation11 de dt e Heff e e Heff , 9

en

en e n .

where the effective eld inside the particle is dened as Heff H0 2 I

2

These equations show that in the absence of an external eld the magnetization is uniform and directed along the easy axis, i.e., the particle is single domain. Any eld H applied under an arbitrary angle with respect to n breaks this uniformity. However, there are two cases where the eld does not destroy a single-domain state. Namely, H being either parallel to the easy axis, or perpendicular to it and strong enough (H H a ). In those cases the uniform magnetization e0 coinciding with the direction of the eld H turns the right-hand side of Eq. 6 into identical zero thus ensuring the absence of gradients. When applied to a perturbation e (e e0 ) around the equilibrium state, Eq. 6 yields N N e e Ks / I2 e for H n, for H n. 7 8

e H a en n

10

Here is the gyromagnetic ratio, the precession damping parameter. Note that in Eq. 10 the demagnetizing eld H i is presented in the form , i.e., in terms of the internal i magnetostatic potential . We set the z axis of the coordinate framework along the equilibrium magnetization. Then, the main vectors of the problem write e0 0,0,1 , n 0,0,1 , H0 0,0,H 0 . 11 Due to the normalizing condition e2 1, small perturbations of the dimensionless magnetization e are transversal, i.e., they consist only of x and y components. We denote them as e x and e y and, aiming on the study of the precession motion, present in the oscillatory form e x ,e y exp i t . 12

Ks / I2 n e n

Note that unlike Eq. 7 , whose coefcients are isotropic, Eq. 8 is of a tensorial kind and renders different boundary conditions for the projections of the perturbation vector e with respect to the anisotropy axis n. The Aharoni model of the surface anisotropy presented by relationships in Eq. 5 and 6 8 , turns out to be very helpful when establishing quantitative agreement between theory and experiment on ultradispersed magneticssee examples in Refs. 68. We adopt it here to study the magnetization oscillations in ne particles in the presence of an external eld for the cases H n and H n. Of those two, the conguration H n has been once considered9 and recently revisited10 by Aharoni himself. However, in both articles the author was concerned only with the essentially nonuniform spin-wave resonances thus letting alone the oscillation of the lowest level, i.e., a quasiuniform precession. Due to that, the theory given in Refs. 9 and 10 is not feasible for interpretation of the ferromagnetic resonance FMR measurements done with a conventional technique. In the present article we extend the study to the case of the quasiuniform mode. In particular, we prove that in the long-wave limit the surface contribution to the resonance eld scales with the particle size as 1/R and show a simple way to evaluate the surface anisotropy constant K s from the FMR data.

Since Eq. 9 incorporates a relaxation term, the oscillation frequency is supposed to be complex. Substituting Eqs. 10 and 11 in Eq. 9 and taking into account Eq. 12 , one arrives at the set of equations i / ex
i y

2 I

Hz ey
i x,

2 I

Hz ex 13

i /

ey
i

2 I
x

Hz ex
i y

2 I

Hz ey

with H z H 0 H a 4 I/3. 14

Note that when deriving the set in Eq. 13 we have split the magnetostatic potential into two parts. The rst is the equilibrium term i (4 I/3)(e0 r). It corresponds to a sphere uniformly magnetized along its z axis and yields the demagi ) z 4 I/3 that enters Eq. 14 . The other netizing eld ( i is induced by the part of the magnetostatic potential perturbed magnetization; the corresponding contributions are placed in the right-hand sides of Eq. 13 .

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions

6644

J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 9, 1 May 1999

Shilov et al.

In Ref. 10 Aharoni has shown that a considerable simplication of the equations governing the magnetization perturbations is achieved, if the Cartesian projections of vector e are treated as the functions of the coordinates r, and dened in the spherical framework where z is the polar axis. Denoting / , 15 * here H according to formula 12 is assumed to be com* plex , we introduce the following dimensionless variables ,y x x/R,y/R; H H/I; /IR. 16 q R 2 /2 , H

smooth, i.e., the corresponding dimensionless wavevector k 1. We remark that the solutions of Eqs. 29 and 47 , which we obtain below, comply with this condition. In the chosen units, the boundary conditions for magnetization perturbations are imposed at the surface of a unit sphere, i.e., at r 1, and write ex r pe x 0, ey r pe y 0, 20

where the parameter p K s R/ I 2 21

Rearranging the set in Eq. 13 with the aid of notations in Eqs. 15 and 16 one gets
2

qH z e y q
i y

iqH q iqH
i x

ex
i x,

qH z e x 17

qH z e x q

ey
i y

qH z e y

where the overbars at the dimensionless values are omitted. This set of equations must be solved compatibly with the magnetostatic equations
2 i

sin cos r 1 r sin

e x cos e x cos

e y sin e y sin e x cos ey ,

18

sin

renders the ratio of the reference value of the particle surface energy to that of the exchange energy increment produced by the distortion of the volume magnetization. If to rewrite the denition of Eq. 21 as p R/b, then the distance b I 2 /K s , similarly to how it is done12 for the director of liquid crystals, may be called the extrapolation length for magnetization. The ratio of the size of the sample particle to the extrapolation length effectively measures the rigidity of the boundary condition. At (R/b) 1 the spatial distortions are conned at the particle surface so that the magnetization in the bulk of the particle is virtually uniform. In a dynamic case this yields the long-wave exchange modes. Conversely, at (R/b) 1, the motion is of a short-wave type. The uniform rotation the Larmor precession takes place in the p R/b0 limit. According to Ref. 13 in the theory of 2/b was dubbed the magnetic resonance the quantity magnetization pinning parameter. To solve Eq. 19 , we expand the magnetic moment perturbation into the set of orthogonal functions e x A exp im e y B exp im P m cos l P m cos l j l kr , 22 j l kr ,

0,

e is the perturbed magnetostatic potential outside where the particle. Qualitatively, in the set in Eq. 17 the left-hand parts describe the motion of the magnetic moment perturbations on the background of a nonperturbed internal eld, while the right-hand parts render the dynamic contributions to the demagnetizing eld induced by moving e x and e y . Since the sample is spherical, one can present the magnetostatic terms in Eqs. 17 and 18 with the aid of the effective demagnetizing tensor N0 Nloc(r), where N0 is the usual isotropic expression for a sphere and Nloc is a local correction whose principal axes rotate depending on the position of a point inside the particle. Obviously, for a general case such a tensor cannot be diagnoalized, and all its components must enter the right-hand sides of Eq. 17 . However, with linear i accuracy in perturbations of e Eq. 18 gives ( ) x,y (4 /3)e x,y that means approximate diagonality of Nloc in the chosen coordinate framework. Then the set in Eq. 17 transforms into 2 2

where P m are associated Legendre polynomials and j l are l spherical Bessel functions. Given that, the boundary conditions 20 transform into d j kr dr l p j l kr
r 1

0.

23

qH z e y iqH e x

2 2

qH z e x 0, 19 qH z e y 0,

In a standard experiment on FMR, the magnetization oscillates in response to a linearly polarized radio-frequency eld that is perpendicular to the constant one. Since the Cartesian projections of the probing eld do not depend on the spherical coordinates, in terms of expansion in Eq. 22 it is characterized by zero meridian and azimuth numbers, i.e., l 0 and m 0. We impose the same symmetry conditions on the analyzed response signal, thus restricting ourselves by consideration of the uniform precession. Of all the possible solutions, it is the one with the maximum intensity and lowest frequency. Substituting Eq. 22 in Eq. 19 with allowance for the chosen symmetry l 0, m 0 one gets k 2 qH z B iqH A

qH z e x iqH e y

with H z H 0 H a . In fact, the reduction of Eqs. 17 to 19 implies also that the spatial perturbations are sufciently

* *

k 2 qH z A 0, k 2 qH z B 0. 24

k 2 qH z A iqH B

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions

J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 9, 1 May 1999

Shilov et al.

6645

In order that a nontrivial solution existed, the determinant of the set in Eq. 24 must equal zero. Neglecting the terms, which are quadratic in the damping parameter , one nds the dispersion relationship 2i qH k 2 qH z k 2 qH z 2 . 25 * * It shows that in the presence of surface spin pinning the nonequilibrium magnetization, being spherically symmetrical, is modulated with respect to the particle radius. The spatial scale for e(t) is to be determined from the boundary condition 23 . The calculation simplies in the long-wave limit k 1. Expanding the spherical Bessel function j 0 (kr) in a power series and substituting it in Eq. 22 we nd 2 3p. k 26 q 2H 2

external eld is perpendicular to the particle easy axis n and we demand that the eld strength is greater than the internal anisotropy eld, i.e., H 0 H a . Under this circumstance, the magnetization has11 a single state of stable equilibrium: e0 H0 n. In the same coordinate framework as in Sec. II A, the main vectors write e0 0,0,1 , n n x ,n y ,0 , H 0,0,H 0 . 33

Since expression 8 yields different boundary conditions for different projections of e it is convenient to transform the perturbation vector from the laboratory set to the one, where the abscissa axis points along the easy axis of the particle. Then one has ex ey nx ny ny nx e e , 34

The explicit expressions for the components of the dynamic magnetization following from Eq. 22 are ex t ey t C 1 1 3pr exp i t , C 2 1 3pr 2 exp i t , 27 2

where e and e are the components of e along and across the easy axis, respectively. To expand the perturbations in Eq. 34 , we use the series e e A exp im B exp im P m cos l Pm l cos j l k 1r , j l k 2r , 35

where the amplitudes C 1 and C 2 are determined by the initial perturbation, and we have returned to overbars to remind that all the formulas 17 27 are written in the dimensionless units in Eq. 16 . From Eq. 27 , for the magnetic conguration in question (e0 H0 n), the amplitude of the magnetic oscillations is maximum at the center of the particle. When approaching the surface, both oscillating components reduce coherently. Eliminating the wavevector k from relation 25 with the aid of Eq. 26 and going back through relation 16 to the dimensional quantities, one obtains the equation to determine the complex frequency . It reads / Here H ex 2 Ik 2 /R 2 6K s /IR 29
2

similar to Eq. 22 , but this time containing two independent wave vectors. Following the scheme of the preceding calculation, for the mode of interest l 0, m 0 , one obtains the amplitude equations k 2 qH 0 qH a A 1 * 2 k 1 qH 0 qH a A iqH * where at the particle surface iqH d j k r dr 0 1 p j 0 k 1r
r 1

k 2 qH 0 B 0, 2 k 2 qH 0 B 0, 2 36

2i

H ex H 0 H a

H ex H 0 H a 2 . 28

0,

d j k r dr 0 2

0.
r 1

37

is the effective intrinsic eld caused by the magnetization nonuniformity. On solving Eq. 28 , one gets 1 i H 0 H a 6K s /IR , 30

The existence condition for a nontrivial solution of the set in Eq. 36 yields the dispersion relationship for the perturbations. After linearization with respect to , it takes the form q 2H 2

i qH k2 1

k 2 k 2 2qH 0 qH a * 1 2 qH 0 qH a k 2 qH 0 . 2

38

that readily splits yielding the precession frequency and the relaxation time as Re Im
1

H 0 H a 6K s /IR ,
1

H 0 H a 6K s /IR

31

From the boundary conditions 37 with allowance for the smallness of kr, i.e., taking into account only the longwave perturbations, for the dimensionless wave numbers one nds 2 k1 3 p, 2 0. k2 39

Formulas 30 and 31 show that in the presence of a uniaxial surface anisotropy the eigenfrequency of the particle magnetic moment is higher than that predicted by the models which assume the standard boundary condition 1 . The corresponding frequency decrement is size dependent and reads 6 K s /IR. 32

The negativity of the squared k 1 points out to the fact that expansion of Eq. 35 is constructed of spherical Bessel functions of an imaginary argument. Substituting Eq. 39 in Eq. 38 and getting back to the dimensional units, we arrive at the equation /
2

2i

H 0 1/2 H ex H a 0, 40

B. The easy axis is perpendicular to the external eld

H 0 H 0 H ex H a

Let us consider now the dynamics of magnetization in a particle with the boundary condition 8 . In this case the

that connects the complex frequency with the effective magnetic eld. Note that the exchange term is now negative:

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions

6646

J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 9, 1 May 1999

Shilov et al.

H ex 2 Ik 2 /R 2 1

6K s /IR.

41

For the considered case of a strong external eld (H a /H 0 1), Eq. 40 may be rearranged to /
2

H 0 1/2 H ex H a /

2i

H 0 1/2 H ex H a

0.

42

This representation makes a direct link to the conventional description of FMR. Indeed, for a system under harmonic excitation, the left-hand parts of Eqs. 41 or 42 must become the denominator in the expression for the dynamic susceptibility. In Eq. 42 this denominator is shaped up to the structure of that of a standard resonance Lorentzian. Solving Eqs. 40 or 42 in the small approximation, one gets 1 i H 1/2 H a 6K s /IR , H 1/2 H a 6K s /IR ,
1 1

43

and for the precession frequency and relaxation time Re Im 44

H 1/2 H a 6K s /IR

Using the solution obtained to write down the components of the nonequilibrium magnetization, one nds ex t C 1 1 3pr 2 exp i t , ey t C 2 exp i t 45

cf. Eq. 27 . Thus, when the surface easy axis here, Ox is perpendicular to the imposed eld, the effect of the magnetization pinning results in an enhancement of perturbations along this axis, and does not affect those which are perpendicular to it.
III. DISCUSSION

fore, combining both internal and external rotations, the system of magnetic particles reaches the conguration of the lowest possible energy. As soon as the transient process is over, the liquid matrix of the magnetic suspension is solidied in our case, frozen and the external eld is switched off. Entrapment of the particles by freezing, makes the sample to memorize the strength and direction of the eld, under which it has been prepared. This memory is stored in the distribution of the anisotropy axes, i.e., in the orientational texture. Unlike usual magnetic memory, this one can be erased only by a new change of the aggregate state of the sample, e.g., melting it. Let a series of samples differing in the particle mean size be prepared, and let a set of FMR measurements be performed on them by imposing the magnetizing eld both along and across the existing orientational texture. From the results, one can deduce the volume and surface contributions by comparing the actual resonance eld H res with the reference eld 0 / , where 0 is the spectrometer frequency that is constant for a given setup. This scheme was realized in the experiments.6,14 For our consideration we take the results obtained at 3.5 K, where the inuence of superparamagnetism on the recorded spectra is minimal. In Refs. 6 and 14, the spectra were measured by a standard scheme, i.e., on a spectrometer with the xed excitation frequency 0 /2 9.3 GHz under the variation of the magnetizing eld. In such a situation the strength of the eld at which absorption is maximum resonance is H res 0
0/

6K s /RI H a ,

46

According to formulas 31 and 44 , the difference in the precession frequencies depends on the particles axis orientation with respect to the external eld and contains two contributionsthe volumic one, proportional to K V , and the surface one, proportional to K s . The volumic term is standard and may be considered, see Eq. 10 , as a uniform intrinsic eld H a whatever the particle size. The surface effect is not included explicitly in Eq. 10 . However, in the above we have shown that a weak surface pinning affects the magnetization eigenfrequency of a given particle as if one more uniform intrinsic eld were present. The strength of this eld depends on the particle size and is the greater the smaller the particle. For the eld-induced oscillations this means that a dimensional effect must be present in the FMR spectra. To check this, we use the data6 obtained on solidied magnetic uids containing size sorted maghemite ( -Fe2O3 ) nanoparticles. The samples were prepared as follows. Constant eld H is imposed on the system while the carrier matrix of the magnetic uid magnetic suspension is liquid. In response, the magnetic moment e of each particle performs an intrinsic rotation striving towards the conguration e H. Due to the magnetic anisotropy, this reorientation induces a torque imposed on the easy axis n and forcing the latter to follow e. Since the particles are able to mechanically rotate, the easy axis indeed moves towards the direction of e and H. There-

when the eld is parallel to the anisotropy axis, see Eq. 31 , and H res 90
0/

3K s /RI H a /2,

47

when the eld is perpendicular to the axis, see Eq. 44 . Subtracting Eqs. 46 and 47 and multiplying the result by 2/3, one gets 2/3 H res 90 H res 0 6K s /RI H a . 48

Therefore, plotting the experimental values of 2/3 H res(90) H res(0) against the argument 1/R, one should get an ascending line. Upon straightening it, the tangent coefcient yields the value 6K s /I whereas the extrapolation to the intersection with the ordinate axis yields the volume anisotropy eld H a . We carry out this test using the data of Ref. 6 on ve magnetic uid specimens textured under the static eld of 1 T. Their particle-size distributions were evaluated with the aid of static magnetic measurements and proved to be the lognormal ones with the most probable diameters d mp ranging from 4.8 to 10 nm and the width parameters between 0.1 and 0.2. The latter values, recalculated into dimensional units, we take as the errorbars along the abscissa axis. For the magnetization of the particles, as measured in Refs. 6 and 15, we set I 300 G, i.e., about 75% of that of the bulk 6 maghemite. Setting for estimations R 5 nm and

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions

J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 9, 1 May 1999

Shilov et al.

6647

10 2 erg/cm2 and H a 210 Oe. We remark that both values agree well with the estimation K s (2.7 0.1) 10 2 erg/cm2 obtained for the same samples in Refs. 14 and 17. Noteworthy, the found surface anisotropy constants satisfy well the long-wave approximation K s 1, thus ensuring the self-consistence of the carried out calculation. As it appears from the plot, with the given accuracy one cannot get any trustworthy evaluation for the bulk anisotropy parameter H a . In Fig. 1 the possible fan of lines, that the set of experimental points admitssee errorboxes drawn around the end pointsspans over quite a range of H a . However, the plots of Fig. 1 denitely support the conclusion that for the studied quasispherical gamma ferric oxide ne particles the bulk anisotropy eld is small anyway, and the dominating part is played by the surface term.
FIG. 1. Difference of resonance elds in magnetic uid samples orientationally textured under the eld 1 T as a function of the most probable particle diameter. Points are the FMR data taken at 3.5 K and corrected with respect to the imperfectness of texturation see Refs. 6 and 14 . Line 1 corresponds to formula 48 with H a 0 and K s 2.4 10 2 erg/cm2 ; for line 2 the tting procedure yields K s 2.8 10 2 erg/cm2 and H a 210 Oe.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by Le Reseau Formation Recherche 96P0079 of MENESRIP and by the Grant No. 96-0663 from INTAS.
W. F. Brown, Jr., Micromagnetics Wiley Interscience, New York, 1963 . L. Neel, J. Phys. Radium 15, 225 1954 . 3 L. Hua, J. E. L. Bishop, and J. W. Tucker, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 163, 285 1996 . 4 A. Aharoni, J. Appl. Phys. 61, 3302 1987 . 5 A. Aharoni, J. Appl. Phys. 64, 6434 1988 . 6 F. Gazeau, These, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 1997. 7 J.-L. Dormann, D. Fiorani, and E. Tronc, Adv. Chem. Phys. 98, 283 1997 . 8 E. Hasmonay, E. Dubois, J.-C. Bacri, R. Perzynski, Yu. L. Raikher, and V. I. Stepanov, Eur. Phys. J. B 5, 859 1998 . 9 A. Aharoni, J. Appl. Phys. 69, 7762 1991 . 10 A. Aharoni, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 830 1997 . 11 L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media Pergamon, Oxford, 1960 . 12 P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals Clarendon, Oxford, 1993 . 13 A. G. Gurevich, Magnetic Resonance in Ferrites and Antiferromagnets Nauka, Moscow, 1978 . 14 F. Gazeau, E. Dubois, J.-C. Bacri, F. Gendron, R. Perzynski, Yu. L. Raikher, and V. I. Stepanov, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Fine Particle Magnetism, Bangor, UK, 1996, edited by D. P. E. Dickson and S. A. Walton University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 1997 , p. 66. 15 J.-C. Bacri, R. Perzynski, D. Salin, V. Cabuil, and R. Massart, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 62, 36 1986 . 16 K. Zhang and D. R. Fredkin, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 5762 1996 . 17 F. Gazeau, E. Dubois, J.-C. Bacri, F. Gendron, R. Perzynski, Yu. L. Raikher, and V. I. Stepanov, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 186, 175 1998 .
2 1

10 12 cm2 see Ref. 16 , we nd that the above-adopted long-wave approximation K s R/ I 2 1 must hold at least for K s 1. An important remark should be made. As a matter of fact, in a magnetic uid there is no opportunity to achieve a perfect texturation. Indeed, the liquid matrix glycerol freezes around 200 K, that is rather a high temperature. Hence, the system is quenched still possessing a considerable extent of thermal disorientation of the particle anisotropy axes n. To be able to use formula 48 derived for the case of a perfect alignment of n, one has to strip off the real measurement data of the quenching factor. The appropriate procedure was proposed and carried out in Refs. 6 and 17. Therefore, the numbers, which are plotted as the experimental values of the right-hand side of Eq. 48 are not the direct FMR spectrogram readouts but the processed data. In Fig. 1 two variants of tting the experiment are shown. Line 1 corresponds to formula 48 with H a 0, and yields the Aharoni anisotropy constant K s 2.4 10 2 erg/cm2 . Line 2 corresponds to a two-parameter formula 48 , where the tting procedure yields K s 2.8

Downloaded 12 Apr 2012 to 14.139.60.97. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://jap.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions