Chem 1212 Boiling Point Evaluation and Freezing pOint Supression Solute => lower boiling point -This

is because the shape becomes disordered -When the vapor pressor is equal to the atmospheric pressure, the liquid starts boiling Solute=> also raises boiling point When you add something to a solution, it will want to stay in liquid for m. Keeps the water or w/e from vaporizing by blocking its way Change in temperature of vaporization /\Tv= Km (molality=# of moles of solute) where k is a constant Example: NaCl = 0.5 *(2*2moles/kg) = 4 NaCl disassociates and gives 4 moles/kg (molality) Boiling Point of Alkanes: the boiling points of the n-alkanes rise with increasing molar mass and the cons equent stronger dispersion forces Straight Shape = Lower boiling point - larger area for interaction Spherical shape = highber boiling point - smaller area of interaction ___________________ _____________________ Intermolecular forces -Hydrogen Bonding:::DISPERSION FORCE:::DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCE S:::MISCIBILITY:::POLAR MOLECULES::: 4 Intermolecular forces: Weakest to Strongest ________________ (4)Dispersion force:the one intermolecular force PRESENT IN ALL MOLECULES & ATOM S - also called London Force - the result of fluctuations in the electron distribution within molecules or atoms- and since all molecules have electrons, they all exhibit dispersion forces. - a temporary positive or negative charge due to uneven distribution of electrons create an instantaneous dipole/ temporary dipole - due to these temporary dipoles, the neighboring atoms then attract one another- the positive end of one instantaneous dipole attracts the negative end of another. THIS attraction is the [[DISPERSION FORCE]]. --Magnitude of Dispersion -The magnitude of the dispersion force depends on the volume of the electron cloud. The larger the electron cloud the greater

the dispersion force because the electrons are held less tightly and can therefore polarize more easily. If all other variables are constant, the dispersion force increases with increasing molar mass because molecules or atoms of higher molar mass generally have more electrons dispersed over a greater volume. ex. [the noble gases] _____________ (3)DIPOLE-DIPOLE: dipole-dipole force EXISTS IN ALL POLAR MOLECULES. Polar molecules have permanent dipoles that interact with permanent dipoles of neighboring molecules(ex. Acetone ). The positive end of one permanent dipole is attracted to the negative end of another-- THIS attraction is the dipole-dipole force. - Polar molecules, therefore, have higher melting and boiling points than nonpolar molecules of similar melting and boiling points than nonpolar molecules of similar molar mass. ________________ (2)HYDROGEN BONDING: Hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong type of dipoledipole force that OCCURS IN MOLECULES CONTAINING H BONDED TO F,O, or N [when hydrogen is directly attached to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The hydrogen atoms are attracted to the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of another water molecule.] -- Occur between molecules not atoms in a molecule (which would be chemical bonds) Ex. H2O, NH3 (predominant force is hydrogen bonding) -- Hydrogen bonding exists if the molecule contains an HF, OH, and/or NH molecule-- where H bonds directly to one of these atoms (F,O,N) -- Hydrogen bonds are the strongest in comparison to disperson force and dipole-dipole forces. -- Compounds composed of hydrogen bonds have higher boiling points and higher melting points than those that do not have hydrogen bonds. __________ (1)ION-DIPOLE: PRESENT IN MIXTURES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS AND POLAR COMPOUNDS - Occurs when an ionic compound is mixed with a polar compound a nd is especially important in aqueous solutions of ionic compounds. Ex. Sodium chlorid mixed with water, the sodium and chlorid ions interact with water molecules via ion-dipole forces. -- positive sodium ions interact with the negative poles of water molecules, while the negative chloride ions interact with the positive poles. - Ion Dipole bonds are the strongest of the types of intermolecular forces, and are responsible for the ability of bstances to form soluations with water. ionic su

Viscosity::: Viscosity is the measure of the resistance of a fluid. HOw thick or thin it is w hile determine it's fluidity. Example": Water, being "thin," is less viscous

than honey, which is thick. A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inv iscid fluid. A liquid with viscosity less than water is known as mobile liquid, while one wit h greater than that of water is called a viscous liquid.