.

email: sgounari@nagref.gr

(),
(), ( , ), ,
(), .

.

, 1 14 ,

. , ,
3 ,
,
,
, , ,
.
,


.
100
mgr , 1 Kg 10.000
, 1 Kg , 1.500
/ 24 10.500 / 7 .

200.000 ,
-

-1-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

- 20 Kg .

5-6 , ,
.
,
.


,
.
,
.
, ,
(), .
,
.
10% 36%.
'
.
,
,
. ,

.

, ( 10 14
). ,
.

-2-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

Average % in pollen
(crude protein, 26.3%)

Arginine ()

5.3

Histidine ()

2.5

Isoleucine ()

5.1

Leucine ()

7.1

Lysine ()

6.4

Methionine ()

1.9

Phenyalalamine ()

4.1

Threomine ()

4.1

Trypotophane ()

1.4

Valine ()

5.8

.
5 75 ()
25% 40%.
, ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
, .
,


, ,
, ..

130-220 32-55

-3-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

( , ,
) . ,

.

.


( ) (
). ,
,
,
, 6% 2% .

.
,

,
.
, ,
, Melissococcus pluton
Paenibacillus larvae,
.

.


.
,
.
, , , ,

.
.

-4-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

, ,
.

.
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
, , , , , , ,
.
2-4% 1-7% .


0,5-1%

(),
,
3
.
,
, ,
,
.
.

.
,
, ,
.
.

-5-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

:
I.
II. ,

III.

IV.
V.
VI.

VII.

. -

:

, ,
.
,



:

, .
.
.

, ,
,
.
, ,

-6-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

.
,
(. ).


.

.


,
,
.
:

, .
-
, .
3:1 4:1
.
,
..
:
,
,
.
,
,

, ,
, ,
.

-7-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

:


.
,
,

:

:

.

.


, ,
.
,

.
,
,
.
,
.
, ,

.

, .
,
,
,
.
90%
.

-8-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

.

. ,

,
, .

, .

,
,
.

.

.
:

.
.
,

, .
:
.
,

.
,
. 40
.
,
.
.

-9-

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

:
1/4
(1:1) 10 .

, , ,
,
.

, .
,
, -
.
,
.

:
.
,

.
.
.
,
.
,
. '
'
.

:

2-3
(65%)
, (30%)

,

- 10 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

, .

, .

10 .
,

:

.
:
,
.
.

.
/

.
:
,
,
.

,

(34-35 C ).

,

- 11 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

IV.
.

.
. ,
1:1.

(300-400 ml)
.
, ,
, ..
.

,
.

, .
V.

.
,

.

,
.

, ,
, .
:
,
,

- 12 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

VI.



,
. ,
, .



. (),
, .

.

.


.
.

, ,
,
.

,
:

- 13 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

,


,

, .

,
.
(.1).

.

- 14 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

. 1:

40C
.
, .
.
,
. :

..

()
.

- 15 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

2 ,
.
.
.
,
.

, (
).
.
.
(7C ),
,
.

. 2:

:
.

. .
(.2)

- 16 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

.
,
,
, .
:
1
6 1,3 (
40 C) 15-30 6 .
,
.
50-100 .
, ,
,
.
2
6 6 0,5
30-60 . 300 .
.
.
,
, , ,
.
, , , ..
,

.
8-10 %.

, .
,
.

- 17 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

,

7%.
(<10%),

. (>50%),
,
.

23% .
,
,
:
=xB

, . ,

23%
, , 23%
, , .
, %

:
10
23%,
40%.
= (23) x 10.000 . = 5.750 .
(40)
5.750 . ,
1000. (10% )
3.250 . ( )
:
.
, ,

- 18 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

, ,
. ,
. ,
, .

150-250 . .
:

.
,
.

,
,
. ,

.
.

2 .

, ,
.

.

.
:

.

.

- 19 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

.
.

,
,
.

:

,
,

, 60%
.
:
,

. 70%
, ,
.
(30%) .

.

,
.
- ,

- 20 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

,
7-10 C .
18-32 C ,
36 C .
,
1%, .
:
0,5
.
2 ,
5 .
56 ,
100, .
3-10
20
:
,
, .
. :

,
,
. ,
, ,
.. ,
.
:


, Boardman
, ,
Miller
,

- 21 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

,
.
. :

, .
, ,
.
,
,
,
, .
21-27 C .
,
,
.

:
, ,
-
,
.

.3:

- 22 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

.
,
, .. (.3)
:

, .
,
,
.
, .

6 . , 2 ,
.
, ,
,
.

. ,
20-50 . 100 ml .
.
.

, .
,
, ,
,
.

- 23 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

:
,
, .

,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.

,
.
,

, ,
.

.
, ,
, .
,
,
.

.
15 .
;

- 24 -

 -
.
____________________________________________________________

Barker, R. J., 1977. Some carbohydrates found in pollen and pollen

substitutes are toxic to honey bees. Journal of Nutrition 107:
1859-1862.
Crailsheim, K., 1990. The protein balance of the honey bee worker.
Apidologie 21: 417-429
Cralshein, K, 1986. Dependence of protein metabolism on age and
season in the honeybee (Apis mellifica carnica, Pollm). J. of Insect
Physiology, 32, No 7: 629-634.
Dietz, A., 1975. Nutrition of the adult honey bee. In the Hive and the
Honey Bee, ch. V Dadant & Sons, Hamilton III
Imirie, G., 2001. How much do you know about feeding? Midnite Bee
(www)
Mattila, H. R., Otis, G., W., 2006. Influence of pollen diet in spring on
development of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 604-613.
Somerville, D., 2005. Fat Bees Skinny Bees - a manual on honey bee
nutrition for beekeepers. Rural Industries Research and
Development Corporation Publication, Australia Gov.: No. 05/054,
pp.142
., 2001. . .
. 255
., 1993. . .
, . 254

- 25 -