A Term paper On

Nanofinishing in textile garments

Submitted to:Mr. Amit madhu

Submitted by:Pardeep sangwan 2808613

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology AFFILILATED TO KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA

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S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

TITLES Abstract Introduction Definition of nanotechnology Application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing Anti-Microbial finish UV protection finish Swim suit with minimum flow resistance Anti-static performance Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish Wrinkle resistance Anti-pollen finish Flame retardant finish Characteristics of nano finishing in garments Some commercially available nano-particles Next generation finishing conclusion

Contents:

2 1. Abstract The concept of nanotechnology was started over forty years ago and it also has real commercial potential it the textile industry. The use of nanotechnology in textile industry has increased rapidly due to its unique, valuable properties. The present status of nanotechnology use in industry is reviewed, with an emphasis on improving the properties of textile materials. The unique and new properties of nanomaterials have attracted not only the scientists and researchers but also the businesses, due to huge economical potential. With the advent of nanoscience and technology, a new area has developed in the area of textile finishing called "Nanofinishing". The impact of nanotechnology in the textile garment finishing area has brought up innovative finishes as well as new application techniques. These advanced garments finishes setup an unprecedented level of textile performances of strain-resistant, hydrophilic, antistatic and wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities and protection methods. Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking, antimicrobial, flame retardant, water repellant and self-cleaning properties. As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the textile industry, only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are highlighted 2. Introduction Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and improved physical, chemical, and biological properties, and functionality due to their nano-scaled size. Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention, because it is widely perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users. Enhancement of textile materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade, with tremendous technological, economic and ecologic benefits. Therefore, the interest in using nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing.

3. Definition of nanotechnology The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos, which means dwarf. Nanotechnology, a science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region, is regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology, i.e., through threedimensional control of materials, processes and devices at atomic scale level. Nano-particles commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm. Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials. The properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence, soil resistance, wrinkles resistance, anti-bacterial, anti-static and UV- protection, flame retardation, improvement of dye ability and so on. Conventional finishing methods used to impart different properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects, and will lose their functions after laundering or wearing. Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics, because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy, thus presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function. In addition, the coating of nanoparticles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel.

4. Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed, keeping nature as a role model, i.e., Self cleaning property of plant leaves and insects were investigated. Majority of wettable leaves and insects investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures. In contrast water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell. Self-cleaning process in nature

Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Surface

Surface

Nano structure for small particles structure for large particles

Micro

5 The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered, in 1990, that the lotus plant, admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves, owed this property of selfcleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions. These protrusions catch deposits of soil preventing them from sticking. When it rains, the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction. Water rolls around as droplets, removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on the surface of woven fabrics, this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological innovation. Self cleaning surfaces in nature

Lotus leaf insect Housefly

Rose beetle

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nanowhiskers with low surface energy, which are generated by wax crystals and 1/1000 of the size of a typical cotton fiber, added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect. This creates a cushion of air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric. When water hits the fabric, it beads on the points of the whiskers, the beads compress the air in the cavities between the whiskers creating extra buoyancy. In technical terms, the fabric has been rendered super-non wettable or super-hydrophobic. The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt. When water is applied to soiled fabric, the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the fabric. Thus the concept of "Soil-cleaning" is based on the leaves of the lotus plant.

Self-cleaning fabric Water, oil and dirt simply roll off But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching, abrasion, washing) Effect is lost if structures are damaged Nature can re-grow these structures but textiles cannot

5. Anti-Microbial finish Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi. Therefore, antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types of textiles. Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect. It is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of photo catalysis with the metallic ion, thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a sterilizing effect. With the use of nano sized particles, the number of particles per unit area is increased, and thus antimicrobial effect can be maximized. Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates, silver or silver ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities.

7 Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties, it is expected that conversion of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity compared to bulk metal. The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly (styrene comaleic-anhydride). Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface area, thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi, and vastly improving their bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness. Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins. When contacting bacteria and fungus, it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth. It also suppresses respiration, the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system, and the transport of substrate into

microbial cell membrane. Furthermore, it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and fungi which cause infection, odour, itchiness and sores. Hence, nano-sliver particles are widely applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria. In addition nano-silver can be applied to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns, scald, skin donor and recipient sites. Prof. Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule.

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process. In the first step an emulsified solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate. In second step microcapsule so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries. Thus the microcapsules with dual function are produced. In these microcapsules, the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule. Instead of perfume, we may use thermo sensitive pigment, thermal storage materials or pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core. The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial activity against various bacteria, fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli, nitrobacteria, bacillus subtilis etc., this

finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe & effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed. Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process) Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in nano finishing. Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding. Its main use at present seems to be for optical coatings, where the finer particles give the better optical clarity. Manufacture of a fine ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application.

9 A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent, usually alcohol; water is added and then acid or base. The mixture is coated or cast. The precursor then decomposes to form the fine ceramic particles. If the particle concentration is high, the gel is dried, and then heated at high temperature to sinter the ceramic, giving the desired ceramic film or fiber. During this drying and sintering process, shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air, and this shrinkage must be carefully controlled to avoid cracking. 6. UV Protection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the weather. However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun. The rays in the wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations. The UV-blocking property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye, pigment, de-lustrant, or ultraviolet absorber finish is present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin. To impart UV protection, several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile material. Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV. Inorganic UV blockers are usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, and Al2O3. The commonest nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size. They provide a protective benefit by reflecting, scattering or absorbing harmful UV. It was determined that nano sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and scattering UV radiations than the conventional size, and were thus better able to block UV. This is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the conventional methods, leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation. Zinc oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-effectiveness and UV-blocking property. For small particles, light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength of the scattered light. Raleighs scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly dependent upon the wave length, where the scattering was inversely proportional to the 10 wavelength to the fourth power. This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations between 200nm and 400nm, the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm. Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano technology were conducted. UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the solgel method. A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly on the fabric, which provides excellent UV-protection. ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton using pad-dry-cure method. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using zinc

nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent. These nanoparticles, which have an average size of 40 nm, were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics (plain weave, 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were studied. On an average of 75%, UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2% ZnO nanoparticles. And in addition, nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In case of wearable cotton textiles, use of 0.6% nano-ZnO for coating can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property. But in case of medical textiles where a high degree of antimicrobial activity is required, use of 1.0% nano-ZnO can be recommended. Air permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher, hence the increased breathability. In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric, due to its nano-size and uniform distribution, friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric. Fabric treated with UV absorbers, ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun, reducing a persons UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage. The extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation intensity & distribution in reference to geographical location, time of day, and season. This protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor), higher the UPF value better is the protection against UV radiation.

11 UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO Cotton PES Polyester PA Polyamide (6, 66)

7. Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games. These swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water. The kind of swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model. Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric surface using micro and nano-particles. This effect is similar to the sharks skin, which exhibits a very low flow resistance in water. The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharks skin and similar effect created on the swimsuit.

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Micro vortices on Sharks skin

similar effect on swimsuit

8. Anti static performance Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away. Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water. Cellulose fibers such as cotton have higher moisture content to carry away static charges, so that no static charge will accumulate. As synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties, research work concerning the improvement of anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted. One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver. Silver nano particle helps to dissipate the static charge effectively. It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide whiskers, nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers. TiO2, ZnO, ATO provide anti-static effects because they are electrically conductive materials. Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static charge which is accumulated on the fabric. On the other hand, the Silane gel particles absorb moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static properties of the fabric or garment.

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9. Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish: Provides permanent static protection Repels lint, dust, dirt and pet hair Enhances appearance and comfort Retains fabric's natural softness Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10. Wrinkle resistance: Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased. When fiber or fabric is bent, hydrogen bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip past one another. The bonds, reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased configurations. To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric, resin is commonly used in conventional methods. The disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in abrasion resistance, water absorbency and dye ability, as well as breathability. To overcome the limitations of using resin, some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively. Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid. On other hand, nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst; the results showed that the application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle resistance of silk.
Odour fight finish

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The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal, made from the Moso Bamboo, the world's most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan Bamboo

Mountain region of Taiwan. The bamboo contains many pores in its structure, making it excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals, controlling temperature, and voiding moisture. The bamboo is also naturally biocidal, and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour, through nanotechnology. The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that destroy odour-causing bacteria. The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the reproduction of bacteria, thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or irritation. 11. Anti-Pollen finish Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments. It is claimed that particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns. The smoothness of the finish on the surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close. This is achieved by using the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive Composition. (E.g. Fluor alkyl methacrylate polymers).It is used in coats, blouses, hats, gloves, arm covers, bedding covers, etc. 12. Flame Retardant Finish Nyacol nano technologies, Inc has been the worlds leading supplier of colloidal Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile. The company offers colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion, for use as a flame retardant synergist with halogenated flame-retardants. (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 5:1 to 2:1). Nano antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the garments.

15 13. Characteristics of nano finishing in garments 1. Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye. 2. Saving time and laundering cost.

3. When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm, the structure of the processed clothing becomes more compressed. This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant. 5. Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption, resulting in enhanced breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material. 6. The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat. 7. Nano-processed products are toxic free. 8. Garments stay bright, fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials. 9. Manufacturing cost is low, adding value to the products.
14. Some commercially available nano-particles:

S.No 1 2 3 4

Nano-Particles Silver Nano-Particles Fe Nano-Particles ZnO and TiO2 TiO2 and MgO SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles with PP or PE coating Indium-tin Particles Ceramic Nano-Particles Carbon black Nano-Particles oxide Nano-

Properties Anti-bacterial finishing Conductive magnetic properties, remote heating. UV protection, fiber protection, oxidative catalysis Chemical and biological protective performance, provide self-sterilizing function. Super water repellent finishing.

6 7 8

EM / IR protective clothing. Increasing resistance to abrasion. Increasing resistance resistance and impart to abrasion, chemical

electrical

conductivity,

colouration of some textiles. 9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical, heat and chemical resistance

15. Next Generation Finishing A). Nano-Care A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant, shrink proof, water and stain repellent properties, intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton and linen. It is a next-generation, ease-of-care, dimension-stabilizing finish, one step ahead of methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing. Nano-Care withstands more than 50 home launderings. It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those of conventional methods, maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even after 20 home washes.

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Features Superior Stain, Water and Oil Repellency Resists Wrinkles Breathable Fabric Preserves Original Hand Easy Care

B). Nano-Pel This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in natural fibers such as cotton, linen, wool and silk, as well as synthetics such as polyester, nylon and acryl. Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be expected particularly with natural fibers. Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings, with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20 washes (Figure shows Before & After).

Features Superior Water and Oil Repellency Minimize Stains Breathable Fabric Preserves Original Hand Easy Care Durable Performance 18 C). Nano-Dry It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of polyester and nylon synthetic garments. Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol polymer molecules, and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed. It is expected to serve particularly well for use in nylon, as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing, in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency. Considerable growth is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months, mainly in the field of sportswear.

Features Moisture Wicking Retains Breathability of Fabric Quick Drying Preserves Original Hand Durable Performance D). Nano-Touch This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic fiber. Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic, electrostatic, having artificial 19 hand and glaring luster. It will broaden the existing use of synthetics, being free of their disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic, electrostatic and having unnatural hand. The following are examples of new areas of use created through NanoTouch, a new standard for fiber compounding. Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a challenge to traditional textile coating. Research in this area is still in embryo stage. In selfassembled nanolayer (SAN) coating, target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials. Additional layers can be added on the top of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure. Different SAN approaches are being explored to confer special functions to textile materials. Features Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric Durable Performance Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand Easy Care Reduced Static Build-up Future Prospect The development of ultra fine fibers, functional finishes and smart textiles based on the nanotechnology has end less properties. At present, the application of nano technology in textiles has merely reaches only the starting line. The reason for less commercialization of nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved. The current global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015. The world leaders in this technology area are United States, Japan, and Europe. Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths. Future developments of nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus: (a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials; (b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology The new functions with textiles to be developed include, 20 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals, warfare agents. Multiple and sophisticated protection and detection. health-care and wound healing functions 16.Conclusion: We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision, greater density and lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the next

generation of apparels. The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the textile arena. To create, alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible, now. To continue this favorable trend, the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its collaboration with other disciplines. With the changing trends and needs of the customer, it is the need of the hour to make use of the technology available today. Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty i.e., Consumers want their clothes to be durable, comfortable and stain resistant. Todays textile chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer. Some of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been briefed in this paper. These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will emerge to dominate the textile field in future.

21 REFRENCES:
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press Boca raton Boston new York Washington,DC.

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