Electronics Tutorial - Sections 1 - 5 & Contents

Electronics tutorial - sections 1- 5 & contents
Page 1
Electronics Tutorial
Welcome to the electronics tutorial! If you want to learn electronics, it's a great place to start. You can also revise for your GCSE here, as it's written to GCSE standard for the year 2000 (so if you're taking it in 1999, forget it. but have a look anyway!). It's suitable for all, and anyone can learn electronics using a combination of this & the other material available on my site. Whether you want to learn as a hobby, are taking a course in it, or just want to brush up on a few points, there should be something here to help you. If you have any questions about electronics, this tutorial, or just fancy a chat, you can e-mail me on alex_ tb@hotmail.com . If you've got a PhD in electronics or something, & you think I've stated something wrongly in here, please e-mail me & tell me about it, so I can correct it. Note that the electronics tutorial is 1998 Alex Pounds. All rights reserved. 1. Electronic systems 2. The resistor Wire wound resistor Carbon film resistor Production Spread Colour coding The resistor printed code 3. Current 4. Resistances in series 5. Parallel circuits 6. Parallel circuits experiment 7. Resistors in parallel 8. Power & energy Power rating 9. Digital & analogue voltmeters 10. Logic - Digital electronics The OR gate The AND gate The NOT gate The NOR gate The NAND gate The XOR gate 11. The potential divider 12. Measuring potential dividers 13. Using different voltmeters 14. The potentiometer 15. The Light Dependent Resistor 16. The Thermistor 17. Binary numbers Binary counting 18. The Seven-segment display 19. The Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 20. Diodes
http://www.ffldusoe.edu/Faculty/Denenberg/Topics/Electronics/Alex_Pounds/
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21. 22.
23.
24. 25. 26.
27.
Silicon diode Germanium diode Zener diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) Use of diodes Testing diodes Which indicator? Switches Toggle switch Slide switch Rotary switch Push switch Microswitch Reed switch Tilt switch Ways & poles Transistors The NPN transistor Experiment to turn a lamp on by touch Experiment to determine the current characteristic & find its hFE The transistor load driver The Field Effect Transistor (FET) Properties comparison between a FET transistor & an NPN transistor The MOSFET transistor Properties comparison between a MOSFET transistor & an NPN transistor Transistors as gates Integrated Circuits The relay The Capacitor Types of capacitor The non-electrolytic capacitor The variable capacitor The electrolytic capacitor The tantalum capacitor Charging a capacitor The bistable (latch) From NOR gates From NAND gates The Memory Register The D-Type (Data Type) Bistable The Timing Diagram Counting circuit The Binary Up Counter The BCD counter Uses of bistables Contact Bounce Stopwatch using a pulse generator (astable)
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28. 29. 30. 31.
The Astable (or pulse generator) The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) The 555 timer as an astable The monostable multivibrator Uses of a monostable 32. The 555 timer as a monostable Design a monostable 33. Alarms 34. Alternating voltage and current (AC) Types of AC Sine wave Triangular wave Square wave Astable
1. Electronic systems
All circuits can be designed as a system. eg. a radio receiver
The processing can the be further subdivided:
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Each block can then be designed in isolation, and the blocks coupled together. We need to know the input & output properties of each block, but no details of how they work. NB. Each block also needs a power supply input, but this is not normally shown on the diagram.
2. The resistor
A resistor has a resistance, which is measured in ohms. If you haven't got the symbol font installed, the following character will not display correctly - W . This is the symbol for Ohms.
Wire wound resistor
For a higher resistance, we use a longer or thinner wire. This is quite an accurate method. They are temperature-stable. They can take a large power (gets hot) without failing. But they are expensive.
Carbon film resistor
Higher resistance - thinner carbon or narrower tracks increases the resistance.
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Production spread
Resistors are made in large batches, and very cheaply. This means that the resistance value obtained is rarely exactly right. This variation is known as the production spread. The accuracy of a resistor is given to a percentage. The means that it is within + or - that amount. The accuracy is known as its tolerance.
Colour coding Black Red 0 2
Brown 1 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Grey 8 White 9
Band 1 = First digit of resistance Band 2 = Second digit of resistance Band 3 = Number of following zeros Band 4 = Tolerance
Tolerances
No band = 20 % Silver = 10 % Gold = 5 %
The resistor printed code
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R = ohms K = thousands of ohms M = millions of ohms The position of the letter determines the decimal point. 1800 = 1K8 120 = 120R Tolerances are shown by using postfixes: J=5% K = 10 % M = 20% So: 56000 10 % = 56K0K 6800000 5 % = 6M8J
3. Current
Voltage = Current x Resistance V=IxR Volts = amps x ohms Volts = milliamps x kilo ohms NB. 1mA = 0.001 A 1 Kilo ohm = 1000 ohms
4. Resistances in series
R1
R2
V1 (V) V2 (V) V3 (V) VT (V2+V3)
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2K2 3K3 15.12 4K7 1K2 15.12 270R 150R 15.12 39K 69K 15.12
6.50 12.08 9.25 5.46
8.60 3.04 5.84 9.61
15.10 15.12 15.09 15.07
From this experiment, we can conclude:
The currents are all equal ( IT = I1 = I2 = I3 ) The voltages (Potential differences) add together ( VT = V1 + V2 ) The resistances add together ( RT = R1 + R2)
5. Parallel circuits
The 2 circuits on parallel each have 9V across them. I1 = V / R = 9 / 10 = 0.9 mA I2 = V / R = 9 / 0.3 = 30 mA So the total current from this battery is 30.9 mA. Note that the resistance for the second half of the circuit = 300R = 0K3 , because 200 + 100 =300 .
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