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The P'i.ICttrl.~Th'eo.rI :% 'Namio',-, 3 Analysis and. Co·mpile·xi!y Tru.th.

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APr'END I C'ES :
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T,a,t'tz, tl~'j in R'D sseU' s, ~_,~_':cP_,'_'i_'n'~~~:l_t1_"O~{_-M_,'._a_~_rtm_,_!at_"_<s __ ~41' 2. P'a~sag;e5patane t;(~·Wi ttgenstein' s Ph·ilos f)'p"t.ic,a 1 In VtS tiga-, ' ~ dZ I ,.' .. '-7!'L D.- I' P L I, 10' t';ONJ 3'D.1 ".,ett:f," i:o _ am.es s l.:t~e .rrinG', ,'ie's 0.: ,,~'s: "IQ.O,flJ8.__ 3 Whe\veU :Ind Min on Types; (see: tn'pic 12.) ~
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P:assag·es pa:r.aU,e]_ to Wi ttgensrein

Preface
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'The ml;terial in 'th'd 'hoold,e:t hag been used to inmmluee 'Unde~rmd;ua're5 in their final yea:r' 'to tile 'P'hiklSOpby of '\~littg[ens;tein,;; 'This, bas 'proved, a di ult task; 'Wi -~,[e'ns:teinfr[equ,fll.tly approaches questions "i:npbnos-~pby from, such a ,radi.cally original standpoint that people ate 'bew,Udered 'by' wha,t he has, to say and lack_' ,.Ul.f~ 1k.""~1ro J.'1tr~:~·~R1i-''',;i'B;'!t-1nnef t,'hC,f'Illlila'h''''',t "':~. appreciate the force of '~,![~ remarks .. Ud~IL'~j ,'1'11-' 10:-;' ,llu.:· y,:_:. -.:: .. ,I,IU u~ .'~!I.Il:1.G Over ',king' his hard philosophical arguments, people come WI re rd tbe: :Trats,hn' as,an arcane cu[,i,O;si,ty"in the :hi:5<tory of :phUosophy 'and '[be Inf);est~ga\"fJRs rd es, "':; :11,a series o~ p,~a.t~,tu~ an d- Iccor~d-.. I di .. '1'I!1'"'i,ttgens!teul,S Wfltings IS ~jn,g_ y\wsmtss 'l~ :Io[met'hing that: 3, serious student phi 'osophy all. with impunity i:gnolie .., F'or lsek ofthis b orientat ~:O'"I- 't"h- [ii:lI!V,J_A' ""'"~Jr,' have approached him ,"'A,I."!.<i"""Y ,~ 91'O'IC'W,' rers rI!JU the expecting __ ~.n,~,'_ , __,,,",,, " qu[esli.ons wb'i,ch, 'were not his Iqu,estions and have th.ereb[~,. oVlerlooll:ed the: questJ,ODl, w'h'ich. e does raise and attempts to answer, Thus Carnap and others have h seen in, the Tr,a"tatus :0:0, attempt tol supply prescriptions fU'1 :3;0 ideal ~~'n,gn~ age, whereas W,i,tt'genstein frO'DI first to ,Ia:st was concerned to IhO'w how' langusge as it is ac.£uaUy 'w[orks~, There is :at prevaJ.!ent :impr,ession that 'Wi,tt:g[tms[t[cin:"s, ~arter[p:hU,osophy in.ml'ved f[t,jeaion, of :aH,or mest of th-e doetrines of the Treetams. To correct this, we haVie~devised :3, programme of topics emphasizing those '.hi,ch, are tal~-n up in both the T,:,ctatw' mod the ,lnvt:s,t.ig:(Jt[io;n:s ~ to the' end that the changes in. Wit,tgenst1eln."s; 'views :may be' set. within a framework 'w'hi,clfi shows 'the continuity of his tJlou:ght (C'PI" his 'wish" expressed in his introd uetion to tile 1., VI Jt~gQ,ti6ns,~[ ha t the T,acta1tUJ' and it might be: 'P'll blished together in, a single t .. iese topies 'we: were grea Illy 3 ISl1Ste, bI.ly' P: fJoji~-ssor G-' E ,M' 'I d' , e 'YOIumej,). 'I.n c h oomn:g: thesetoni , 'j .i,~ ......,~ ,An~om,be, who 1'~SlO belped in ,eom,piUug' the r-eferences and read.. in:p~,
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the circumstances to experiment with a set of qu,[estio,ms desj,:frlled both, to siho\,the st,uden.1t what kinds of q uestion he: oug'b'[' 'to be: :asl{in.:g himself ,,'bUe reading the. texts and also 'to provide . material for D"-~Ol1--~ discussion Hence what we _, .. . . '," ." -- -, ,]I;. . Dr- __ __C I, _ I_,,~ p~ ,_ _, _. .._ ofier in. these' pages is an ;ai-d to ,the: interpretation of 'Wittg,enst1ein.'j[s'thought, not an iutteJpretltion,:, we aim to :he'~.p,the reader to interpret the texts, f()(t himself.;, [There are in fa,et several strong disa;:gt'leeml~n'ts between 'us' ion im:poftaR't ~. ~ ~ ~.. 't.."" "POUlts 0;"c·: mterpreranon; at th-- same nme 1'[: \VI. 'I'll, "b 3\'p[parent t~~~t e 'iL ... e .[-c: w ,~m"Ve' ',v1orked,(Tom certain shared beliefs ..In, addition to the point alfe:ad,y' made about the coJl,tinuittr of- iD'~nste~n'~ thoC'--'''bf- w_:e'-:--i'~--? :~·-~-ci:h~f tha:t the '--"-.- '--.-, ~ .... - "',JDe -.-, -'~ may spe ..~"~ --'--.. -'--' 'most' importent single loO:u£nvc: on 'Wi:ttg[eo's[tein. was Frege, and that this is 'true .of the
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S;imilar:~y O'Uf lilts of relevant secondary ma'tt~rii.1make no' claim 'to be , exhaustive; we have merely detailed some '\\T,i,bft'P that struck U:S~, in 'v,e.ry diffe'ten,t 'w:a.yl~, ,18 'val'uaibl'el'.,We 'ba've' :made oecas;ional explie~.t ,references, to Frege but no attempt :a.t syst,e,mlti,c cross .... reference, because' the: otn(on,cnoM, between his wo and Wi,t,~genstein~s are too numerous; we hold 'that a; student who is rcaUy to come 'to grips with Winge;Bs,tein"'s thou.:ght shou d car,efu.Uy study "the great works, of Frege :35 wholes. ,An appendix giv,es a series of cr'QSS;references 'to R nssell 's ,Prin'cip.les of M al:ne,mat"c S'; it: is clear that the unresolved problems of this, wOf'k 'were' more significant for Wi.t~gelllt,ein than the solutions offer,eel in. Prm'ci;ia M·o;th:tm{l;,·ti(:Q~ W,e' include in, particular cross-reference to' the appendix in ,P.f~nri:p.]'e,$ 0:0. F,rege'" since' 'W'i,ttg'ens1t,cin, c[,early fea,d Frege pa:rt:I:y' th'rough Russell~s ,eY'e8, A second appe'udix n~tseross-re erenees betwten .. WiUiam, James's Pr,itl,t,ipies ,of' ,Pu,rn(),logy' and Wittg.eo!J:tein,'s later work; 'W:ittgeolteiu regarded llm'ts 'as at classical exponent: of tile' tmdid.on in the' p:hUoso'phy of mind that: be:was opposing, and james's vie'w! @.lfe ften alluded to, o 'w,'~'~n-- ~, ,~~, ot men*~,t'ii;He-:!'d-- 1f.-M name ;'0:' the .;f"l;l.~~,,.,,~L'"., and the Z····,oiiJ'tel Other ..t _ U,~=,_, ~ ~,I,'I!i;.;;;,~ n ._ , '_ J:ril!l authors have been cited, under the heading of 'Readings' in each, opening, as we jlld8-ed. best for the given ,topli'c~
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Is t'be :meanin:g.of I, name the o'hject: for which :~tstands r' i(T'::3".,30,J,; :R'PM:: 46" S:I" 99,. I::lI! ~40)~ Does, a, name go. proxy for its bearer] (T' :,3,~22)" ",N;lmes ,c'tln.;J' 'be, ana,tomize-d by means of definitions" I(,T ,:,3,~z61, .\Vh;y ,r )I~ f;.'We: ·may s'y'~,foUowing ]1ussell: the: nam'e: "'~Moses"~an 'be: defined by c means of various descriptions ~, (1:::1:,,,79). .. Can it:? 'On'ly' in,the contest of a 'propos.iltion, 10005, a name: l'\~fer' (T":3".,J" a(!le-r F:A, ::X:')I~ \\!hat :~s :rooce of mis, deetrine ,?' ,(cf~ :::3'oi,2 6 ,1', last: sentence ,;,P:B:: :1,21"'"""J[ 4,;, the II~ l ::1 ~49';,P(6'Bl:32)~
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7 Can, there 'be a,proposition 'which COOSi'Slts, only of names in, concatenation r' (;T:4~2iZ--4,,2Z c,;, ,3,~l4I~3,~:I'42;,F(O:BJ:S4~,SS; RPM::,S',4'; ,A',T':::II02,:I[D~I:JI')~ : 8 'CI'D reWlbons be named,? (T ::3,~ 2 3~[44; cf.N :I .f,6I ,; F("G'B):,Sf~S:S; ]143:
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9 Does the T':ae~td.tw' env,inge. the 'pDSS,i,'biUc:y of :1 :]arn,g~'Uage ,coD'tainbt:1 no 'pl!~per'names] (T':::5~'5:z6J..If IO~ bow does, ,this :fe~a,t.eto rhe rest of the Tr"ctrltus ; (d Readings ,6, and ,8).., .
:1,0

'In 'the Tr.G,ta,ttn', :1ms unclear about iogil,calanalysis, and ostensive defin:i't],08 .. 1: thou.gh;t, tbeo, 'dlat: there 'W:IIS, ~~'ahookin.g of Iangoa:g-c' onto r,eali,~Jj'"
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3 ANAL"Y'ISIS ,AND COMPL,EXI\TY'

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P,la!'to~Theaetetus
1

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(cf.l ::: 4 6) I'"

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,4 N ~ Ma],oo]m~ ~'W:it~gellst~in ,Ph'iloJlfotfl,i,isc,hc' l1'cmtf:itu11tgen''t ; Tke Pkil'tJ,If/'s

jJ,ictJI' ,R'ev;tfIJ 76( 1: 967)~230-,229
l 1

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Long, 'i;,Are Predicates and Relational Expressions Incomplete 1" in The Ph;il(Jsep,hif{J;1 ,R'ev,Jem 7~~3-( :1 969), 9~8
1

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ANA'L'YS,1S A'ND' C,Q,MPLEXlTY

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Is the Trsaatus describing an ideal language] ('T ::,5,,5563, 4~OOr.Z~ 4~O'13" J~.3,2J,~'3,,:3,2;S:; : I: ~98:;contrast RusseU 's Preface '0:) T (and cf N ::],3J1 )l, I
"The requirement 'that simple signs be possible is, the r,eq,uiremeut that sense be determinate' (T :3,,~:23,. 1: ,;, I ::::1~,9g~'I(7)'" ,3".,2,5 (aJ 'W,mt sense Of' senses call, be attached '[0 the expression "determinate (':N'" ~t:3 'i'll, sense ~ :_.:,:~:U'~:: """iI")."_.: ,"'. .\~ (h') How does Wittgens.t~in lin:k these two requirements r
t'i'.Dnllt'.'--""~
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2.

3; Can it depend u:po:n the truth of another proposition whether a proposition has Slense:? {T ::3",02,1' r).,
,4"

'Can Wittgenstein ,eonsistendy'with, hi! r-e4)u:irem e:ntsabout determinateness - 1L... • ., Ii "'1 hi d'i of sense :I~yttmt a proposmon about a eomp~ex:~ea'ves semethmg undetermined' r' ('T~,31::304'):""
1
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r,!p.

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S '\Vh.:y", il(Joordin,g to Wittgmst,ein" can ODe not describe objects and, not name situations ('S'a,&'h.lagen) ?' (T:-3 ~144, J,..,Z21' )I~
16,

,M',usrtthe bearers of (logically) 'proper' names 'be simple

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3~203,;,

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'I Is it ,wn,),bj,ecti1on to the T'acta"ftt.~' that Wittg'enstein, can give' no example of ( :3, aim ple Objitc,t?' (T ~:,S,$'-,5 ~,$ I)~ ~ 8: Are only ,eltmfflt(l;'J p:ropos,it-ioRS, p,ic:mres: (' (T ':]".l,~:2I ,sl., 0~
9 ~A ptfiopositian bg one ~;nd ,only one complete
,i," ~

,49-5"0; I :1~,89-98l., Does it make sense to ,tilt about tlit analysis ,wf proposition .:
1:9,there

analYBiG' (T~,3,.·2,S,; :F'(,G:FJ):

:30,

I' 0

any truth in, the view that what is, known and understood must be complex] (I:::E~'46;cf 'Read~ing IJ~ How far does: the
T"4€'ttl!tus

confuse: complexes and ra!ct'S? (cf~,PB,:,Ap'P,.' I)~

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F'rege" 'The Tbou:ghilt:,A L _-",ea:], 'E'nlqu~ry"

(b) in ,Essays 071; Pre;_gr', 507-'5,36 I('C',) in PAilo's'O:'P"~i&lil L~git l' ill 7.... 38
(a) :in M""J 6,S'( :I'9',S'6)~, ,z8gr=-31t r

3, R.:usse]l, The, ,P,Q,jlt., of' ,Pliilo'so;lzy :119'1:2; c'hapter XlI

4

,i'

London: O'x£ord U:ni,verm:'IY' Press,

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Ramsey, The Ffantlg,tions '!f M,(jt:hemlJ/:'iC$' London: Routledge and :I{,epn Paul, :1:'9,31; 1:.42--l! 43
Il,~ ",',"

:5 ,AT:: ,SI'~,3 :,;"umm,e~~, ,·,~'U,I;:.n6 M-I A' "E'" 'D'" - --- -n' ~T--r--,",L~ (a,) in pn;),:e,di"g~ ,of tlZe ,A:ru'tirJ.t6'/itJ" S'ot:,ie,ry' 5'9' (lg,$,g._.'S9), ,14 i- [62 (b) in P:Ailo,g:op:lBtal LtJgic,~4t4>8
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TRUTH'
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2, "'A picture agrees 'with rea]i.ty or fails to .1:gTee;, it is correce or iscorreer, true or f:d!e'~'('T ::Z~:2,:I:; f~ I: I ~439")~' c How fir can. this fla about (so,mlc:) pietures be ·u'sed. to throw 1ig"ht: on 'me notion of' 'me truth or falsity· ·of a
-

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.3 .Mits·'· it he possible to understand 1,. p.ro'pcjJ~i'ti.on:oond.epe:nd.en.t~Y of understanding 'whether it 1s true' Of :filie? (T: Z,~.2.:2r-2",22,.S, -4;,,06'1:.; cf .3~o4,,3..o,S; :1::I ~·4,33'·~4·37')) 1.-:46 5)~· +6 4 Does one oorm.!):(,cte·l.y specify the sense ,of I.. roposition by specitjing its p tru:dl ,mn,diti,aos rl (T :'4~4j 4~f6.3,·4~024';,PG(F)I:' 8'9=9o:ll~ I:;
.5' 'Why doesn't :it i~lst happen to, be :SO~ that truth and falsity 'esha ust the

:possibUitl,es for

proposition t '(T ::6;,~.ll!~ 4~;o6'3;I: I ",.47)1~

6 \Vha:t:is tll.e law' lof the exC~.1lJ.ded midd:~e? (cf .. R.ead·w:g 6)~ CO:uld.one rqect: the: [a,w'ofthe exeluded middle and still 'main,mill a tru,th~611Ii.ty,po[m'ty- for ail p .~ositi'()n's? (cf. PB,: I7.3)~,
'7

mngtlage: :in 'W:'bi,ch 'Jl says 'what we now' :SIY 'by 'ii ~.Il and. vice vt-'na poa~.b:lle? If Io\~ what does this :possibility· :show' Wi(T :·'4~06,2\"S~.5: )~, I.5:1
1:8:1

8 Has an nnasserted prop m.i.tion. a. truth-value F (.T ::4i,064~4i;()fi4.I;,I =:p.l: :1, note; RP,M::S2')i ..
9
1

be true

am. what:

_"he: rairta;tm ,ea'Usa·senseless pro:position) :in tha:r: :it says .nOlth·~n:l, T or :falle? (T: 4~46--4 .,4,,66 ).i' iii

•••

,5

NON'SENS,E 'WRSUS SENSELE,SSNESS

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I:.:
I~ •• ~I

by' Norm3fn, K,emp' Smith ;

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Freee, ~Onthe Foundarions of G~omletry",,:,," ,D'~',II' " (:a) in 'llle ,P:~il(),$,opiie:a,l R,ro,i~,J1) Ibg I( 1960')~3-1 ,"
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(edited
i

L'~,f.i!(f:~~r.,.tt>l",::v.~~ ~>ilt,t P' .rtJ"t!~t':;;"'i,i bY' A;. J..,Aye:r); Glencoe: Free Press, 1:93.3,; I e 8,....,29 III
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8 P. 'TI Gea,ch, ,MC1'tOJ Aets ,~'London: Routledge and, Klc,pn Paul, 1:900 (second im:p'ressi.on~ colticcted);, 'p,~,8,j (for q,Ulestion ,5) 9' J~, Bennett, 'A Mytb, about Logical N'ecessi'~!lj;ANai),'siJ 2. I (I 9~'I ),',5"~3 :1:,0 John Passmore, PhilfJifJi'}J.;cal' R,ea5IfJ,,~jtJg:; London : 'Gera[d Du'ckwoftn;,
1:

gt:il'; cha,pter '1

' ..

;~l

.:

NON'S:ENISE VE'RS,U'S S,ENSEL'ESSNESS

:1
:2

Exp,!:lain W-"it.tf1~ns+,~in."'~c d....stinetion between senselessness and nonsense, ',_:_. __" -"O' ..._-_'!l.I!!.!---:S , .i _I!;,'!A'_"","_~Ii;;.ome
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r-

3 ,','UA knows that"

Oueht V'U,~ ._'&-'
W,

_ ,_ ,~_-,!l-,~'\,.'

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is 'the' ease" is senseless if "p~"s ,11'tiutology ~fT' ::,5:,., i J: ,30,2)'1 <i'['ij-[jt-A'-n' J~~,~~, ",.0 ,sa.y ,.h\,liS ~, stein ~.----: ~
,It
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4 "There is a lack ,of ,cb\ri'ty about: wba.-t part iH~{£l,gin'alJi'lit], 'P,~a:ys in our in ' 'vestiga,tio:n,~ :N'aM'ely about: the 'extent to which, it ensures that ,I, 'p,roposi,tioo makes sense" (1: 1,~,39 )" How' far is imaginabiHty, ;3, necessary Of'S, suffi,cieD-I S condition, of sense r' (Cfi FA ::x:).., ,~ 'I ;i;.,L'.' 1 h L,~' 5' I th ," that someone gentU~ne'ly 'rI:JilRM' ne means sometmng a :guaraD'we _,8 C"1,e 'h tact that' there is, somethinz ,that he means ~ (T~S:-6'1 J ,:~ 'S-,ilIZZ~' 3-,,03~1'" ~Ti:::":~' 5~~ '~'7'=:3~"'" ID ...~' S~'4'7'33;Reading 8)'~ 6 W~ba,tuse can you ima,:ginc for the sentence 'Seven ]8 a number r' (T =·4~ Ir.:2~
P'~
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1 'What hangs on the question whether 'Seven. is :red'" is, nonsense or lalse ?
0, ~O

(T :5:~4 7',3;3;PB ::7~'; :F,('GB) :::1 59-,172; AT: I21ff.Ji ('W',,:,-:~,:, .·n,""n' 10',·, U'l""'II1,"~ ~ ,i:iilr,"n' thJIIe W·' .... '0"117,: n 11 r('-T',: "'A'" .'3~.""')"'" .~ *- it". 'v~,
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'CmlttJdicting: oneself is like: writing' :som1etbing down and then ,eraSlinlt it" or putting ,3; Iine through i.t~ A contradiction cancels itself and lea've-s not'hin,g' (R,eading' ,5)~Then w'hy chide a person, for cOIn.tradic;h'ng' himself? "!i'~'S,o'mebody'"is not the name of 'som,ebody ~,'To what extent em we call ,'h,enegation of ,S! nonsense: true t' (cr~T :'6,~4; m ,:: I ,.,2sa and 'T: 4~I. 12,,;,,A'T :8"S)~ 5 distinction between nonsense ,am,d,

mI :D~s 'T:::6~,S3rou,OW frorm, Witt'genstein's senselessness ?

,12,
Ii:ii(f - f7,~,- -h
;0 -.----"

Discuss the 'v:a~:ue the ladder meta phor ('T :::6~ [Can Kant's use. of or S4)~ ,~,-- - ---~--;n - ~'n th --.-,be ·it'-li"n~'iI'~;li :~ .011.. - _- '!''i'iC!l t7'b, t AaJJ;ii.IL,~,,,o'!1.,il,_ ''fif.'n'''Ni'lld noumenon ~i,l, I~-_I_e neganve sense .~~ 11l-_t,'~I~",.y Q.lIOWlllJ,~:~ at times wish 'to r-egard his 'talk of ,nou~meJJl'l~.nI'he same :ngll,t? (c[ Read~D'I' :1')] (cf: T' =41", 11:1; l: I.,464l; ,F(G::B) :::,S"4'-S,5)~ .
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Kant,.,' 'C!ritil1-'tlt, ,(IF' P.r:e- RetJslJn ~,~'Th ,If;, P'arllOtijsm:~,o"f Pure -- a- " -, (,K,emp' '.' e , ~ ..... " , _~;r ~, ,J')' - -, - - ,_ - - _ s , -, Reason - --,, Smith mub'bon 3,:z8-3~'8;3"".')':' ~
,t). ,'~
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z Schopen hauer, Ti, Wo,rlJ as Will and ldca, London: Routledge and ICe,P'D 'Paul, 1,s8,3 ('3 VOlsi) ';1 I Il~,2,8,5
,~t,

3 JP,p; l~z97~30'S,;;'a'lso, on, ~'~own,er;ship~ experieaces, 1.2:ZS-,Z37'~ 331-342 of

4 A~ N,~ Prior, ,Pt1:petg M :T;~m'(lina Tens',,~~)xfolld: at the Oarend,an Press, ( JIg6S;, 'Clh~ll On S:,uriOllS Epen,tricJi,ty", 1:,5:""25 5 AI Kenny; Descartes ~~A S,tw/j' ,of his' PililQ,$lophy~' N'ew 'Y:ort:: hnd,om House, :1',968,; Ch, 3 and 4,

P, T~, Ge.acll" G'od

sr., ro ~,_,IV

,an4 ,tht So,ul London: 'Rouded:ge, aB,d, 'Kegan, Pa;u~,,1:,969,;

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QU·E.S"',I;ONS :: I:

Did Descartes :give himself any grounds, for bd:~,eving that Deseartes existed ,r '(cf. ,)p'P ::l~,Z'3,hist footnotel~
Expound the analogy between the: eye and the m.eta,p:bYliQ~, sU'b,ject

(T ::5Ji[3,.]6~).~

fo:Uuw? ,4 If'we construe I :::1~z44 IS;;& pOfisible account of':ho,w a ehild learns to 'use the sentence "I am in pain,'-'" could an anaJogous account 'be :given (If 'how i.t learns ('m: :3;Dl not in 'p~l'~n' :H;ow wOl1ll1d the tw[o aecounts be: relatred? t'

3: Is it nonsense 'to lay-: ',m ,know that I am in. 'pa~n' ,?, 'Wha,t

[COnseq'OOD[ce1

S ~wh-ait':so:~ipsism, ,~saft,eji:, :~IIqu~,te~orrect (T: 5i6z),. What: :~sit :after ,r' ('cft c P'B:,58,;[ A,T::J:6~I68li 6 TOo'I'hin'k of the soul as a simple substance is "to, confuse the: 'unity of esperience wi, th,e' ezperience of unity'~ (Ka:nt,)[~W,balt~[S; the oo'n,nmo,n
'between, this, and T:S~6~:?

7' Does the supposition ~]f were y10u ,~ make sense] If ,SO" 'wm't sense ?[ I How does this co:mparf,e 'with. I' If [o:oly' it 'were Christmas n.o'w~:' ? ;8 If :aD, unconscious man mutters: '~:m :1,01 un[co,ntci[ou~", is, he I,peaking the truth !:i (':z'~:~'3: "4 40' "'3" )' u· Jl:1 f ,",:': ;g'
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feel My pain" ,r' Wher,e Is the m,ultip:~i,citty,of fee~in'l thst lustifies ,this word? • .,J10can. i.t ,only 'be jius.ti..... fi,ed,when :another word can stepl into its place ,rt; ,(P'B ::63).. "Are the words, '~~l afraid"; ;1, description of a stale of:min.d ,?,') (1,:2,0, ~ am
lvJioJe of ,secti,_on.)~

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W~ in :8,'0, Osford discussion::: ~]f:1 man ft'.y:s, to me, lookin:g :1,1: the :~jl lUI ·thin'le.it wiU r,ain, therefore I ~lis;t"Jj"I do not understand 'hi'm~,' 'Why not r' "Tba't'''s, 'an. 'Very' i'ne; vtha,t we: 'W:I11',[ t-o know is:: is the t;'{}gjttJ valid, 'Of nor] ~ (Prlchard. in r-e;pl.y ,"0 Wit:~genstein in the ssme 'Oxford discussj,onl~ 'wen" is
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As, a eonclusion to these' I'lemarb:" I should like to sketch a, pieture connected v.ritb the deepest intuitive :fee~i,ngsI a]w:IYs get about ]o,gistic~" This picture perhaps tbro,w;s more li:ght: than any discursive exposition 'woo d onthe real foundations from which, this 'science g,fOYlS (at eestso far :IS, I :mmooocern,ed)~, Vlhel!H~V,er I elm Qccu,pied even vn'th the tiniest loptica~,problem, e',.,g,~'trying' to find the: shortest :axi,o-m, of the im..... 'pUca:riOftM ClI'culus:~m: have: the i'm,pressIon, that I 1m, eonfronted wit'h,3, m~g'h'lYeonstnl"cdon", of indescribsble oo.nlp~elity ~uld, immeasurable 'ri:g],di,ty. This coastruetion bas the effeer u:poo' me of a concrete tangible: object~ :fuhion,ed from, the hardest of materials, :1 hundred times stronger than concrete an,d steel, I IQl'H.O.ot change :anyt'hin:g in it; 'by in'tense la,bouf I merely' find :in ],t ever 'new' details, and, attain unshakable and ejrerna.'~, truths" Where illl,d urha,t is this Ideal construction ~ A Ca,tholic phHosoph,er would 'S"a,Y:: it iI, in. God, it, is, God's 'tbon'gbt~
'2

AT: m:6:1~:1166

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LO'GIC ,AS,'THE MlllR.'O'R O,P T:HE WORL'D
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What is, shown ''by I proposition's being a muto'IQgy? 2 "The io;i,eaJ. propositions ~~ 'presuppose' that names, have meaning, IBid that elemen tary :propositiollS have sense' {T' :6",124,)1~ rhe iogi,cal preDo. 'pos~'~ioru;; Jl~tr"w nit tbe' 8im,ple objects are r' (cf~ ,m:::1,5.s)~, ~ 3 I~I know, on purely logical grounds, 'that there must' 'be, elementary f we propositions, then this must he kn.own by anyone: 'wbo understands proposi tions in their unaaalysed :('~o,rrn)! S S562)~ Is t'h~s not an objlecti on, '£0 [T:
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to

W'itt1gellstein,' s own. theory

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masth em ',~ T;I~~I ~~J:l.. L ~.ql l'U";I't~io.'m~:ifl',',(;T";,:6·" .,""t,)_ D",.' ' 1(,i1i,"):tl h I,;'~ om ~,p~~ rison ,_ (b) this: contrast" 6 Why is, it Wittg~nstein ~ furn'da:~Ji't~,.t".I'tnougbt that the 'logical. constants' s are not surroeates ,? ,(:-T' ::~·(,.03'-'Iz')."., ,~"" ,T", - nere .' '~l '. .'" ') ~ 'h f. jT (, "h 18 O:nJJ_Y'lJrgt,CtJ' I' necessity I;'('T :'-1~37,::'~>'_.'W" 1!.. 'trUII_':~, IFiere m this r',c~'" , 6" .11I:at h :[9, A,T'::I s,8~ 6o)~ J[ 8 ",Atthe basis of the 'W hole modern view of the world ~:ieshe illusion tba I the t so-called IDaw:s, of nature are the lexp:~!ana,tl0ns of natural phe~llo:m.ena" (T ::,6,,37:1 W:hy 'in illnsion ,r ).., 9 ;~ a WS, like the principle of :suf6,ci,en:t reason, etc.. treat of the network and L , 'not of what the network describes' {T:6 ..,3,5)..' Do 'tbey '[hen ShOVl ;an:ytl!iin,g' about the world ,r (c[ '1~:6~ J ~6~,3,61;I ; ,Z:6ry7~8o')~ 3 ,
o ,

Giv'e some iU,u:s,trations of T :3~ 3;1-21,., ,5 "The logic of the 'world. whieh the propositions of logilc sh.ow in. tau ro'io~ies"1
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~But 'the' essence of ]anguiag,e is a picture of the essence of the 'wor':~d,; and, -phU.osopby as trustee or :gFlmm2'[' 'OUl a!lcluaUy grasp the essence ofthe world, only not in. propositions of lan'IIJuj;l,ge, but in rules for this language which eliminate nonsensiea combinations of signsii fPB::S·4)., \V,ha:t does ,-y·' ~gJJ,L '_',' .' ,10 1_ ," "", 'g '~ ' 'ra;m ,he rnC31n, 'b'-" · ,~~'~in:', ~g' ,'·:cthetrustee ~_of'_ 'g_, •.'mar? ,e .'. '_ itT-- --h f'-"~ .. is, 0 f-'~ dlam"e.ntaJJ, ':~':5-~~~.i,cance ~ :.!un.: 1~ 'YII,', ie concept 0' a perspicuous representanon S ffi'S1,:'ih for 1;IJ,r':'~~~ the ,i~.", form v ~~." iUJn'-t, W',:·C' U:''I~lj:Iii, the '¥~\QU 'W, ,e·.·-:look ~'II't!:~~I'::n':q'~,,:i!i of <lIiI1If"'~O.:' ,il"", us, It earm !IUS ,. :UllJ_ D!~" (I : r ~1:22), Give examples of :how the discovery of a more perspicuous representation has altered the way we look a,I 'thin.gs;; (Icf~A 1~: I.3'8.- 1:4 I)~,
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Frege, 'On.Concept and, Object'; F(GB):'42..sSS

,M,~ A~:E~, Dummett, "Fr~ge on Functions:' A, :R~:pl,Y" 1(,81) in. Ti';3.'PliIoSO:fJ:hi~al R,m;e,. 164 (::1,9;5:5), 9~l07 P-,'£0 '~', : "~$.SI'''J! lJN ""'rege,,, ,2g~~b3 (-b)--•• :In, E--'
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3, M~A~E~Dummett, 'N'ote = Frege on Functions' (:3) in, Tke ,Philo,!jlftphictll ,Revill" 6S: ([ 9S6)" :32~)-<Z,.J.'o '(b) in, EsslflYs o,~ ,F"X':, :2'95:~297 - -

•••

SH:OWlNG AND SAYIN'G

,Q"', u~ ,~ ".''''Ij 'if' O"'IN-"'~'S-~'~ '._:"'-'F' .... ,I.,~..... _._
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~What does, not gift expressed in the si,:gns, is, sibOVID, by tbea a,ppUia'ti,on .. 'What is ,Iat~nt in the ::d.~s is p _________ ,~~-'" 1_ -,-atent: i'n t'be:Irapp -<6af',Q 11" 'T"t3"" -262)-~' "\iVh':~I't' _,_L_D\""",~ _,_",---.ll-, then, shows that ~6,v,e"'" "red; ind, IC'a,pp'le'~'in :I ::1~i are of different: cl.r:ic-fj ?
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E'xp]ain 'Wi.ttlensirem,"s dnutin,ction, between rorm~d, eoneepts and, eoneepts proper (T :"41Il2~4i1 Ji:Z7,4,;, ef AT: 8':2,~86, 1:2;2'-'1 3,1)~, .. Exp,lmin the cOlln'ex~on between the noti,on of 'a for,mal concept 10,0,that: 9fa, 'varia,b-]e '('T ~AL I - ~ -4- ",I,.tii!i!'T1' -~_'~_'3':c-1'..... ,,,,,,,,I;.,,S' -," S-:~ - ~'7~'A ' '3,- 3;' - -'-- _'-: ~~,.~A pieture cannot :bowe,Y1er d,epict its 'p,ictorial frorm, ': it displays :it't (T :2,,, mj2).~ Wh'Y ~I this ,r ,(cf~T ::Zim 7""2,~m 4~1::2 I~:4~2m 2,)1~ 8; 1 Can. 'we: :g~t around Wi.ttg,tRstein,'s diffic;ul,ties about ,nyiJl1:g,) e..s·~,~, is, a , "1 nUlu'ber'" by slying' in'stead: Ii, i""~i"'j is :3, numeral' r ('T' ':p~:uii;AT :,82~8',5:)li "The meanings of primitive signs can be e'xp,lai'o,ed, by the: :~n'ustra,ti've''use of e'xamplles~ Examples; are propositions 'walch, 'Use the primitl'Ye signs, i.e, :p~oposi.tio:ns w'hic'ft, cannot 'be undersrood un-tn, one alr-ead.y 'kno',ws, the m eaninss ,if'ii.'f~-these .tfij'l~'anllli:.,.~'('T' "'~3'''''''';:'-3''':' -.,' " ,6' ')'-, H"o~-cw- does ,t-',h- i",Ci! eon '0-'- ,~wL 'i.,-,.I'~lUI the ~,~ t1I\!' .. "'I'b~ ~'.~I~'~U,~::, [,, P,<B·' :sh.,o'win~lsa:yin,g· dlst in'cti on, r' Under' 'w'b_at:circumstances can pointiu'g out t J[ ,I certain salog of words is nonsensical show' something 'pbilOlophieally i:mpormnt,l 'Give' 'ex3!'m:p,,_es:~ 'Can, \vhlt'ev,CI can be said, at aJm 'be said c],ear:~.y? '(,Tl ,:P:reface; '4~J: 1,6; cf~ ,- DIDM--' 0',,,45." F-"("G' "B"---)' ~Sf:"'"'5:5; Jft.j[",1 ',:- :: I 10')' I.. ',,:': ' Could there be: a rext-book ofgeo,mett,Y ,in w'l.d,th~ Instead ,of'thoo,rems au,d
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strueted dia,:grams r (RFM: ::::1..2,5.....-[05 ,; cf..Plato, Metso 8o~86c).~ ~~h,e chess openings are the :pm,es of A~e&hin 'w,itb a, few' 'v,ariatioruJ~i' Did A, re'khin 'b,y' p:la.yinu;' those ga:m,e,s, show' what books on the th,eary of chess ~ ~ openings attempt to S-fly,~ '~Now" for the Poet" he :nol'hing affirms and tber-efolr-e: never lieth' (Sir Philip Syd,n~Y)i :1£we nevertheless learn from a \vork of fi,ai-o:n:~,is wba,t learn '12'0- en~[L.l 10 r1I1"rt- ,;,~ ~h"n,w, rn ~.;UI~JL, t n ~,d' ,-erhine ~, f"
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'What:is '!lle,tl~tJdic,{i.ldoubt?' (cf~,Readings t, and 4)" ",,''~"'W'-'::-h' sometimes hf'tlppe'ns- -- - ,ml:g,:t: aJJ.'\\fa.ys h,:_a,p'p~n-'ru ('III' :1;lL.J4S", ,1Il:S,1h '"~ -. --- ~zh -- ~ --- -- - -- - -'-'. l -)" ~ , _'__ _ ' at 1]j,1j true ,Might" e'~B".' ,ev,eryjndgment of perception or of m(tmory 'be mi8ta'k~n:?
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·,'i'[ii bv ~ U~h.JlU~~.IL.n .: -J "'Al.l~"'IIIi!'~"II.~ 3• ~Ji-i-':-r'~'~iiif'i'~~'~'o exnerienc~ comes '!"O: 3'1'-n,·.·1end ;, \.!Il!, 11 _AP,,~,-)~:". '~',Doubtin:ghas an. lend" (1 ::2!,V', 'P'~I:' "J,. _ ,. ~ , Is Ibis, end something indu bi m ble 'tha,t n-eeds no j U'sJ[i;fica £i"OO ,P
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Is, it:... essonable to' demand that eveJ')' em'p,i;rica:1 propo,sid:,on should be tesra b],e~? ~C:t Oge-':E soli' 5 '~,.,,, In ord,er to doubt whether someone else is in pain, 'he needs, 0'0 1paint 'but: the ,(;(j~tJce.p.t ~'~'pli:(,l~'(Z :::,548; ICJ: I.:I:,~2.5,3-,2S,4).i' Wha,t w-ou',d it 'be to , have pain and lack the concept, or oon'verseJy? 6 ~N'ot,evcljf false belief', ~'~is :3, mistttke; (C =72)" Give examples,
'I
1

~,As:kin:g hether and ,bo\v a Pi" oposition can "be verified is only ,3, particular w 'w:ay of as;bin:g "How d'YOll mean ,?~' The answer is a cDR'tri.-iubon to the J,ra:mmar of the proposition,~' (,I : I,,;,,153) Ex,plain~,

8: Does someone who rejects sense-data tbere'b-y deny- 'the: existeaee of sensa tions P [(,(;[.:1:'] "',48:6)", ~Pi.ty'", one :may iSay,~,is I form of conviction that someone else is in, plln~ (I ::I ",zS7l~ Explain the point of this, remark ~(cfJ :~:2,~ ' iY:)'~ 10' Docs a,resuh of ealeula tion become more certain .he more times, I cheek 'it:' (C =77'; ef C: 2'92,-1! 99) ~ II: "Wh.en Ollie'hears Moo~e' lay li",m tnO'R'1 't.ha,t that's a tree", one suddenly understands those 'w:bo think that: 'tba.t has by no means been settled. The :ml'[ter strikes O-IU~:all at once as being' unelesr and ldu:rrtd,~ 11 is as if Monr,e: h_Id 'put: it: in 'the: WJ'1o:ol ~ig'b't'(C, :4,81:)~, How is it put in the 'wron;g' light?' ___. : ~f,-~'~] 'k' _>;n ,_:___,~ ,!I.~u,,,_ to~,'UJi,""".I!.fi,_::'.' m ~";ji'P,-,'~y' mow" did -_ :~'[-·\e .. IlC--"~ A:~:C1')';"_ 11_.:"' ~rt 1"'~' lli~a ,,Ill ,~'~'~ ~1~,1 ~mC"~,hlil"iil~el:~'il'!"1i ",.o,~~~ Explain" Does this, also apply to- ~"I dlou:b,t~"(19
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'1- :0;'1°7 ~._:.I:l.IUI iJ,~~,af[.'. I'nt:.

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Gts(l,mn,e,lte' ,A~fsitZl' The Hague :: Mar t inns Niihoff~ I: 9,38; Form and Content, In, Introdecdon to Philosophical 'Thinking:" ,I S·I~.'2SI. (lcspeciaUy chapter I, The Nature of Expression", 1.s:2'~:1,8!3) S R,~Rhees, "Io.n there be :1, Private LaLoguage ,r' (a.:)1 in Pr"eedmg/J of the Aristo'"elian S't:u;,iely Supp,.,vot2,8 (1:9541,)1 '714)4, I(,b), in Wittgcnstc,in ~~' he' ,Philol;j,o;"lJie:a,,1 ,lfi1Je:sl;g~tiom'~ edited,-' ~y George T Piteher; London: ,MacmUlIJl~ :1968;, 261'~zli;,5 ..
IS clt_liek,
j'O:): (\:~,_>
,il.,l •. ',,"'

re-nrin ted ~~,lJZ\..-o; Rhees ~l D:~;'~'~:I_~_iC"~.i'l._~~,r ..,0"",il'J-.;II"&;,, ,.',n' Lon ·d.'-o··1j'!<' _-Ji""U~"",,, fl' 'r~!~t Ro'IU' t"!~,~,u;~ 1IiH'-lr -. . ~l "f'., t,~gD"'_iI:',~f;~;"'" and Kegan Paul, :19701,; S.5--0'-10
,1,ilii.

;f-:-.J!;.,. ~!.:!IIi!I'Li'iII·,~

,iii

t.

_,II

It ,i, .

iO'

[0 N',,, Matco]m, 'Wittg,ens,tejn,~s ,Philols'op,hic:{ll

1

l'ntws,tigatio.i'

~+

:IS

,5 (b),;, 6$'-103

"
e
(]I

G:W'ittg,enste·i:n."s Pkflf,lopmrallnvc:s:t,jgatiofu:" J- W·','t" r.... "'W,:':- ',i:t- itiCJl'~.n,f'jt.·~~n Priva ~:" ~ ib,~d_" 2-:-:,~;6":./"i'="'.~.'~.,. :,~k·· on 3 a . ,"I!i'"]'--'
_
III • ~l

P',. Feyerabend,
LlJUl_:_t

,'"'ibid,."" ][OI4~:1 SQ'

" .IJ,._.tLb,~JJ~

_i~.Il,

U"

,I .. Q'!I!P.'J'

1 .:.1. __ I~"I ..

9
1:0

A.~,,Don_l:p'D ~ "W-inpD'st,ein, on Sensation' ,;,ibid."", 324=-3S']I

A~,K.enny" I'(:"ttesian P,rivac:y~; ibid., 3,S2~370'

-'S"' 2.'·'

••

••

1,10 'P~:~'~A,·,·'·,'TE: U-'.·-- ,'N-···.··-'!l,U'~',~"~'S::, '_ liL.I.lV" _' . _.__ . u·- .,AUL_
i-:-- -,-:-

the ~~i.1I:n-}';;0' :C:W-,~"L,"""t" can '~n-:l~ be kn un': ~O-' !l:h:'e·' ~'~-r:w,n .. _ .~ 1m sneakift'Ilr"? (] ~:iI"Z,.t3"~: el. It J: ,37.' I:,;2,),' . . r' _-_. . ----111:'-1 ''T."_' ", 2. '~N:'arminlis; so far' not I, :mo,ve: :in the, i:mJuIP1Ime:" 1(1,,::lj,49)1 WhY'Dol,r' (',d] ::I ~:2',57' :2;,5:8l~ I 3, Why'is the -diary procedure unsuccesisful:? (.l::::lj,Z',5H6'5)~ 4' Gi,ve :10, ,exam'p,le: of :soimmne 'thinking he undemtandl the mean'~n:gO'f D, word, but 'rlOit ':reaU:ymeaning anytldn'G:' by l,t (I: I ,~26g:->j ,5 ~',L,ookin'g' ;1 table in, me im~gina,tj,on, is, no :more' 'l,ooaD:1 up I table 'than, H,P
I,
J

'W:·,'·',"·h' is ·alt,
••• ' ••• .~.

the f~~~
'.

,_,Vl..~

nt ul-

~g-

III·

'~-_l

1- rr}.'

"'~

'-,~'!I!ErD'-, ILl._

:~

--

r·'!II!'-IIIII~~iIIJJ_'

!I

"'

II

!I

:J! .

II!

..

II

"_

Ii

result ofan ~'ft'i'~'mD' 1 le;vp··~r'l~m·,n,ft'''' the result ,o-f'-:-'i"Il'ft'~X'r~~,1 :D '~!I!, 'ment' (I :,1~:26S')., Is I, ,calcu~IIDon 'that ,is, :~mlgjn,ed, similarly dis'q,u'mfied? 3': ,t.]:,n S: 5" ~ nd. i I 'DI-::~= __"~ln'llJ" ,,",)'/Ii (.t'i,r.-.' '~IF-~M~"~,
__ g, ""', ,II .1. _,,,,,.

';;mi'4'~ t:·'h· 1

O·I'[·''ii1 ~" ~

&,,",~JU.'

v',

Ilia,

&<I!'*'~e!..'

'1_,....

ICU:-A.

4'!W

,.,

",""u(~,

,,,,"

,,",~II!;.iI_,"

III;,!!', (

,D!"-~~;;'

~<_.~

,a_I,

'ii:' _',' __ ~IJI. !!!!_[: ... ~,_:

,",

"'Ii

ii&~'~i'-:_:.:

Rdllllll:.

[~11,

lal

I~

7 Is t'he,ffi a distin·ctio.n, between baring' the very .me 1011 o-f pain and, the, lam,C] :in,divid,ual 'pi'lin l (I :11'.:2Sl,~S4!;, cf~,1 ~,ZI:3~J:6, ,350" 317' ,; and It.CUDS: :;:1
8')~

'I am in pain," ever" for 'Wittpmsteio a, deser,iptlnD of a state " ,or mind? (I ,:2j'x:;lef~1I:,~2'9'I~292)~ : 9' Could 1 :ha',Ye:an :haDucina'!tio:n,tha'i I am, in, pa'~n t (I: I i:28B,)~
8 Ar,e 'the
W,OD, 1:0

:1, I

knows tha;t: ,"1' is I,ed,uudfant' 'Of' abs,urd? I(,:m::l ~,Z~49';, cf~.1::1~16719)~, 'What". wron:g 'w,j,th :saying that '~red"has ,3 prrimary ,I:pplicart~on" of \\~:'hi,ch.we, are: swam, and a secondary a:ppUClti.orD to ,objects! (1,::1' ~273,-280 ,; d"l: :: :~ J
£Ftl"~ 1'7' ""AI' '3" U iV" £I, liT",';

"1-' w'c_~.t,c~roumstan,oes:,_"oes '.',,'I't.Wlte~1l ~ d' '11 'h

.-w'
'-.11,

,il

'ilL .!' - 'I. 'l.._ tm1fu£: 't.,t CA 'Ii~. ',~._, KD01\~S b l tn, '"., 't'-l~t; '"' 'A"

-A3"€'); 'T _U:ii

an :hypothelis, ~I mere -ornament' (I :,:I~Z7'O)? l(cl~Z'::25J)~ 1:3, \IVha'li is ,"'.t:pnst,eln's own 'view' :about: the: beetle ~n, the box::? (1::,I,,~z893Q4,; 'cr~z 1 and, R: .. lo,p, 8 and 9:)1~ :649 ' 14 Is, 'Wittgellstein, a beh,aviourist in di~~ise:r (l :::1 ~'30S,~,o8',31: cf~I ,:2,~'V:)~ m'.
1:2 \1Vh3'£ :mak~
:29'

......

1.1.
:,If1[kJG<:· '.'_' Li_,. '.."_ FlO· "I,LT '0":'.'\1'J' u·,.. '_.=-.
"1'11f 'V Fr' ,~,[A,
A·····. _"_

I.'_._
'D'UJL'I ··E,....
1

iii:}' fJJIll'

'I'

'D

..

E- 1'W., ~". "" c-o' _:

'ir N- -, Ii':! ~ ~ ,il ~_ Y',.j .~

I
:3

Kant, ,C:'i:tiqueof Psre l~(G':B)::: 1::1 r-r 16

Rtt'{4iJ,(Jlt

(Kemp Smith 'transJat:on, P'~I:17'-,1',8,)-

3 .M·",A.. ~E~ Dummett, 'i'Wir.rge:ns,t,ein:"s, :Pbilos'ophy' of Mathematics' (:a,) in The' Philf},~'oh,C,(ll Review 68· I( :llI9'5'9,)~ .3 Z4""34r8, p (b) in Wit!~gtms.:I»t'i", The' P/lil,J'il/J,hiclJl lnvtstiga,tiorJ:S} edited by George Pitcher:~' '4~i"b..A_Aj :1.iI.~,'.~, "~~"1f.,.-,~' (c) in. Plitilo$opAy .'- l'A'atl,,-nJ{i\tlcg,,~ ,SC'le,etla Re,ad:mgJ, edited 'by Benaeerraf and Putnam; Oxfo,rd': Basil Bl~ckweU~'1'96,.,; ,491--509
~ii

II."

,__c,

,~,~"'B-_,~U,'i'~ re a e: !I. ~,
_,

sreus then '~I~P;' determined ____'b:'"y' - the -a,'1,,!U'I__-,'b''1"'Ii.-' for 'l"i1t'fiiU'i~'~,~"':;'~' ,i!'~i9~ __ C_,_ "L,_U,II!,e , il_,_e '_ ~ 'e f"')'C ,!It ,.n ,IQ ~ The question contains a mista:k.e;" (I : I: ~(89) ~ 'What mistake r (I:: 'II • :1 8,5'....: 90J~ I
't-~ililjl!ll: ILJJ~,!!;;"IIi.'''"'',I,
I.:J 1i..9lilIl;,..,

""i,>:

,~

Wh:~., are the f;W'O~ u ses '~I'f'- ''''l"'''~~~,on ~~,(-";-]' .. u (5):; ,Z ::272-:2. j,8; :R:PM : 3142.)~
,g

""

'I. ,""

Ill.- - -

_-

~i!i;,!~

~:UlU

Oiil;$

'U

",

__ • '

'II' _ '"'iIi:;o~,~
.It, ~,~

_,0"

~~

!!i•• I ~,,-!!. '

Nh', ",A1 n:ll~n,...o~, ," 'Ti ~~' ~;J II' I' ;J eo c!i'''1''j;f.1iO "':),!i;,? "
,0;

3, Could someone continue

'F ... (-'R-', >_..: -~"M",',·--: .. I -I ...
iii 'I!l'

D,

""~ ~ ".....:['-'1' ,I, U

I' ~. ~,~

! 'T' - '~'T- .".,::1f 11" A3::-' .... !Il,.~

~ ,~, II!!

series anyhow and stil] be fo:Uowln,:g the rule S'~ 1 B:,r-:B·:' "]1 - 'if ~-..ItTJI" :..___:_ JUO .. ,"),~ ","n3"'''''''1'(''I;'IO,)'-' ,_._ .. D '1'~'7.~..l
I~

,?,

'I'

II!"

",~

Z",·',·"

'!'

,4 'FJoUowi:nga rule is analogous to obeying an order' (I ::]:,2ID,6)~ Expou~nd 1 the ~ntdo~ [cf.I: i ,~A,5,,8~~16:I:)-,. I~J . T.·' ~.I
,$

"It would almost he more correct to Slay, notthat an, intuition WIS, needed at every stage~ but that a new decision was needed a 11: every stage' ,(ill::! '18 6)"
,I,
1

Evaluate this suggestion,

"'Mastery';' of at technique' (,I ~1,.,I,sol., How does this remark ;a,:p:pl!y to sudden understanding ,r (I:: I' I 50= I 15~ I 79!-'- I 84.)~
t
'I,

," What light does the notion of jit,t:ing thro-"., (lin that of mltefl'tanding ,r (I!]~ :[,82)" 8 II "I read ~(ond from, :3.; text, does seeing the text cause my utterances]
('I: 1: ~ I' S'~-I 64)."

9 If I ,reid aloud from 3], text, do 'have ill feeling that seeing the '[ext causes n~yunerancesr (I:: I:,~i 6 S:~-I:78).~ [D' Why' is it: exp)l-naJtory to s'ay t:ha:t: it proves's, is, performed "m'eclf];anica.],ly'J':? (I: : I..'I 9'i~I fi7; 'C[ RF,M :::,~,II: 9~I. :28,~,.3~48~4'9)~ I: I I Is there a, :Httttl,'al terminus to. explanations r' (I :''I ~:ilt..... ,;,cf~ Z,:309~3(6)~ g",
13

\Vha,\'[ is the connexion between human agreement and truth 'r (I:: I 'I'9,8~ 24]. ,; :R'FM,::r ~A:pp~ Z' ;42,8~:42)!, 3~4;; 3
cO'

31
, '

--:'

......

:12·

MEANIN·O· AND· 'U'SE

'I

'\Vh'0we11 and MiU OD ~ITypes' [see A:p'pelldilx ,3] (to 'be: read in Ico,njiull,cibon 'llt~tthI: I,~'61,S 78)
1:),

:;t

R,~ Rhees, iatroduetion to W:i,ttpnsreln" Tie B,IUl tltt4 ,Br9'11m B,,;s .. '.," " "'11·.1· 3 It ,A"h••. .' 1,"I,I,r·'.· ees, 'l1f l,ttgen9:teJDiS, B'"utliluers'"~ (a) in ,P:ro"etdi~g3of t~'e'A,h,"ol,'lisIJ 3'o";"'J ,60 (lg',S,~60) ,~b.· re-printed in ·R'.Rhees, Dr ,,~~,~:~~:~- ~ VJ [rl'IIt"'i_'ijj(~iIlNf."I"~'J7'_"" ~A~ '")1 ;~,r.r:zT;*'t~~g:~:~fli:oij!';' {I'~ ~ ,a ,!'

:1

',':_

..~

",~~'

~"

j •.••

I.

__

.•

'~'

l~~

,iP.-iJ~~I~~~iI!N

"",1

32
,

I",

12· .MEANING AND 'USE

~I~

n,T 'rr ll" ~ Tl'~ N-:: '0: !Ii..

~I~ _: ••

">.

C" ~ ~I

,It!i'

!I'
ill

III
2;,

3
,4, 5:

6
"

W,ha't does \lVitt-genstein. mean b:y :1 language-game t (1:!:I'@']--7l. "That p,hilosop,hicaJ concept of Dleamu'g has its plaee in :3 p,rimitive: 'i.d,ea,of the' way :~mng:ua:gefun,C[ions," (l:::I~,2)~Whit: concept of meamn.g·? ~~'~,"'an 'Ov'er~im',pb~~ ooflCeprnon of t'he :stri:pt' (I :I'.~4)"iD·008 this, judgment of Witltgenst'ei'D,"S represent: s, change nom, 'the TTfje,ia\tw' :r' ('T :4~,O'l!:1:~4~QI1',3)~ "A II' tOO:~'5 serve to m,odif, lometh-~ng:;' (I: ::1,,,'[ 4').. \Vha't is, "~li.ttg:ellst,ein't:1 .. L'~ ) -:., ," altiasm '0:-,r'-' '01]S remer 'k" ~ ('' ' I' :::1i,z,3~,24:-.' -'What does Wittgenstei-n. mean, by ~uge" (Gt:W:auc:h.) t (I: w ~gr-11;, T :,3~,3ti2~ 3,~,3,63,;, I ~ )': S4i~',$69, zJi ,; ct,Z ::09 I 'with 1::]""J: 16~1butt: senrence], 'Coneeive this as: :1 complete pr.im'itive :J.ln.gua.g,el';' (1::: I ~,2l.Are, there any d ';~CC-:;'ill1'~r=<iliIi~ ~n'--' d" oin 'D ~,h; fl 0"' ~v ... JlJllJ..
.... 'iP I, ~.'
I,.'
@

~~IU~ili

..1.

_.•

~'.,.. ~ if

e place :is already prepared" ,(I:::I'.3,1)~ Wh,tt is t''he: fo,rce 0.£ this, H'-:: ~;:Ili' "'fii.t'i!Ji tion ~, ,0", _..~.,I __ ..

8 "\fV,halt connexion is, there! between W.iJtt'genslte'in'~,s stress on the fe~ltioll between meaning and, use:and Frege's doctrine that onl:y in the COD,text: of Ii,
preposition does a name refer! '9 '~',A :pmc: ,~sft, 'conven,tiona6zed 3C!tivity Id,esi:gned, for r-ecreati,onal purposes,' ''{~~O.''I'3iJII~~_;_. O'1"e:n'le~I'"'-D ~~~&l " rI!!~~,I,. that !Ii1!wU_r1 :~: '~n'-e~'I, d·\-~Pn'l'~;til;;'O, 'ft, 01'£".' IInr. .lUi W_'_, ,:'tt" UIiI_ ~'I'I·""1.. H ~p'me" won'~tdo r (CL ,Appendix 3)'" 1\0 ~Lyingi! a lan:gualg~gam'e that 'needs, tobe learned like any other' (I : I j!:249)(i'
~'Ji~ U T~ y

IIIL.,~' .. I:"J.!!L'~

'~ft, ~1J1V!TT IL~' ~'~nj1lIl"

,,;~__ ~~

'l3ll

_~ " _

"_" _'

l",,"'bO''''~~'O'l!I!t·
f"~~L-"!IJ'It·~b~

Is . there one - COOstlirent notlon of

,IUtf~~
;"illih"'j'l!' '~

I,

lan:gua:g-e: :gJJne tmo llghou,t

i
l ~.' '~... I

th,e:

1m

'IT',---'- ,un·'s ·"h-'- inds .1Ie k

,~

0'("'--'--' w,e feel ~u u:. ·ri!;.t..a '~;':~'.LJ;~ :1Rl", !lIre·· UL~:"'~~""'c,,'eu,~. L LA role oi!.L .... ; ",,Ii. •..~, llls·e ,----, ,!IJ:'ee' , .t'- L·C ·t.U,v ("iIi"'IfiII~n-t-'j!i!i· connect ....I: ftr:,t'h t-_n",~.~' ,. 'um ,t' ' ·,iL'
~

such-and-such
'CO'RD-exton

a 'use has: in

OUf'

'w:bole Ufe" 1(ItF.M, :,I,~ 1:6,)',~ 'Whit: -is, the,

12

rr ec-,-~'i!-,~ ('-s the CO'pi:Ula, an,d, as the ;sJri7n, of,eq·.luaJi~), and - IbO'u:~d not. care te mmnlD,,1l-'!' ,a -. . -- -- ---..-- --- --- - J. -- .. - 'IioJ . -.. ---.0 :say t"b't its m,ean'~ft'I:iS)its use; its.; use, thallt is, as the oolpula, and 'the ;m:gn, of eq,utdi',ty, :r'P (I ::,1:,~.5'6:1)~Why does 'Wiqmstein find this queer fl How'r:adi.caU:y' ' rd'DeS I: :1:'~',5'.5Z~,S'68 modify \vha,t ,is :RJi.d in the' earlier parts of rhe 'book ,?
-,~""!!!! --

~N'oW :isn"'t:it

'q,urer that J: say that the 'word u~is~' used, ,vith 'hVO different: :~I,

,3,3

••

••

13
,ME,ANING" 'VND:EltST ANDllti'G" ,INTENDIN'G'
TEXTS:

:1,8 A:D,I:NG'S :

], JP,'P: l.25,3f~, 2'S'ig~2!6'4,41',72,;, Ili4,lJ6-49z, .5,1: ~S30'

:2

Stuan llam:pshire, TI,«gnt .nd Ai'tiotJ,.1 London,:: '1-' 9-' '5' -9= , ' ' Ullil! ~ ~er .... 'L';ojiolp.'.
'_ '....... ~: "I:':_'-" ~
:,._.i~;.'.o'

Cha,tt-O aUld

'Wind',DI',

,"I .~I

"

:13
,1Ym~ _J,'

·X:~AN-··· '-',-,,-_~'G-' IN"

I ~I

UND"'" ,_>_

.,I.':.i!__:::c__,']

""r,R"S"'T' 1,,1<,_1.: ""'IN'" '0"": ., IN"..."T'D''PIk'l1DI'' c· "'AND' ..•..I: .' "',£.u[,",,'

··0·····' :, 'li

IQ'~"U"I ~~ ...."~'T'I·'O······'N·'CU '~ - ... ~.

'.':'"
'._",

,_'

_.:'

"'.

:1

'For a ,large' e:la:ss of 'cases- even if Dot for aU~ifi 'whi"ch we em,pi,oy the 'word "meaning", it can be defined thus :::the meaning of a,word. 'm its use in, the _Ingmage?' (I~::I~'4,3)~ there any exceptions ? Are "The criteria 'whi,c'llt ·'WI(!: accept for '~'~~fittin,g"~; able to", "understand"being ing", are ,much more complicated than ,might a,ppear at first si.g'b'e' (I : J:., I,8:Z).i Describe some of them, referring to the i!aercises' gi,veJ], earlier in, this :p,ara~gra'pb,~

2,

3 "The game, one 'w-ould Uke to say" has not on],y rules 'but also :1 jJfJ.int' (Wi,'t:~):; (I: I:~56,4)..,Viha t at pp i,cation. does this have to :0:0. :~:R'vest~gationf o meaning r' (I,: I: ,.,,5'63-- 5:(8),. 4 C41;nthe intentioa 'to. do something be independent -of ,I pre-existent custom or technique t' If SO,~ in what: sort 'Of C31se1 (I :1,.,2°5)",
5 'Wh_jlt is essential to- intention is the: picture. The picture of wh31't is

:bltended,'" (.P'B::;I:I).~ Vlhat can be said, for and against this vi,ew?
t.
;j

6 ~,~ :nothing is, more wrongheaded than caning meaning (Me,ifl.en) a mental tU:Eivityr Unless, that is, one is settin,g' out to produce eon fusion' (I : I~'69,3)~, Vlba'[' confusion is, prod need r
l

7 ~'~,At that word we: both ,'hought of him.' If 'God, had, looked into OUF minds he would not' have 'been able to see:there: whom we 'were: speaking' of~' (I: 2~Xi.,p~, I 7).~E,xp:[a:in~ and explain the poin fi: of this, remark, 2
,II ,; ..

,8 "',H;orw'5[1,ou'ld, e counter someone w-ho told 'Us that 'with, him", u,ndK,standi:n.:g~ w was :In, inner' process ,?'" (I ::2,."Vj,:p,~I. 8: I:)~

9 ',Am I to say that anY' one who has an intention. has an experience of tendin '0" _!v~'-"._" som. eth 1~'n··IOI'.~' (' I' I' ·S~·9···[f: ~ Z>·: ~- )"" rd "3i:3'
fL~'I~ .I
0

,t)l 't',niU.ll\IT!i'r.

e!' _0. I~..

I_~

_£

I~

~l

iii .:~.' •.

~ : 1".,JIL ~

.~

iii,,'

..... :

<.'.

10

Compare and contrast 'the expression of an intention mt'h a, prediction, (:I:::l~,6,30--63:2;, ef Readings 2; and 3)~ -

I: :I

~\Vhat: is the natural expression of an, intention? ~ (I: I",64',').,Is "natural ,.' f ll.,= u, ~'~ expressam "'11'tJJl.C' same sort o-~' tllun.:gh 8l:SIII tne case 0:'r"" emotion ,r' aere ~
!i!

35

•••••

),4 THlNKlN()'
'¢"" T 'E' ?' "TI.rIJ.l ~ &'A

'!mil, 'E' 10 ,ft.£iiJ,n,' '_ ~_ · "._:_lilI '. .r:...

,it'D" I N' 'G"

;0'
~I

'''''.''' T', ", P,

I~ _

[!!!

~._

IG·.···· ..

. ~"~,

each,
"

M' !:';i.!lw"rll!l'·' A·::,,""t'r, J~

,"I'1ilIIWi", ~
ii.!

references 0'1 nder '~'I.,d';~~A"'~"_".~'1tibd: '~X:i ~n" ~-:-~ '*',

I/~I~
!f!.i ~ _ .. _~
_I _ ~~

.IlJUi __

3:6

I.,'

14
T - - ~l .->TI.?"~~',-n_:'1J,O" -- ." ' _,
1:Ik.ll·"t~"1
t ,'::::_ ~

2 'Does a G"ilJnke conS)S,t of words r'" (RuaseU.),~ "N'o ~ :Bu,t of psy,chi.cal eenstiments 'mat hsve the same, sort of relation to reaJity IS words, What
,,.:L,O"-~~ onstituent S.• ~'~, 11 ,~_'UjU', ,&II~j~.·! e '~'._- I.I."~~~. '_ .JL~ 'li' d,'~,~'t1~nIO"W'~':._. JL_,~"C~,I,~l.i\.r\IIJUI.:~ IN!'' .:-1 (W",:,"';t-f,\a~-n~:I"'~:'n)"11 \,r. ilJ.-lll: ...:iJ.~~. ....
I I

"~I!ill~'

~'II'-1!!,~i!"

~\

ef

i@i

T:11:"'~S'" S,- ... ,1I"~ :.'~,_-..='T~'

,,~,..•

54-2 lo,d Rea1di:ng' 2l 'DisCUH'~ ., ' ,U 10 ~l. "T'hinkine ,;~ an ineorp oreal process'
I I I I I I

,4
.5

1:.. U

'7 8,

'9

'would thi" be a useful 'p,i'eee: 0£ infOrmlti,on r I(,C[. Z ::::1,2',3~'I2 7),. ",Misleadin~ parallel: 'th,e expressioa of pain is a cry-tBJ: expression of 'li., h .. '", , ...•... )' in h "',1 d-~' ~ tcr, .~_. ~ll.ongu, :1 Pf'O_POsltl,o,rl ("I:lE~31,7"~ I \v::at: way :mls_,ea~_ul:1~, (. cJP"p_': .. I ~471-4 79~ footn.ote)-~ "The criteria for the truth of the confession that I thought such-and-such are' not: the criteria .for a true ,dJ,e8Cflption of a pro cess, (:I: 2,,:xi~p,.22~2).. Expound this dis,tinctio.n,;, ~,it 'I...... ,,. '" ,... '", b ",,:it. t.. f' '111'-!' '"...,L 'Tho; k'" ,-I.w-]ng' IS 'W,wl_; d'"~stJnguls hres speecn,L W:[tl~l,1r:I]J'o1J],:g.w.IL'l1t rrom 't3JJUD', wl'WIDnt ,thin'ki-l1,g~'(I :: ~,3,30) Will, this do ? I we eannor separate his "thinking" from h-isac,tivi'~' (.Z:::11~'_I);o \Vlly ,not? "'If I say 1 have ,thou,gh:t~need 1: aJ,'\VaYs,be right :?, \!Vha,t Itind: ,of am.kle ' is there room, for h,ere?;' (I :1..328)" , Could Mr Ballard's :mem.or-y be trusted] (I.:I,~,3;42',; c[ Z:::I.'O~'I:09; IPP' I 661[)'
i'. " ~
I . ,1~

III~

VI

,-.,a11U~~

(:':1" "'[,' ~~".:"·7,_':'.' 1'1[. '-]'3;;0)'" 0"1

iii

'w,'~"~'lt''I... _ 11m. circumstances ~1J.~t1dll.~~

jl.t~~ _
I'

r(~, ~

',-

l~"":'

,:-

_.

,~

.. ____:. :...:___: !II~" ..

.-.. .

,;-1.

__:-~[I!I

.' ••

Iii

,Im Is the 'oommuuicati,o,n of a thought fro'Rl one person

t

:12;

an.o,thet like :sen-dins a;, message by 'ielepr,mter? (l :z,.xi,:pl 22,2,.; cf~, P'p ::l!,zJ:g--uo),~ J "The cha~r is 'th'!n'ki-ng 'to- i-tse[f:~,~ ,."1 (I :m~36'i)~Coo_struet:1 story cOD',taln:iog ~'1l..,~,~,sentence '....'...; .. (':Y"I'O can ':CUI I·'D· ,;i;.'r'I~ dots ~~ vou :p~~~\~)'" ,(.'"t"~' 'Z"~:-1""'7''-~'Ii'3:"'Ij')':' .. .~U.. Ull&~ g~ut~.'L~ ,~ [!I..llll Ul~ ..
til)
_.l~

'II'1I

I'

'I

_lUL'D

G~

JU'

_ ,~,~ilI~':.'. ..

iii'

..

'~16...

~,_.: I&.:~

:1,3

Wha;t 'wou'l.d s'ho,\v,1I);J a, man t:hints?

(I :1:'~'468,,;cf~Ii466--410)~

317

I",

••

15' '_rELIN" -1'0'-': "S"'-' F AL!.'~~':::,'

TE" V'T" _ ~A,'_
,~l

~l

..

Aij, Feelings :mydlical Of' irrelevant' ,: I: J,~'3,3'~:34~6g~'I7,3'" 460", 5042" 579-,5,83" ,58,8-:5:90 ,5:'9~6oo; ,2,~vi (pp~, :1, :1 82~-I 8:3), 'viii, xi (p,.. z 5)1" xiii z ,Z:::26 41 J 16,8" 76-78:; ,84~6~ ,I:5 S:'~'I S"J :I: 68~'I 7'0,) I:1(j..-'I17" :I,'g8"'220 6 Feelines d iscussed ~u--,'"":;h( ~: B-";,~,, ~~~~!!!l~ ~ I: l! ~626"1 677; zj, 'D:1 xi (pp,.,20~] 0) ,Z :::2;2,O,~ 22,S:, 3,83,~3,'ga" '4'j~,574 ,p,fJ:ssim
:(i'
1 ,. 1 "
III I

~QY~~~

;?I~ ~

.. ¥.

!!I

8.'11:'1: !i. ,_·_~A." ]I

0'-;:'. 1= N':I ~ ~ J"'U~~'

:2,

Descartes, ,Prm'cip,lQ! of P~~il!os'p~J', :1 ~'9 m'p , .Ji" J',~-- l~'.. I' 2'1'~26Al'" IlAAA=4'12 I ",1,. . '11'.,.4r'' '· I ..
Ii
;! • J •

3 Russell, A,~Intjlary' int'o ,Mea;nin:g ifl'IUI :Tmth; Load,on:: Allen, I94Q; chapter V~espec.iaUy p,p~,84~8!8
,4 Aili ,Melden , ~'My Kinaesthetic. S'eD.:Slb,o'DS ,Advise Me I8(:1'9'$1.'--5,8.);; 4'3'~4,8
ii, .~

lD,d

Unwin,

.";

,A:N'aly9is:

5 David, Bmybrooke and, others, "Some 'Qy,esti,ons fo'r Miss: Am,cu'mbe: about Intention"; A'.alys,if 22 (I 1961~2)"1'4'9.-54 . ni~wJi'u,tre~ 'O"~"'n :bli",,: :0", ums . " " ...• Sensations of P;~I"o'~I:'';:~n'i!!i,n:fW=Jr..:li":';" '''''1 (····'lIi'6':"'1',~~':;, .. ,~A;HA1~'~'t'\:,iI.'" l:"") 6? G 'U' M~ "'nl~~n'ii¥ril"i!....... ~il.IUJY' 1 ~:,'l. 9,r:,8 S 13 ;J'7' A~ :K"enny,;A,cti'tm", Em'tJtion ,an'll' Will ,'~' London: 'R·,o:uti,oog;-e and Kegan :Pa,uJ", mg6,3 ,8, Ai Kenny, D'lslro;rte'J j~' 68:~8
, _ .J:;;j;", ',.
I~'- 'Ii

<-,'.'

I.

~;.&,

......

:15 -,-, FEELIN~ .', ':"8-"-'

. I' , ,",

'G"
.

_____;,

".:

,',

'.~_.

,",_

••••

_t

••••

··~

In 'I' ' 'E'-"~. '_..,'N',' ~,~ ~IT_.I'O· ... -'," .· ~u,

~l '~

:1

"VbY' 'would ·W~tt:gf!nstein object to the use of a general term such. as Descartes' c',f}~le.titl'-( f. Jlead'm:p, lE .a:nd. 2)1 .Are his o',bj'ections justifiolble: r' c Wha·t does Witt'g-eDl!t~in mm.n 'by "glenu~nleduration', and why does he attacbimporm~t~~ 478,488;~f.I:I.p.S~n~s).

~~t~r'(i:47zt

'3 " ~1~J~y'''' designates nothing at :a~U,,, Nei,'toor any :~n'wardnor any O:ltl~ud, 'thm'g'~ I(Z'::4187.). 'Why s:ho\tdd 'W.'i.ttgenstei-n. ny' this ,r. s: Hi, Lo'~ ~s h .." ('-Z' :'50:4:'" I,--,9 t~lDl .-). ·I\..r~.... 4" =L I ··o've II not a lee 'ng.;; . .' ;~'v,e put: to tl" ,e' test, pain. not' ,~~,
!II:
iii

true:

S 'H:ow mueh analogy is there between d!leli,pu:~ '3!'DJdwba.t: W~· cau. e~g,.. "sensation"] 'The' eonneeting link between them ,,.~onld'be' ·pain." ~- :'.484.... .
_

- 5-'-')-'- ]- ;:-:-IL '.-_':'W' -". ",:"o;C'l'~II- p,lJI·;·D.1 I~._...-'rm•,. : :t!I eon ~o-:"w. , /£0:'_ .w.. d . gil. ~ ~-v
_ ,iI .
. ~. l

I' '0'
I

,~

~V'';'D,."n__

i'!I

t'

·'.lD'u,t: ODe: wanted to find an ·a:nalogy to the place of pain, it "tou'~d of if course not: 'be: the mind [as, of course, 'the place ,of bodUy pain is, .nOlt the
IU'

·trod,,)but the aljef," of regret.' ,(:Z:: ] I:)~.:H:~wlike is the p:~aceof pain, to 'dIe: 5
n.bJ~'g:f!!iit iIfiI.'£'- reeret] .IW: ~r-~[!i;r'- r
~"r

I~{'J

1-.. _.

7 "'mr anyone' asks w:helther pleasure is, a sensation

dHfer·en,ce: .r'
1-

he p,roba.bly· does not disti,nguish between reason and cause (Z':507l~ H:o\'I does this, 'show the:

B Can w'e distin:gldL~h,'between

(z:~'''I~~6---'~Z7-::'), ·1fU· .;;)' ::'. !I!

:~eenn,g'a. sensation

:IO.d

feeling' an emotion.

r'

'9 '~,Belief.~,~.~ sort of feeling mere a~lied to the' emo-titUlS than to anyt'hin:1 is.a. I~lle' JPP ::I.I.~28,3)~· it? (',cr~ I: I ~:22,5:W~607,; Z,=.5':1 ,3)j ( 'I:s J
1:0

"The :n~feeUng :~s not: a' feeling 'w"hich aceompanies the word "'if'" (.m ::,a~:v.i,p~ cl~ z~vi; ,Z :']1,SS'; JP,p ::::1 mii02416,;2;',,'2 ,; Reading 3),., 1182;; I: ,.,2,4S

,7

3~

•••

lit FllL,PaMENT of :PQlSi,bUbY'f! wDb, expectatio'Il,

etc,

'm;'~

m,~a

"'D"III'N-- nc' :. U,ilIl,1F.

1111 "

,j

JPP: 11.2,5 I (ex,POOt3l'ti.O-n)" 320-3,2,1', I: 249-2S'6[ ,z 'Freud" The /tI'erp,re,tQ,tlf1t1 ,0/ D,ft:(ftn'S; London: Allen,and Unwin, 1'9,37 ({or
:1

question 9)'

,3

,R,lUiSCU,

The ,AnaJy:bJ; of Mind[,," Lendon: AUen and U'n.win"l ,1[92:1; Ieeture :111

"

16
o

' FULPlL. MEN'T'

••• -.. ' •• _. - ••• ~ • • .-. _. '. ",_ • '._ ",

'~.,

.:

., •• I

.... ,

..

,fl,'U' E"~'!'f'!JIIO:-" '" N··.~ ~'.:_.,,i&liJ.~ _ "'~~ ~ ~ _",_

c'·Could wC''''maginc .(1 iangmage :rn w'b~,cJh,,u.pootin:g fJ 'was Dot described 'by' m ~f',p,'.,~' Isn't ;h·I~·'Jd!i~'I01'!:" ~:mi'pl;fi~~;'b'" ~ ~01 1:f"~.,f:PJ:"" 'a'I~' in '~I~ hieh '~I!",. . at!:.!!. vgau ..,._.,I,~ ~'~, '1 would be exprteaed, \vir:bou·t usin·g· /) 1" (P'B·:.3,'o).",
I

;ji;ft''i'[II'C; t~~C!

Vt

Il

I.

·t,

_ _~L

'.

".

IUlmIL

~'I!~ g;~

,~_ .• _

~JlIIl,.,

~,'

_ ~,~ .'

.iLI]

w·

. '.'

...

_II,~

.'

2·

"To '\limi! extent does :3;'0, order anticipate :!lm, execution ,.; (I ::'1~46 )~, I

:3 '~Expecting' is connected ·w.i.thiookin.g' .for·~(P:8 ::28)1~:Expand 't"he' eonnexion .. (cf~,J': I JiS 5) .. : A,;;, 'A_., ,· .ul!.U'III;o; m' ni.:' other precess 'iL'II;rhl.]"~,~ bA'~I~,nji[rC'·t.ijii~ this am,'j~:ol. an•... 'W.'~,=~:h,;~., ~: .., u· ,'Iiio;U .. Ii.Y . r""" .q, UI .. Ill! ..... , connected with all these 'dlin~~ is. ,mlmtion/' (.~P'B,:'1'I)' ICO,m.p'·.·.are the execu.... ... ltt~~: ". 1 .nfi 1 ... ,,", .. order ..1_,-. ·fii"~1 '~lfi"'::'~:'I--'I~~ltr ~ Q~}Jil,-..: O··i!i',iiFlto' 4i'i'i'i =, '0't'~n"";':A!ft1 ;~ ,if'!i,'fl.~ Q,n.<,!1!._."',-,. w.,,~,"~t':'h·· the .-,.U~J_.lm!llo;o<l:l!I~of a· "li~~'L 101r" IO·.'..rl~' ';'-;-1 '_ ,B,n. expectation. ...
I. "~~":~I,~ ,,""'.Ii~iLR,lI..I..Ii.
U~~

"i'\i1!U'.lU,,eii'JI

iII~

~I,I;""

'Ii!!,

I~

I."

V. " "U'.,

",11..

il...II.'U'•. II, ~'"

U._.

·t'j(::-I

-'¥

'U'-,.

5 Dis:ti.ngmlSh,:: (:a.) the &a.r[sfactioD of an i·nsrin.ct (e.g, huft:ger) from ,'he· Iitilfa,cd,on of an expecta'boD. or wish~; . (b) the ,absfacti·oo, 0'£ an 'expecltl;ti'on. from the :satisfa'dion of a ·wi·s:h. (cf~ :21~:22; JP:P: I 1·~·3,2~,32 P.B JI! )~.
16

''It is, :not 'the person, ,ex.p,ct,ed thar is t_he' fu'~fi'nDlent:, (,Z : S8).~WhI'1 'p(dn't is W:i.ttgeu's,min, .mttkinl'?

1bu,t

ra'thcr' his, looming'

7 'A P,foposl,ti,oD"
iIi,n,a.
ili

aod. henee in another sense :9. thought, ean be 'the' "I'·apr·asiIOJn."~ of ·be·li,e.f~ope, expectation, ete, But believing is' nOE thinkinc .. h , ~'ml: ·ttrnl.i'Dll ·~ifH'i\lr'k·:.)~'" 'T"I·';'i:...;~eon . ~.lr'" ,'" of-:: eeets b"~'~':i~:":[HtU'~V'p':ei"'!ltr=,jI"i',". h.In,-O'~'n,tlJI' o!!Ii~: , 7:il (A,·' .. D'""""" \.iU. ,111'1;0;~ less d'~staD'tlY' related to one: In.other' ·than the:~,.are to the 'COD'CCpt .of ·thinkin.g' (:I: J: ~S7·4l.,Is W·ittlcns,te:in. justified i,D putting belief with expectation, ete.] (1:::1. ""S14~.5:77;, 'C[ Z' :'7 :1.~186),~ 8: "I:n, order to 'understand the :gtllntmaf' of these sta,teI. it is n.ecelSlry to ask: '''Whit: eounes as :1 Cf.i.t-er.io:n ror anyo.ne's. being in such a" state ?"'~ ., 5~'7"'~")"·H· ~w,'-· I·flln, dfiliPW·-"~r-~'"~~ this lillO' ."""Su n· ~:I-,-,,""'>J-tr"-, th_".;-.O'~.,,-~ .. ,-,-,' r of ('I._ t."- fi!~_'~. !l,J,v "~.~' .. e-,[~ on, __ ,] estio'~.iI.. "... U,,",lu.aI~e: 1"'-. e D~amma,_~, ~~
,iii, ,,-,;IlIIIA , .... '"
II;.!!! .. ~""""

JI 1Uoo,

"'"A,.'

~"!i;;!IicUJ;~,

U,rlll!J~

~II, '\;;;

.~.'IIj

'!!'

:.:

:0····'

_.

1flf-nirli;·!i\QD ~, :r;:!I,~.I~~,~.

.',;J:.I "'!Ii-

.....

.1.7
'T ...,~ J~L'l.I' 'r ~'A !iii!' iC" E' 'v'
I~' ill ~I

M··c--Y::':'S··.';!T1· 'C'-,:A",'L' ," ..

AN:'-··',,'C-:·,:,-·
I" ',"

·D-=-'··.·

'T-IHE-' :-,_:',
II

't1?'THI·-~'I-'C··-:-:··-.A~,'L'~[l,~._l ..• -

~
~

N:: 72 (I' ',~6,.,'I6)--,86, 9'E(JlIO~I~I:7) T:: ,5',~,~S,!,6'4J::"6~37~ ' ""~littgenstei,n's, Lecture: on Ethics", T12'e' Ph,ilo,so.Ihic,oJ R (!f)it11li' 74 (I:96 S)~ ,3,=:26 (particularly for question 4.) Lectures ,a/lid ,eol$w:rs;a.,t;i{}ft'jj (j,n Aes thetics~ Pgc:holoV' 0'n4 ,Reiigi'ouS' B elief; ~'3~-· ~ ~5..
'.

9-,:.

R,EADiNGS
I

:::

Schopenhsuer, Th« ,World as Will' an'd'.lde;f,I, .. ' ~ a I.~33~-l,3 7'~:167~ ('~ I: 168: egoism' :~: ~lonp3ism ')

:2

b I:~,36~316'2, ,3;64~366(living' in the present) C: 1"4,5:~45'4(:edlical ,re!w,Qlrd and punishment] d I.~ s-s 17 (:suicid,e) s:] e l~S29--S:,3,2 (:world ofthe ,happ'Y' and, the u:nhilppy) f I.~S'3-2,;, :m]:m',j,42.j C'me rest is,silence') --g' :m]~373,f[ f~tl~/Jt,the world is, ~ ,~..') Tolstoy, 'flow' much Land does 1\ M::a:n need ,?~ in r.mty..... Three T"les; London : Oxford 'U,niversiqr Press, ,1906 (The Wo,r:ld.'s Classics, 7,3,);
2'07,-..226

3 Tolstoy, "The Death of Ivan Ilych'''; in, 1"V'(jnIly1eli I1tld Hclllji ,Murad ,;.~' London: Oxfo,rd University Press (The World:~s Class '"ICS, 4,3,2) 4 Frege, "The Thought (:refere'oee under' Topic '4" Reading 2) .5' B,tld.1-ey, ,Essay]' on Trut~'a~ful eality' ,~. xford: at the: Clarendon Press, :1'91:4; R O pp~-4'68~4ti9 6 A'TI 1:- '7:~-'0=l-e, 7:-' 11: 7 El"gehna:nn~ Letters ,/r,ofn LudiVig Wit't:gens,tfifl' ,,.~Oxford: B1ISU B:[a,ek~'t~'eU,
l~

~"U=
_'

'i'

'I~J

,,!J

:19,6'1'

8 M,e,Gu~n,n.e~, "The ,Mys,t:i,ci;g:m, of the Tracta tus' : T h,e P hil~s,f}}),lI.i"al R'tf),ie,'{P 75' (1966);. ,3:0S:~32S,

"

:17
THE,'-,',:-' Mr'·'y' :-'S'"' --TI-'I'CAL::,. I .'
r. • I I ._ ... '.'_", .. '_

I,

- _.

._:.~

AND-'" I.. ",,[-,

_ . ,.1

T-'

'H:E~,-' 11,'-T"Hl~,' _' '-.___:.. '. ·' ,I:i:.:! , -IC"~,AL,,',,','

ti
I_ "I,

..

"(.'

n'IU~:.. I.f.!l~ I 0"",J>", [~ F iCi'rr ~.. N-I iC:" .

I

,. ~

'W,h.a;t does 'Wi,ttgens,tein cf Readin:g 8:)

mean

by "',mystical'

r'

(T ::6"'W6"~4'S', 6,~,,5'2;Z;

"We feel thal'[ even if ,a,ll jJfJ':$,sible' scientific questions be answered, the: problems of life have still not been touched at:all, or course, there ,~sthen no question I,eft: and just this is the answer' ,(T':6"~,5 Expound, 2)~, (-meint) is, quite eorreet; only it cannot be said",but shows itself" ~ Expound, (cf:, ,N ,:80", 82", 85,;, Readings [3, and 4)~
m'ttZ1ZS

3 '. '.,~ 'what the solipsist

,4 'IIt is clear that ethics cannot be put into words' (T :6~4.2 'W,oy not] I:)..,
(cr~, ' :79)~, N

,5 'He lives eternally who Iives in r re present,' :18, there such ,3, thin:! as: no,t li'vin,'g in the prese~n,trl (N' :'1',5 Sehopenhsuer, I ~36cF'362, ; T' ,:6,.,4-31:;1 ; Matthew 6::2,5-34);;
,6, "The world of the ha,pplY mill, is 3, ,different: one from that of the unha pipy one' (_T :[6',.,4:'3)..,In what way durereo,l:? (cr., N :'7"~'79).
7' "To believe in God m'CIDS to see tm;t life has a mte~lnin:g" '(N":74).~ Diseuss,

81 "The ad of the will ,is not the cause of the' :ac:rion 'but is, the action, i'tKlf' (N :~8'1 ef 1: :1,.6 I 1-624);; Did, 'Wittgenst,ein,"'s vl,ew 'a'bou,t wiUin:1 under,; go a change between the ,N{Jte~{),,(Jij' and the' l~e~,'igQti().s; ,r'

9 "The world is independent of my 'wiU;' (T ::6~73)~'Is this consistent with 3 W:i~pnst,ein:~'sv.iew in tb,t;; ,No,ttJ'boI9'kS (N' :8-6,88) ? "
]0

would entire~-y cure him has 'been begun, wiU,not: allow' it to "be: completed, but prefers to r,t'taln his disease' (Schopenhauer L 5:]I 16-);0 Is this ,Si:D, apt com'pa,riso:n ~ (.c[ ,N :::91)~,

~'~,'" ,~ tne SUICIde

~l

.. ..,

1:111, ,clJu\,e a

11=1",

'~ '~'.., s~,c!tl man

wno aner a

'PtUl'~UI operanon W
~, ~
"1 ~,

h'~'11., uen

~,'l, -rl~

•••••

11 'T'~HE:'-I 'N'"", A-'T"UB.'E 'O:'F:' p-~TL~ ·'S:~'O·I."'P'!f~nt ,D..lL.,",' ,n,J"

."I ,_ ", " ,~'".". '._,.,._. .. , ', ..... I, "

10'

I '''" ,'~'~''

,I1'.!I.A,,_ lii!I T~'VT",li!l!ill

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'KaD't, C'r.;tigUl ,of PM" RlctUo.rI, Preface to Second. Ed'~,d,oo,(.Kem.p' Smith, translation, !IIi :37J Russell, 10," [(no.,'ledge of 'tie Eitternal Wo.r,14 London: AUen and U:n:win, '1:0922; :Iectu~e I." Current Tendencies, and lecture' ll; Logic ;3S the Essence ,f PhiJos,o-ph,y';, 1!3~ (for questions 8; and 9)1 'G" R.yI,t, i".S,y:stematically' M~'sleiDding E"X,Pftlsions~ (:a) in, Pro(:'le:difJ:gs t~/' Am'tote:lhln S'Of,.'e,ry' 3:2,(1. 9,3:1 the ~32l" 1,39"""'17'0 (b) re-printed in, ,LlJ1gf.' tDUl Ltmgrm_g, (firs!! seri'es) edited, ~y ,An'th,fJ.WY Flew:; Oxfor,d,: 'Bu~1 ,Black,w,e~'111 19.5.5,; 1: 1--3,,6 Austin" '~,AreThere ,A ,Priori Con,ceptJ?' 1(,8) in 'P'i(J""di~gtJ, of the- A'"is,'e,teli'an StJ,tietY"J' S'u,p'p:llemen'mry' V'olu:me 18 ( I:9,39)~ 8',3---lU)'S ,(:'b. re-pr :'~t·,ed;, l!i'n )-r' '~L. A·,-··,u~'bi!i"n p'-.','1~;~ttl;,~,~,t\.:l~'o!:",AJ:.~n,~~'r'" . ..t, r~r\f!'~,~ '~~'n;f-d··.~· n'r:- the V~~,'''''~ '" _.li~ Qa'reo,don Press, 1:961'; 1[-- 2,2, 'Erik S,tleni,UI, Wittgm~,tt1hi'-s Tr~tdtt4'S ,~~ ,Critie:tJI E~Pd,fi"(jrJ01' ils' ,Main A Lin,s.' ,of TillugAt: Oxforrd: Basil Blackw,eU:" 1'960,; ,ehapt,er X,I .1'.., Wisdom, "The Me tamorphasis of Mertap:hysi;cs~' (for question 10) (a)1 in, p':(J,eetlmg~ 0/' ,t"e ,Br,j:tisb A',ademy 47 (I 96:1)~3:7--5'9 (b) ,re...:pnnted, in JOhJl Wisdom" ,P:M:a4d' lJiJiJ' Di:S'fovery ,'~'Oxfold: 'Basil. Blaebell, 1965;, 51-8:1: S,~,Ca;,veU" ''iTbe AVlila,bUity, of 'Witltgenstein~sLater :Phi~osophyJ'
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;C'ltwu Russell who performied the: service of s'howin-g tha'I'the apparent l~gial, form Of':1 proposition need not be its rea 0>0[(:,'1 ('T:.f",Q,O,3:1),~ Glve examples ,of propositions which, could mislead ODe as to th,e~F form 1"6; At)1 ("t";f'" -I .. ".lJL~":~'.",~ 2 Does 'W:itt'g.-en_ste~n use the term \Cgrammar' meitap:hori,cally,r' (1 :m.. ,5:1....2 52),,, 2 : 3 1~',Mya~m,is: to teaLCb you to pass from a, plece, ,oi disgu'lsed nonsense to :somet'hin.g' thar is patent nonsense' (I: l( ",4164,; cf, :m ;1,.,3,50 fo,r an ,exampl:~e)." Give: further examples. "",,""'W',!'" feel 11 ~~ ,:f: we.n, F~iI!'oF:ii'~' &fl;i1!'~"'.i2!"~ p:1!..Q'n"'~m'- ena: vu· l~'fi'!l:!il'Ali:::!bl',~'r!A'n" h ~ . n .. ·.lil,.. .'U, .. . is directed not towards phenomena, but ~' 'tOlwa'lds [e '''po'jJiliflitie:s'n of phenomena' (I: ::,1:,~90).~, Compare 'this w.i.th K'anit~rS eO'Deep,b'OIlll. of ft},eta,, .... pb.y,sicSi S "If one' tried 10 advance these« in philm;o,ph.y', :i,t wmdd.- -D'ever 'be: :po~i.ble to debate them, because everyone 'would agree '[0 th.eml (I : I:,~I.~~)t, E,lu,c,ida,t,e~, -' he ,~;~ -u~I_',V~lI;, like '_. eatmen ... of an ' 6. f;'T- p.~'~'lngn"'h, treatm ent '0-: ::f~'~. questi m'~~~ th ,e" '....... ",U' ,-Jl,IU!VOv~ ='11'-'n '(':-11 '"' ~'.£;:-:-~'\~-:I::' , ''-R'....F'- 'M' "'5-::'15' cf " 'J' A' 'p"'r~'~~''':_)!Ii 'E' ['x~-:-p--, ~1? ~'n ,ill ')'" ,1141 .!li .. IABC:~ ~ 7 'In, p:lli~,mo:p,hiz[n,g we may not term.'e a disease' of ,though't~ It must: run its natural course, and s,low CUt,c is, :111 :llmpormnt., [(~bat: is: \V''by math,Comati,cil'Ds are such 'bad, 'p:hUOIop,ber:s,)? (Z :J.82)~ 'Vlha,t rea'stlo, could be gi',l/,en for this :? 8 ~ main cause of pbi osophica), dis,case--a one-sided diet: OD'e nourishes A €lne's thinking with olo'l.y one kind, of example (I:]I~ ';1 ,c[ C ::31)" C.'it,e~ S~3 cases, I(cr~Reading' zJ~
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UNIVERSITY OF CA

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keJey California 94720

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