1

NIMS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT &COMPUTER SCIENCE

RESEARCH METHODOLODY
Title:- A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION
OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE HOSPITAL EMPLOYEES

SUBMITTED BY: - Bhupender kumar mehto

SUBMITTED TO :- Dr. Sudhinder

Singh chuhan
(Assitance professor)

INDEX

S.NO.

PARETICULATE

PAGE NO.

1.

Abstract

2.

Introduction

5-9

3.

Background of problem

10

4.

Rational of study

11

5.

Scope of study

12

6.

Objective and Hypothesis

13

7.

Concept of job satisfaction I. Factors, II. Work behavior &job satisfaction III. Theories of need Research methodology Limitations

14-

8. 9

18 19 21-23

Observations & analysis 10. 11. Comparative study of job satisfaction Implication of study Suggestion & recommendation Conclusion 13

24-28 29-30

12

31-32

33

14 15 16 17

Questioners Bibliography Research &its types Sample &its types

34-40 41 42-43 44-45

ABSTRACT
Rapid scientific, technological and medical advances in recent years have completely transformed the health care sector from conventional pattern. Hospitals now have become a dynamic industry. Their core mission is delivery of quality patient care and medial excellence, which in turn depends upon the job satisfaction of employees. Employee satisfaction is the amount of pleasure or contentment associated with a job. The sources of job satisfaction can be extrinsic like superior subordinate relationship, working conditions and intrinsic (internal to the person). Intrinsic satisfaction comes from within The purpose of this study is to measure and compare job satisfaction of government and private hospital employees. The sample of this study includes 20 employees, 10 from government and 10 from private hospital. The data were collected by a survey (questionnaire method) that consisted of the items from Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, about satisfaction and dissatisfaction with different facets using a Likert type scale. The results show that the job satisfaction level of employees in private hospital is 76% which is more than the government hospital 55%.

INTRODUCTION HOSPITALS IN INDIA PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (Before 1947 Early Indian rural considered the provision of institutional care to the sick as their spiritual and temporal responsibility. The forerunners of the present hospitals can be traced to the times of Buddha, followed by Ashoka. The Indian system of Medicine Ayurveda was prevalent that is Sushruta (6th century B.C.) the famous surgeon who wrote Shushruta Samhita and Charaka (200 A.D.) The famous physician who wrote Charak Samhita. Their works are considered as standards for many centuries with instructions for creation, of hospital, for provisions in lying and children rooms, maintenance and sterilization of bed linen with steam and fumigation. Medicine based on Indian system was taught in the University of Taxila. The most notable of the early hospitals were those built by king Ashok (273-232 BC). There were rituals laid down for the attendants and physicians who were enjoined to wear white clothes and promise to keep the confidence of the patients. In 10th century the age of Indian medicine started to decline from the Mohammedan invasion. They brought Yunani (Greek) system of Medicine.

The modern system of Medicine in India was introduced in 17th century with the arrival of European Christian missionaries in South India. In 1664 the East India company established its first hospital for soldiers at Chennai and in (1668) for civilian population. European doctors were getting popular in 18th and 19th century. Organized medical training was started with the first medical college in Calcutta in 1835 followed by Chennai in 1850. In the British period local government and local self government bodies were encouraged to start dispensaries at tehsil and district level. In 1885 there were 1250 hospitals and dispensaries in British India. But the medical care scarcely reached 10 per cent of population in India. EMERGENCE OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM & HOSPITALS IN INDEPENDENT INDIA (AFTER 1947) The health scenario in 1947 was unsatisfactory. The bed to population ratio was 1:4000, doctor to population ratio 1:6300 and nurse to population ratio 1:40,000. After independence various committee were setup like Bohr committee (1943), Mudalidar committee (1959), Hospital review committee (`1963). This committee made extensive recommendations in the following areas. Although the population was disturbed in urban & rural in the proportion of 20:80, a great depravity existed in the facilities available in urban and rural areas. 1. Provision of adequate preventive, promotive and curative services to all in the form of comprehensive health care (integration of services). 2. Delivery of this comprehensive health care through an infrastructure of hospital dispensaries and by opening primary health care (PHC) centers at block level, and taluka level hospitals. 3. Development of adequate communication in rural areas.

4. Demarcation of health services into two groups, viz. personal and impersonal. 5. Fitting the above concepts into a short-term plan and a long-term plan. The short term plan envisaged a province wise organization for the combined preventive and curative health work through establishment of a number of primary, secondary and district health units. The impersonal health services were to include town and village planning, housing, water supply, drainage and general sanitation. The bed to population ratio was planned about 1.03 per 1000 population at the end of 10 years. The long term plan envisaged a primary Health Care Centre for every 40,000 population with a 30 bedded rural hospital to serve for primary Health Care Centers. The bed: population ratio is 1 bed per 1000 population. 6. The administrative structure should be tripartite: (a) Clinical (b) nursing c) business administration 7. The following bed capacity should be attained: Teaching hospitals at least 500 District hospitals at least 200 Tehsil hospital at least 50 8. In case where distances are long and communication is difficult such as hill districts, certain Tehsil hospital should be developed as fully fledged centers.

CHANGING ROLE OF HOSPITALS (IN 21ST CENTURY)

From its gradual evolution through the 18th and 19th centuries, the hospital both in the eastern and the western world-has come of age only recently during the past 50 years or so, the concept of todays hospital contrasting fundamentally from the old idea of a hospital as no more than a place for the treatment of the sick. With the wide coverage of every aspect of human welfare was part of health care-viz. physical, mental and social well-being, a reach-out to the community, training of health workers, biosocial research, etc.-the health care service have undergone a steady metamorphosis, and the role of hospital has changed, with the emphasis shifting from : 1. Acute to chronic illness. 2. Curative to preventive medicine. 3. Restorative to comprehensive medicine. 4. Inpatient care to outpatient and home care. 5. Individual orientation to community orientation. 6. Isolated function to area-wise or regional function. 7. Tertiary and secondary to primary health care. 8. Episodic care to total care. The important factors which have led to the changing role and functions of the hospital are as follows: Expansion of the clientele from the dying, the destitute, the poor and needy to all classes of people. Improved economic and social status of the community. Control of communicable disease and increase in chronic degenerative diseases. Progress in the means of communication and transportation.

Political obligation of the government to provide comprehensive health care. increasing health awareness. Rising standard of living (especially in urban areas) and sociopolitical awareness (Especially in semi urban and rural areas) with the result that people expect better services and facilities in health care institutions. Control and promotion of quality of care by statutory and professional associations. Increase in specialization where need for team approach to health and disease is now required. Rapid advances in medical science and technology. Increase in population requiring more number of hospital beds. Sophisticated instrumentation, equipment and better diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Advances in administrative procedures and management techniques. Reorientation of the health care delivery system with emphasis on delivery of primary health care. Awareness of the community..

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BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM/TASK UNDERTAKEN During the past decade, the health care sector has undergone rapid and striking changes due to rapid globalization and liberalization, increased competition due to entrance of private (corporate) sector hospitals, introduction as well as transfer of technologies and outsourcing of services. The advent of technological revolution in health care sector has drastically changed the conventional pattern of patient care that is treatment of his ailment. The corporate health care sector is more focused on patient satisfaction and quality health care to cater the medical, psychological as well as personal needs of patient. This project has been undertaken to evaluate the employee satisfaction level between the government and private hospital as there is innate relationship with employee satisfaction and quality of patient care.

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RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

There is a definite link between employee attitudes and patient satisfaction. If employees are unhappy or dissatisfied, despite their best efforts, it is difficult for them to conceal this factor when interacting with patients and other staff members. One of the primary reasons for evaluating employee satisfaction as to identify problems and try to resolve them before they impact on patient care and treatment. Improving the quality of patient care in Indian hospitals is a vital and necessary activity. Patients report they receive less individual attention than ever before. They complain that doctors and nurses are too busy attending to the technical aspects of care to provide the much needed attention to patients personal needs. the present study is undertaken to address specific aspects of job satisfaction related to hospital employees. It attempts to investigate and to compare the level of job satisfaction experienced by the employees of a government and private hospital in Jaipur City of.

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SCOPE OF STUDY
Job satisfaction is viewed as a positive emotional response to a job situation resulting from what the employee wants and values from the job. Employees satisfaction from their jobs is highly significant for the effective functioning of any organization. It plays a key role in influencing the attendance of workers, their productivity, work motivation, morale and bringing profits to the organization. Thus the understanding of the job satisfaction level of employees and comparing with both private and government hospital, is essential in order to motivate them from for better performance as there is an intricate relationship between employee attitudes and patient satisfaction. The present study is conducted in two renowned hospitals at Jiapur City in Government Civil Hospital and modi Medical College Hospital.

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OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY The objectives of study are as follows: 4.1 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES To measure and compare job satisfaction of government and private hospital employees. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES To identify variables which have a significant impact on the satisfaction level of both private and government hospital staff. To identify prominent areas of dissatisfaction among the employees of government and private hospital. To suggest measures for inducing greater satisfaction in above mentioned HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY There is no difference between government and private hospital employees regarding job satisfaction. There is no difference between government and private hospital employees regarding the benefits provided.

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CONCEPT OF JOB SATISFACTION Job satisfaction may be defined as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or experiences (Locke, 1976). Thus, job satisfaction is often regarded as a work- related attitude with potential antecedent conditions leading to it (such as autonomy and pay), and potential consequences resulting from it (such as absenteeism and job performance good/bad). It can also be viewed as representing a complex assemblage of cognitions (beliefs or knowledge) and emotions (Hamner and Organ, 1982). Job satisfaction has often been considered synonymous with related concepts of morale and job involvement FACTORS IN JOB SATISFACTION Several research studies, both in the West and in India have been conducted and the results of their findings have lighted factors influencing employees' attitudes and responsible for their job satisfaction or job dissatisfaction. According to studies conducted by Hoppock in (1935), the important factors that matter in job satisfaction are : FINANCIAL AND NON FINANCIAL FACTORS

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It goes without saying that financial considerations - fair wages, do matter in job satisfaction, but apart from that there are good many other things that influence job satisfaction. There are: 1. Relative status, which an individual holds within the social and economic groups with which he identifies himself. 2. Relationships with supervisors and associates on the job. 3. Work situations, including nature of the work. 4. Working condition - earnings, hours of work, facilities, etc. 5. Greater opportunities for advancement. 6. Variety in work, that does away with the dullness and monitory of work. 7. Freedom from close supervision. 8. Opportunities to see results of one's own work. 9. Knowledge of job progress and satisfaction of doing good work. 10. Opportunities for service to others. 11. Environments - healthy, cleaner, safer, etc. 12. Living of one's own choice. 13. Initiative and personal responsibility. 14. Vacations. 15. Thrill and excitement of the job. 16. Less fatigue work.

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17. Health criticism. 18. Job security - steady employment, etc. 19. Ability to adjust oneself to unpleasant circumstances. In their research report findings, entitled, "The Motivation of Work" published in 1959, in Pittsburgh, psychologists, Frederick Herzberg and his associates have stated that five factors, or ideas as people mentioned to them, during the investigation, when they talked about feeling 'good' about their job (expressing job satisfaction) were: 1. Achievement, 2. Recognition, 3. The work itself, 4. Responsibility, and 5. Advancement.

JOB SATISFACTION AND WORK BEHAVIOUR

Generally the level of job satisfaction seems to have some relation with various aspects of work behavior like absenteeism, adjustment, accidents and productivity. JOB SATISFACTION & ABSENTEEISM In everyday life certain contingencies require a little extra effort of the part of workers to come to work. A minor problem with bicycle, a drizzle, a small tiff with spouse and several such incidents have a tremendous impact on the work attendance. For a dissatisfied worker these may be major reasons for missing the work but for a satisfied worker these may be relevant. JOB SATISFACTION AND ADJUSTMENT

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If the employee is facing problems in general adjustment, it is likely to affect his work life. Although it is difficult to define adjustment most psychologists and organizational behaviorist have been able to narrow it down to what they call neuroticism and anxiety. Adjustment problems usually show themselves in level of job satisfaction. For long, both theorists and practitioners have been concerned with employees adjustment and have provided vocational guidance and training to them to minimize it is compact on work behavior. Most literature in this area, generally suggests a positive relationship between adjustment and job satisfaction. People with lower level of anxiety and low neuroticism have been found to be more satisfied with their jobs.

JOB SATISFACTION AND ACCIDENTS Research on relationship between job satisfaction and accident, generally shows that the higher the satisfaction with the job, the lower is the rate of accidents with the job, the lower is the rate of accidents. Though it is difficult to explain such a relationship but generally a satisfied employee would not be careless or negligent and would encounter lesser possibilities of running into an accident situation. The more favorable towards job would make him more positively inclined to his job and there would be a lesser probability of getting and unexpected incorrect or incorrect or in controlled event in which either his action or the reaction of an object or person may result in personal injury. JOB SATISFACTION AND PRODUCTIVITY

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It is generally assumed that satisfied employee is more productive. But research reveals no relationship between job satisfaction and productivity. Many Indian studies however show significant relationship between job satisfaction and productivity. For instance, a study analyzed the relationship between two variables among workers. The results showed high productive workers were more satisfied with their job. In India giving the limited opportunities for job openings and large number of people aspiring for them, to get a job itself may be very satisfying. In order to retain the job, the employee may be tempted to please the management by producing more. Hence there may be a positive correlation between job satisfaction productivity.

MORALE AND JOB SATISFACTION More than two and a half decades ago, Seashore (1981) came to the conclusion that there is no definition of morale. It is a condition which exists in a context where people are: a. motivated towards high productivity b. want to remain with organization c. act effectively in crisis d. accept necessary changes without resentment or resistance e. actually promote the interest of the organization and f. are satisfied with their job. According to this description of morale, job satisfaction is an important dimension of morale and not morale itself.

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Morale is a general attitude of the worker and relates to group while job satisfaction is an individual feeling which could be caused by a variety of factors including group. This point has been summarized by Sinha (1974) when he suggests that industrial morale is a collective phenomenon and job satisfaction is a distributive one. In other words job satisfaction refers to general attitude towards work by an individual worker. On the other hand, morale is group phenomenon which emerges as a result of adherence to group goals and confidence in the desirability of these goals. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methodology of the project is as follows: Universe: - The population for this particular study consists of physician, nurses, paramedical staff of Government Civil hospital and Modi Medical College Hospital at Jaipur City. POPULATION:- in both hospital the total employees are working 200. Sampling unit: - The sampling unit of this research consists of 20 employees (10 from government hospital and 10 from private hospital) Sampling design: - Exploratory design Sampling method: - Random sampling Method of data collection: - The method of data collection was a field research and the material used in study was a survey (questionnaire). In order to assess the job satisfaction. Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) was used. The questions of the survey were adapted to the hospital environment in order for them to be compatible with the research. The survey consisted of a

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Procedure:-The self administer questionnaires were anonymous in order to prevent any hesitation while answering the questions and to control internal validity. They were given to the senior medical superintendent to be distributed to doctors, nurses and paramedical staff. They were requested to return back in two weeks. It was predicted that filling out the survey would take 20 minutes. After two weeks, they were collected and taken into data analysis.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:1. Bianess on the part of respondents: -Some respondents were not ready to reveal the true information. 2. Time Consuming:-Many respondents do not return the Questionnaire in time despite of several reminders. 3. Inaccurate access-Risk of colleting incomplete and wrong information as people is unable to understand questions properly. 4. Non response-many people do not respond and returned the questionnaire without answering all questions. 5. Questionnaire method cannot to use for illiterate persons.

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OBSERVATIONS, ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION 8.1 SURVEY DATA The following is the actual responses to all questions asked. The data is displayed as government Hospital (GH)/Private Hospitals (PH) 1. How would you describe the level of your overall job satisfaction with your work at Hospital? 1 Very Satisfied 2 Somewhat satisfied 3 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4 Somewhat dissatisfied 5 Very dissatisfied 2. Describe your level of agreement/disagreement with each statement: 1 Agree strongly 2Somewhat agree

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3Neither agree nor disagree 4Somewhat disagree 5 Disagree strongly 2. I understand the long-term plan of modi Hospital. 3. I have confidence in the hospital leadership to implement the plan 4. There is adequate planning of hospital objectives 5. I contribute to the planning process at Hospital 6. I am proud to work for Hospital 7. I feel I contribute to the facilities plan and mission 8. I am given enough authority to make decisions I need to make. 9. My physical working conditions are good 10. If I do good work I can count on making more money 11. If do good work I can count on being promoted 12. I believe my job is secure 13. I feel part of a team working towards shared goals 14. I like the type of work that I do 5. I feel valued at 16. I like the people I work with at 17. I experience a spirit of cooperation at Hospital 18. At Hospital I am treated like a person, not a number

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19 I am given enough recognition by management for work thats well done 20. Communication from management are frequent enough 21. Communicate ion from management keep me up to date on the hospital 22. I feel I can trust what I am told by the management staff 23. Quality is a top priority at 24. My supervisor asks me for input to help make decisions 25 I feel that my supervisor gives me adequate support 26. My supervisor treats me with respect 27. I feel that my supervisor treats me fairly 28. My supervisor tells me when my work needs to be improved 29. My supervisor tells me when I do my work well 30. I am provided enough information the Hospital to do my job well 31 My initial training provided by the Hospital was as much as I needed 32. as much ongoing training as I need is provided by the Hospital 33. I believe my salary is fair for my responsibilities 34. I would recommend employment at Hospital to my friend 35. Overall benefits package is enough for you? 36. Amount of vacation is adequate or not? 37. Sick leave policy is appropriate or not?

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38. What Amount of health care paid for by health insurance? 39. Are there any benefits you would like to see added to Hospital benefits package? What would you like added? 40. Please tell us what can do to increase your satisfaction as an employee?

FINIDINGS:This report presents the results of the Hospital Employee satisfaction survey of Civil Hospital and Modi Medical College Hospital jaipur. Of the 10 and 10 completely filled questionnaires from both the hospitals: . Observation: Confidence in leadership, contribution to the planning processer mission of the hospital are more in private hospital while understanding of plan is more in government hospitals. Analysis & Discussion: Confidence in leadership, contribution to the planning process or mission of the hospital are more in private hospital because of the participatory style of management. In private hospital the employees are free to consult with the management their problems, innovations regarding the methods of performing the job. They are confident that the top management is trying its level best to achieve the organizational goals as well as individual goals of the employees. In government hospital employees are dissatisfied as they are not asked to contribute to the framing of health care polices. They have no authority

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to contribute to the innovative changes as the hierarchy is rigid and tall and moreover due to lot of political interference in government hospital. Observation: All general aptitude factors are higher in private hospital than in government hospital. Analysis & Discussion: General aptitude e.g., proud to work, given authority, good working conditions, role clarity, recognition of work are higher in private hospital in comparison to the government hospital due to the clean working environment, proper layout, centrally air conditioned building, availability of latest equipment as demanded by doctors and technicians, maintenance of equipments are well provided in private hospital. These facilities lack in government hospital. If a doctor demands some latest equipment a lot of paper work has to be done. The undue legal formalities and allocation of funds for the purchase takes long time. The class four employees do not work properly. Sometimes they show disobedience to their senior due to security of job in government hospital. In private hospital the duties are well defined, properly documented and distributed at all levels of working without duplication of efforts. In government hospital undue interference of seniors disrupts the activities of the juniors which also lead to stress. The recognition of work is more in private hospital as the management appraises the employees though rewards and promotions but in government hospital if any challenging work is accomplished by someone, the management does not take into account and the awards if any are given politically. Observation: Security of job is more in government hospital while all the other factors are on higher side in private hospital. Analysis & Discussion: In private hospital team cohesiveness is more among doctors, nurses and paramedical staff for achieving the set targets

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and goals. They work together in a team spirit and obey to the command of the team leader usually a senior doctor and results in utmost satisfaction of the patients. In government hospital nurses and paramedical staff do not perform their duties well; there is also lack of group cohesiveness. A doctor has to do their task also. In private hospital work is acknowledged. The staff is promoted on the performance basis. In government if some critical work is accomplished the senior do not recognize the work. The promotion is merely on the basis of seniority and not on the basis of skill and targets accomplishment. Job security is maximum in government hospital than in private hospital. The staff working in government hospital cannot be fired even in case of very high negligence of duties. On the contrary the staff in private hospital can be fired at any time; the organization can show any reason as the cause of firing process. Observation: The entire management issues factor have high percentage in private hospital in comparison to government hospital. Analysis & Discussion: In private hospital, the recognition of work, communication flow, and quality of services is higher than in government hospital. The management acknowledges the work of each employee though the achievement of targets and feedback from the patients. The communication flow is fast and frequent through intercom, e-mails or use of hospital information system. Junior reports to the seniors and senior to the top management. The information flow is two-way i.e., from top to bottom and vice-versa. The management keeps suggestion / complaint boxes at important places in the hospital so that anyone can reveal easily his problems as well as his views to improve the working and the services provided by the hospital. Junior can freely discuss the critical as well as important matters with the seniors. In government

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hospital there is a lot of bureaucratic set up and the flow of information is inadequate. Observation: All the supervisory issues have higher percentage in private hospital than in government hospital. Analysis & Discussion : The supervisory issues have a high percentage in private hospital than in government hospital as the seniors contribute in guiding and watching the juniors regarding handling of instruments, proper care of patients, diagnosis and treatment of illness, the medicine with quantity and quality to be administered. In government hospital there is lack of support from juniors as well as the seniors. They do not discuss the case with each other and thus do not contribute to the learning process. Observation: Fair salary is more in government hospital while all the others have high percentage in private hospital. Analysis & Discussion: Fair salary is more in government hospital as the salary is quantified according to the post held. In private hospital the salary of doctors is based on per patient or on share basis and of paramedical staff and nurses is even on hourly basis. In government hospital there is no adequate provision of on the job training or reorientation programmes. The doctors as well a other staff are not updated on the latest researches in the medical field. If anyone wants to go for higher education at the first instance he is not allowed to go or has to complete a lot of formalities and even sometimes he is compelled to go on leave without salary. It mars the tempo of learning in the hospital. In private hospital the training on the job is given very much importance. The management organizes various seminars and conferences for updating the employees at all levels. In some cases sanctions half pay leave for further training, sponsor fellowship for doctors and diploma

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courses for nurses. All these measure contribute to the higher level of job satisfaction in a private hospital. Observation: All these benefits are more in government hospital than in private hospital. Analysis & Discussion: One of the major findings is that benefits are case of government hospitals are more than in private hospital. In government hospital the salary is on the basis of post held and seniority and not on performance basis whereas in private hospital it is based on the number of patients per day treated by doctors or cared by staff nurses. The vacations on various occasions are more in government hospital than in private hospital. The sick leaves, maternity leaves, paternity leaves and earned leaves are more in government hospital. In private hospital there is no adequate provision of these types of leave. In fact the staff has to serve 24-hours with a shift system. During national and state holidays the management persons get leave while the doctors, nurses and paramedical staff have to be present. In government hospital the employees get more retirement benefits like pension, gratuity, and leave-encashment even after 20 years of service whereas in private hospital no such benefits are given. In the form of disability benefits in government hospital disabled persons are employed by reserving some posts for them and after posting they are given some more benefits like traveling allowance for coming and going back from their home to the hospital daily. In private hospital the management does not give employment to the disabled persons. If a staff member during the service becomes disabled physically and is unable to achieve the set targets, he is fired out by the management. He is given little compensation and is not allowed to continue his job. Life and health insurance policies are provided in government hospital with small percentage of premium contributed by the employees and remaining by the government.

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In private sector such facilities are denied.

IMPLICATIONS OF STUDY The study reveals that job satisfaction of private hospital employees is more than government hospital employees as a result, specialist doctors move in private hospitals due to availability of modern equipments, good working conditions, recognition and challenging work and chances of advancement. The nurses and paramedical staff are happier in government hospital due to high salary as compared to private hospital and less work. Due to high job security in government hospital the nurse and paramedical people do not support the doctors in performing operations and medical duties. The class four people show disobedience in performing their duties pertaining to cleaning and maintaining the hospital premises, rather these people enjoy their working more in government hospital than private hospital i.e. why the private hospitals are always in short of nurses & paramedical staff. In government sector the promotion is on seniority basis than on performance and is timely. These people have access to political persons. The quality of health care in government hospital is almost degraded due to lack of latest instruments and support of staff which led to the proliferation of private hospitals in Jaipur city. There is one government hospital and four big

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renowned hospitals like Modi Medical College and Hospital, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Mohan Dai Oswal Hospital and Apollo Hospital recently came into operation in 2005. These all are super specialty hospitals with a capacity of more than 500 beds each. The Rajasthan Government in 2006 appointed the doctors and paramedical staff on contract basis in rural areas with a lucrative salary especially for graduate doctors as they are under paid in private hospitals. This has resulted in the shortage of junior doctors in private hospitals. Now the government is revising its healthcare machinery by appointing more doctors and paramedical staff on contract basis even in urban areas in order to deliver the better health care facilities to poor section of the society for which responsibility of healthcare lies on government. The contractual labour policy helps the government to keep a track of highly performing staff so that they will enter into job on achievement basis. The doctors get a competitive exposure in the private hospital and their skills are optimally utilized and they are promoted on performance basis only. The private hospital has an edge over government hospital in terms of infrastructure, autonomy given by management on clinical activities and improvement in the clinical processes. The sponsoring of doctors to fellowship programmes and nurses and paramedical staff to diploma courses is done on the basis of achievement and performance. They are provided with subsidized houses and canteen facilities. Due to above reasons the healthcare is going day by day into the private hands from government as there is efficient management in terms of manpower, materials, equipments, procedures and funds.

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SUGGESTIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS Variable which have a significant impact on satisfaction level (a) Job security (b) Job benefits

Areas of dissatisfaction in Government Hospital: 1. Superior-subordinate relationship 2. Lack of infrastructure an support from staff 3. Working conditions 4. Participation in decision making and recognition of work Areas of dissatisfaction in Private Hospital: (a) Job security (b) Benefits

In government hospital the satisfaction level can be increased by providing better infrastructure, latest equipments, decentralizing the power to make decisions, making adequate planning, giving performance based promotions, by giving rewards in recognition to good

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work, giving priority to quality of work and by imparting adequate training to upgrade knowledge and skill of employees through of seminars, workshops and medical camps. The senior should contribute to the development of juniors by sharing their experience with juniors, and by avoiding the political interference. In private hospital the employees satisfaction level can be increased further by giving fair salary to the employees, by providing security of job, giving retirement benefits like pension ,gratuity, leave encashment, adequate number no of leaves, health and insurance policies. CONCLUSION OF STUDY:The survey has brought certain features regarding the job satisfaction of government and private hospital employees. The prominent areas of satisfaction among government hospital employees are job security and benefits where as in private hospital areas of satisfaction are good working conditions, better superior-subordinate relationship, interpersonal relations, promotion on performance basis and recognition of good work. The employees of government hospital are dissatisfied mainly due to lack of adequate and modern infrastructure, interference of seniors, bureaucracy and politicians in the working of physicians, nurses and paramedical staff, lack of support, disobedience from lower staff and lagging behind the private hospital in terms of up gradation of equipments. The prominent area of dissatisfaction in private hospital is in terms of benefits (like pension, insurance policies) and job security. Thus the government hospital is not at par with private hospital.

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QUESTIONNAIRE OF STUDY

We need your help! Your answers to the following questions will be an important part of the An organizational review being competed for Modi Hospital. Please take a few minutes to complete this survey, and return it today. The information you provide will be completely anonymous.1. How would you describe the level of your overall job satisfaction with your work at Modi Hospital? Circle one answer. Very Satisfied Very Dissatisfied 12345 Describe your level of agreement/disagreement with each statement by circling one number for each statement. 12345 2. I understand the long-term plan of Modi. Hospital

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12345 3. I have confidence in the hospital leadership to implement the plan 12345 4. There is adequate planning of hospital objectives 12345 5. I contribute to the planning process at Modi. Hospital 12345 6. I am proud to work for modi Hospital 1 2 3 4 5 7. I feel I contribute to the facility plan and Mission 12345 8. I am given enough authority to make decisions I need to make. 12345 9. My physical working conditions are good 1 2 3 4 5 10. If I do good work I can count on making more money 12345 Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly 11. If I do good work I can count on being promoted 12345 12. I believe my job is secure

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12345 13. I feel part of a team working toward shared goals 12345 14. I like the type of work that I do 12345 15. I feel valued at.Modi Hospital 12345 16. I like the people I work with at modi Hospital 12345 17. I experience a spirit of cooperation at modi Hospital 12345 18. At modi Hospital I am treated like a person, not a number 12345 19. I am given enough recognition by management 12345 20 Communications from management are frequent enough 12345 21. Communications from management keep me to date on the hospital 12345 22. I feel I can trust what I am told by the management staff 12345

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23. Quality is a top priority at modi Hospital 1 2 3 4 5 24. My supervisor asks me for input to help make decisions 12345 25. I feel that my supervisor gives me adequate support 12345 26. My supervisor treats me with respect 1 2 3 4 5 27. I feel that my supervisor treats me fairly 1 2 3 4 5 28. My supervisor tells me when my work needs to be improved 12345 Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly 29. My supervisor tells me when I do my work well 12345 30. I am provided enough information by the Hospital to do my job well 12345 31. My initial training provided by the hospital was as much as I needed. 12345 32. As much ongoing training as I need is provided by the Hospital 12345 33. I believe my salary is fair for my responsibilities

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12345 34. I would recommend employment at modi Hospital to my friend 12345 35. Overall benefits package 1 2 3 4 5 36. Amount of vacation 1 2 3 4 5 37. Sick leave policy 1 2 3 4 5 38. Amount of health care paid for by health insurance 12345 39. Retirement plan benefits 12345 40. Life insurance 12345 41. Disability benefits 12345 42. How long do you plan to continue your employment at modi Hospital? (check one) 0 Less than 6 months 0 Less than 10 years 0 Less than 1 year 0 indefinitely 0 Less than 5 years 0 until retirement 43. Please tell us what modi Hospital can do to increase your satisfaction as an employee.

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The following questions are for statistical use only. The information will not be used to attempt to identify individuals. This section is optional, but would help our analysis of the data. Check one box for each question. 45. What is your age? Under 21 0 21 to 34 0 35 to 44 0 45 to 54 0 55 or older 0 46. How long have you worked for modi. Hospital?

47. What is your sex? Male 0 Female 1 48. What is your marital status? Married o Unmarried 1 49. How many children under the Age of 18 do you have? None 0

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One 0 Two 0 Three 0 Four 0 Five or more 0 50. What is your income before tax per month from this job, including overtime and bonuses? Less than Rs.10,000 0 Rs.10,000 to less than Rs.20,000 0 Rs.20,000 to less than Rs.30,000 0 Rs.30,000 to less than Rs.40,000 0 Rs.40,000 to less than Rs.50,000 0 Rs.50,000 or more 0

Please return your entire questionnaire fulfilled. Your help and your input are greatly admirable.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Tripathi, P.C.; Personal Management and Industrial Relations, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi 2000. Shankar, B.M.; Principles of Hospital Administration and Planning, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2002. Chabbra, T.N.; Human Resource Management Concepts and Issues, Danpat Rai and Company Limited, New Delhi, 2005. Kunders, G.D.; Hospital Facilities Planning and Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2005. Journal, Magazines Oison David S; Relationship between hospital pharmacists job satisfaction and involvement in clinical activities, Healthysystem Pharmacy Journal June 1, 1996, Vol. No. 53, pp 281-284. Tokar D.M., and Subich L.M., Relative contributions of congruence and personality dimensions to job satisfaction, Journal of Vocational Behaviors, November 10, 1997, vol. 77, pp 703-7483.

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Khwaja A., Qureshi R., Andrades M., Fatima Z., and Khwaja W., Comparison of job satisfaction and stress among male and female doctors in teaching hospital of Karachi, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, May 5, 1999, vol. 6, pp 301-308. Verhaeghe R., Mak R. and Van Maele G., Job stress among middle-aged healthcare workers and its relation to sickness absence, Stress and Health: Journal of the International WEB PAGES http://www.nbrii.com/employee_surveys/satisfaction_study.html http://herbules.oulii.fi/isbn9514268121/htmlc612.html http://www.springerlink.com/content?k=job+satisfaction

Q.1.What is the meaning of research and its types?

ANS.1. DEFINATION OF RESEARCH:Research means search-again or seek-again. Research is the systematic objective analysis of and recording of controlled observations that may leads to the generalization of the new theory, principal resulting in possible ultimate control of the event. It is carefully investigation and enquiring special through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.

TYPES OF RESEARCH:1).EXPLORATORY RESEACH

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2). CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH 3). MODELING RESEARCH 4). APPLIED RESEARCH 5).FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

Survey of literature

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

Study of cases

Experience survey

Descriptive Research

CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
Experimental Research

Symbolic Model

MODELING RESEARCH
Mathematical Model

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APPLIED RESEARCH

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
FLOW DIAGRAM OF TYPES OF RESEARCH

Q.2. what is Sample and its type?

Ans.2. DEFINATION OF SAMPLE:A group of people represents the population is called sample.

TYPES OF SAMPLES:1).RANDUM SAMPLING 2). NON-RANDUM SAMPLING 3). MIX SAMPLING

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TYPES OF SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING RANDOM SAMPLING

NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

MIX SAMPLING

SIMPLE SAMPLING

STRATIFIED SAMPLING

CLUSTER SAMPLING

QUOTA SAMPLING

ACCEDENTAL SAMPLING

JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING

SNOWBALLSAMPLING

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