The purpose of this experiment was to determine the percentage of acetic acid, CH3COOH, in a commercial vinegar sample.

The percentage of CH3COOH was found to be 4.13 %. The true value from the label on the commercial vinegar sample label was 4.00 %. The deviation of the experimental value from the true value was calculated to be 0.13. Using the true value and experimental value, a percent error was calculated. The percent error was found to be 3.25 %. The experimental percentage of CH3COOH in the vinegar sample is higher than the true value. One possible source of error to account for this discrepancy could be titration past the true equivalence point of the reaction. Addition of more NaOH than required to reach the end point would give a larger value for the number of moles of NaOH used. An error in the moles of NaOH used would result in a larger value for the number of moles of CH3COOH in the sample. A larger number for the moles of CH3COOH would result in a larger mass of CH3COOH in the sample. The larger mass of acetic acid would result in a higher percentage of acid in the sample. No because if the solution is not swirled a concentration gradient will appoint and we stop the titration before the end point. When you are doing a titration to determine concentration, it means that you added too much of one solution to the other. If you overshoot, you cannot correctly determine the concentration. For instance, if vinegar reacts with sodium hydroxide, you may but 50 mL vinegar(unknown concentration) in a beaker, and then titrate 1M NaOH into the beaker. When fizzing is no longer seen, there are equal concentrations of vinegar and NaOH. Based on how much NaOH you added, you can calculate the concentration of the vinegar. If you over shot the titration, your calculation will be wrong. acetic acid, CH3COOH b) NaOH c) NaOH a) the acetic acid dissociates into acetate ans hydrogen ions (or react with water to form acetate and hydronium ions) b) the acetic acid is partially reacted. Part of the H+ dissociated had combined with the Oh- from NaOH to form water, while the acetate ion combines with the sodium ion to form sodium acetate, CH3COONa. c) the acetic acid is fully reacted. All available H+ ions have combined with OH- to form water molecules. d) the pH of the solution has been adjusted to right within the range of the indicator used (e.g. ~8.6 for phenophthalein). PS you must NOT assume the amounts of acid as the amount of H+ ions! Acetic acid is a weak acid and therefore only part of the acid dissociates into H+ ions and acetate ions. It is bot like in strong acids or bases where the species fully dissociate. NaOH = titrant because you know the concentration of this solution HC2H3O2 = anylate becasue you are trying to determine the concentration of this solution a standard solution, in this case, would be a strong acid, like HCl of known volume and concentration. this is used to standardize the NaOH to determine the 'true' concentration of the NaOH (titrant) before titration - the anylate will have dissociated as much as possible to its H+ and C2H3O2-. HC2H3O2 = weak acid and will not dissociated completely until the NaOH is used and binds with the available H+. when the available H+ is bound to the OH- of NaOH, the HC2H34O2 continues to dissociate until the acetic acid has completely dissociated or the titration has reached an equivalence or end point.

B) again, the H+ from HC2H3O2 binds to the OH- of NaOH. in doing so, this results in the further dissociation of the acetic acid C) at the equivalence point = moles of H+ = moles OHD) at the end point - this is the point just beyond the equivalence point where the indicator is the darkest. this is the point where just enough OH-, left over from reacting with the H+ from the acetic acid, causes a rapid change in pH Flame test because not all metals react with flame. reaction with flame gives a definite specificcolor intensity. An intense yellow flame confirms the presence of sodium ions. The presence ofpotassium ions is indicated by a pale violet flame which appears reddish-violet through cobalt glass. In a mixture that may contain Na and K salts, it could be difficult to see the pale violet flame of potassium through the intense yellow flame of sodium. For identification of potassium, it is necessary to view the flame through an optical filter to eliminate as far as possible the colors due to sodium, calcium, and other interfering ions. It is appreciated for its attractive color and is also used as an optical filter in flame tests to filter out the yellow flame caused by the contamination of sodium, and expand the ability to see violet and blue hues, under fluorescent light, the cobalt glass has twice the effect. cobalt glass will enable you to see the colors emitted by Na and K that your naked eye can't. actually, blue cellophane would do. traces of some yellow-emitting salts are left in the glass. sodium compounds are made of glass. the yellow color in any unknown salt can't be always a presence of Na. other tests must be also done. precipitation, etc. strontium gives a red color. The color of the ions produced in a flame test are generally the same as the ions formed when a solution is made. Copper and iron come to mind. If there is any difference it is owing to the fact that one is glowing and the other shows its color through transmitted light the wavelength it does not absorb but reflects. 1)What you get in the flame aren't actually the ions anymore, but free atoms; the color you observe corresponds tho the atomic emission spectrum. 2) The acid is used to clean the wire between flame tests, to remove traces of salt; the cobalt glass is used to filter out the yellow/orange sodium emission. Just touch a sample or the wire lightly with your fingertip and you'll probably only see orange with the naked eye, as this emission is very intense. 3) Mixtures are rather difficult to figure out, and as I already mentioned, sodium can greatly interfere, even in small concentrations.

How to Interpret the Results The sample is identified by comparing the observed flame color against known values from a table or chart. Red Carmine to Magenta: Lithium compounds. Masked by barium or sodium. Scarlet or Crimson: Strontium compounds. Masked by barium. Red: Rubidium (unfiltered flame) Yellow-Red: Calcium compounds. Masked by barium. Yellow Gold: Iron Intense Yellow: Sodium compounds, even in trace amounts. A yellow flame is not indicative of sodium unless it persists and is not intensified by addition of 1% NaCl to the dry compound. White Bright White: Magnesium White-Green: Zinc Green Emerald: Copper compounds, other than halides. Thallium. Bright Green: Boron Blue-Green: Phosphates, when moistened with H2SO4 or B2O3. Faint Green: Antimony and NH4 compounds. Yellow-Green: Barium, manganese(II), molybdenum. Blue Azure: Lead, selenium, bismuth, cesium, copper(I), CuCl2 and other copper compounds moistened with hydrochloric acid, indium, lead. Light Blue: Arsenic and come of its compounds. Greenish Blue: CuBr2, antimony Purple Violet: Potassium compounds other than borates, phosphates, and silicates. Masked by sodium or lithium. Lilac to Purple-Red: Potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium in the presence of sodium when viewed through a blue glass. Limitations of the Flame Test The test cannot detect low concentrations of most ions. The brightness of the signal varies from one sample to another. For example, the yellow emission from sodium is much brighter than the red emission from the same amount of lithium. Impurities or contaminants affect the test results. Sodium, in particular, is present in most compounds and will color the flame. Sometimes a blue glass is used to filter out the yellow of sodium. The test cannot differentiate between all elements. Several metals produce the same flame color. Some compounds do not change the color of the flame at all. Primary Reference: Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 8th Edition, Handbook Publishers Inc., 1952.

Flame Test Colors Symbol As B Ba Ca Cs Cu(I Cu(II) Cu(II) Fe In K Li Mg Mn(II) Mo Na P Pb Rb Sb Se Sr Te Tl Zn Element Arsenic Boron Barium Calcium Cesium Copper(I) Copper(II) non-halide Copper(II) halide Iron Indium Potassium Lithium Magnesium Manganese(II) Molybdenum Sodium Phosphorus Lead Rubidium Antimony Selenium Strontium Tellurium Thallium Zinc Color Blue Bright green Pale/Yellowish Green Orange to red Blue Blue Green Blue-green Gold Blue Lilac to red Magenta to carmine Bright white Yellowish green Yellowish green Intense yellow Pale bluish green Blue Red to purple-red Pale green Azure blue Crimson Pale green Pure green Bluish green to whitish green