International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &Technology (IJSRET)

Volume 1 Issue2 pp 035-039 May 2012 www. ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882

Formulation of Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network

Anuj Kumar1, Neeraj Shukla2, Dr. Ashish Chaturvedi3
(Department of Computer science & Engineering, MIIT, Meerut Email: anuj7.kumar@gmail.com, neeraj_14000@yahoo.com 3 Department of Computer science & Engineering, Arni University, Indora (Kathgarh), Himachal Pradesh Email: dr_ashysh@yahoo.com
1,2,

ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) depends on their reliable operation for extended times without human intervention. Wireless and ad-hoc deployment, which is essential in some scenarios and cost- effective in others, prevents the use of a wired energy infrastructure. Wireless Sensor Networks usually battery powered, thus energy-constrained, present energy efficiency as the main challenge. Usually in WSNs the communication consumes most of the energy. But recently wireless sensor nodes are introduced that comprise also energy-consuming sensors, apart from the traditional ones like temperature, air pressure and humidity sensors. This paper presents the feasible formulation to express the energy consumption of a wireless sensor network application in terms of its energy constituents, effective realization of the intended application in terms of cost, lifetime, and functionality. Keywords-Energy Consumption, Power Constrained, Sensors, Wireless Sensor Network.

been made to minimize the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks and lengthen their useful lifetime at different levels and approaches. The promise of a truly wireless network is to have the freedom to roam around anywhere within the range of the network and not be bound to a single location. Without proper power management of these roaming devices, however, the energy required to keep these devices connected to the network over extended periods of time quickly dissipates. The small node size puts constraints on the maximum battery size. Batteries already dominate the node volume in prototype sensor nodes. The energy density for common battery technologies varies in the range of 1200 J/cu.cm. (Alkaline) to 3780 J/cu.cm (Zinc-air). At such energy density, assuming a sensor node operating at 1mW (average consumption after power management) and assuming the full battery capacity can be utilized, a year-long operation requires a battery-size of the order of 10cu.cm which is rather large. Thus, batteries alone cannot be expected to reliably supply a sensor network deployment for several years.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Many differences exist between wireless networks and tradition wired ones. The most notable difference between these networks is the use of the wired medium for communication. Energy consumption is easily one of the most fundamental but crucial factor determining the success of the deployment of sensors and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to many severe constraints such as the size of sensors, the unavailability of a power source, and inaccessibility of the location and hence no further handling of sensor devices once they are deployed. Efforts have

II.

POWER CONSTRAINED WIRELESS NETWORKS

Wireless networks have been a hot topic for many years. Their potential was first realized with the deployment of cellular networks for use with mobile telephones in the late 1970's. Since this time, many other wireless wide are networks (WWANs) have begun to emerge, along with the introduction of wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs),

IJSRET @ 2012

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &Technology (IJSRET)

Volume 1 Issue2 pp 035-039 May 2012 www. ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882

wireless Local Area Network (WLANs), and wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). Table 1 shows a number of standards that have been developed for each of these types of networks. Table 1: Wireless Standards Frequ Spee Rang Modu ency d e lation 35 5GHz 54M meters OFD bps M 35 2.4GH 11M meters DSSS z bps 2035 2.4GH 54M meters OFD z bps M 70 2.4/5G 300 meters OFD Hz Mbp M s 10 2.4GH 721 meters FHSS z Mbp s 1.5M 20 infrare bps feet n/a d 900M Hz n/a 200 feet n/a

terms of data rate and power consumption. It is the one most widely used by wireless sensor networks.

Stand ard 802.1 1a 802.1 1b 802.1 1g 802.1 1n Bluet ooth IrDA USB Wirel ess

MIMO 1 1 1 4 Fig. 1: Power Consumption in IEEE 802 based networks

III.

SOURCE OF CONSUMPTION IN SENSOR NETWORKS

ENERGY WIRELESS

n/a

n/a n/a

If they are to have any hope of long term usability, the power consumed by individual nodes in each of these networks needs to be managed efficiently. Although performing this power management is important for each of these types of networks, this paper focuses primarily on the power management schemes used by WLANs and WPANs. The final subsection is dedicated to the introduction of a subset of WPANs, known as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks are specifically designed for very low power operation and thus deserve this degree of special attention. Fig. 1 shows how these different types of networks compare in

In order to design a low power wireless sensor network, first step is to analyze the power dissipation characteristics of wireless senor node. Each node in the network is consists of four components: a sensor which connects the network to physical world, computation part which is consists of microcontroller or in some application microprocessor and is responsible for control of the sensors and communication, a transceiver for communicating between nodes and base station, and a power supply which is usually a battery. There are wide ranges of choices for each part of the node and choosing a right device will affect the energy consumption.
Controller

Sensors

Power Supply

Transceiver

Fig. 2: Overview of sensor node hardware components

IJSRET @ 2012

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &Technology (IJSRET)

Volume 1 Issue2 pp 035-039 May 2012 www. ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882

Despite the energy efficiency of specific hardware platforms, Sensor network lifetime can be significantly enhanced if the software of the system, including different layers and protocols are designed in a way that lower the consumption of energy.

calculations. Each constituent is expressed in terms of key parameters (or factors). These key factors are determined based on application requirements. The individual constituent can be a state-based constituent, because every unit has different energy level consumption in different states. It can be expressed as follows: Nu Eindividual,i (t) = I (eu,s , eu,w , tu,s ) u=1 sS wW (3) eu,s > I (eu,w) wW sS uU

IV.

FORMULATION CONSUMPTION

OF

ENERGY

The overall energy consumption of the entire systems is expressed in terms of relationship among constituents. We suppose a continuous time between t1 and t2 for the energy consumption measurement. Residual energy in time t is defined by omitting consumed energy in t from the initial battery power in t-t. Thus, the energy consumption will be determined in t. Eresidual,i (t) = Einitial,i (t t) - Econsumed ,i (t) (1) E(t) = E t t t = t2 t1 Realistically, we anticipate a nonlinear relationship between the overall energy consumption of the system and its constituents depending on the application and the overall design. The total energy consumption of node i in the interval t based on constituent of Hierarchy Energy Driven Architecture as follows: Econsumed ,i (t) = 1Eindividual,i (t) + 2 Elocal,i () + 3 Eglobal,i (t) + 4 Ebattery,i (t) + 5 Esnk,i (t)

Since most of energy minimization methodologies use idle and sleep states for avoid of wasting energy in idle states, the above constraint states that the total energy consumed for switching among states should be smaller than the total energy consumption of states. Energy consumption in an active state for each unit depends on several factors as follows: e1,active (t) = F1( f , bproc ) (4)

According to Eqn.4, the energy consumption of the processor unit in an active state depends on the number of processed bits and the frequency based on the following equation [6][8]: p cv 2 f (5)

(2)

Subject to: 1: Elocal,i > 0 2 : Eglobal,i > 0 3 : 1Eindividual,i (t) + 2 Elocal,i (t) +3 Eglobal,i (t) + 5 Esnk,i (t) + 4 Ebattery,i (t) The first constrain expresses condition for necessity to establish a collaboration connection. The second constrain shows the necessary and sufficient condition for accessibility of the node in the network. The third constrain means a node should have enough energy to do network tasks otherwise it is not active and should be removed from the network

This proportionality expresses that the energy consumption of the processor is proportional to the voltage and the frequency of the operation. Since the frequency and the voltage can be related. We consider frequency as an effective parameter in this unit. e2,active (t) = F2 (rsense , gsense ,bsense ) (6)

Eqn.6 shows that the energy consumption of a sensor unit in an active state depends on the sensor radius, the data generation rate, and the number of generated bits. e3,active (t) = F3 (bstore , e(rd),e(wt),tstore ) (7)

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &Technology (IJSRET)

Volume 1 Issue2 pp 035-039 May 2012 www. ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882

Energy consumption of a memory unit in an active state depends on the number of stored bits, the number of memory read and write, and the duration of storage. e4,active (t) = F4 (bRx ,bTx , e(code),e(dcode)) (8) Energy consumption of the transceiver unit for digital signal processing in an active state depends on the number of received and transmitted bits, and the amount of needed energy for coding and decoding packets. The energy wastage in idle and sleep states can be measured according to the base amount of energy consumption in these states which depends on unit type and duration of staying in the state[6]. More over switching among the units states also consumes considerable amount of energy, this energy is measured differently for different type of unit.

their batteries so the nodes must operate without battery replacement for a long time.

REFERENCES
[1] P. H. Chou, and Chulsung Park, Energyefficient platform designs for real-world wireless sensing application, in Proc. 2005 IEE/ACM International Conf. Computer-aided design, San Jose, 2005. [2] V. Raghunathan, C. Schurgers, S. Park, and M. Srivastava, Energy Aware Wireless Sensor Networks, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles. [3] Holger Karl, and Andreas Willig, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 2005, pp. 15-329 . [4] V. Raghunathan, S. Ganeriwal, and Mani B. Srivastava, Emerging Techniques for Long Lived Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp.108-114, Apr. 2006. [5] Mohammad Ilyas, and Imad Mahgoub, Handbook of sensor networks: compact wireless and wired sensing systems. CRC Press LLC, 2005. [6] Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, and Taieb Znati, Wireless sensor networks: technology, protocols, and applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007, pp. 75-229. [7] A. Swami, Q.Zhao, Y.W.Hong, and L.Tong, Wireless sensor networks: signal processing and communications perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, 2007, pp. 69-344 [8] M. Weise, Energy Efficient Initialization of Wireless Sensor Networks, M.S. thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2007. [9] R. Min, et al., "Low-power wireless sensor networks," presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on VLSI Design, 2001. [10] K. M. Alzoubi, et al., "Distributed Heuristics for Connected Dominating Sets in Wireless Ad Hoc

V.

CONCLUSION WORKS

AND

FUTURE

In this paper, we presented an approach for minimizing the total energy consumption of wireless sensor network applications based on the Hierarchy Energy Driven Architecture. In particular, we identified components of each constituent of HEDA. We extracted a model for each of the constituents and components in terms of their dominant factors (or parameters). The implication is that optimizing the energy of the general model with respect to all constituent parameters will enable one to engineer a balance of energy dissipation among constituents, optimize the energy consumption among them and sustain the network lifetime for the intended application. Wireless sensor networks have opened the doors to many applications that require monitoring and control. In a wireless sensor system, the individual nodes are capable of sensing their environments, processing the information locally, and sending it to one or more collection points through a wireless link. In most of wireless sensor network applications, the nodes are hard to reach and it is impossible to replace

IJSRET @ 2012

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &Technology (IJSRET)

Volume 1 Issue2 pp 035-039 May 2012 www. ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882

Networks," Journal of Communications and Networks, vol. 4, pp. 22-29, 2002. [11] R. C. Shah and J. M. Rabaey, "Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks," IEEE Conference on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2002. [12] V. Raghunathan and P. H. Chou, "Design and power management of energy harvesting embedded systems," the 2006 international symposium on Low power electronics and design, Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany, 2006. [13] J. Joaqu, et al., "An energy-efficient adaptive modulation suitable for wireless sensor networks with SER and throughput constraints," EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw., vol. 2007, pp. 23-23, 2007. [14] N. Kamyabpour and D. B. Hoang, "A hierarchy energy driven architecture for wireless sensor networks," 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA-2010), Perth, Australia, 2010.

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