ASSIGNMENT 1 TYPES OF PUMP

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493)

Pumps Classification: How it works?

1) Positive Displacement Pump i) Rotary Displace liquid with rotary-motion (gears, screws, vanes or lobes) The drive shaft turns the rotary elements inside a leaktight chamber that has a defined inlet and outlet Require close running clearances between the rotating elements and chamber wall

a) Screw pump : Single-screw rotary pumps (progressive cavity pump)

Consist of only 1 moving part (rotor) When the self-priming rotor turns (inside an elastomer-lined stator), cavities/voids are formed between the rotor & stator Voids progress axially from the suction casing to the discharge outlet The voids/cavities will fill with fluid during operation

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493) b) Gear pump : Internal gear pump

When the power gear rotates, liquid enters the pump via suction line Pump is self-priming, the voids between power gears teeth and off-center idler gear fill with liquid and separated by crescentshaped spacer

Liquid is pressed into spaces above and below the spacer As the gears rotate around the circular pump casing, the liquid discharged out of the pump

c) Sliding vane pump

As the offset impeller rotates by the inlet port, liquid is swept into the vane slots A small crescent-shaped cavity is formed inside the pumping chamber As the liquid nears the discharge port, it is compressed as the clearances narrow & released at the discharge port

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493)

ii) Reciprocating Engineered to transfer small volume of liquid at relatively high pressure Self-priming and operated at relatively low speed back-and-forth motion and effects of inertia on internal components Deliver consistently high volumetric efficiencies Displace liquid using diaphragm, piston or plunger mechanism (pushes the fluid as it moves back and forth inside a cylinder or housing)

a) Diaphragm pumps

Use flexible sheet to displace fluid Has eccentric wheel attached to a connecting rod that attach to the center of diaphragm Pumping chamber below the diaphragm connect to suction & discharge lines. As the eccentric starts its rotation, the diaphragm connecting rod goes up & down create a pumping action to displace fluid The fluid enter through suction valve and leave through discharge valve depending on the pressure in the chamber

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1 b) Piston pumps

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493)

Uses a piston create a back-and-forth motion to displace fluid has suction stroke and a discharge stroke (based on piston moving direction) During suction stroke, low-pressure vacuum develops in the cylinder, causing the discharge valve to close and the suction line to open, filling the cylinder

During the discharge stroke, the suction valve close, & the fluid is forced out the discharge valve

2) Dynamic Pump i) Centrifugal pump

As liquid enters the suction eye, it encounters the spinning impeller and get propelled or pushed in a circular rotation that force it to exit from volute (discharge chute)

Centrifugal force and volute design convert velocity energy to pressure As the liquid leaves the volute, it slows down, building pressure Diffuser plates can be added to the impeller and volute area to slow it down

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1 ii) Axial pump

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493)

Transfer fluid by pushing it axially/in a straight line (e.g. boat motor) Motor turns a set of blades, forcing water to accelerate along a straight line Normally located in an elbow on a piping run (vertically / horizontally) drive shaft extends via the elbow & into the process flow Propeller located end of the drive shaft & sized to fit the inside dia. of pipe Balding is engineered to pull fluid axially down the shaft

a) Jet pump

During operation, water is forced back down the void between the center drop pipe and outer casing

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493) As water is pumped back into the well casing, the check valve close and pushed the water to flow through the small opening on the jet (venturi effect) along the suction line of the pump As the pressure increases in the casing, velocity increases across the jet A low-pressure zone is established inside the drop pipe as water quickly flows up toward the pump. A back-pressure regulator holds pressure inside the pump until it reaches operating conditions. When pressures reach operating conditions, water flows is divided as some water circulates down the casing and the excess flows to a storage tank

Pumps Selection: 1) Positive Displacement Pump i) Factors involve: Engineered to transfer small volume of liquid at relatively high pressure most widely used in industry specifically to move the more viscous type of fluids: heavy hydrocarbons, syrup, paint and slurries has very little internal slip (can damage the pump if the discharge pump is blocked during operation)

2) Dynamic ii) Factors involve: Cheaper & require less maintenance Operate with a constant head pressure over wide capacity range Easy to change the element (impeller vs piston) compare to others Easy to change the driver The adaptability of the selected driver variable horsepower & fixed or variable speed

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1 Net Positive Suction Head(NPSH): i) Definition:

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493)

The head (pressure) in feet (ft.) of liquid necessary to push the required amount of liquid into the impeller of a dynamic pump without causing cavitations. It also can be simply as difference between liquid pressure at pump suction and liquid vapor pressure, expressed in terms of height of liquid column.

ii) Understanding NPSH

where, hL is the head loss between 0 and 1, p0 is the pressure at the water surface, pV is the vapour pressure (saturation pressure) for the fluid at the temperature T1 at 1, z is the difference in height z1 z0 from the water surface to the location 1, and is the fluid density, assumed constant, and g is gravitational

Suction head is pressure required to force/push liquid into a pump Suction pressure must be sufficient to run the pump without cavitations

(formation of gas pockets around the impellers) For example, during operation, centrifugal pump will artificially create low pressure area in suction eye & can cause liquid to boil & cause cavitations if suction pressure not carefully controlled The same principle can be applied to the discharge head on a pump If the tank is closed, the vapor pressure of the liquid must be taken into consideration There are several factor that effect NPSH; restriction in the suction line, viscosity, temperature, flow rate through line, and level of liquid in the suction head.

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491

ASSIGNMENT 1

FLUID MECHANICS 1 (CHE493)

References

Enggcyclopedia. (2010). Net Positive Suction Head definition NPSH for pumps. Retrieved May 23, 2012, from Engineering Design Encyclopedia: http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/07/net-positive-suction-head-npsh-pumps/

Pump School. (2011). Understanding Net Positive Suction Head. Retrieved May 23, 2012, from Pump School: www.pumpschool.com/applications/NPSH.pdf

The Enginering Toolbox. (2010). A definition and an introduction to Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH . Retrieved May 23, 2012, from The Enginering Toolbox: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/npsh-net-positive-suction-head-d_634.html

Name: Wan Afiff bin Wan Azni Matric ID: 2011751491