IAPS Exam Notes -OC Transpo: Pierre LeBrun (quiet, reserved, isolated) killed former co-workers, then himself

Sociology - The scientific study of the development, structure, sand functioning of human society -study of human society -how groups of people who share common characteristics function Anthropology -cultural anthropology: the study of culture and customs of human beings Psychology -the systematic study of peoples thoughts, feelings, and behavior Fields of Study in Sociology: Functionalist school: -society is best studied as an organic system, like the human body, ex. Each organ in the human body performs a function, each institution has specific job -analyzes large scale patterns of society; relationships among parts of society Conflict School/ Neo-Marxist School: -believe the ability to produce goods to meet their needs and wants are most important -study the social patterns and structures that develop as classes struggle against each other -analyzes: large scale patterns of society;struggles and conflicts between social classes Symbolic interactionist: -most significant: ability to reason abstractly and think symbolically -sense of self -analyzes: small-scale patterns of social interaction; symbols people use to create social life Pure: -understands life in human groups Applied: -solve social problems Clinical: -bring about social change The Development of Sociology: Auguste Comte: -first to study sociology (inventor of sociology) -originated: scientific methods such as observation and analysis to study society Social statics: study of societys customs, institutions, and laws, and their interaction Social dynamics: stages through which societies go as they experience change Equilibrium: Positivism: scientific method in order to arrive at the truth, sociologists working together, reaching better understanding of society than church authorities or politicians

Emile Durkheim -founder of modern sociology -applied scientific method to study of society (like comte) -believed it could result in a more perfect society -concentrated on changing nature of society -established relationship between sociology and criminal justice system -argued that reform of criminals was more effective than vicious punishment -Studies on Suicide, Three major types of suicide 1. Egonistic Suicide: an individual shared none of the values or goals of society 2. Altrustic Suicide: person deliberately entered into an impossible situation, sacrificing himself/herself to protect others 3. Anomic Suicide: The person was overwhelmed with sudden change in society and could not cope with social breakdown -predicted anomic suicide would become more common as the rate of social change increased -considered the founder of functionalism: the belief that society works in logical manner and protects interests of most of its members -confident society would survive, dealing effectively with the forces of change Karl Marx -concluded that uneven distribution of wealth was normal condition in society -led to Class Conflict: (struggle between rich and poor for wealth and power) Bourgeoisie: the wealthy who owned the factories and machinery Proletariat: poor who survived by selling their labour -founder of conflict school of sociology -struggle for power and wealth is driving force behind society -capitalist society left most people with no control over own destiny -societys problems would not be solved until power was redistributed among people -alienation and conformity Max Weber -modified Marxs conflict approach -believed Marx put too much emphasis on economic factors in explaining power differences among social groups -religion, education, politics, family structure, as important as economics -believed power came in many forms ex. Wealth, political party -believed Marxs division for people in society was too simple (it ignored middle class) Favored creation of government bureaucracies to provide essential social services ex. Drinking water, sewage disposal, and schooling -believed bureaucracies would improve societys problems, revolution unnecessary -popularized belief that society could be reformed and improved -focused on sociology on the study and solution of societys problems and inequities Talcott Parsons -recognition of peoples freedom to make choices -making choices=motivated to fit into society -adopt the dress, language, behaviors of the group with which we most strongly identify

-Sociological Theory and Modern Society & Politics and Social Structure -demonstrates optimistic view of society, most members needs could be met -critics: parsons focused too much on forces of law and order, unable to explain disorder, upheaval, and change that exists in all societies George Murdock -sociologist and anthropologist, studied societies around the world -believed these societies shared many similar characteristics -Social Organization: focused on human universals -produced list of 100+ characteristics Murdock believed could be observed in every human culture and society ex. Bodily adornment (tattoos), ethics, gestures -demonstrated sociologists must not concentrate on forces of division in society -highlighted why religion, social status, and concepts of good and bad are recurring themes in human societies Gender Socialization: the distinct ways in which girls and boys are commonly socialized The Development of Psychology: Fields of Study in Psychology: Psychoanalysis: -analyzes inner experiences and the mind Behavioral Psychology: -analyzes principles of behavior Cognitive Psychology -analyzes perception, learning, memory, and reasoning Edward Lee Thorndike: -behavioral psychologist -series of experiments on animal learning -cat experiment (they avoid the techniques from the previous experience which did not work and concentrate on those they knew would lead to success -behaviors that result in a positive outcome will be repeated, and those that result in a negative consequence, will be avoided -more satisfying the result of a particular action, the better it is learned -applied this to school classrooms -believed school curriculum should be designed to include some subjects that were more practical and less intellectual that subjects like mathematics or languages --believed students would see benefits of practical subjects and become more successful Sigmund Freud: -founder of psychology -developed psychoanalysis Method: assumed human mind is divided into two parts -conscious mind: contains the memories that we can recall -unconscious mind: harbours the memories we cannot recall -believed unconscious mind was the more powerful influence on human behavior -believed in was unnecessary to unlock the unconscious mind and explore the memories stored there

-hynosis was the key to unlock the unconscious mind -believed unconscious mind spoke in dreams -Free association: -Three elements in the human mind: Id: the pleasure seeking element, all the primitive parts of our personality, including aggression, and sexual drive. Encourages us to satisfy our desire for pleasure (can be self-destructive) Ego: Element that urges us to do good things to obtain positive results (driving force for personal success) Superego: Id &ego, conscious, helps jude right from wrong, urges to strive for perfection Defense mechanisms: techniques that the human mind uses to deal with anxiety and to maintain selfesteem -Psychiatry: the study and medical treatment of mental disorders Alfred Adler: -psychoanalyst, worked with freud -could not accept Freuds insistence that sexuality was the key to understanding personality -believed people were driven by the desire for sexual conquest and excitement (what motivated people not just sexual) -Individual Psychology: people were normally aware of the goals and values that guided them -Inferiority complex: all people feel inferior at certain times in their lives, especially as children. (try yo compensate by seeking experiences that give them a feeling of power -rejected idea that dreams reveal more about sexuality than anything else -people are maladjusted, pursue goals that are useless to them and society, choose to pursue goals because they lack self-esteem Carl Jung: -analytical psychologist (founder) -believed freuds idea of the unconscious mind was too simple -the unconscious mind has both a personal and a collective aspect -personal unconscious is unique to the individual -collective unconscious is shared by all, containing memories of our ancestors -four psychological functions: sensation, untuition, thinking, feeling -Introverts: people who are often emotionally self-sufficient and do not need moany close personal relationships to give them reassurance and confidence -Extroverts: outgoing and more comfortable in a large group of friends Ivan Pavlov: -behavioral psychologist -interested in stimulus and response, tested on dogs -Unconditioned stimulus: -Unconditioned response: natural reaction, required no learning -Conditioned Stimulus: -Conditioned Response: Anthropology: Cultural anthropology: -analyzes cultures of living peoples Social anthropology:

-analyzes social organization of living peoples Physical anthropology: -analyzes human evolutionary and genetic development Culture:any information about behavior that is transmitted from one person to another and that enables people to live together successfully Ethnographic Studies: studies of the culture and traditions of distinct peoples implied that culture is static and clearly defined Myth: stories that explain the origins of the world and of human beings, recount the lives of cultural heroes and beings with supernatural powers Kinship: Members of a social group define themselves as descended from common ancestors Participant observation: living with the people bring studied, in order to understand how they believe their culture and society work Margaret Mead: -most famous early anthropologist -cultural anthropologist -investigated the islands in Samoa -compared Samoan and American cultures (specifically adolescent) -Observed that adolescence was not troubling time for Samoans who were considered adults when they reached physical maturity -Samoan youth did not experience teenage conflicts, unlike North American youth -personalities are largely influenced by society in which we live -examined gender roles of men and women in different cultures\-popularized study of anthropology Ruth Benedict: -studied role of religion in developing and shaping human personality -culture was a sum of all the personality types of its people -link between the characteristics of a culture and its peoples personality types -During WW2, the government hired Benedict to study Japanese culture -government hoped he would help to plan for Japans redevelopment after the war Bronislaw Malinowski: -social anthropologist -founder of social anthropology, studies and compares social organization in different societies -worked with the people of New Guinea and nearby Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific, recording details of social institutions -studies helped form functional theory: all institutions are designed and modified to serve needs of most of the population -rejected cultural evolutionism (all societies and cultures develop in a regular series of predictable stages) -cultural evolutionism built from Charles Darwin -claimed that each civilization built on the foundation left by its predecessor -Sir James Frazer -three stages of development: savage primitivesophisticated -development of religion followed a common path among all cultures -Franz Boas -studied Aboriginals in North America, ex. Kwagiulth of Pacific Northwest

-led him to reject the idea that cultures should be labeled as savage or primitive, considered less evolved -Malinowski supported Boas, found cultural evolutionism racist, with implication that newer civilizations of northern Europe were more advanced than older civilizations of Africa or the Pacific -Ethnocentric: rating cultures, but merely pointing out their similarities and differences, judged other cultures on how close they were to the Westerm model -Cultural diffusion: civilization began in one specific place and from there spread throughout the world, though sometimes in a deteriorated form. -believed the role of the anthropologist was not to judge but to explain Raymond Dart: -physical anthropologist: researchers locate and examine fossils and other remains to learn about the evolutionary development of humans -Found skull in 1924 in South Aftrica (Australopithecus: Southern Ape) -believed the skull represented a transitional stage between apes and humans The Leakey Family: -physical anthropologists -rejected the theory that humans had their origins in Asia -Discovered fossilized human forms in Africa -reconstructed a series of human civilizations dating from 100, 000 years BP-2million years + -Uncovered samples of Australopithecus and Homo habilis -experimented with stone age tools (axes and scrapers), discovered how ancestors hunted for food -primates=apes, monkeys, gorillas -believed women had more accurate powers of observation than men -deliberately recruited three females to conduct studies (Jane Goodall, Birute Galdikas, Dian Fossey) Jane Goodall: -Worked with Leakeys in Tarzania -funded through National Geographic, spent twenty years beginning in the mid-1960s observing and recording lives of chimpanzees -forced to observe chimpanzees from a distance, won trust from chimpanzees and was able to to observe them from close-up -Discovered chimps used tools for some of their daily activities (pushing sticks into holes in tress so ants would cling to the stick and the would be able to eat them) -chimps were not strictly vegetarian -when they killed another chimp they ate meat from the carcass -social structure of chimpanzee community -alpha male wins supremacy over other males by aggression and strength -alpha male has right to mate with all females -other males are not allowed to date other females -early ancestors had highly developed social structure based largely on aggression and intimidation Birute Galdikas: -Leakey offered her the opportunity to study orangutans (shares 98 percent of genes with humans) -set up camp in Indonesia to study wild orangutans that live there

-became foster parent to Surgito (one-year old male orangutan) Surgito became jealous of her husband and her husband became jealous of surgito -orangutans live in highly structured social communities, violence is ever-present -not completely vegetarian -humans can learn a lot about their ancestors from the study of primates Dian Fossey: -studied in Rwandas mountain gorilla community -imitated sounds and habits, and gained acceptance -gorillas demonstrated affection toward family and aggression towards others -murdered because of her work with gorillas by poachers