Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

SPACE VECTOR PULSE
WIDTH MODULATION
PRESENTED BY:-
PRASANJIT KUMAR MISHRA
BRANCH:-ELECTRICAL ENGGINEERING
ENROLLMENT NO:- 09UEE025
SOURCE INTERNET
Output voltages of three-phase inverter (1)
Fig. 1 Three-phase power inverter.

Space Vector PWM (1)
where, upper transistors: S
1
, S
3
, S
5
lower transistors: S
4
, S
6
, S
2

switching variable vector: a, b, c

t
dc
ca
bc
ab
c] b [a vector variable switching where ,
c
b
a
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
V
V
V
V
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
c
b
a
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
V
3
1
V
V
V
dc
cn
bn
an
S
1
through S
6
are the six power transistors that shape the ouput voltage
When an upper switch is turned on (i.e., a, b or c is 1), the corresponding lower
switch is turned off (i.e., a', b' or c' is 0)
Line to line voltage vector [V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
]
t
Line to neutral (phase) voltage vector [V
an
V
bn
V
cn
]
t
Eight possible combinations of on and off patterns for the three upper
transistors (S
1
, S
3
, S
5
)

The eight inverter voltage vectors (V
0
to V
7
)

The eight combinations, phase voltages and output line to line voltages

Principle of Space Vector PWM
This PWM technique approximates the reference voltage V
ref
by a
combination of the eight switching patterns (V
0
to V
7
)
The vectors (V
1
to V
6
) divide the plane into six sectors (each sector:
60 degrees)
V
ref
is generated by two adjacent non-zero vectors and two zero vectors
CoordinateTransformation (abc reference frame to the stationary
d-q frame)
: A three-phase voltage vector is transformed into a vector in the stationary
d-q coordinate
frame which represents the spatial vector sum of the three-phase voltage
Treats the sinusoidal voltage as a constant amplitude vector rotating
at constant frequency

Basic switching vectors and Sectors
Fig. 2 Basic switching vectors and sectors.
6 active vectors (V
1
,V
2
, V
3
, V
4
, V
5
, V
6
)
Axes of a hexagonal
DC link voltage is supplied to the load
Each sector (1 to 6): 60 degrees
2 zero vectors (V
0
, V
7
)
At origin
No voltage is supplied to the load

Comparison of Sine PWM and Space Vector PWM (1)
Fig. 3 Locus comparison of maximum linear control voltage
in Sine PWM and SV PWM.

Comparison of Sine PWM and Space Vector PWM (2)
Space Vector PWM generates less harmonic distortion
in the output voltage or currents in comparison with sine PWM
Space Vector PWM provides more efficient use of supply voltage
in comparison with sine PWM
Sine PWM
: Locus of the reference vector is the inside of a circle with radius of 1/2 V
dc
Space Vector PWM
: Locus of the reference vector is the inside of a circle with radius of 1/\3 V
dc
Voltage Utilization: Space Vector PWM = 2/\3 times of Sine PWM

Realization of Space Vector PWM
Step 1. Determine V
d
, V
q
, V
ref
, and angle (o)
Step 2. Determine time duration T
1
, T
2
, T
0

Step 3. Determine the switching time of each transistor (S
1
to S
6
)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
cn
bn
an
q
d
V
V
V
2
3
2
3
0
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
V
V
frequency) l fundamenta f (where,
t 2 t )
V
V
( tan
V V V
s
s s
d
q
1
2
q
2
d
ref
=
= = =
+ =

Fig 4 Voltage Space Vector and its components in (d, q).
cn bn an
cn bn q
cn bn an
cn bn an d
V
2
3
V
2
3
V
cos30 V cos30 V 0 V
V
2
1
V
2
1
V
cos60 V cos60 V V V
+ =
+ =
=
=
Step 1. Determine V
d
, V
q
, V
ref
, and angle (o)
Coordinate transformation
: abc to dq

Fig. 5 Reference vector as a combination of adjacent vectors at
sector 1.
1
, T
2
, T
0
(1)

Switching time duration at Sector 1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = + =
=
=
dc
ref
s
z 2 1 0
2
1
V
3
2
V
a and
f
1
T where, ), (
) 3 / ( sin
) ( sin
) 3 / ( sin
) 3 / ( sin
T T T T
a T T
a T T
z
z
z
t
o
t
o t
) 60 0 (where,
) 3 / ( sin
) 3 / ( cos
V
3
2
T
0
1
V
3
2
T
) ( sin
) ( cos
V T
) V T V (T V T
V dt V dt V V
dc 2 dc 1
ref
z
2
2
1
1
ref
z
T
T T
0
T T
T1
2
T
0
T
0
1 ref
z
2 1
2 1 z 1
s s
(
+
(
=
(

+ =
+ + =
} } } }
+
+

1
, T
2
, T
0
(2)

Switching time duration at any Sector
1
, T
2
, T
0
(3)
|
|
.
|
\
|
s s
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

=
60 0
6) to Sector1 is, (that 6 through 1 n where,
,
3
1
cos sin
3
1
sin cos
3
3
1
sin
3
sin
3
cos cos
3
sin
3
3
sin
3
3
1
3
sin
3
2 1 0
2
1
T T T T
n n
V
ref V T
n
V
ref V T
T
n n
V
ref V T
n
V
ref V T
n
V
ref V T
T
z
dc
z
dc
z
dc
z
dc
z
dc
z
t o t o
t o
o t o t
o t
t o
t

Fig6 Space Vector PWM switching patterns at each sector.
(a) Sector 1. (b) Sector 2.
1
to S
6
)
(1)

Fig. 7 Space Vector PWM switching patterns at each sector.
(c) Sector 3. (d) Sector 4.
1
to S
6
) (2)

Fig 8 Space Vector PWM switching patterns at each sector.
(e) Sector 5. (f) Sector 6.
1
to S
6
) (3)

Table 1. Switching Time Table at Each Sector
1
to S
6
) (4)

Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

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SPACE VECTOR PULSE

Step 2. Determine time duration T

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