31/5/12

Pump Affinity Laws

Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications!
Ads by Google Centrifugal Pump Heat Pump Company Heat Pump Systems Pump

Search Home Acoustics Air Psychrometrics Basics Combustion Drawing Tools Dynamics Economics Electrical Environment Fluid Mechanics Gas and Compressed Air HVAC Systems Hydraulics and Pneumatics Insulation Material Properties Mathematics Mechanics Miscellaneous Physiology Piping Systems Process Control Pumps Standards Organizations Steam and Condensate Thermodynamics Water Systems
Ads by Google
Custom Search

Pump Affinity Laws

Turbo machines affinity laws are used to calculate volume capacity, head or power consumption in centrifugal pumps when changing speed - rpm - or wheel diameters
Sponsored Links

Sponsored Links

High Flow Valves Reliable, Drip-Free Performance. Request Brochure & Place An Order! www.nordsonefd.com Process Flow Symbols Make Perfect Process Flow Diagrams See Examples. Free Download! www.SmartDraw.com Pressure Vessel Software EN13445, ASME, AD2000,PD5500, Codap and many more, Download trail now ! www.cea-int.com
The Affinity Laws of centrifugal pumps or fans indicates the influence on volume capacity, head (pressure) and/or power consumption of a pump or fan due to change in speed of wheel - revolutions per minute (rpm) geometrically similarity - change in impeller diameter Note that the affinity laws for fans are not identical with pumps.

Pump Affinity Laws

Volume Capacity

The volume capacity of a centrifugal pump can be expressed like q1 / q2 = (n1 / n2)(d1 / d2) where q = volume flow capacity (m3/s, gpm, cfm, ..) n = wheel velocity - revolution per minute - (rpm) d = wheel diameter (1)

Pump Water Pump Air Pump

Convert Units
Temperature

Head or Pressure

The head or pressure of a centrifugal pump can be expressed like dp1 / dp2 = (n1 / n2)2 (d1 / d2)2 where dp = head or pressure (m, ft, Pa, psi, ..) (2) Free Industry Downloads Military & Aerospace Electronics

0
oC oF

Power

Convert!
Length

The power consumption of a centrifugal pump can be expressed as P1 / P2 = (n1 / n2)3 (d1 / d2)3 where (3)

1
m km in ft yards miles nautical miles

P = power (W, bhp, ..)

Changing the Wheel Velocity

EDN

Convert!
Volume

1
m3 liters in3 ft3 us gal

Microwave Engineering Europe

Convert!
Velocity

If the wheel diameter is constant - change in pump wheel velocity can simplify the affinity laws to
Volume Capacity

1
m/s km/h ft/min ft/s mph knots

q1 / q2 = (n1 / n2)
Head or Pressure

(1a)

Engineering Standards

dp1 / dp2 = (n1 / n2)2

Power

(2a)

Convert!

www.engineeringtoolbox.com/affinity-laws-d_408.html

1/4

31/5/12
Pressure

Pump Affinity Laws

1
Pa (N/m 2 ) b ar mm H2 O kg/cm 2 psi inches H2 O

P1 / P2 = (n1 / n2)3

(3a)

Convert!
Flow

1
m 3 /s m 3 /h US gpm cfm

Convert!

Free Industry Downloads Military & Aerospace Electronics

Note! If the speed of a pump is increased with 10% the volume flow increases with 10% the head increases with 21% the power increases with 33 % If we want to increase the volume flow capacity of an existing system with 10% we have to increase the power supply with 33%.

EDN

Pump Affinity Laws Calculator - Changing Wheel Velocity

Replace the default values with the actual values. The calculator is generic and can be used with all common units as long as the use is consistent.

100
Microwave Engineering Europe

q1 - volume capacity - (m3/s, gpm, cfm, ..) dp1 - head or pressure (m, ft, Pa, psi, ..) P1 - power (W, bhp) n1 - initial wheel velocity (rpm) n2 - final wheel velocity (rpm)

100 5 1750 3500 Calculate !

Engineering Standards

Changing the Impeller Diameter

If wheel velocity is constant a change in impeller diameter can simplify the affinity laws to
Volume Capacity

q1 / q2 = d1 / d2
Head or Pressure

(1b)

dp1 / dp2 = (d1 / d2)2

Power

(2b)

P1 / P2 = (d1 / d2)3

(3b)

www.engineeringtoolbox.com/affinity-laws-d_408.html

2/4

31/5/12

Pump Affinity Laws

Pump Affinity Laws Calculator - Changing Wheel Diameter

Replace the default values with the actual values. The calculator is generic and can be used with all common units as long as the use is consistent.

100 100 5 8 6 Calculate !

q1 - volume capacity - (m3/s, gpm, cfm, ..) dp1 - head or pressure (m, ft, Pa, psi, ..) P1 - power (W, bhp) d1 - initial wheel diameter (m, in, ft ...) d2 - final wheel diameter (m, in, ft ..)

Example - Pump Affinity Laws - Changing Pump Speed

The pump speed is changed when the impeller size is constant. The initial flow is 100 gpm, the initial head is 100 ft, the initial power is 5 bhp, the initial speed is 1750 rpm and the final speed 3500 rpm. The final flow capacity can be calculated with (1a): q2 = q1 n2 / n1 = (100 gpm) (3500 rpm) / (1750 rpm) = 200 gpm The final head can be calculated with (2a): dp2 = dp1 (n2 / n1)2 = (100 ft) ((3500 rpm) / (1750 rpm))2 = 400 ft The final power consumption can be calculated with (3a): P2 = P1 (n2 / n1)3 = (5 bhp) ((3500 rpm) / (1750 rpm))3 = 40 bph
Example - Pump Affinity Laws - Changing Impeller Diameter

The diameter of the pump impeller is reduced when the pump speed is constant. The diameter is changed from 8 to 6 inches. The final flow capacity can be calculated with (1b): q2 = q1 (d2 / d1) = ( 100 gpm) ((6 in) / (8 in)) = 75 gpm The final head can be calculated with (2b): dp2 = dp1 (d2 / d1)2 = (100 ft) ((6 in) / ( 8 in))2 = 56.3 ft The final power consumption can be calculated with (3b):

www.engineeringtoolbox.com/affinity-laws-d_408.html

3/4

31/5/12
P2 = P1 (d2 / d1)3 = (5 bhp) ((6 in) / ( 8 in))3 = 2.1 bph

Pump Affinity Laws

Sponsored Links

MSc Degree Engineering & Management. Master . ikaros.teipir.gr/mecheng/aims Eska Valve Gas Pressure Regulator, Gas Valves Shut Off valves, Gas Alarm Detector www.eskavalve.com CMC Technologies Explosion Protection, Flow Meters Sight Glasses, DP Gauges www.cmctechnologies.com.au

Search the Engineering ToolBox Search Related Topics

Fluid Mechanics - The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involves various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density and temperature, as functions of space and time. Pumps - Piping systems and pumps - centrifugal pumps, displacement pumps - cavitation, viscosity, head and pressure, power consumption and more
Custom Search

Related Documents
Centrifugal Pumps - An introduction to Centrifugal Pumps Centrifugal Pumps - Minimum Flow - Centrifugal pumps and minimum continuous flow Discharge Regulation of Centrifugal Pumps - Adapting pump capacities to process demand Fan Affinity Laws - Affinity laws can be used to calculate volume capacity, head or power consumption when speed or rpm, and wheel diameters are changed NPSH - Net Positive Suction Head - A definition and an introduction to Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH Pumping Water - Horsepower Requirements - Horsepower requirements pumping water Pumps - Specific Suction Speed - Specific Suction Speed may be used to determine what general pump design to use for maximum efficiency Shut-off Head - Centrifugal pumps and maximum - or shut-off - head Specific Speed - Pumps - Specific speed may be determined independent of the pump size

Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Edition - Online 3D modeling!

Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Edition - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free Google SketchUp

Translate the ToolBox

Arabic - Chinese (Simplified) - Chinese (Traditional) - Dutch - French - German - Italian - Japanese - Korean Portuguese - Russian - Spanish - - Select Your own language . .

About the ToolBox

We appreciate any comments and tips on how to make The Engineering ToolBox a better information source. Please contact us by email editor.engineeringtoolbox@gmail.com if You find any faults, inaccuracies, or otherwise unacceptable information. The content in The Engineering ToolBox is copyrighted but can be used with NO WARRANTY or LIABILITY. Important information should always be double checked with alternative sources. All applicable national and local regulations and practices concerning this aspects must be strictly followed and adhered to.

Advertise in the ToolBox

If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords.

www.engineeringtoolbox.com/affinity-laws-d_408.html

4/4