Interlingue Occidental: Grammatica de Interlingue (English)

Grammatica de Interlingue in English

Dr. F. Haas Digitalis at de S. Belitzky ex edition de Interlingue-Servicie Winterthur (Svis s ia) 1956 Adaptet a HTML 4.01 de Sebas tian Hartwig (2009)

CONTENETE
Alphabet ( 1 2) Pronunciation ( 3 7) Accentuation ( 8 9) Ortografie ( 10 14) Articul ( 15 20) Subs tantive ( 21 28) Adjective ( 29 37) Pronmines ( 38 55) Numerales ( 56 64) Verb ( 65 87) Adverbies ( 88 98) Prepos itiones ( 99 103) Conjunctiones ( 104 106) Interjectiones ( 107) Sintax ( 108 117) Interpunction ( 118 123) Parolformation ( 124 143) A. Des inenties ( 125 126) B. Prefixes ( 127 130) C. Sufixes ( 131 142) D. Parol-Compos ition ( 143) Fras es s is tematic Li lingue vermen international

FPREWORD
This grammar is complete in the s ens e that it contains all es s ential rules us ed in the texts of Cos moglotta, the ocial organ of the Interlingue Union, and in the "Complet Curs e de Interlingue" (Complete Cours e of Interlingue) by A. Matejka. Moreover*, all decis ions by the Interlingue Academy are cons idered. In contras t to all national languages , one can s ay of Interlingue: Who applies the rules of this grammar and us es the proper (adequate) words , s peaks and writes Interlingue correctly He does not have to fear hearing: "Yes , I s ee no grammatical . errors in your letter, but no Englis h people would expres s their thoughts with thes e words or thes e s entence cons tructions !" And that cons titutes the great eas y of Interlingue: Each nation can expres s their thoughts in the frame of few grammatical rules in the accus tomed manner, and only needs to pay attention toward not us ing idiomatic expres s ions incomprehens ible to other nations through us ing certain words in another s ens e than the general one. But the grammatical rules are very s imple and without exceptions , s o that one can truly mas ter them in a very s hort time. In addition* a large part of the rules s imply confirm that the already-known rules in one's mother tongue work (avail) als o in Interlingue. One can therefore s ay without exaggeration, that Interlingue is much eas ier than the preceding international language projects and incomparably s impler than all national languages , even in s implied form. That works not only for comprehens ion, but als o for the s tudy and als o for the application of the language. Winterthur (Switzerland), October 1956.

The name Occidental of the international language created by Edgar von W ahl was in 1949 changed to the name Interlingue, without changing the language its elf, to avoid the political as pect of the name Occidental-Union.

ALPHABET
1. Interlingue is written through 26 latin letters : a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, I, m, n, o, p, q, r, s , t, u, v, w, x, y, z. 2. The alphabet is pronounced: a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, qu, er, es , te, u, ve, duplic ve, ix, yps ilon, zet.

PRONUNCIATION
3. The vowels are always clearly pronounced as follows : "a" as in F (French), or G (German), or S (Spanis h), or I (Italian), or E (Englis h): father. vas e, batte, batter. e open or clos ed, as GSI, E: bed, yes , F: or . pena, mens u, pelle, venir. i as FGSI, E: machine. nive, s ix, minute. o open or clos ed, as FGSI, A: door, hot. modic, pndere, porta, ponderar. u as GSI, A: rule, pull, F: ou; after q very s hort, almos t cons onantal (w). brun, mult, s udar, quar. y after a vowel, and in the beginning of a word or before a vowel is a cons onant, otherwis e a vowel. vocalic y is pronounced as Int (Interlingu) i. phys ica. Of two or multiple following vowels each is pronounced. Unaccented i and u before vowels and in the combinations au and eu (u likewis e a and e are s hort) is very s hort, almos t like a cons onant, and cannot form proper s yllables . len *, creatr, mdie, medicri, mdium, lngue, lingul, lngus tic, trotture, cude, neutrl, arcic, va, reve. * Illus trative s igns , not to be written: : long, : s hort. Als o, a s trict rule on the long or s hort, clos ed or open pronounciation of the vowels does not exis t. Pronounciations s imilar to FGSI are preferable. One who does not know s ome of thes e pronunciations can follow the indications in 4 as a recommendation, but not as a s trict or complete rule. 4. In general accented vowels are fairly long; but in front of a nal c, ch, x, or in front of s everal cons onants (excepting r or I with a preceding dierent cons onant), and in the s mall grammatical words , are s hort. Unaccented vowels are more or les s s hort. A, i, u always have a medial s onality quite dis tinct from other vowels . Accented e and o are clos ed, if they are long, and before m and n, open in all other cas es . Unaccented e and o are more or les s clos ed. marchr*, vidr, venr, s onri, cons tructr, cons tructin, chc, irc, depche, paradx, ptre, s plttre, cble, plle, dilmma, cmma, mnte, mnte, atcca, fs s e, trans prt, id, bur, cn, , li, m. *Illus trative s igns , not to be written: : long and clos ed, : s hort and clos ed, : s hort and open. 5. The cons onants are pronounced as follows : b, d, f, I, m, n, p as in EFGI, S (b = b in boca). bon, editer, fratre, long, matre, null, pede. Of doubled cons onants the s econd is pronounced only if it is pronounced differently from the firs t. acceptar, s ugges ter. c before e, i, y = ts , otherwis e as k. centre, reciver, cilindre, concert, acceptar, electric, electricit. ch F, A: s h, G: s ch, als o permitted A: ch, H: ch, but not recommended; before cons onantes as k. machine, marchar, chec; chloroform. g before e, i, y: EFI, G: s oft s ch as in geners , otherwis e EFGSI (gn as much as pos s ible g-n, not nye). gage, gigant, garage, gimnas tica, guvernar, gris i, s ugges tion, magnific. gh in s ome rare words before e, i, y as g before a. ghetto. h always as pirated as EG. hom, adherer. j as F, E: vis ion, G: s oft s ch as Journal, thus as Int g before e. jurnalis t, manjar, jokey. k e kh as hard c. kilogramm, Khedive. ph as f (in Greek words ). telephon. qu as k, always followed by a very s hort u: EGI, F and S with u. quar, aqua. r FGSI. radie, merce. rh as r (in Greek words ). rheumatis me. s s onorous between vowels , hard in all other cas es . cos e, pos ition, pos , es , ros es , altes s e, divers , s os pirar, pos ta. s s as

hard s . cas s e. s h, s ch as E: s h, F: ch, G: s ch (exis ts only in s ome words to cons erve the natural as pect). s hrapnell, s chema. t is s ibilant (as ts ) before ia, ie, io, iu, if there is no preceding s , otherwis e EFGSI. tolerantie, tentar, tentation, hos tie. th as t (in Greek words ). theos oph, lithograph. v as EFSI, G: w. venir, dever, nive. w is rare, as E, s hort Int: u. wes t. x hard or s oft, as EFG, S: examinar. examinar, extra. y cons onantal as E, F: yeux, G: j, S: ayus tar. yes , rayon, antey z s oft (ds ), if pos s ible, otherwis e hard (ts ). zer. zz hard (ts ). . plazza. 6. Experience proves that s mall variations in in pronunciation do not encumber comprehens ion. Becaus e of this it is permitted to pronounce the vocalic y as F: u, G: , qu as kw, ch as ts ch, j always g followed by e, i, y as dj. cylindre, quadre, marchar, chef, jurnal, gengive. Thos e with diculty in the pronunciation of certain combinations of nal cons onent with the initial cons onants of the following word can ins ert a s emimute E, but without writing it. 7. Foreign words are pronounced as clos e as pos s ible as in the language of origin. Champagne, cognac. STRESS 8. The primary s tres s is on the vowel before the las t cons onant, but not on the four s yllables bil, ic, im, ul, which take the accent on the preceding s yllable, even if this is bil, ic, im, ul. A s imple s and the two s yllables men and um at the end of the word do not change the s tres s of the preceding part of the word. If thos e rules are not applicable, one s tres s es the rs t vowel of the word. If the natural s tres s does not follow this rule, it is marked by a written accent (preferably as in , als o tolerated are or ). One can omit the written accent, except on final vowels , or als o us e it in other cas es to guarantee the des ired s tres s . In compos ed words (als o s tandalone words with prexes ) the rs t part follows thes e rules , the others may receive a s econdary accent.. Li pru *, familie, vie, doctr, formr, li formt, li formte, formnt; durbil, elctric, lgic, li lgica, li lgico, prctic, li prctca, il prctica, il ndica, il xplica, dplic, il dplica, multplic, il multplica, centplic, il centplica, s pecc, il s pecca, felci, ltim, rgul, herclic, li artcul, il artcula; mnus , ris , frmes , families , vies , generlmen, enrgicmen, li fenmen, mximum, ultimtum, li legme; il plca, il rla, de, do, ti, va, il tre, it e; qualit, here, li log, il loga, li flmine, it flmina, li crpor, il incrpora, li dbit, il dbita; micro-cs mo, anglos axnic, agricultra, centimtre, pos tcrte, manus crte, gen-articulation, unifrm, li unifrme, il unifrma, il internationals a, npracticbil, ndubitbilmen, li frro-va, il nva, it ine, il s ubtre, hode, il contrad, il retrovni. * In vocabularies and manuals the writing of the accute is obligatory, that of recommended importance* as a didactic method for non-written accents : ns crit, il ins cr, ris , ottplic, il rplica, il multplica, s pecfic, pacfic, il artcula, il ins pla, il nima, li ferrova, li relva, il ref, it rs ta. 9. In uent s peech one does not s tres s each word according to the preceding rule, but only the mos t important words of the phras e. One can allways apply thes e rules according to need. If one wants to s tres s a certain vowel, one can even accent it agains t the grammatical rules ; it es s et un medic, ne un medic.

ORTOGRAPHY
10. Interlingue cons erves as much as pos s ible the international appearance o the words ; but it is recommended to change doubled cons onantes to a s ingle, except if it is pronounced dierently or is neces s ary to indicate that the preceding vowel is s hort or that the s is not s onorous . Doubled cons onantes in the root remain als o in the derived forms . acces s , s ugges ter, anates , annu, annales , as s erfer, aromatic, bloc, arogant, can, canne, car, carre, pres ent, pres s ent, li atacca, il atacca, ataccar, cellul, cellulos e, rebell, rebellion. 11. The Greek cons onant groops : th, chl, chr, ph are in general s implied to: t, cl, cr, f, and ins tead of a vocalic y one writes i. The his toric orthography is als o permitted, however. tema or thema, fonograf or phonograph, cloroform or chloroform, s impatic or s ympatic or s ympathic. 12. Syllabic s eparation is free; preferable is the s eparation us ed in s peech or according to the word components . 13. Upper cas e is us ed only in the beginning of s entences , in prober names , in titles , and for dis tinguis hing Vu, Vos , Vor as polite forms from vu, vos , vor, if one wis hes to make the dis tinction. Paul, London, Pacico, Anglia, Danubio, li Senior, s u Majes tie. 14. The mos t freques t abbreviations are:

s r. or Sr. = s enior (Mr.) s ra. or Sra. = s eniora (Mrs .) s rta. or Srta. = s enioretta (Ms .) dr. or Dr. = doctor etc. = etctera PS. = pos -s cripte (P.S.) v. = vide (s ee) pg. = pgine (page) cf. = confronta (oppos ite?) s q. = e s equentes (and the following) nr. = numer (number) conc. = concernent (concerning) res p. = res pectivmen (res pectively) p. ex. = por exemple (for example) i. e. = it es (i.e. -- that is ) pl. = ples (pleas e) pl. t. = ples tornar (pleas e turn) h. = hora(s ) (hours ) am. = ante mid pm = pos mid a. c. = annu current (current year) m. c. = mens u current (current month) a. p. = annu pas s at (previous year) m. p. = mens u pas s at (previous month)

ARTICLE
15. In there is a s ingle denite article: li, for all nouns mas culine, feminine and neuter, s ingular and plural. li patre, li matre, li table, li patres , li matres , li tables . (the father, the mother, the table, the fathers , the mothers , the tables .) 16. An indenite article exis ts only for the s ingular: un. For the plural the noun is us ed without an article. Yo vide un avie. Yo vide avies . (I s ee a bird. I s ee birds ) 17. The article li can take the plural, if no other word expres s es it. On deve metter punctus s ur lis i. Ma mult i ne havet punctus . (One needs to put dots on the i's . But many i's did not have dots .) 18. A li is contracted to al, de li to del. Il eat al s col. Li rbores del fores t es alt. (He went to the s chool. The trees of the fores t are old) 19. A partitive article does not exis t. Il trinca aqua. Noi manja fructes . (He drinks water. We eat fruits .) 20. The denite article indicates s omething already mentioned or known, or the entire s pecies , the indenite article s omething unknown or s till not dealt with. The dog that you know is faithful. Dogs are faithful. The dog is faithful = delity is a quality of the entire dog s pecies . One dog of my brother's bites , but the others are not that way Fidelity is a valorous quality . . The fidelity of the dog (or of the dogs ) is proven. NOUNS 21. Interlingue leaves words their natural terminations , and does not pres cribe certain nal vowels for certain clas s es of words . Cangur, villa, radio, matre, mid. 22. The neutral nal vowel -e is found in many nouns to x es tablis h the correct pronounciation of the nal cons onant, for euphony, or to dis tinguis h the noun from a s imilar adjectival or verbal form. Pace, image, ros e, libre, cable, altruis me, curve, centre, central, centrale, directiv, directive, marine, circulare, cantate, infinite, tangente. 23. A grammatical gender does not exis t. All nouns are mas culin, feminine or neutral according to their meaning. 24. One can indicate the gender in names for entities : -o indicates mas culine, -a the feminine. Angles e, angles o, angles a, cavall, cavallo, cavalla. W ords s uch as patre, matre etc. do not require gender endings , becaus e they are mas culine or feminine on their own. In other nouns -o indicates one s pecial, individual, s ingular, concrete, -a one general, extended, collective, common, as well as action, location and time. ros iero, ros iera, lago, aqua, promenada, plazza, pas ca. 25. Some nouns form derivatives by adding u / at res pectively* to the s tem; they retain the u / a als o in the non-derivative forms . manu, manual, s exu, s exual, s exualit, gradu, gradual, graduation, s is tema, s is tematic, s is tematico, s is tematis ar, s is tematis ation, dogma, dogmatic, dogmatis me, drama, dramatic, dramaturgo, aqua, aquatic, clima, climatic, climatolog, climatologie, climatologic. 26. To indicate the plural one adds -s , after cons onants ins erting a euphonic -e-, where it is pos s ible without changing the pronunciation of the word. un lbre, du libres , un angul, tri angules , li pers on, li pers ones , li tric, li trics , li plug, li plugs , li album, pluri albums , li tram, du trams . 27. The noun remains unchanged in all grammatical cas es . Only the genetive with the prepos ition de, and the dative with the prepos ition a are dis tinguis hed. Yo vide li s apates de mi fratre.Yo dat li s apates a mi fratre. (I s ee the boots of my

brother. I gave the boots to my brother.) 28. Proper names are changed as little as pos s ible. For the main geographic names are s elected in Interlingue the mos t international word; otherwis e one us es a writing as clos e to the original as pos s ible. Goethe, Shakes peare; Alpes , Danubio, Germania; London, Berlin, Milano, Mos kwa, Kharkow, Hoang-ho. ADJECTIVE 29. The characteris tic vowel final -i is found in many adjectives , mainly to fix the correct pronunciation of the final cons onant, and for dis tinction after typical noun and infinitive endings . felici, s agi, poros i, organis atori, amari. 30. Many adjectives can eas ily become nouns through addition of the endings -e, -o, -a. yun, yune, yunes , yunos , yunas . 31. To form a noun expres s ing the general idea of a quality one adds the ending -um. li novum, li bellum. 32. Adjectives are invariable in gender and number. li grand filio, li grand filia, li grand filios , li grand filias . 33. When the adjective is us ed without a noun and one needs for certain reas ons to indicate the plural, one adds an -s , after cons onants adding a euphonic -i-, where that is pos s ible without changing the pronunciation. Vi pomes , prende li maturis . (Here are apples , take the ripe ones ) 34. For the comparative one indicates equality with tam - quam a greater amount with plu - quam a les s er amount with minu (min) - quam He is as large as his brother; he is larger than his brother; he is les s large than his brother. He is larger than me. The larges t book. 35. For the s uperlative one indicates the greates t amount with maxim (max) the leas t amount with minim. The larges t of the books . The leas t large book. 36. For the abs olut s uperlative one us es : tre, or the s ux: -is s im. tre grand, grandis s im. To compare three or more grades one us es : grand, plu grand, mem plu grand, plu grand ancor, mem plu grand ancor. (large, larger, even larger, s till larger, even larger s till) 37. In all comparis ons one us es : quam. egalmen quam, altrimen quam. PRONOUNS 38. Adjectival pronouns are thos e that s tand before or after a noun to characterize it; they s tay invariable as real adjectives . Noun pronouns exis t ins tead of a noun; they can take the plural, as nouns , if neces s ary. Pers onal pronouns . 39. There are two forms , one for the s ubject (nominative), the other for the object (acus ative or dative, oblique cas e). s ubject: yo tu il ella it noi vu ili (illos , ellas ) object: me te le la it nos vos les (los , las ) The forms in parenthes is are us ed only in cas e of neces s ity. 40. The pronoun expres s ing politenes s is : vu (cf. 13). One us es it ins tead of tu, which expres s es a certain intimacy or kins hip*. 41. The indenite pronoun is : on, the reexive: s e, the reciprocal: unaltru. On vide s e. Ili vide s e. Ili vide nos . Vu vide nos . Vu vide vos . Ili vide unaltru. Noi vide unaltru. (One s ees ones elf. They s ee thems elves . They s ee them. You s ee them. You s ee you. They s ee each other. We s ee each other.) 42. After prepos itions one us es the accus ative, or the nominative except yo and tu. Veni con me! Yo veni con te. Noi ea con le (o il). Vu ea con ella (o la). Noi parla pri it. On parla pri nos . Yo veni pos vos . Yo labora por les (o ili'). (Come with me! I come with you. We go with him. You go with her. We talk about it. One talks about us . I come after you. I work for them.)

Possessive pronouns.
43. The adjectival and noun forms are the s ame; but for the noun form one can us e the articule, according to nuance or the rules of one's mother tongue, and they take the plural, if neces s ary. mi - my tui - your s u - his /her/its nor - our vor - your lor - their To es mi. To es li mi. To es mi libres . To es li mis . To es tui. To es li tui. To es lor. To es li lor. To es li lores . Vi nor parapluvies ; Li mi es plu grand quam vor, o: quam li vor. Vidente nor canes yo cons tata que li tuis s pera li mis in vvacit, o: que tuis s pera ms in vivacit, etc. To es lores ; to es li lores . Ples far lu tui. Ples da me tui libre. Il deve far li s u.

Demonstrative pronouns.
44. The adjectival and noun forms are the s ame; but the noun forms take the plural and can take a gender, if neces s ary in rare cas es . 45. To indicate s omething one generally us es : ti. Only if one wis hes to explicitly indicate the proximity or dis tance does one add the adverbs ci or ta with a das h. Ti libre es bell. Yo vide ti libres . Yo vide ts . Ti-ci table es s olid. Ti-ci tables es s olid. Tis ci es s olid, ma tis -ta ne es tal. Sex/gendar can be indicated in exceptional cas es with the pers onal pronoun. il-ti, il-ci, ella-ti, illos -ci, ellas -ta. 46. Ti, tal e tant are the correlatives of quel, qual and quant. (Tant cannot take the plural, becaus e it its elf indicates the plural.) Quel libres vu prefere? Ti libres , queles anc vu ama. Qual libres vu prefere? Tal libres , queles raconta de viages . Yo ama tal homes . Yo ama tales . Il es s empre tal. Quant pers ones es s et ci? Tant quam yer. Tant quant yer. (Which books to you prefer? Thes e books that you als o love. What kind of books do you prefer? Thos e books that tell of voyages . I like thos e people. I like them (thos e types ). He is always like that. How many people were here? As many as yes terday As many as . yes terday.) 47. The neutral form for things and facts is : to, res ponding to the ques tion: quo, from which one forms : to-ci and to-ta. To es mi libre. Yo s ave to (li facte, que to es tui lbre). That is my book. I know that (the fact that that is your book). 48. The pronoun or article lu s erves to expres s what is impers onal, neutral or abs tract. It generally s ignies : that which is (the)... De lu s ublim a lu comic es s ovente s olmen un pas s u. Lu nov de ti conception es . .. From the s ublime to the comic is often only one s tep.What is new of this conception is ... Relative and interrogative pronouns . 49. One us es the s ame pronouns , relative and interrogative, adjectival and s ubs tantive. 50. The mos t general is : quel (plural: queles ), us ed for things , facts and people. Which city is the larges t? Which is the larges t city? Which are the larges t cities ? Which cities are the larges t? The mos t beautiful ower that I know is the ros e. The larges t cities that I know are New York and London. He does n't know which large cities he will s ee. 51. For things and facts one us es : quo, for people: qui. What do you s ee? What do you want to do? I don't know what I want to do. I don't unders tand what he has s aid. Who is that? Whos e (of who) is that chapel? To whom are you giving the money? Who do you s alute? Who s alutes you? The friend, to whom you gave the book, was content. Happy are thos e who do not s ee but believe. Our language makes a cons tant progres s , which (the fact of which) much pleas es me. 52. If multiple relationes of a relative pronoun are pos s ible, the immediate* one counts *. If another s hould count, one indicates it with pers onal or demons trative pronouns , or with a comma. I s aw the brother of my friend which arrived yes terday I s aw the brother of my friend, he that arrived yes terday That is the s is ter of my friend, s he who arrived . . yes terday Yes terday I s aw the owner of the hous e, who (or he who, that who, he which, or that which) is in the city . . Yes terday I s aw the owner of the hous e which is in the city. Yes terday I s aw the owner of the hous e, which is in the city. 53. To expres s quality one us es : qual, for quantity: quant. What s ort of people here here? How is the water today, hot or cold? I don't know how it is . What a compos er, that mus ic. How much of an encore s hould he give you? I don't know how much he gave him. With life there is hope (lit. how much life, that much hope). Indenite pronouns . 54. The prex: al- gives ndicating* pronouns s omething indetermined, the prex: ne- indicates the abs ence or negation and the s ux: -cunc makes denite pronouns relative indened**. alquel, alqual, alquant, alqu, alqu, alcun, nequel, nequal, nequ, nequ, necos , necun, quelcunc, qualcunc, quantcunc, quocunc, quicunc. If s ome girl talks about

s omething, s he thinks about s omebody Whoever will come, I won't be at home. Whatever you s ay, pleas e s peak the truth! . Whichever tas k you do, and in whatever manner and for whoever, pleas e do it well! To whomever you give the money, give it only agains t a receipt. 55. Other indenite pronouns are: On, s elf, li s am, quelc, null, chas cun, omni, omnicos , ambi, altri, altricos , cteri, pluri, mult, poc, un poc, cert, un cert, mani, s ingul, tot. I prefer to do it mys elf. They returned in the s ame location. Each pers on is the forger of their own fortune. Pleas e give me s ome books ; I have s ome hours free for reading. One cannot pleas e everyone, it's an art that no one knows . I have lived in the city for many years . He has little hope. He has a little hope. I know a certain Mr. Blanc; but I'm not s ure if this is him. It's all the s ame whether you s ee the whole world or s ome parts of it.

NUMERALS
0 null 1 un 2 du 3 tri 4 quar 5 quin 6 s ix 7 s ett 8 ott 9 nin 10 deci 11 deciun 12 decidu 13 decitri 14 deciquar 15 deciquin ... 19 decinin 20 duant 21 duantun 22 duantdu . .. 30 triant 40 quarant 50 quinant 60 s ixant ... 90 ninant . . . 99 ninantnin 100 cent 101 cent un 102 centdu... 110 centdeci 111 cent deciun ... 119 cent decinin 120 cent duant 121 cent duantun ... 130 cent triant ... 199 cent niantnin 200 ducent 201 ducent un ... 210 ducent deci 300 tricent ... 999 nincent ninantnin 1000 mill 1001 mill un ... 1099 mill ninantnin 1100 mill cent 1101 mill cent un ... 1999 mill nincent ninantnin 2000 du mill 2001 du mill un . . . 2345 du mill tricent quarantquin . . . 99000 ninantnin mill ... 100 000 cent mill ... 100 999 cent mill nincent ninantnin 200000 ducent mill ... 201 000 ducent un mill . . . 299 999 ducent ninantnin mill nincent ninantnin . . . 456 789 quarcent quinants ix mill s ettcent ottantnin ... 1 000 000 un million 1000001 un million un . . . 2000000 du milliones ... mill milliones = un milliard un million milliones = un billion 1 000000 = un million 1 000 0002 = 1 000000000000 = un billion 1 000 0003 = un million billiones = un trillion 1 000 0004 = un million trilliones = un quadrillion 57. Ordinal numbers are formed by adding to the end: -es im. unes im (als o prim), dues im (als o s ecund), tries im, etc. 58. Fractional numbers are the s ame as ordinals , but ordinarily one replaces the rs t four with: un tot (whole), un dem (half), un ters (third), un quart (quarter). du ters , tri quart, quar quines im, etc. 59. Decimal fractions are pronunced 3,78349 = tri comma s ett ott tri quar nin, 0,25 = null comma du quin. 60. Multiple numbers are formed by adding the nal -uplic (after vowels : -plic): unuplic (s implic), duplic, triplic, quaruplic (quadruplic), quinuplic (quintuplic), s ixuplic, s ettuplic, ottuplic, ninuplic, deciplic, deciunuplic, deciduplic, duantuplic, centuplic, centunuplic, etc. (s ingle, double, triple, quadruple, etc...) 61. Iterative numbers are formed with: vez. du vez o duvez, tri vez, centvez, mult vez o multvez o mult vezes . (two times , three times , etc...) 62. Collective numbers are formed with the nal: -ene. li unit, pare, triene, quarene, quinene, decene, deciduene, centene. (pair, trio, dozen, etc.... mos t collective numbers do not exis t in Englis h however) 63. Other numeral expres s ions are for example: chas cun tries im vez, tri e tri, quar e quar. Li s oldates marcha quar e quar. (every third time, three and three, four and four. The s oldiers march four and (by) four.) 64. Arithmetic. Addition: 12 + 10 = 22 decidu plus deci es duantdu. Subtraction: 21 - 3 = 18 duantun minus tri es deciott. Multiplication: 3 x 8 = 24 tri vez ott, or tri multiplicat per ott, or tri per ott es duantquar. Divis ion: 69 : 3 = 23 s ixantnin s ur tri, or dividet per tri es duanttri. Powers : 62 = 36 s ix quadrat, or s ix in dues im potentie, or s ix in dues im es triants ix. 23 = 8 du in cub, or du in tries im potentie, or du in tries im es ott. Square root: s qrt (49) = 7 radica quadratic, or dues im radica ex quarantnin es s ett. (cube root) 8 = 2 radica cubic, or tries im radica de ott es du.

VERB
65. In Interlingue there is a s ingle and unitary* conjugation for adding certain cons onants to the pres ent theme.

 66. The pres ent theme is formed by adding one of the three vowels (a, i, e) to the verbal theme (root plus prexes and s uffixes ). This vowel is characteris tic for each verb and remains unchanged in all forms of conjugation. Verbal theme: fabric exped cons truct Pres ent theme: fabrica expedi cons tructe This characteris tic vowel appears in all forms of conjucation; one can therefore bas e all conjugation on the pres ent theme, and make dis tinctions only by final cons onants , identical for the three groups of verbs . 67. The rs t, s econd and third pers on, s ingular and plural, are dis tinguis hed only by the pronoun; the verb its elf remains unchanged. 68. The infinitive is formed by adding -r to the pres ent theme: fabricar expedir cons tructer 69. The pres ente is equal to the pres ent theme: yo fabrica tu expedi il cons tructe The verb es s er has a s pecial abbreviated form for the pres ent: es , ins tead of es s e, due to its large frequency. 70. The pas t participle (als o pas s ive participle) is formed by adding -t to the pres ent theme: fabricat expedit cons tructet The pas t participle is als o us ed as the s imple pas t: noi fabricat vu expedit ili cons tructet 71. All compos ite pas t tens e is formed by the auxiliary verb har. It indicates actions that have terminated. The compos ite pas t is : yo ha fabricat (I have made) tu ha expedit (you have s ent) il ha cons tructet (he has cons tructed) The anterior pas t is : noi hat fabricat (we had made) vu hat expedit (you had s ent) ili hat cons tructet (they had cons tructed) 72. The s imple future is formed by the auxiliary va: il va fabricar (he will make) ella va expedir (s he will s end) on va cons tructer (one will cons truct) The anterior future is : yo va har fabricat (I will have made) tu va har expedit (you will have s ent) il va har cons tructet (he will have cons tructed) 73. The s imple conditional is formed by the auxiliary vell: noi vell laborar (we would work) vu vell expedir (you would s end) ili vell cons tructer (they would cons truct) The pas t conditional is : il vell har fabricat (he would have made) il vell har expedit (he would have s ent) ili vell har cons tructet (they would have cons tructed) 74. The pres ent participle (als o active participle) is formed by adding -nt to the pres ent theme: fabricant expedient cons tructent Verbs with -i take -ent ins tead of -nt to recover* international forms , for example convenientie, provenientie. The adverbial form is us ed as a gerund (= while or by that) by adding -e: fabricante expediente cons tructente There are als o progres s ive forms : il es fabricant (he is making) il es expedient (he is s ending) il es cons tructent (he is cons tructing) 75. The imperative is the s ame as the pres ent without the pronoun: fabrica! expedi! cons tructe! From the verb es s er one takes the complete form: es s e. There is a polite form with ples (from ples er) with the infinitive: ples fabricar ples expedir ples cons tructer 76. The optative is with mey with the innitive: il mey fabricar (he may make) il mey expedir (he may s end) il mey cons tructer (he may cons truct) The hortative with las s : las s nos fabricar las s nos expedir las s nos cons tructer 77. Pas s ive forms are formed with the auxiliary verb es s er: it es perlaborat (it is trans formed*) ili es s et perlaborat (they were trans formed*) it ha es s et perlaborat (it has been trans formed*) ili hat es s et expedit (they had been s ent) it va es s er expedit (it will be s ent) ili va har es s et expedit (they will have been s ent) it vell es s er cons tructet (it would be cons tructed) ili vell har es s et cons tructet (they would have been cons tructed) it mey es s er cons tructet (it may be cons tructed) This manner of forming the pas s ive is common to mos t national languages . But s ometimes it is neces s ary to dis tinguis h if an action is s till going or is nis hed. In thos e cas es one us es other verbs , for example: Li dom ea cons tructet. (The hous e is being cons tructed) Li dom s ta cons tructet. (The hous e s tands /is cons tructed) Li libre eat printat. (The book was being printed) Li libre s tat printat. (The book was (s tood) printed.)

In many cas es the pas s ive can be expres s ed by nouns or the reflexive form: Li dom es in cons truction. (The hous e is in/under cons truction) Li libre es s et in printation. (The book was being printed) Li jurnal printa s e rapid. (The journal prints quickly*) Li cos e explica s e s implicmen. (The thing explains its elf s imply (It's s elfexplanatory*)) 78. In place of the s ubjuntive one in general us es the indicative. Only in rare exceptional cas es (ex. in legal documents ) one can us e a form of the s ubjunctive by adding -ye to the pres ent of the verb or the auxiliary verb: Il di que il la amaye. (He s ays that he would love* her) Il dit que il la haye amat. (He s aid that he would have* loved her)

Verbal derivation
79. In all languages thous ands of nouns and adjectives are formed from the verbal root by adding s uxes . Thos e words s eem to be formed s o irregularily that the mos t well-known international languages until now have renounced incorporating them in their s ys tem of derivation and have exchanged them with articial cons tructions . The creator of Interlingue, Prof. Edgar de W ahl, has dis covered how s imple rules are for forming the known international words by adding international endings to international roots . 80. The s uxes : ion, or, ori, iv, ura are not added to the verbal theme or the pres ent theme, but to the perfect theme. That firs t group of endings are added to verbs expres s ing an action or trans formation, to the s o-called dynamic verbs . The perfect theme is found by De Wahl's Rule, the key to the only language truly international and at the s ame time regular: One s uppres s es the r / er of the innitive. If the remainder nis hes with a vowel, one adds a t, if it nis hes with d or r, one replaces the cons onant with s ; in all other cas es the remainder its elf is the perfect theme. crear - crea - creat expedir - expedi - expedit dis tribuer - dis tribu - dis tribut exploder - explod - explos adherer - adhed - adhes cons tructer - cons truct - cons truct One can als o s ay that the s uxes : ion, or, ori, iv and ura are added to the verbs with ar and ir as pas s ive participle, and to the verbs with er as the root, adding a t after the vowel ending and mutating a nal d to r to s .al radica, intercalante t pos vocal final e mutante un final d or r a s . crear creat creation creator creatori creativ creatura expedir expedit expedition expeditor expeditori expeditiv garnitura cons tructer cons truct cons truction cons tructor cons tructori cons tructiv s tructura dis tribuer dis tribut dis tribution dis tributor dis tributori dis tributiv s critura exploder explos explos revis or revis ori explos iv tons ura adherer adhes adhes ion precurs or curs ori adhes iv Five verbs form thes e derivatives a bit dierently, us ing the international forms : s eder -- s es s ion -- ins tead of s es ion ceder - ces s ion -- ins tead of ces ion verter -- vers ion -- ins tead of vertion venir -- vention -- ins tead of venition tener -- tention -ins tead of tenion 81. In the three verbs : far, dir, s crir one can form the derivitives by the complete roots : fact, dict, s cript. With the verbs with the cons onant group -nct- one can omit the c, mos tly in nonderived forms . Contrafaction or contrafation, factor or fator, malediction or maledition, pres cription or pres crition. Dis tincter or dis tinter, dis tinction or dis tintion, conjunction, conjunter. 82. The final -ntie is added to the pres ent theme of verbs expres s ing a s tate, to the s o-called s tatic verbs . tolerar -- tolerantie provenir -- provenientie exis ter -- exis tentie As in the pres ent participle one adds e after i of verbs in ir. This nal is only a combination of the nal of the pres ent participle -nt with the s uffix -ie. 83. In an analogous manner the s uffix -nd is added to the pres ent theme: demons trand vendiend leend 84. The s uffix -ment is als o added to the pres ent thema: fundar -- fundament experir -- experiment mover -- movement If the root of a verb with er finis hes with a vowel, the e dis appears : arguer -- argument compleer -- complement 85. Two s uxes add thems elves to the verbal root in two dierent forms according to the characteris tic vowel: -abil, -ada to a and -ibil, -ida to i or e: durar -- durabil promenar -- promenada audir -- audibil vomir -- vomida pos s er -- pos s ibil currer -- currida

86. The other s uffixes are added directly to the verbal root: criticar -- criticachar lavar -- lavera furter -- furtard s piar -- s pion valer -- valore res ervar -- res ervuore ranar -- ranage viver -- vivaci 87. Direct noun creation: One can als o us e the verbal root as a noun with the noun endings , or the perfect theme with or without noun ending: li pens e, li pens a (clos er to the action), li vende, li crede, li res pons e, li vis e, li ut, l res ultat, li extracte, li tribut. The perfect theme without final is als o us ed as an adjective: devot, apert, pervers .

ADVERBS
88. To indicate a quality of a noun one us es an adjective, of other words an adverb. Un prudent mann acte prudentmen. (A prudent man acts prudently.) 89. In Interlingue one can us e the adjective ins tead of the adverb, if the s ens e is clear. Il ha bon laborat. Noi s erchat long. (He has worked well/good. We s earched long.) 90. There exis t primary adverbs with no s pecial ending, and derived adverbs from adjectives by adding the unaccented nal -men. tre, s empre, deman, natural, naturalmen, res pectos i, res pectos imen. (very, always , tomorrow, natural, naturally, res pectful, res pectfully) 91. Ins tead of s pecial abverbs one often us es adverbial expres s ions , made by prepos itions . ex memorie, in general, in ne, per has ard. (from memory, in general, in the end, by chance) 92. The comparative and s uperlative are formed in the s ame manner as with adjectives . Il parla li lingue uentmen. Il s cri in min elegant maniere. Il s alutat le maxim res pectos imen. Si vu es fatigat, vu labora min rapidmen quam s i vu es repos at. (He s peaks the language uently He writes in the leas t elegant manner. He s aluted mos t res pectfully If you are tired, you . . work les s rapidly than if you are res ted.) 93. One can group adverbs according to s ens e in adverbs of manner, of quantity, of location, of time, and armative, negative and doubtful adverbs . 94. Adverbs of manner res ponde to the ques tion: how? qualmen, quam, talmen, tam, alquam, nequam, s olmen, apen, tot, totalmen, totmen, ne totmen, totmen ne, pres c, poc, poc a poc, mem, precipue, junt, anc, denove, tamen, malgr to, dunc. I don't know how he can work as rapidly as a machine, becaus e he works s o fas t that one can barely keep up. He s aid that like a king. He does n't act like a king. It is impos s ible to do it that way He has done it s omehow (alquam) = in s ome manner (in . alcun maniere). He cannot do it at all (nequam) = in no manner (in necun maniere). It is all the s ame whether you s ee the entire world or s ome parts of it. He has totally mis unders tood that book. But however one s houldn't judge only her, becaus e s he does n't completely unders tand the language, and that is entirely not her own fault. One can even s ay that that is mainly the fault of others . 95. Adverbs of quantity res pond to the ques tion: how many? quant, tant, s at, s ucent, nequant, alquant, tre, tro, circa, mult, poc, un poc, quelcvez, multvez, s ovente, plu, adplu, s empre, s empre plu, s empre plu mult, s empre plu mult ancor, min, plu o min, maxim, admaxim, minim, adminim, maxim pos s ibil, minim pos s ibil, maximal, minimal, proxim, ancor, plus , minus . How many people were here? As many as yes terday Around twenty people s at around the table, at leas t three people too many, . becaus e the table had places only for at mos t 17 people. Gradually they will s ee s omewhat, that they work with a method hardly* apt for that s cope. 96. Adverbs of location res pond to the ques tion: where, to where, from where? (The prepos ition a is in combinations replaced with ad.) u, ci, ta, alc, nec, part, ucunc, s upra, infra, circum, xter, extra, intra, nter, detra, levul, dextri, proxim, lontan. A ci, a ta, adavan, retro, up = ads upra, a bas s , adinfra, de infra, prter. Where have you bought that book? In a books hop where one always nds the mos t recent books . Somewhere you will certainly nd the ower s o s ought. But wherever you s earch, pleas e never forget, that there are beautiful owers everywhere. I hope that that is nally known well enough everywhere. In your recent letter you s hould write a bit more of the church clos e to your hous e. He came from below, pas s ed by us , and went up. But perhaps he will s oon go back into his bas ement. 97. Adverbs of time res pond to the ques tion: when? quande, unquande, alquande, nequande, quandecunc, alor, tande,

nterim, nu, s trax, s ubitmen, jus t, jus tmen, bentos t, tos t, tard, temporan, s olmen, ne ante, s ovente, s empre, ne plu, antey, poy, depoy, des de, in ante, ja, ancor, ne ancor, adplu, ulteriori, hode, ho-annu, ho-tmpor, deman, pos deman, yer, anteyer, unvez, durante, finalmen, in fine. When I vis ited him, he told me that once he had met her, but never again s ince then. Now he is old and meanwhile he has worked a lot. Jus t now you can do it, becaus e you are early, but s oon it would be too late. He is here almos t always , only tomorrow he will depart and return not before ten o'clock at night, and maybe only tomorrow*. I can only tell you that beforehand, becaus e it is s till uncertain if he s houldn't s uddenly change his plans . 98. The adverbs of armation, negation, and doubt are: yes , no, ne, ne plu, s i, ya, frs an, s in dbite. Es que vu ne ha videt le? Yes , il es s et ya in li s col e s in dbit ne plu va retornar ante mid. (Haven't you s een him? Yes , he was in the s chool and certainly will not return before midday.) 99. All prepos itions are located immediately in from of their complement. They are invariable. After prepos itiones one us es the accus ative of the pronouns , or the nominative except yo and tu. 100. The us e of prepos itions in natural languages is often contradictory Becaus e of that one s hould always us e .. prepos itions according to their proper meaning. In cas es where one cannot nd a prepos ition with the exact s ens e to be expres s ed one us es the prepos ition ye, which indicates an indenite relation. But very often one can us e the prepos itions a, de and in, which have multiple meanings . 101, Often the relation is clear even without a prepos ition. Verbs are for example us ed as much as pos s ible without propos ition, with an immediately following object, if the relation is clear, but the us e of a prepos ition is always permitted. Il intrat li chambre. Il intrat in li chambre. Il montat li monte. Il montat s ur li monte. Yo memora li cos e. Yo memora pri li cos e. Il prepara un viage. Il prepara s e por un viage. (Lit. He entered the room. He entered in the room. He climbed the mountain. He climbed on the mountain. I remember the thing. I remember about the thing. I prepare a journey I prepare mys elf for a . journey.) 102. The mos t frequent prepos itions are: a: (Englis h to in combinationes als o "ad".) He gave owers to his lover. I gave a book to Paul. I gave him a book. I gave a book to him. An epis tle (letter) to our company I journey to New York. The s teams hip goes to Lis bon. Clear to depart. An . error to regret. What s ay you about my rearm? I s electet it from three arms at 40 fr. I will wait for you at three hours at the north exit of the s tation. ad can be combined with other prepos itions and adverbs to further clarify the s ens e: adavan, ads ur, adin, ad-in, etc. along: Ili promenat along li rive del lago. (They walked along the s hore of the lake.) ante (temporal "before"): Il vivet ante Chris t. Li s es tra venit tri s emanes ante s u fratre, ante tri mens us (o tri mens us ante nu). Ella va departer ante ne de tri mens us . Felicit veni ante riches s e. Il incontrat le ante li dom. (He lived before Chris t. The s is ter came three weeks before her brother, three months ago (or three months before now). She will depart before the end of three months . Happines s comes before wealth. He met him before the hous e.) apu (bes ide): Li dom s ta proxim li ecles ia, ma ne apu it. Li turre de nor ecles ia s ta apu li ecles ia, ma ne al ecles ia, proque it ne tucha li ecles ia s elf, ma las s a un pas s age inter li du. Li dolore s ic es nequ apu li dolore mental. (The hous e s tands clos e to the church, but not bes ide it. The tower of our church s tands bes ide the church, but not towards the church, becaus e it does not touch the church its elf, but leaves a pas s age between the two. Phys ical pain is nothing bes ide mental pain.) avan (in front, before): Li patre promenat avan li dom. Li patre promenat a avan li dom. Li patre venit de avan li dom. Il incontrat le avan li dom. (The father walked in front of the hous e. The father walked to the front of the hous e. The father came from the front of the hous e. He met him before the hous e.) caus (becaus e of): Caus vor intervention yo arivat ante minocte avan mi dom. Due to your intervention I arrived before midnight before my hous e. che (at, like French chez): Il logiat che s u fratre. Durante long tmpor il vivet che li germanes . Che li canes on dis tincte divers ras s es . (He s tayed at his brother's . For a long time he lived with the Germans . One dis tinguis hes divers e races with dogs .) circum (around): Circum li ecles ia s tat alt rbores . Li terra torna circum li s ole. (Around the church s tand old trees . The earth turns around the s un.) cis (on this s ide): Francia es s ituat cis li Pirens . (France is s ituated on this s ide of the Pyrennes .) con (with): Li lio ea con s u patre along li uvie. Ella s tat con lacrimes in li ocules con s u marito avan li s tation. (The s on goes with his father along the river. She s tood with tears in her eyes with her hus band before the s tation.) contra (agains t): Li unes laborat contra li altres . Il exchangea s u bicicle contra combus tibiles . Li aeroplan aviat contra li grattaciel. (They worked agains t each other (lit. the ones worked agains t the others ). He exchanges his bicycle for combus tibles . The airplane flew agains t the s kys craper.) de (of, from): The hous e of my father. The dramas of Schiller. A gentleman from Paris . The larges t of all. A vas e of gold.

Thes e letters are written by a poet by a writing machine. The money of a poor widow has been taken by a pris on breaker, born from rich parents . He lived far from his father, of which he never heard anything. des de (s ince, for): Des de du annus il neplu pos s e laborar. Il vendi chapeles des de frs . 20.. Il prendet li tren de Roma des de Milano. (He has n't worked any more for two years . He s ells hats from 20 fr. He took the Rome train from Milano.) detra (behind): Detra li dom es s et un grand corte. (Behind the hous e was a large court.) durante (during, while): Durante li es tive li infantes ludet s ur li plazza. Li un de s u lios s tudiat medcina, durante que li altri ne volet s tudiar. (During the s ummer the children played in the s quare. One of his /her s ons s tudied medicine, while the other didn't want to s tudy.) ex (from, out of): Il venit ex s u chambre. Yo trinca ex li glas s . Traductet ex german a Interlingue. Li ves timent es fat ex pur lane. Noi audit in li radio un concert de Beethoven ex London. (He came out of his room. I drink from the glas s . Trans lated from German to Interlingue. The clothing is made out of pure wool. W heard on the radio a concert by Beethoven from e London.) extra (without, outs ide): Il vivet extra s u patria. Soled ili devet luder extra li audir-dis tantie. (He lived without his father. On Saturday they had to play outs ide of hearing dis tance.) in: Mult pers ones vive in li cit. Mults vell preferer viver in li rure. In omni ocas ion il eat al fores t vice al s col, adminim decivez in min quam un annu. (Many people live in the city Many would prefer to live in the country In every occas ion he went to the . . fores t ins tead of to s chool, at leas t ten times at leas t in a year.) nfra (under, below): Li aviones vola infra li s tratos fere. Il s edet intra li fable, e li patre s upra. Sub li table es s et un can. Sper li table es s et li lampe e s ur li table un libre. (Airplanes y below the s tratos phere. He s at under the table, and the father above. Under the table was a dog. On the table was the lamp and on the table a book.) inter (within, between): Ili es s et li s ol tranquil s coleros inter mult bruios i. Inter New York e Paris . Inter du e tri horas . Un convers ation inter du amicos . Divider un heredage inter li lios . Un guerre inter du nationes . (They were the only quiet pupils between many nois y ones . Between New York and Paris . Between two and three hours . A convers ation between two friends . To divide an inheritance between the s ons . A war between two nations .) intra (ins ide): Ili ne pos s et penetrar intra li mures del cit. Yo va retrovenir intra tri hores . (They couldn't penetrate ins ide the walls of the city. I will return ins ide three hours .) malgr (in s pite of): Malgr s u grand efortes il ne pos s et perforar li mur. (In s pite of his large eorts he couldn't break through the wall. per (by, with): Il defendet s e per un glade. Il s alvat s e per natar. Li mon es s et furtet per un nconos s et hom. (He defended hims elf with a s word. He s aved hims elf by s wimming. The money was s tolen by an unknown man.) por (for): Un lbre por omnes e por nequ. On manja por viver, on ne vive por manjar. Yo comprat un lbre por frs . 10., grand por s u precie. It s uce por long, ne s olmen por deman. (A book for everyone and for none. One eats to live, one does not live to eat. I bought a book for 10 fr., large for its price. It s uffices for a long time, not jus t for tomorrow.) pri (about): Noi parlat pri politica. Yo ha mult pens at pri vos . (We talked about politics . I have much thought about you.) pro (for, due to): Ella plorat pro joya. Yo mers a pro vor auxilie. (She cried for joy. I thank you for your help.) pos (after): Pos quelc dies ili tamen atinget lor s cope. Li capitano ven pos li major. (After s ome days however, they attained their goal. The captain comes after the major.) prter (by): Ili pas s at prter li dom de mi patre. (They pas s ed by the hous e of my father.) proxim (clos e to): Il habitat proxm li cit. (He lived clos e to the city.) s ecun (according to): Secun li pres cription to ne es permis s et. (According to the pres cription, that is not permitted.) s in (without): Il fat to s n s aver pro quo. (He did it without knowing why) s ub (under): Sub li rbor on trovat mult fructes s ur li table. Li carre vacilat s ub li carga. Il havet plu quam 100 pers ones s ub s u autorit. Il s crit s ub un ps eudonim, que mem s ub Napoleon on ne devet laborar s ub tal mal conditiones . (Under the tree were found many fruits under the table. The car faltered under the load. He had more than 100 people under his authority. He wrote under a ps eudonym, that even under Napoleon one s hould not work under s uch bad condition.) s per (over): Sper li rbor volat un avie; quelc altris s edet s ur it e celat s e detra e s ub s u folies . (Over the tree ew a bird; s ome others s at on it and hid thems elves behind and under the leaves .) s ur (on): It venit de s ub li table s per it e poy s edet s ur it. (It came from under the table to the top of it and then s at on it.) til: Yo laborat til decidu horas . Til li extrem ne del munde, s u inuentie es s entibil, til que un altri va vicear le. (I worked until 12 o'clock. Until the extreme end of the world his influence is felt, until another will replace him.) tra (through): Yo ha videt le tra li fenes tre promenante* tra li campes . (I have s een him through the window walking through the fields .) trans (through): Li tren ea tra li tnnel del Sanct Gotthard trans li Alpes . (The train goes through the tunnel of Saint Gotthard through the Alps .) ultra (bes ides ): Ultra frances i e german il parla anc nterlingue. (Bes ides French and German he als o s peaks Interlingue.) vers (toward): Li avie volat vers li s ole. (The bird flew toward the s chool.)

vice (ins tead of): Il venit vice s u patre, ma s olmen pos tri s emanes vice intra du s emanes . (He came ins tead of his father, but only three weeks after ins tead of within two weeks .) vis a vis (facing): Vis a vis li ecles ia on vide li s cola. (Vis a vis the church one s ees the s chool.) ye is us ed exceptionally if no other prepos ition is apt: In (in) every occas ion he went in the fores t ins tead of to s chool. I will wait for you precis ely at (a) three o'clock in the s quare of the s chool. I s ee her at (che, avan, al) the third hous e. They bet (per, de) five francs . 103. Many prepos itional expres s ions are formed by adverbs and adjectives : Mers vor auxilie, yo pos s et fnir li labor ante li xat termin, exceptet li ultim pgines , queles ne es conform al programma. Concernent vor ultim ques tion, yo pos s e s olmen dir, que il es s et in medie del chambre nter s u infantes . (Thank you for your help, I was able to nis h the work before the xed end date, except the las t pages which do not conform to the program. Concerning your las t ques tion, I can only s ay that he was in the middle of the room with his children.)

CONJUNCTIONS
104, Coordinative conjunctions are: e, e ... e, o, o ... o, ni, ni ... ni, s ive ... s ive, ma, nam, tamen, ergo, dunc, plu ... plu, nu, nu ... nu. Both the father and the mother became blind. Either he comes or we have to clos e the door. He certainly will not eat nor drink, becaus e he neither eats meat nor drinks alcohol. Whether you cons ent or not we will s till do it; but the more s tubborn you act, the more is olated you will be. W ell, you can do what you want. He is no longer normal in the head, becaus e he laughs and then cries with no vis ible motive. 105. Subordinate conjunctions are: que, s i, quam, es que, ca, quas i, benque, ets . One cannot know if he comes or not, becaus e though he's the hus band, he is more or les s his wife's s lave. If he comes , one s houldn't ques tion him about that, as if one would know nothing.* He can't s ay beforehand if he can come; becaus e whether he can come or not, that depends on his wife. 106. Many conjunctions and conjunctional expres s ions are compos ed from prepos itions or prepos itional expres s ions or adverbs or adverbial expres s ions with que and quam. per que, por que, pro que, pos que, ante que, durante que, s am quam, des de que, s in que, tant que, s upos it que, in condition que.

INTERJECTIONS
107, As with interjections one can us e all interjections of national languages , which are unders tandable by thems elf or internationally known. Hall! Hol! H! Huzza! Hurr! Yuh! Huh! Hu, Hu! Ba! Ay! Uf! Via! Nu! Hopp! Hoppla! Ve! Ho ve! Sus ! Ps it! Ps t! Shut! Sht! Crac! Paf! Plump! Hm! Hum! Fi! W ords of other grammatical categories can als o be us ed as interjections : for example: Bon! Ad-avan! Retro! For! A-bas s ! Ad-up! Halt! Auxilie! Ado! Silentie! Corage! Bravo! Vi! Vive! Mey viver! Salve! Salute! Huh! Quant li vent ulula circum li dom! Hu, hu! fanfaron! Hol! veni che me! Ba! quo to fa, s i il ne vole venir! Uf! nit ti des agreabil labor! Ay! quel dolore! Sus ! Sus ! al bes tie! Subitmen yo audit, que un pers on dit ps t! detra me. Ma ho ve! il ne atentet e plump! il cadet in li aqua. Shut (o s hit!) vi li profes s or, s ilentie! Fi! quel malodore!

SYNTAX
108. The pos ition of words in a s entence is generally free to a certain extent. But the regular order of the parts of a s entence is : s ubject - predicate - acus ativ object - dativ object. Li patre - da - li libre - al filio. 109. A phras e is eas ies t to unders tand if all words s tand as clos e as pos s ible to the word to which they relate. Becaus e of that all parts of a s entence are immediately followed or preceded by their attributes . Li bon patre s ovente voluntarimen da bell libres a s u diligent filio. (The good father frequently voluntarily gives beautiful books to his diligent s on.) 110. From that it follows that the adjective or adjectival attribute s hould immediately precede or follow the relative noun. In general it precedes , if it is s hort or characteris tic, but follows if it is long or complementary He prefers the delicate fruits of . the South. That mann, clear in his thoughts and pure in his intentions . His /her father and mother had made all arrangements neces s ary for his /her voyage. I jus t now received the mos t recent approximate report on commodities , important in our land during that s ummer.

111. The adverbs : ne, tre, tro, s olmen and anc s hould always immediately precede the concerning word, at times the auxiliary verb is ordinarily compos ed**; the other adverbs can immediately precede or follow the concerning word.. It was not I that took your book but another pers on. I have not taken your book but I will take it. I have not taken your book but one has given it to me. I have taken not your book but another. I as well love you. (others love you) I als o love you (love + other verbs ) I love you too (I love other people too) 112. Auxiliary verbs (anc: dever, pos s er, voler etc.) s hould always precede the participle immediately relative to the innitive, or be s eparated only by related adverbs . Our friends have worked much, but couldn't completely nis h their work. I s hould learn thos e words from memory I s hould quickly learn thos e words from memory I immediately s hould learn thos e . . words from memory. 113. Negative pronouns and adverbs receive the pos itive s ens e only if they do not s tand immediately before them. So-called double negation is permitted, but not recommended. I s aw no one. I didn't s ee no one. I didn't s ee no one, but jus t a few. 114. Als o in relative phras es one us es the s ame order of the parts of phras es and the indicative as in principle phras es . The s ubjunctive is us ed only in rare cas es where the dis tinction is important, for example in legal documents ; in certain one can als o us e the optative. He s aid that he is s ick. He thought that I had come. One hoped that he s oon will come. She as ked why I am s o cheerful. He s aid that he would have loved her. I hope that he may come. To indicate a condition, one s hould always us e: s i. If s he would have known what s he knows today, s he would have acted dierently If I were s ick, I would s tay . at home. Indirect phras es are begun with: ca (often replaced with es que). I don't know if I unders tand you correctly W will . e begin whether he comes or not. Do you know if he will come? If one were to know if he comes !* To change relative phras es one can often us e the innitive immediately after the verb. I believe that I have s een him. (all three are dierent ways of s aying the s ame thing) 115. The accus ative pronoun immediately follows the verb; the dative pronoun immediately erecedes it or follows the accus ative pronoun, with or without the prepos ition a. I s aw him. I gave it to him. I gave it to him. I gave it to him. 116. The rules indicates for direct phras es apply als o for interrogative phras es which are formed by es que or other interrogative words . With the "es que" one can form interrogative phras es by pos ing the s ubject after the predicate, relatively* after the auxiliary verb. Have you unders tood me? Have you unders tood me? How many people you believe you s ee? Do you believe you s ee many people? Whom do you s ee? Who s ees you? Can you hear me? Are you thinking or s leeping? 117. Verbs are us ed trans itively, pers onally and and actively as much as pos s ible; but it is always permitted to us e an indirect(?) prepos ition. I thank you. Pleas e help the poor man. He humiliated his enemier. I remember the thing very well. He prepares for a voyage. He prepares hims elf for a voyage. That he only imagines .I am aware of that. I feel pain. I regret/am s orry I am hot, I am cold. I s ucceeded in doing it. One danced and played. On the impers onal verbs the pronoun it can be . omitted, if the s ens e permits it. I believe that it is raining. There are many exceptions . It's raining. It's raining. It becomes cold (the temperature or a certain thing).

PUNCTUATION
118. Signs of punctuation s hould be us ed in a manner that makes it eas ier to unders tand the text. Becaus e their us e in national languages is often contradictory, one s hould us e them according to natural principle, that is to indicate where one s hould s top in reading, relatively to s eparate the parts of a s entence. 119. The period (.) indicates a fairly large s top. It is us ed to s eparate complete phras es , expres s ing a completed thought. 120. The s emi-colon (;) indicates a s top les s large. It is us ed to s eparate complete phras es with jointed thoughts . For today he is content; becaus e we worked from morning to the evening. 121. The comma (,) indicates the s malles t s top. It is us ed to s eparate the divers e parts of a compos ite phras e, or divers e jointed phras es s o many that one does not want to s eparate them with a period or s emi-colon. For today he is content, but tomorrow we will certainly have to continue the work, if the weather will permit it. With the comma it is in many cas es pos s ible to make clear the s ens e of a phras e, indicating whether the words are to s eparate in a certain place or in another, or are not to be s eparated. In particular one needs to pay attention to what attributes are neces s ary to define a certain notion are added without a comma, and that thos e that s imply des cribe are s eparated with a comma*. He has told me that which the others s hould not know. He has told me that, what the others s hould not know (that he has s aid it to me). He does not

love the children which make noice if they are not controlled. He does not love the children, which make nois e if they are not controlled. He does not love the children which make nois e, if they are not controlled. He does not love the children, who make nois e, if they are not controlled. 122. To indicate the mos t important words in a phras e one can us e the written accent. I go with her (not you). I go with her (I do not do as the others , which do not go with her). I go with her (not with the others ). Do you know from where he comes ? 123. Other punctuational s igns : Colon (:), punctus s us pens iv (...), parentes e ( ), crampones ([ ]), imbras s amentes ({ }), s trec ligant (-), s trec s eparant (), s ignes (hocos ) de citation (" "), s igne de exclamation (!), s igne interrogativ (?) and apos trof (') are us ed more or les s internationally. (! and ? are only found at the beginning of the phras e, not at the beginning as well.)

WORD FORMATION
124. New words are formed by A. Addition of terminations . B. Addition of prexes . C. Addition of s uxes . D. Compos ition of two or multiple words . A. TERMINATIONS 125. The addition of terminations is already dealt with in the concerning paragraphs of the grammar: 1) Noun terminations : -e (22, 30, 87) -a ( 24, 30, 87) -o ( 24, 30) -u ( 25) -um (31) 2) Adjectival terminations : -i (29). 3) Adverbial terminations : -e (74) -men ( 90). 126. Thes e terminations are a cons equence of the caracteris tic final vowels of Interlingue: -e is the general ending, without s pecial meaning, us ed to x the correct pronunciation of the preceding cons onant, for euphony or to dis tinguis h s imilar words (mos tly of nouns from adjectives of the s ame form). Pace, image, ros e, libre, cable, altruis me, curve, centre, central, centrale, directiv, directive, marine, circulare, cantate, innite, tangente, adherente, manjante, denove. -a is found in words indicating activity, location or time, s omething prolonged, univers al, collective, and with living things the feminine. dans a, dans ada, plazza, imperia, era, pas ca, ros iera, liga, s ecta, pos ta, americana, filia, s tudianta, cavalla. -o is found in words that indicate s omething concrete, material, s pecial, individual, and with living entities the mas culine. fors o, humo, ros iero, pos to, americano, filio, cavallo. -u indicates s omething abs tract, neuter, a relativity, or is us ed to receive international derivatives . s tatu, cas u, unaltru, manu, gradu. -i is the adjectival nal, to x the correct pronounciation of the nal cons onant, for euphony or for dis tinction of s imilar words . felici, s agi, poros i, organis atori, amari, curvi, vacui. e, a, o, u, i: ros e, ros i, ros iero, ros iera; porte, porta, portu, portuari, portale; pos ta, pos to. B. PREFIXES 127. In many international word formations the prexes and prexed expres s ions los e their las t cons onant or as s imilate it into the following cons onant; in that cas e doubled cons onants are replaced according to 10 by s ingle ones , except after n(but other orthographies are permitted) adtracter attracter atracter, conlaborar collaborar colaborar, conoperativ cooperativ, conpos ition compos ition, dis fus er dius er difus er, exmigrar emmigrar emigrar, coneducation coeducation, nregulari irregulari, nlegal illegal. 128. The prefixes are: bel-: kins hip by marriage: belfratre (brother-in-law), belfilio (s on-in-law). des -: ces s ation, contrary: des abonnar (uns ubs cribe), des infecter (dis infect), des avantage (dis advantage). dis :- s eparation, dis pers ion: dis membrar (dis member), dis s emar (dis s eminate). ex-: ex-, previous : expres idente (ex-pres ident), eximperator (ex-emperor). ho-: s ame time: hode (today), hos emane (this week), hoannu (this year). n-: negation in adjectives : nocial (unocial), nvis ibil (invis ible) (not to be confus ed with the unaccented prepos ition: in-: inpaccar, pack in). mi-: s hort form of dem (half): mid (midday), minocte (midnight), mihor (half-hour), mifratre (half-brother). mis -: fals e, inconvenient, failing: mis comprender (mis comprehend), mis alliantie (mis alliance), mis directer (mis direct).

non-: negation in s ubs tantives : nons ens (nons ens e), nonfumator (non-s moker). per-: through, to the end: perforar (perforate), percurrer (run through, run all the way). pre-: before, in front: previder (preview), preparar (prepare), prehis torie (prehis tory), pres ider (pres ide). pro-: to the front / outs ide: progres s ion, producter (produce). re-: again, to the beginning: revider (review), revenir (return). s tep-: kins hip by a s econd marriage: s tepmatre (s tepmother), s tepfilio (s teps on). 129. As prexes one als o us es prepos itions , adverbs and the pres ent of s ome verbs : adaptar, abreviar, atirar, antedatar, avanbras s , circums cription, cons entir, coeducation, coroder, compres s er, contras ignar, depender, excluder, expectar, extraordinari, forear, inltrar, iluminar, importar, intervenir, preterpas s ar, retromarchar, retroactiv, s elfcondentie, s ubmis s er, trans portar, trans pirar, tradition, ultraclerical, vicepres idente, parapluvie, portamon, tirabuton. 130. Many international words are formed by Greek prexes : decametre, decilitre, hectolitre, hemis fere, hipermodern, kilometre, monoplan, pans lavis me, ps eudocris t, telefonar. C. SUFFIXES 131. Suxes are added immediately to the root or with ligative vowels or cons onants . Complete endings are indicated below, but without any facultative terminations . One can add multiple s uffixes in the s ame word. 132. In many international word formations there is a contraction of two s imilar following s ounds or groups of s ounds into one. ex. minera(lo)logie, popular(i)is ar, pacif(ic)is me, infanter(i)is t, ambiti(on)os i, religi(on)os i, ident(ic)it, nu(tri)tres s e, mum(i)ificar. 133. Rating* s ufixes . -ett: diminutive, frequentative, s mall objects : lietto, s tatuette, cigarrette, pincette, inammette, ros ette, foliettar, volettar, s altettar. -illio, -innia: cares s ive: fratrillio, matrinnia, carinnia. -is s im: highes t grade: grandis s im, bellis s im. -ach: pejorative, condemning: cavallacho, linguache, criticachar. Verbal s uffixes . 134. Final -ar. All modern verb formations nis h with -ar, not with -ir and not with -er. Mos t verbs are derived from other words with indirect* derivation, i.e. through adding the -ar ending of the innitive, without s ux. Thos e derived verbs have divers e meanings : 1) of objects , materials , abs tracts : provide with: coronar (coronate), armar (arm), motivar (motivate). 2) of utens ils , ins truments : us e, handle with: bros s ar (brus h), martellar (hammer). 3) of organic products : s ecrete: lactar (lactate), ovar (lay eggs /s pawn), s anguar (bleed). 4) of people and creatures : act as : dominar (dominate), s erpentar (creep). 5) of adjectives and participles (frequently with prepos itions ): act in s uch a manner: plenar (ll), s iccar (dry), exs iccar (wizen*), abellar (embellis h), calentar (heat), s edentar (s eat). In many cas es there are other internationally-known relations : bes on, bes onar (need), cure, curar, (cure) ris ca, ris car (ris k), don (gift), donar (give), matur, maturar (mature). 135. Other verbal endings . -is ar: act in a manner / as : electris ar (electrify), idealis ar (idealize), canalis ar (canonize*), terroris ar (terrorize), rivalis ar (rivalis e), judeis ar (judaize). -icar: act in a manner*: vericar (verify), s implicar (s implify), mumicar (mummify), pacicar (pacify). Als o forms adjectives :: pacic, magnic, s pecic. -ijar: become, make ones elf: verdijar (turn green*), rubijar (blus h). -ear: dynamic s tate of coming and going: flammear (blaze), verdear, undear (undulate). 136. Suxes for verbal nouns . a) added to the perfect theme as with 80: -ion: action, als o res ult and location of it: adminis tration, expedition, cons truction, dis tribution, explos ion. -or: acting pers on, thing or factor: adminis trator, expeditor, dis tributor, cons tructor, ventilator, compres s or, divis or. -ura: concrete action or its res ult: reparatura, garnitura, lectura, creatura. b) added to the pres ent theme as with 84: -ment: concrete action or its res ult, or s erving to / s erving as : fundament, nutriment, movement. c) added to the verbal root as with 85: -ida (verbs in -ar: -ada): continuing action: promenada, perdida, currida. d) added to the pres ent participle as with 82: -ie: continuing s tate: tolerantie, provenientie, exis tentie.

 137. Pers onal s ufxes . -er-: profes s ional pers on: molinero, lavera, librero, vitrero. -is t: pers on occupying thems elf with, adherent of: calvinis t, s ocialis t, libris t, telegras ta. -or: cp. 136. -ari-: pers on characterized by s omething external, ex. a function: millionario, functionaria, bibliotecario, pens ionaria. -on: pers on characterized by an internal or natural quality: dormon, s avagion, s piona, pedon. -ard: people with a bad quality: fals ard, dinamitard, mentard. -as tr-: people with internal value: medicas tro, poetas tra. -es -: inhabitant (als o adjectival): frances e, frances o, frances a, frances i, borges o. -ane, -ano, ana: cp. 140. -es s a: women with s pecial dignity or function: princes s a, diacones s a, actres s a, imperatres s a. -ell: young animal: agnell, leonello. 138. Qualitative s uxes . -ie: abs tract nouns , s tate (cp. 82, 136): anatomie, maladie, elegantie, exis tentie, furie, tirannie. -it (-et, if the root ends with i): quality: homanit, yunit, quantit, propriet, ebriet. -ore: of verbs : s tate, of adjectives : meas urable quality: amore, terrore, calore, longore, grandore. -es s e: pregnant quality or s tate: altes s e, grandes s e, nes s e, yunes s e, delicates s e. 139. Local and colective s uxes . -ia: location, land: dormitoria, Germania, dominia, abatia. -ere: profes s ion and its products (-er + -ie), metaphorically als o manner of an actor, character: vitrere, pottere, bigottere, diabolere. -era: location of a profes s ion (-er + -ia): librera, juvelera, vitrera. -iera: vas t location containing s omething: torera, pis ciera, ros iera. iere: vas e etc. containing s omething: incriere, tabaciere, butoniere. -iero: carrying s omething: ros iero, candeliero, pomiero. atu: ins titution or s ituation s ocial or legal, dignity, als o its location, time or domain: viduatu, proletariatu, s ecretariatu, califatu, epis copatu. -uore: location utens il: trottuore, lavuore, res ervuore, tiruore. -ade: multitude, s eries , content: colonade, boccade, olimpiade. -allia: collectives without order, or depreciative: antiquallia, ferrallia, canallia. -age: collectives with order, things made by: foliage, plumage, bos cage, tonnage, plantage, lanage, linage. of verbs : activity, mainly indus trial or profes s ional, als o its res ult, location or time, als o its expens es *: ranage, abordage, luage, viage, doanage. -arium: ordered collection, mos tly s cientic or technical: herbarium, planetarium, aquarium, ros arium. -it (-et, if the root nis hes with i); totality of people or things : homanit, yunit, s ociet. -un: s ingle example: grelun, s ablun, s calun. 140. Adjectival s uxes . (The concerned nouns formed by noun nals are indicated in parenthes is ) -al: general adjectival relation: mus ical, cordial, central (centrale), ideal (ideale). -ic: being that way: metallic, fanatic (fanatico), fantas tic, s cientic. Greek nouns ending with -ma add a -t-, thos e ending with -s e (x = cs ) mute the s into t: problematic, dramatic, elips e, eliptic, hipnos e, hipnotic, s intax, s intactic (s intactico). With -ica one indicates s ciences or arts , with -ico thos e that do them: s ic, fis ica, fis ico, aviatica, aviatico, politic, politica, politico. -an: pertaining to: american (americano, americana, americanes ), homan. -at (after nouns ): provided by: barbat, foliat, talentat (talentate). -ut: very rich in, exuberant: barbut (barbute), armut, s andut. -os i: rich in, having: famos i, mus culos i, res pectos i, s pinos i. -aci: inclined to: mordaci, tenaci, vivaci. -ari: conforming to, convenient* with: populari, regulari, militari (militare). -atri: s imilar to: s pongiatri, verdatri. -es c: reminding of, in the manner of: infantes c (infantes co), gigantes c. -in: cons is ting of, parentage of: argentin, alpin, matrin, s vinin (s vinine). -iv (added to the perfect theme as wel 80): acting as , able: decorativ, obligativ, cons olativ, denitiv, cons tructiv, ofens iv (ofens ive), directiv (directive), alternativ (alternative). -ori (added to the perfect theme as with 80): des tined toward, s hould act as (adjective of -or): decoratori, obligatori, cons olatori, ilus ori, preparatori, ins tructori. -ibil (verbs in -ar: -abil, cp. 85): of trans itive verbs : what one can do, of intrans itive verbs : what can do: formabil, audibil, ncredibil, vis ibil, explos ibil, combus tibil (combus tibile). -nd (verbs in -ir: -end) added to the pres ent theme: to do: leend, dividend (dividende). 141. Many international words contain greek and latin axes : ab-: afar: abducter. anti-: agains t: anticris t, antis ocial. arch(i)-: highes t grade: archangel, archiepis cop, archifripon. auto-: s elf: automobile, autodidacte. ps eudo-: fals e, s eeming: ps eudos cientie, ps eudocris t, ps eudomala-die. -is me: doctrine, s ys tem, movement: catolicis me, centralis me, s ocialis me. -oid: s imilar: negroid (negroide), elips oid. 142. Beyond the productive axes exis t s ome nonproductive axes , which do not form new words , but explain exis ting international words . Ex: -id, -ore. friger, frigid, frigore, valer, valid, valore, riger, rigid, rigore, rigidit, rigoros , rigoros it. D. WORD COMPOSITION 143. Mos t frequent is the method of placing the complement without a prepos ition in front of the noun relating to the verb, with or without a das h. s cri-table = table for writing, vent-moline = mill moved by the wind, chapel-bux, nota-librette, pos tcarte, s crimachine, tippmachine, mult-lateral, circumnavigar, contrapropos ition.

In new formations it is recommended to link the two words with a hyphen. In compos itions already international the two words are often joined with an o or i. ferrovia, agricultura, unform, li uniforme, aeroplan, electromotor. For s implicity or more comprehens ability and clarity it is recommended in many cas es to us e attributes ins tead of compos itions . animale domes tic, premie de as s ecurantie, comunication per vapornaves . SYSTEMATIC PHRASES FOR ALL ESSENTIAL GRAMMATICAL RULES The following unique page of phras es in Interlingue contain for every es s ential rule of the grammar of interlingue, including s yntax, a s pecimen phras e. The mechanis m of this international is s o s imple that a much larger circle of people is capable of really mas tering this s imple mechanis m without exceptions , than it would be pos s ible in any national language with its much more complicated rules and with all the exceptions and the mas s of s pecial manners of expres s ion.s However Interlingue pos s es s es the full expres s ivity of national languages ; becaus e it does not renounce certain pos s ibilities of expres s ion, it only s elects in every point the mos t s imple or mos t well known form of expres s ion.

Yo manja un pom. Li pom es un fructe. Tu manja un pir. It anc es un fructe. Noi manja du bon fructes . Mi fratre manja prunes ; il manja tri prunes .

I eat an apple. The apple is a fruit. You eat a pear. It als o is a fruit. We eat two good fruits . My brother eats prunes ; he eats three prunes .

Mi s es tra manja ceres es ; ella manja mult ceres es . lli manja My s is ter eats cherries ; s he eats many cherries . They eat prunes e ceres es . prunes and cherries . Vu manja pires , prunes e ceres es . On manja li mult bon fructes . Yo prefere li dulcis . A mi patre yo di tu, ma tu di vu a mi patre. Li patre es grand e li matre anc es grand; ili es grand. Yo vide te. Yo da te un pir. Yo da li pir a te. Li pir es de me. Li patre da un pom al filia. Ella es li s es tra del filio. Yo lava me. Yo lava te. Tu lava me. Tu lava te. Tu lava le. Il lava s e. Il lava le. Il lava la. Il lava it. Il lava nos . Ella lava s e. It lava s e. It lava it. On lava s e. Noi lava nos . Vu lava vos . Vu lava nos . lli lava s e. I s ee you. I give you a pear. I give the pear to you. The pear is mine. The father gives an apple to the daughter. She is the s is ter of the s on. I was h me. I was h you. You was h me. You was h you. You was h him. He was hes hims elf. He was hes him. He was hes her. He was hes it. He was hes us . She was hes hers elf. It was hes its elf. It was hes it. One was hes ones elf. We was h us . You was h you. You was h us . They was h thems elves . You eat pears , prunes and cherries . One eats the bes t fruits . I prefer the s weet ones . To my father I s ay "tu", but you s ay "vu" to my father. The father is big and the mother als o is big; they are big.

lli lava les . Yo da mi pom a te. Tu da tui pir a nos . Vu da vor fructes a les . lli da lor fructes a le. Yo da te mi pom, etc.

They was h them. I give my apple to you. You give your pear to us . You give your fruits to them. They give their fruits to them. I give you my apple, etc.

Mi pom es plu grand quam s u prunes , ma it es min grand My apple is larger than your prunes , but it is s maller than quam tui pir. your pear. Li maxim grand de vor fructes es tui pir, li minim grand s u The larges t of your fruits is your pear, the leas t big its ceres es . cherries . Nor pom e pir es tam bell quam lor prunes e ceres es . Nor fructes es tam bell quam li lores . Lu maxim bell es li bellis s im compos ition del colores . Our apple and pear is as beautiful as their prunes and cherries . Our fruits are as beautiful as theirs . What is mos t beautiful is the very beautiful compos ition of colours . Yo es ci. Tu anc es ci. Ma il es ta. Ti fructes es bell. Ti-ci pom es verd. Ma ti-ta pir es yelb. Ti-ci ceres es es rubi, tis -ta es nigri. To es bell colores . Qui veni? Li filia. Quel filia? Li filia del vicino. Qual es li dom del vicino? Su dom es grand. Quo li filia vole? I am here. You als o are here. But he is there. Thos e fruits are beautiful. This apple here is green. But that pear there is yellow. Thes e cherries here are red, thos e there are black. Thos e are beautiful colours . Who comes ? The daughter. Which daughter? The neighbor's daughter. Which is the hous e of the neighbor? His /her hous e is large. What does the daughter want?

Ella aporta fructes por li infantes queles ama les . Yo ne s ave She brings fruits for the children that love them. quo far, nam omnes ama les . I don't know what to do, becaus e all love them. Thos e which Tis qui ha laborat maxim mult, recive li maxim grand fructes ; have worked the mos t receive the larges t fruits ; thos e which tis queles ha laborat poc, recive li min grand fructes . have worked little receive the s malles t fruits . Talmen on s ave tre rapidmen qualmen dis tribuer li fructes . Ti metode functiona bon; it es corect. Hode yo labora ci. Yer yo ha arivat. Yo arivat per li tren de Paris , u yo hat laborat antey. Deman yo va departer per auto pos har finit mi labor. That way one knows very quickly how to dis tribute the fruits . That method functions well; it is correct. Today I work here. Yes terday I have arrived. I arrived by the train from Paris , where I had worked before. Tomorrow I will depart by car after having finis hed my work.

Yo vell res tar plu long, ma on telegrafat me: Veni tam I would res t longer, but one telegraphed me: Come as quick bentos t quam pos s ibil! Dunc las s nos nir nor maxim urgent as pos s ible! So let us finis h our mos t urgent work. labores . The other work that I s till would have done, I will have to do Li altri labores queles yo ancor vell har devet far, yo va dever later; pleas e excus e that. far plu tard; ples excus ar to. When I do my work well I am appreciated and I will be wellQuande yo fa bon mi labores , yo es es timat e yo va es s er paid. bon payat. In Paris I had been honoured by a s pecial prize. That may In Paris yo hat es s et honorat per un s pecial premie. To mey s uffice. s uficer. Li patre da li libre al filio. The father gives the book to the s on.

Li bon patre s ovente voluntarimen da bell libres a s u diligent The good father often voluntarily gives beautiful books to his filio. diligent s on.

Il da ne li fructe, ma li libre. Ne il da li libre, ma ella. Anc yo ama vos . Yo ama s olmen vos . Yo videt le. Yo te dat it. Yo dat it te. Yo dat it a te. A te yo dat it. Es que vu hat comprendet me? Ha vu comprendet me? Quant pers ones tu crede vider? Crede tu vider mult pers ones ? Qui tu vide? Qui vide te? Il di que il es malad. Il pens at que yo ha venit. Ella ques tionat, proquo yo es tam felici. Yo des ira que il mey venir. Si yo vell es s er malad, yo vell res tar in hem. Yo ne s ave, ca yo comprende vos corect. Ca il veni o ne, noi va comens ar. Si on vell s aver, ca il veni! Yo crede que yo ha videt le. Yo crede har videt le. Yo crede vider le.

He gives not the fruit, but the book. It's not him that gives the book, but her. I als o love you. I love only you. I s aw him. I gave it to you. I gave it to you. I gave it to you. To you I gave it. Had you unders tood me ? Have you unders tood me? How many people do you believe you can s ee? Do you believe you can s ee many people? Whom do you s ee? Who s ees you? He s ays that he is s ick. He thought that I have come. She as ked why I am s o happy. I hope that he may come. If I would be s ick I would s tay at home. I don't know if I unders tand you correctly. We will s tart whether he comes or not. If one would know whether he comes !* I believe that I have s een him. I believe I have s een him. I believe I have s een him.

Stres s : Li poc articules del grammatica e li vocabularium de Interlingue es facilis s im e repres enta ndubitabilmen li maximum de s implicit.

THE REAL INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE

Text of a grammophone dis k available from Interlingue-Central Dear lis teners ! I s peak to you in the international language Interlingue. The centre of the International Interlingue Union has made the edition of this grammophone dis k to demons trate to all interes ted that Interlingue does not s ound like an articial or cons tructed language, but as a language completely natural and s imilar to national languages . And if you s tudy a text in Interlingue, you will conrm, that printed and written, the as pect of that language is the s ame as thos e of the large cultural languages of the Occident written with Latin letters . Thos e Latin letters are us ed in the accus tomed manner to the larges t number of Europeans and Americans , and the unied pronounciation is guaranteed, becaus e everyone now has the opportunity to get us ed to the normal pronounciation through grammophone dis ks . And certainly after a s hort time one will als o hear in radio broadcas ts always more and more dis cours es and news s poken in the international language Interlingue. If we s peak to a pers on in Interlingue, they always as k us : but there already exis t other languages that call thems elves the world language. Yes , there has been much advertis ing for thos e languages , and many people with immens e enthus ias m have s acriced much work and enormous amounts over more than s ixty years for the ideal of a common language for all peoples of the Earth. But regretably all thes e eorts have not been able to have s ucces s , becaus e the world does not accept an articial language, a language which makes it neces s ary to think in a manner contrary to the habit of all nations . Becaus e of that it was neces s ary from the beginning to nd a language that contains the real international words , but in their natural forms , not deformed by articially added vowels and cons onants and s yllables . And als o the grammar needs to be as s imple as pos s ible. It s hould not contain complicated rules which do not even exis t in the majority of national languages , which proves that thos e rules are not neces s ary for the clear expres s ion and comprehens ion of thoughts .

Becaus e of that Edgar de W ahl, a profes s or in Tallinn, Es tonia, removed hims elf from the articial language projects and s earched for the s olution to the problem in another direction. He s tudied national languages once again hims elf, and s earched out the words and the grammatical rules already exis ting in mos t cultural languages . With the dis covery of the s ocalled "de W ahl's Rule" he regularized thous ands of extremely frequent words , which the preceding international language projects had to exclude and change with articial word cons tructions . This de W ahl's Rule is the miraculous key to the only language really international and regular at the s ame time. Edgar de W ahl has s tudied exact s ciences , linguis tics and the ne arts . Maybe jus t that mixture of interes ts and knowledges made it pos s ible for him to nd a language unattackable from the s cientic viewpoint and at the s ame time not dis agreeable for linguis tic s entiment. Interlingue is an autonomous and harmonic language, and contains all es s ential elements of the principal languages of Europe and America. It is much eas ier than the precedent international language projects and incomparably eas ier than all national languages . A letter written in Interlingue is already today unders tood by all people in the world in international relations . And becaus e none will s earch for words more international than the international words thems elves , no one will make a propos ition for a new international language project, after s erious s tudy of Interlingue, the only truly international language.