Spring 2012 Runnymede Bulletin (Sport)

RUNNYMEDE
SPRING 2012 / ISSUE 369
INTERvIEwS wITh OlYMPIc aThlETES hackNEY: 2012 & bEYOND RacISM IN fOOTball GENERaTION 3.0: clENch SPORTS IN ISlaMIc hERITaGE
SPORT
Intelligence for a multi-ethnic Britain
Runnymede
bUllETIN
Dr Rob berkeley Director Sarah Isal Deputy Director Dr Omar khan Head of Policy Research Dr Debbie weekes-bernard Senior Research & Policy Analyst Phil Mawhinney Research & Policy Analyst vastiana belfon Real Histories Directory Robin frampton Publications editor vicki butler Public Affairs Manager klara Schmitz Research & Policy Analyst kamaljeet Gill Research & Policy Analyst Rebecca waller Administrator Ojeaku Nwabuzo Project Assistant Nathan Richards Bulletin editorial Assistant and Page Layout Designer
Editors lETTER
WeLCOMe to the Spring 2012 issue of the Runnymede Bulletin. I would like to thank Nathan Richards for his tremendous contribution to this issue of the Bulletin he has thoughtfully edited articles, been creative in his page design, and has had many ideas as to photos we might use to illustrate stories in this issue on sport and the Olympics. He has also written an interesting article on the first professional Black footballer in Britain, Arthur Wharton. I am also grateful to the Runnymede Trustee, Michele Moore, for commissioning Professor Kevin Hylton to write his excellent article on the overarching structural constraints underlying the symbolic gestures of Olympism, and for conducting interviews with two top British Olympic athletes Tasha Danvers and Larry (Onochie) Achike. Hitesh Patel, Runnymede 360 member and trustee of Sport 4 Life uK, reports on his own personal experiences of racism in football, inequalities in football (a quarter of all footballers are black, but where are the black coaches, managers and administrators?), and racism in other parts of europe, amid concerns about racist abuse that may affect players and fans in the euro 2012 football championship in Poland and ukraine. Hana Riazuddin has written about the continuing lack of British Asian women at the top levels of womens sport. The subject of Sports in Muslim Heritage deserves special attention. Professor Salim Al-Hassani contends that there is amnesia in the minds of people about 1,000 years of Muslim, Chinese and Indian civilization between 600 and 1600 Ce. Riffat Ahmed writes about the film she made for the Generation 3.0 project around the themes of boxing, race and gender. The film looks at race and racism in Manchester. Diane Abbott MP asks whether the legacy of the Olympics will bring any benefit to her constituents in Hackney. She strongly believes that for the Olympics to be a success, local people must have access to jobs, and the Olympic Park, media centre and other buildings must be turned into spaces the community can use after the big event. The next issue of the Bulletin will be on recovering from recession, including employment prospects for BMe people. Please contact me if you would like to contribute or have ideas as to topics we could include. Thank you. Robin Frampton, editor. email: robin@runnymedetrust.org
7 Plough Yard London eC2A 3LP T: 020 7377 9222 ISSN 2045-404X The Runnymede Trust, June 2012. Open access, some rights reserved, subject to the terms of Creative Commons Licence Deed: AttributionNon-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 uK: england & Wales. You are free to copy, distribute, display and perform the work (including translation) without written permission; you must give the original author credit; you may not use this work for commercial purposes; you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For more information please go to www.creativecommons. org. For purposes other than those covered by this licence, please contact Runnymede.
Runnymede is the uKs leading race equality thinktank. We are a research-led, non-party political charity working to end racism. cover Image Flickr/Tableatny
2 | RUNNYMEDE bUllETIN | SPRING 2012 / ISSue 369
www.runnymedetrust.org
contents
NEwS IN bRIEf
4 Governments
integration racism strategy; social police about regeneration in the east end
17 cUTS TO PUblIc SERvIcES

Runnymede wants your help in measuring the impact of public services cuts
5 Swedens
Culture Minister called to resign; 55.5% of young black males unemployed
ON ThE SPORTING MaRGINS Hana Riazuddin considers why there are so few South Asian females on the uK sporting scene
INTERvIEwS
MIchEllE INTERvIEwS: MOORE
fEaTURES
6 ThE
PROblEM wITh fOOTball Hitesh Patel explores the story of racism within footaball and what is being done to combat this once again escalating trend
10 a 1000 YEaRS aMNESIa:

SPORTS IN MUSlIM hERITaGE Salim Al-Hassani argues that while europe was in the dark ages, the islamic world enojoyed a period of high art, science, society and sport
12 TaSha DaNvERS, Olympic

Hurdler
16 laRRY (ONOchIE) achIkE,

Olympic Triple Jumper
REGUlaRS
15 kEY facTS
Ten things you didnt know about BMe people in sport
11 clENch: whaT aRE YOU

fIGhTING fOR? Riffat Ahmed talks about the film she made for the Generation 3.0 project around the themes of boxing, race and gender
7 aRThUR whaRTON
Nathan Richards celebrates Britains first professional black footballer SPORT, aND
18 REvIEwS 23 DIREcTORS cOlUMN

Rob Berkeley on the role sport plays within our society; breaking barriers and connecting communities
8 RacE,
lEGacY Kevin Hylton argues that structural constraints are likely to undermine those seeking to use the Olympics to bring
14 hackNEYS lEGacY
Diane Abbott MP asks whether the legacy of the Olympics will bring any benefit to her constituents in Hackney
Photo: Flickr/Tableatny
SPRING 2012 / ISSue 369 | RUNNYMEDE bUllETIN | 3
news in brief
Government publishes integration strategy
equalities groups condemn the governments social integration strategy, outlined in a recently published paper entitled Creating the Conditions for Integration by the Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG). The document made available online via the CLG website, aims to enable everyone to play a full part in national and local life whatever your background and encourages locally-led action in the public, private and voluntary sector. The strategy also identifies the challenges still facing england: Cultural attitudes and practices; the ability to participate in society; opportunities for social mobility; and a life free from intolerance and discrimination, but emphasises that solutions to these issues have to be achieved through community initiatives as well as legislation such as the equality Act (2010). The Runnymede Trust joined with Voice4Change england to address a number of concerns found within the governments strategy paper. The response was signed by 19 organisations, including Race on the Agenda, Show Racism the Red Card and Migrants Rights Network. The consensus of the equalities groups was damning of the document, stating that it does little to address the persistent racial inequalities that exist across the nation, despite the fact that the government has presented it as equivalent to a race equality strategy. The response further criticised the lack of evidence-based research, consultation or engagement with relevant race relations organisations. In addition, following remarks made by the Communities Secretary eric Pickles MP, arguing that the strategy promotes British values and that it is important to adhere to mainstream and majority values, Runnymede argued that the governments approach does not present integration [as] a two-way process of mutual accommodation. Following Runnymedes response to the strategy document, an early Day Motion (eDM) was tabled by Labour MP Alun Michael calling for the government to put together a race equality strategy. The motion was signed by 36 MPs, including members from all three main political parties. The eDM was signed by, among others, deputy leader of the Lib Dems, Simon Hughes MP, and co-sponsored by Peter Bottomley, Andrew George, Caroline Lucas, Lisa Nandy and Viendra Sharma.
Police racism under scrutiny

20 police officers are currently under investigation amid growing scandal surrounding racism within the police force. Since 1999 when the Macpherson report labelled the Metropolitan police force institutionally racist, 293 police officers have been disciplined for racist behaviour, though only five cases have resulted in dismissal of officers. There have recently been a variety of high-profile cases of racism in the police force that have brought the issue back into the media spotlight. Cases include that of edric Kennedy-Macfoy, an offduty fireman, who was tasered and verbally abused by six police officers while trying to assist them in a public order issue. In another incident, PC Alex MacFarlane of the Metropolitan Police was allegedly recorded racially abusing Mauro Demetrio, 21, during his arrest. On the recording the officer can be heard saying: the problem with you is you will always be a n****r. New figures have indicated that complaints of racism against police officers have doubled in the past decade, but that the vast majority of allegations of racist behaviour are not upheld. Civil society groups active in this area have responded to the figures by claiming that they prove that the recent high profile cases of police racism were only the tip of an iceberg. Police officials have in turn argued that the figures were demonstrative of the hostility faced by the police on the streets every day, and that most complaints were baseless. The Metropolitan Police Commissioner Bernard HoganHowe spoke to the Home Affairs Select Committee about the issue recently, saying Racists will find me an implacable enemy we will drive them out of the Met It is a serious issue and I think you can see that by the rigour and the vigour of what our response has been, that were taking it seriously. Keith Vaz MP, chairman of the committee, said: This is an opportunity to ask the commissioner about the steps he has taken to drive out racism from the Met and to restore confidence in our police service we hope the commissioner will be able to update the committee on the action that he has taken.
NEwS EDITED bY klaRa SchMITz RESEaRch bY SOlOMON SchONfIElD
Swedens culture Minister called to resign

Swedens Culture Minister Lena Adelsohn Liljeroth is facing calls for her resignation over her participation on the 15th April in what a spokesperson for the National Association for Afro Swedes called a racist spectacle. Adelsohn Liljeroth was attending the celebration for the countrys 75th World Art Day at the Museum of Modern Art in Stockholm. It had arranged for various controversial artists from around the country to design birthday cakes in honour of the occasion, with the aim of problematising female circumcision. Adelsohn Liljeroth was asked to take part by cutting the first piece of cake, which was made in a stereotypical image of a naked black woman with neck rings. The artist behind the piece, Makode Aj Linde, painted his own face black and arranged for the Culture Minister to cut a slice from the crotch of the cake, enacting female genital mutilation, and then feed it to the head of the cake, acted by Linde himself. The photograph of this incident quickly spread across the international media, causing widespread controversy. Organisations such as the european Network Against Racism (eNAR) have called for the Swedish government to publicly condemn the incident, while the National Association for Afro Swedes have asked for the Ministers resignation. Others have looked into the staging of the event and asked if the scene was intentionally engineered to capture the Minister on camera in this embarrassing situation. The Culture Minister responded to the controversy and calls for her resignation by stating I was invited to speak at World Art Day about the freedom of art and its right to provoke I dont review art, but I can very well understand that this whole situation was misunderstood. She also said: [The artist] claims that it challenges a romanticised and exoticised view from the west about something that is really about violence and racism adding Art needs to be provocative. The use of blackface is part of a series by Linde called Afromantics which is meant to challenge the viewer and be a critique of racism. However, many have objected to the trivialization of an immense issue into a shock value piece.
55.5% of young black males unemployed

Over half of economically active black men aged 16-24 are unemployed, according to new figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The figure for young black people overall is 44.4% and 26.7% for young Asian people, compared to 20.8% for young white people. Following this announcement Diane Abbott MP responded in a Guardian column, writing: There is no question that a lack of qualifications holds some young black people back [but] lack of qualifications alone does not account for this level of unemployment. What is clear is that this recession is hitting ethnic minorities disproportionately hard. The Department for Work and Pensions said on the issue: We are spending 1bn over the next three years to help young jobseekers by creating around half a million opportunities through work experience and apprenticeships.
Photo: by Feedback Films
In response to the recent figures, Runnymede said that reasons for the imbalance include: discrimination, lower educational attainment, attending less prestigious universities, living in areas of high unemployment and migration.
Runnymede has also called for the government to do more to increase employment opportunities of disadvantaged groups and publish monitoring data on the Work Programme, which aims to support those seeking work.
RacISM IN fOOTball
hitesh Patel is a member of Runnymede 360 and a trustee of Sport 4 life Uk, a charity dedicated to changing lives through the power of sport. here he reports on the racism he has personally experienced within the realms of british football, the situation in some other European countries, and recent government initiatives to kick it out.
english football is an international success story, with the Premier League being the most watched and most lucrative football league in the world. There is no denying the influence of our national game and the shop window it provides for this country. Football is in our national psyche and following the recent high-profile racism controversies we have seen in football with Liverpools Luis Suarez; the allegations surrounding Chelseas John Terry; the Cheick Tiote and Tom Adeyemi cases; and FIFA President Sepp Blatter denying racism existed in football, saying any issues could be resolved with a handshake after the match it has come as no surprise to see both the Government and Parliament intervene in the matter. In February this year, David Cameron hosted an anti-discrimination summit in Downing Street, while the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee has recently held an inquiry into racism in football. Cameron himself has said, We will not tolerate racism in Britain. It has absolutely no place in our society. And where it exists, we will kick it out. My own experiences tell me that, sadly, racism still exists in football. My team, West Bromwich Albion, reached the Championship Play-Off Final against Derby County in 2007. As it was our first Wembley final in 14 years, there was an understandably high demand for tickets. We went on to lose the game but, while most Albion supporters felt their disappointment at the final whistle, my disappointment began before kick-off when three white Albion fans walked past me and my friends (both white and Asian) with one casually saying; Where did you pakis get your fucking tickets from?. And these were supposed to be fans of a team which once fielded the Three Degrees of Brendon Batson, Laurie Cunningham and Cyrille Regis, the first high-profile trio of black players to make an impact in the domestic game. Fast forward to March this year when Id just seen my team famously beat Chelsea at The Hawthorns. On entering the metro station following the game, a group of Chelsea fans approached from the opposite side and, as they neared the ticket inspectors (both black and Asian), they said that they didnt need to have their tickets checked. As they passed out of earshot of the inspectors, I quite clearly heard one of them say, Ill show you my ticket when you show me your visa. number of racist incidents in British schools (nearly 88,000 between 2007 and 2011) recently uncovered by the BBC is evidence of that. There are other apparent inequalities in football that could be seen as discriminatory. Around a quarter of all footballers are black, but where are the black coaches, managers and administrators? Both David Cameron and the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg have acknowledged this as an issue. There has been talk of introducing a version of American Footballs Rooney Rule, which requires teams to interview candidates from minority backgrounds for coaching and senior management positions to address this inequality. And while black British footballers have come through the ranks and established themselves as players in the domestic top-flight, why have we yet to see a similar breakthrough from the uKs Asian community? These are issues that have crossparty consensus and are not new. Former Labour Sports Minister, Richard Caborn, said in 2007 that, from the local park to the Premiership pitch the game must inspire and nurture black and ethnic minority talent, while the current Sports and Olympics Minister, Hugh Robertson, has said that he wants to see better representation for ethnic minorities at all levels in the game [and] right across the sporting landscape. Football teams and allegiances form part of peoples identities and give them a sense of belonging. Its important, therefore, that football isnt seen to tolerate or condone racism as this could give rise to a blinkered tribalism which, in turn, gives succour to racism.
a recent investigation by the bbcs Panorama programme showed that overt displays of racism and anti-Semitism were rife at football matches in Poland and Ukraine.
These two incidents highlight the fact that racism still exists in British society. education is obviously key and, while initiatives such as Kick It Out and Show Racism the Red Card, as well as the Football Against Racism in europe (FARe) network, have made significant strides in combating racism in football, we must never be complacent worrying figures regarding the
Photo: Flickr/Dervisevic
The football authorities led by The FA have now, probably more than ever before, demonstrated a willingness to come together to promote equality and diversity and to tackle all forms of discrimination in the game, not just racism. They are due to report back to Government with an actionplan later this summer in time for the 201213 season and weve seen some positive signs already. The Government has invested 3m in St Georges Park, the FAs new National Coaching Centre, which aims to develop the next generation of players and coaches, including initiatives to bring on those from minority backgrounds. Heather Rabbatts has also become the first female to be appointed to The FA Board as a new independent non-executive director. The Professional Footballers Association has even suggested that clauses should be inserted into players contracts which would make racist abuse a sackable offence
However, while weve made progress in the uK, other parts of europe are lagging behind. ex-Brazilian international, Roberto Carlos, and former Blackburn Rovers player, Chris Samba, both currently playing in Russia, host nation of the 2018 World Cup, have had bananas thrown at them on the pitch in recent months. This type of discrimination is something that West Brom striker, Nigerian Peter Odemwingie, also had to endure while playing for Lokomotiv Moscow, and he feels that the situation is now getting worse. The FA here, meanwhile, has raised concerns with ueFA about how englands players and fans could be on the receiving end of racist abuse during this summers euro 2012 football championship in Poland and ukraine. The families of england players Theo Walcott and Alex
Oxlade-Chamberlain have decided against travelling to the region fearing racist attacks. A recent investigation by the BBCs Panorama programme showed that overt displays of racism and anti-Semitism were rife at football matches in Poland and ukraine, the euro 2012 host nations. Footage showed a particularly disturbing unprovoked racist attack on a group of young Indian students, who were sat in a family area of a ukraine stadium, which will be one of the euro 2012 venues, leading Sol Campbell, the former england captain, to respond by saying to england fans: Stay at home, watch it on TV. Dont even risk itbecause you could end up coming back in a coffin. Nelson Mandela famously said that sport has the power to change the world, the power to inspire, the power to unite people in a way that little else can. Football wont be beautiful until we harness this power to kick racism out of the game once and for all.
footballs unsung pioneer

Nathan Richards writes about arthur wharton, the worlds first professional black footballer. Born in Ghana, in 1865 to a Grenadian/ Scottish father and Fante mother, Wharton had a long and colourful career playing for Sheffield utd, Ashton North end and Stockport County. Whartons first visit to england was in the 1870s, when he accompanied his Methodist Minister father to London, following an Asante uprising in the Gold Coast. His father served as Chaplain for Methodists in the British anti-Asante force. His mother is said to have came from Fante royalty. He returned to england again in 1881 to study Divinity at Shoal Hill Methodist College. While at Shoal he became an active sportsman in the local area; playing football for Cannock & White Cross, along with rugby and cricket for the Wesleyan Band of Hope Cricket Club. Following the completion of his studies Wharton decided to stay in the uK permanently, finding himself immersed in the world of amateur football, playing as Goalkeeper for Darlington. In 1886 Wharton won the AAA 100 yard sprint
championships, running 10 seconds at Stamford Bridge, London a record that he retained for over 30 years.
Image courtesy of Black Cultural Archives
As the football league was founded in 1888, Wharton officially went pro as Goalkeeper for Rotherham Town in 1889, while also beginning a professional career in cricket for Greasborough. The 1890s saw Wharton marry emma Lister of Greasborough, become a pub manager in Sheffield, and captain for North end FC, playing centre-forward. Wharton retired from a successful sporting career in 1902, becoming a full time publican, though continuing to play both football and cricket at an amateur level. He suffered a long and painful illness, which eventually took his life on December 12 1930, aged 65.
arthur wharton 1865-1930 In 1997 at a special ceremony a memorial stone was placed over his unmarked grave in edlington Cemetery, Doncaster, to commemorate commemorate his life and to help fight his contributions. racism within football. It is supported by A foundation has since been players such as Vivian Anderson MBe established in Arthur Whartons name to and Rio Ferdinand.
Race, Sport and legacy

Professor kevin hylton, who works at the Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Metropolitan university, argues that structural constraints will, unless addressed, undermine the efforts of those seeking to use the Olympics to bring about regeneration in the east end.
The notions of diversity, community, and legacy were core messages in the bidding for the London 2012 Olympic Games. Despite these promises of regeneration in the east end of London, there remain significant overarching structural constraints that effectively undermine the symbolic gestures of Olympism.These endemic issues rarely occupy the creative narrative of pro-Olympic stories or legacy promises. Community and ethnic differentiation based upon racialised, classed and gendered foundations predate and will continue on apace after the London 2012 Olympic developments. By this it is argued that single-mega-event policies are not the answer to broader social issues that magically overtake entrenched racial inequalities. The rhetoric of Olympism attempts to mask the presence of structural inequalities through hyperbole, often ignoring and rendering them invisible. However, history has shown that ignoring racialised processes and formations in sport and wider society neither renders them benign nor harmless. I argue in Race and Sport: Critical Race Theory (Routledge, 2009) that in sport practices that legitimate, rather than challenge the notion of race, monolithic racial identities and the black Other persist. Abusive chanting still occupies sport stadia and sporting environments around the world; natural differences are commonly articulated in sport as physical and psychological stereotypes pervade; racial disparities in the leadership and administration of sport are commonplace worldwide; yet from research into racism in sport the public awareness of these issues is widespread, with many knowing that racism takes place though it is always over there. For many this racism is part of the game and something that enables an advantage to be stolen. The corollary of this is the accommodation of these practices by the victims of racism who, as participants, feel that to win they must internalise their racialisation to overcome these integral aspects of competition. Rather than explode them, the everyday race talk in sport hardens further the constructed differences between social
Introduction
groups and this can be evidenced in diverse settings from the classroom to the changing-room. Sport is a double-edged sword. Sport privileges some, just as it is not so generous to others. A reading of the related sports literature in the uK identifies an institution that, through racialised customs and practices, is repeatedly accused of advantaging White people as players, spectators and employees over those identified as Black and minority ethnic, even in those sports where success amongst Black groups is more conspicuous. The picture of these issues is not complete as the absence of some social groups in the writing around sport is not only raced but also gendered as mainstream writers have failed to include Black women in their analyses. In particular, researchers have been reticent in engaging with the leisure lifestyles and sporting experiences of Black women and as a result we know far less about Black women than we do about Black men in sport. Race, Sport and Education Through race talk our capabilities in sport are often described in physical or psychological terms; they are seen as being natural differences. These differences in sport are often identified as the difference between those likely to succeed in a given sport and those who are not. This discourse of superiority and inferiority are not dissimilar to other debates outside of sport that revolve around genetics, intelligence and ultimately underpin pseudo-scientific everyday ideas. education is not immune to these discourses; for example, in Flemings work Sport, Schooling and Asian Male Culture (Psychology Press, 1991: 53) he presented a view that sport is a vehicle for the expression of antagonism and racial tension which was further emphasised by authors elsewhere. even in Carrington and Woods (1983) classic study, Body Talk: Images of Sport in a Multi-racial School (Multi-racial education 11(2): 2938), evidence of the internalisation of racial thinking was apparent amongst Black school children to the degree that they were reinforcing their own subordination and oppression through their own seemingly chosen behaviour. In addition to the stereotypes of their liberal minded
teachers some of the pupils were readily able to reproduce racially stereotypical behaviours in sport and education as part of a rationale for their own feelings of esteem and success; ideas reinforced in more recent research by the Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan university: Flintoffs (2010) study on BMe Trainees experiences of Pe Initial Teacher Training, conducted for the Training and Development Agency, and Long et al.s (2010) review of literaton BMe Sport and Physical Recreation Participation, conducted for Sporting equals and the Sports Councils. This process of thinking, acting and reinforcement in physical education and sport is so subtle that even in adults common racialised assumptions remain unchallenged. They give support to Younges (Recreation, November, 2000: 24-25) contention that these views suggest that if Black people are naturally talented at sport then they are naturally less well-equipped intellectually. Harrison et al. (2004) are clear that race and diversity are neglected in physical education and sport and they query its lack of significance in this academic arena (Race, ethnicity and education, 7(2), July, 159-166). What in effect we do get are versions of conceptual Whiteness or Blackness that themselves signify notions of achievement, middle classness, intelligence and educated as normative characteristics of Whiteness, while gangs, basketball player, entertainer and sprinter become the marginalised and delegitimated categories of Blackness or African Caribbeaness prompting Ladson-Billings (1998: 9) to ask Just What is Critical Race Theory and Whats It Doing in a Nice Field like education? (Qualitative Studies in education, 11(1), 7-24). More humorously, Coates (2002) paper entitled I Dont Sing, I Dont Dance and I Dont Play Basketball! (Critical Sociology, 28(1-2), 255-279) emphasises that as a powerful social construct race structures our histories and our approach to sport to the point that beneficiaries do not register the perks or privileges of Whiteness, neither do the dominant classifying discourses challenge the concepts that subtly racialise, marginalise and oppress black people in the uK.
On the Sporting Margins

As we get closer to the 2012 Olympics, hana Riazuddin brings attention to the lack of South Asian females on the uK sporting scene.
When Aman Dosanj was offered a scholarship to play football in America in 2002, for many her story became a familiar but real-life portrayal of Jess, the lead character in the hit film Bend It Like Beckham. But Dosanj wasnt just any football player, she was the first British Asian, male or female, to have been selected to play for england. Whilst her innovative career set her apart, over ten years later British Asian women continue to be few and far between at the top levels of womens sport more generally. Womens sport has witnessed a substantial development over the years, seeing women and girls embrace less traditional sports as well as more popular team sports such as football. Studies such as the Active People Survey, however, have shown that participation levels in regular sporting activity are consistently the lowest for Asian women, with only 9.5 per cent taking part despite the growing latent demand for more sport (Active People Survey 4 2009/2010). Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are also the least likely to partake in organised competition and receive formal coaching or tuition. It comes as no surprise then, that it is relatively easy to name-drop the few who have made it in their respective fields. Isa Guha (former england cricketer), Ashpal Kaur Bhogal (first Asian on the england womens hockey team), Ambreen Sadiq (first Muslim female boxer), and Vanisha Patel (defender for Charlton Athletic Womens Football Club) are indeed a minority within a minority. a Minority within a Minority Low engagement and markedly poor representation in sporting and physical activities are a consequence of a number of constraints. Limited research has suggested that negative attitudes towards female participation in sport within Asian communities are a result of cultural or religious beliefs that do not promote exercise or see physical activity and femininity as compatible. Family commitments and strict gender roles in these cases were seen to be the
priority, particularly where sport was regarded as something for men only. Negative experiences, financial constraints, socio-economic status, and lack of visible positive role models (including coaches and those in administrative positions)
Racial disadvantage undoubtedly provides an added exclusionary measure that keeps BMe women more generally out of sport, particularly as sexism and gender inequality continue to be definitive markers of access and support for women. Increased Participation In recent years there has been increasing development in targeted initiatives by governing bodies. Most governing bodies are trying their best to engage Asian women and we have supported them with initiatives such as Ping Table Tennis, Big Splash and No Strings Badminton, says Sporting equals. Organisations like Sporting equals and The Muslim Womens Sporting Foundation (MWSF) are reaching out to challenge BMe underrepresentation more broadly, looking to provide greater accessibility to facilities and opportunities for women to both play and compete. In working with the Football Foundation, theyve (MWSF) been able to encourage participation in all areas, through coaching and refereeing training programmes, as well as hosting tournaments and events through the MWSFs Born to Succeed project. Raising awareness of the needs of Asian and Muslim women has also had some success more recently, as shown by the overturning of the hijab ban by the International Football Association Board, something MWSF had been working closely with the english Football Association to reverse. Projects like Born to Succeed become essential and necessary in the bid to bring equality to sport, providing and demanding culturally responsive services that are otherwise limited or unavailable and increasing access to pathways at higher levels. What they make evident is that increased participation isnt enough; improved representation will only come when inequality and discrimination are fully tackled at all levels and sporting bodies are prepared to shift an otherwise sexist and racist center.
Photo: Flickr/FARe network
are also argued to be major factors in inclusion and exclusion rates at all levels of participation. barriers Racism too continues to mediate and affect the experiences of BMe groups at both elite/professional and grassroots levels. evidence has shown that fear of racial discrimination has led to the furthering of negative attitudes towards sport by Asian women. For others who partake or compete in a physical activity, everyday experiences of race and racism vary from overt abuse, such as name-calling, to service delivery and political barriers that lead to pervasive exclusion This happens through unequal provisions or resources, stereotypical attitudes of providers about what is appropriate for Asian or Muslim women, and the failures to tackle racial discrimination on and off the field by coaches, managers and organisations. Inadequate and limited availability of culturally sensitive facilities such as single-sex swimming pools, gyms or venues, flexible dress codes and kit, and female coaches and instructors are leading causes of discouraged participation.
fEaTURE
a 1000 years amnesia: Sports in Muslim heritage

Professor Salim al-hassani is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Manchester. he is President of The foundation for Science, Technology and civilisation Uk, which developed the world famous 1001 Inventions touring exhibition and book, the award winning library of secrets film and the encyclopedic website Muslimheritage.com. he is fellow of the british Science association and is named amongst the 500 most influential Muslims in the world.
There is amnesia in the minds of people about 1,000 years of Muslim, Chinese and Indian civilizations during 600-1600 Ce. Our educational system largely neglects that, instead concentrating upon europe where much of the period is glossed over as containing the Dark Ages and/ or Medieval Ages. School syllabi, particularly those of STeM subjects (Science, Technology, engineering and Maths) and the subject of sports, tend to jump over the period, leaping back from the european Renaissance to the Roman and Greek civilisations, largely ignoring scientists or inventions from noneuropean cultures. A possible danger of this amnesia is that it engenders a superiority complex in the european character whilst simultaneously causing an inferiority complex in the character of others. The diagrams clarify the problem and how it may be resolved. The first shows the 1001 years gap (amnesia) and the second appropriately fills the gap with Chinese, Persian, Indian and Muslim civilizations. For effective social cohesion and inter-cultural respect, it is essential to go further and enrich all other taught subjects, including sports, with contributions from other cultures, especially those from Muslim Heritage and in particular from Muslim Spain; without which the european Renaissance would not have taken place. The subject of Sports in Muslim Heritage deserves special attention. Not even Muslims are aware of the vast contributions the Muslim world had made to sports development. Take for example, we all associate Cricket with Britishness, yet this game originated in North India around 700 Ce and travelled westwards reaching its climax when the British adopted it as theirs. Another game is Polo, an ancient sport from Persia and Afghanistan. The Muslims enjoyed it greatly. Manuscripts show miniatures of men and women jointly playing in the same field. It is believed that Prophet Muhammad loved sports. He raced with his wife Aisha. She won the first sprint, but lost on the second round. He encouraged parents to teach children swimming, riding and archery. The Arabic word for sport is Riyadhah. It is interesting to note that the same word is used for mathematics and the Sufis used it to refer to exercising the soul. Sport in Muslim Heritage has been associated with exercising t h e
the body, the mind and the soul. Sporty behavior was normally linked with high morals and exemplary behavior such as chivalry, trustworthiness and generosity. When Muslims reached Spain, Sicily, Istanbul and other parts of the world, they stopped all sports which inflicted harm on the players, like gladiators and the like. One wonders if those Muslims would have allowed knock-out in boxing. We have recently noticed a surge of sportsmen and women from the Muslim world participating in the Olympics. Of interest is the high percentage of women players. But of particular interest is the appearance of Muslim women with Hijab competing with Sharia-compliant dress code, i.e only face and hands of women are to be shown. When, in 2008, Bahraini lady (Ruqaya alGhasara) won her gold in 100 and 200m run, she shook the world with her dress covering all her body.
600AD - 1600AD
History of Science and Sport as taught by many education systems
Modern Day Civilisation Industrial Revolution Renaissance
600CE 1600CE
History of Science and Sports as should be taught:
Renaissance Muslims Chinese, Indians Persians Romans Greeks Earlier Civilisations BC 5th 7th 15/16th 18/19th 20th Modern Day Civilisation Industrial Revolution
The Greeks Century BC
The Romans 5th
?
15/16th 18/19th 20th Dark Ages
Figure 1
Did modern Civilisation really rise from nothing?
When Amnesia is eliminated
www.muslimheritage.com
Figure 2
Dark Ages Northern Europe
Photo: Flickr/Fox Tongue
clENch what are you fighting for?

To explore the themes around boxing, race and gender I decided to speak with local community groups and youth workers in Old Trafford and Salford, Manchester. I quickly discovered that boxing was a very significant sport in the city with a strong following and community links - training clubs open to the public exist in almost every town. The people who attend those clubs, however, tended to be people who lived locally; with little evidence of people from one town going to a club in another town. Salford and Old Trafford are side by side but very different in ethnic make up. Salford is a majority white area and Old Trafford generally consists of Asian and black communities. Interaction between the towns is very limited. This was particularly due to negative perceptions and experiences. Many people in Old Trafford felt that Salford was an extremely racist area, whereas the people in Salford seem isolated and less inclined to mix. But does race matter in boxing? Does your background make any difference? According to Bolton born, British Pakistani boxer, Amir Khan in a Guardian article in 2009, he believes it does: I know for a fact if I were a white english fighter maybe I would have been a superstar in Britain, and the world. Amir Khan has done incredibly well and generated a massive fan base as a new generation British boxer, and I was driven to find out what he meant by these words. Throughout history boxing has often been associated with issues around class and race. For example, the supporters of African-American boxer, Mohammed Ali, were originally working class ethnic minorities before he gained the support of the wider public. He was considered to be a representative of a whole race of people as well as a renowned athlete. Boxing has always been a very male dominated sport, yet with the recent
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as part of Runnymedes Generation 3.0 project, which looks at ways to end racism in a generation, filmmaker Riffat ahmed has made a 15 minute fiction film about racism and gender.
success of Ambreen Sadiq, the uKs first female Pakistani boxer it is clear that issues around gender are still prevelant, reflected in the lack of females involed in the sport. I decided that rather than making a documentary I would construct a narrative film that presents characters of various ethnic backgrounds, mindsets and scenarios that explore issues around identity, gender, race, intergenerational communication and neighbourhood politics within the sphere of boxing. The films narrative follows Ash, a mixed race Pakistani white girl who is on a youth referral scheme. She is given a choice to take part in a weeks boxing camp at the Salford Lads Club or to work in a residential home for older people in Trafford.
men attending the club since 1914; being from an ethnic minority as well as a female this raises concern and intimidates her. When she arrives at the club she realises her coach is African Caribbean and is slightly surprised to meet someone who is not white. We see that her coach makes suspicious assertions about Ashs reasons for being sent to the club, which highlights that racism and prejudice is not always black and white but can also occur between other ethnic groups. For a sport that is often met with criticisms of violence and aggression, we see that it is actually very controlled and disciplined. requiring a lot of mental training as well as physical. The main work is in the footwork, which I felt was an important metaphor to use we have to think about the steps we take as individuals in making a judgement about someone before actually knowing them. Since the making of the film I have come to believe that boxing can be a very strong positive tool in breaking down rigid ideas about race, class and gender and can encourage people of all backgrounds and ages to learn to listen and communicate with one another. Additionally, it can assist intergenerational conversations, as shown in the relationship between Ash and the coach. Ash is not always able to communicate how she feels but learns to channel her frustration in learning the right steps from someone more experienced. To view the film, go to: www. generation3-0.org/manchester
furthermore, we see the coach making suspicious assertions about ashs reasons for being sent to the club.
She is put in a position where she has to enter a town that is a majority white. Although she is half white, the judgements she often faces are based on her Pakistani heritage due to her looks. I wanted to explore the judgements that are made about someones race and identity based on appearances, and then compare them with reality. Naturally, the character Ash feels anxious; she has preconceived ideas that she will face difficulty entering a space which has a strong history of white working class
Photo: Riffat Ahmed & Jake Scott
Interview
Olympic Medalist & Mother

Tasha Danvers is a british Olympic bronze medalist, who finished third place in the 400m hurdles at the 2008 beijing Olympics. She is one of britains most recognisable and charismatic athletes.
Bejing Olympic Games. This bronze medal was a long time coming after a particularly hard year where I had been injured a lot. I went into the Olympic Games not knowing my form or what time I could run. I was selected to be part of the GB team based on my previous performances at championships. It wasnt a popular decision as there was another very good athlete out there that was performing well at the time. When I was selected over another credible athlete after a poor performance at the Olympic Trials, I truly felt it was meant to be and something great was going to happen at the games. It was even difficult at the training camp due to injury I could only run in straight lines and as you can imagine for a 400m hurdler this was a real challenge, I can look back and laugh now. However I knew that I had a what would you say has been your most challenging experiences as an athlete? Coping with injuries and coming back after the birth of my son was particularly challenging. In 2006 I won silver at the Commonweath Games which was my second greatest achievement as this was my first senior medal after having my son. However lots of people doubted if I would return to high level competition. When I became pregnant in 2004 the media said my career was over. I feel really proud of that medal as I was able to prove to myself and others that you can still choose to have a family and fulfil your dreams, it just meant that I had to postpone some of my previous plans. I received a lot of negative media about the timing of my pregnancy at a critical time in my career.
Michelle Moore, former athlete and Runnymede Trustee, interviews Olympic mediallist Tasha Danvers
Four hundred-metre hurdler Tasha Danvers has made a habit of proving people wrong. When she took time out from the sport to give birth to her son in 2004, most people within the media thought she would never return to competitive athletics. But she returned to take silver at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. In 2008, after a season full of injuries, Danvers, a surprise pick for the Beijing Olympics, romped home in third place to take a bronze medal. Now one of Britains most popular athletes, the 34-year-old Danvers combines her time competing with public speaking, coaching, modeling and painting. The music business graduate who has competed for Britain in numerous major competitions over the last 20 years, was recently inducted into the university of Southern Californias Hall of Fame. Tasha was born in London to two athletes, Kelefa Sennah and Donald Danvers, who both moved to the uK from Jamaica as children. how did you first become involved in athletics? Ive been competing as an athlete since I was 15 years old. I come from an athletics background as my mum was a high jumper and javelin thrower and my Dad was a hurdler so its a part of my genetic make-up. I enjoyed athletics and joined an athletics club when I was about 13 years old and have never looked back. I grew up in South London and when I was 18 I relocated to the uS, returning to the uK in 2009. what has been your greatest achievement in athletics so far? Winning the bronze medal at the 2008
Photo: John Ord
good winter training behind me and that fitness was still in my body. I ran well in the heats and semis to oand this gave me confidence to know that if I just executed my race plan in the final I would medal which is what happened and I won the bronze medal exceeding all expectations.
I think racism is everywhere, however in athletics if you reach the selection standards on your event and achieve that time and/or distance then racism cannot really come into play as your performance cant be argued with.
The ongoing need for sustained and sufficient funding is a challenge. expectations are that once you become an Olympic medallist that
Photo: John Ord
Interview glamour in between the muscle as much as possible. Ive always been a bit if a rebel, I paint my nails different colours, I use gold harispray, glamorous running leotards, worn gold rhinestone bandanas you name it Ive done it. When you are young people shun the muscles but as you get older your demographic suddenly begin to wish they were like you. Fitness and health are definitely a blessing not just aesthetically. what has been the best advice you were given in your athletics career so far? My mother has given me the best advice by reinforcing in me that I have the talent and that if I keep on trying the talent will lead me onto other positive things. Athletics has given me many positive opportunities and experiences I wouldnt have had. I have worked in schools delivering inspirational talks and motivating children, Ive done fun things like game shows, I am an ambassador for 8 different organisations that work with children. I travel the country supporting grass roots sports development initiatives. For me, this is the whole point in being a successful athlete, the medals mean nothing to me if I cannot use them to help make a difference in someone elses life. how do you stay motivated? Im at a different place in my career and my life than I was 4 years ago, and as a result what I need and what motivates me is completely different. Now I look to those who are significant figures in my life or history for motivation, with the aspiration of emulating them. My role model of all time is the amazing Muhammad Ali, he is bold, funny, inspiring and was a fantastic athlete. He took his sport to the highest level and used his success to uplift his community and the world fighting racism; he is a true champion in every sense of the word. I see myself as a bit whacky and funny and although in boxing there is more banter and you can be really bold, athletics doesnt really give you those opportunities but I try to break out of the convention through my appearance and fresh approach to my individual challenges and the fact that I am a championship performer. My mum is also my role model as she always encourages me and is my lifeline when things get tough reminding me that I am already a champion.
Photo: Dean Northcott
actually sponsorship would not be such an issue. Many people think that once an athlete has reached a top level they automatically become wealthy. This is not reality and was definitely not my reality. In fact from the conversations Ive had with financial advisors that work with athletes, many are making the equivalent of minimum wage per year. In addition to your own hard work, what two factors would you say most helped you to progress in athletics? Having goals and being single-minded to achieve them and not taking on the opinion of others. Surrounding myself with a great support network parents, coach, psychologists, nutritionist, etc is very important as they are always there to pick you up and keep you positive. At times when you are feeling doubtful they remind you, you can do it. have you ever experienced racism during your time as an athlete? Not ever directly at me but there have certainly been situations which I have seen that I think have been questionable and made me suspect that racism was taking place. I think racism is everywhere, however in athletics if you reach the selection
standards on your event and achieve that time and/or distance then racism cannot really come into play as your performance cant be argued with. There has been much focus of late on racism in football. Do you think athletics also has a problem with racism? If so, what do you think can be done to address this? People who are racist are just ridiculous. Racism is a hard issue to tackle because most racist have no intelligent justification for their behaviours, but I believe that education could be the answer. The beauty of athletics is that you can squeeze racism out by good performances. This is not the case for other sports like football where I believe that there should be stricter punishment and sanctions for racist incidents in football and sport in general. A zero tolerance policy on racism should always be enforced. has it been difficult to maintain your femininity whilst competing as a world class athlete? I remember that I didnt want to do lots of arm curls as a younger athlete as it would make me appear too buff and look like a man but I soon realised that this was what was going to make me win so I got over that very quickly. Now I try and squeeze every bit of
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hackNEYS lEGacY?
Photo courtesy of Diane Abbott
Diane abbott MP asks whether the legacy of the Olympics will bring any benefit to her constituents in hackney and surrounding boroughs where the games will take place
When it was announced that London had won the bid to host the 2012 Olympics like most Londoners I was absolutely overjoyed. The bid to bring the Olympics to London was based on the fact that east London would be regenerated. Money, business, tourism and regeneration would be poured into the area. The potential improvement for Hackney was huge. As plans for the Olympics have unfolded we have all seen what an ambitious and creative project hosting the Olympics is. I admire the hard work that has gone into creating the project, setting out the plans for what the event will look like and ensuring the legacy of the Olympics means that London will benefit for years to come. Since work began on the Olympic Park, I have been concerned about the low number of local people working on the site. Figures released by the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) in October 2010 revealed that out of 6,423 workers on the Olympic Park, just 130 hail from Hackney, the lowest of all five host boroughs. There were also just seven apprentices on the site who live in Hackney. The situation has improved since the end of 2008, when just 83 people employed on the Olympic Park site were from Hackney. But I find it shocking that so few local people have been able to get work on the park, despite the high unemployment rates in Hackney. The five Olympics Host Boroughs Greenwich, Tower Hamlets, Newham, Waltham Forest and Hackney are among some of the poorest areas in the country. In fact all five host Boroughs are in the most deprived 15 per cent of the country, and Hackney is in the bottom 5 per cent. Only 55 per cent of people of working age are in employment in Hackney, despite the fact that the population is comparatively very young. There are few other places in the country that are more in need of an economic boost and regeneration. And I truly believe that the 2012 Olympics is the perfect opportunity for this boost and regeneration. To draw attention to these low numbers I held a debate in Westminster Hall in March 2010 and made two speeches in the House of Commons last year. As officials are making the most of the opportunity that the Games are providing in east London and that they acknowledge their responsibility to those living on the doorstep of the site who have had their homes and businesses uprooted. I also have major concerns about the Olympic legacy and the impact the Games will have on east London once they are completed. Current plans will allow wealthy individuals living outside of the Olympic Boroughs to buy homes on the site, leaving no chance for many living in and around the Hackney area to live there. Through various talks with the ODA and other bodies, I am continually stressing the fact that local needs must be met in order to truly fulfill Londons Olympic legacy.
well as raising awareness of the problem in Parliament I have had regular communications with representatives from the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), the London Organising Committee of the Olympics (LOCOG), and the organisations charged with getting Olympics jobs for Hackney people. I want to ensure that Olympic
Photo: ByTamsin Slater Flickr
But I strongly believe that for the Olympics to be a success, local people must be supportive of the project. That means that local people must have access to jobs, and the wonderful Olympic Park, media centre and other buildings must be turned into spaces the community can use after the big event.
Photo: Flickr/secretlondon123
KeY FACTS ABOuT...
bME IN SPORT
facTS cOMPIlED bY haNa RIazUDDIN & REbEcca wallER
In beijing, 8% of the british Olympic team and 2% of the Paralympic team were from ethnic minority groups (Uk Sport, 2008)
walter Tull was one of britains first black professional footballers when he signed with Tottenham hotspur in 1909. he was also the first british-born black army officer and the first black officer to lead british troops into battle. amir khan became the youngest british Olympic boxing medallist when he won silver at the 2004 athens Olympics at the age of 17 and won the wba world title at 22. Isa Guha was the first woman of asian background to represent the England cricket team, making her debut at 17. In 2004, bahrains Ruqaya al Ghasara, a devout Muslim, was the first athlete to ever take part in an Olympics wearing a hijab. bME women are the least likely of any demographic group to take part in sport as a member of a club. (active People Survey 4 2009/2010, Sport England) Of the 92 professional football clubs, only two have black managers despite a quarter of the players being black (Guardian, 2011)
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bME women are almost twice as likely to play football as white woman. (active People Survey 3 2008/2009, Sport England) Judo, Rounders, Rugby and hockey are the lowest participation sports for bME groups. (Sporting Equals, 2010)
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coaching in the Uk remains an activity disproportionately dominated by white, middle class males. Only 3% of coaches are from ethnic minority backgrounds and only 1% of qualified coaches are from bME backgrounds. (Sports coaching in the Uk III, a statistical analysis of coaches and coaching in the Uk, January 2011)
Only 3% of coaches are from ethnic minority backgrounds and only 1% of qualified coaches are from bME backgrounds
Photo: BY uSARMYFlickr
Interview
JUMPING MY TRUE POTENTIal

Michelle Moore, former athlete and Runnymede Trustee, interviews Olympic mediallist larry achike
larry best
(Onochie) triple
achike
is
aiming is of
high
for
london
2012 and has a longstanding career as one of britains jumpers. larry Nigerian parentage and has competed for Gb for the last twenty years.
Larry Achike is one of Britains greatest and most decorated triple jumpers. The 37-year-old former rugby player was a gold medalist at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, 2000 european Cup and the 1994 World Junior Championships. Achike also placed fifth in the 2000 Olympics setting a new personal best of 17.30 (the winner was Jonathan edwards who achieved 17.71) and seventh in the 2008 Olympics. While injuries have marred some of Achikes career, at his best the Islington born athlete has proven to be a world class and inspirational figure. The Biomedical Science graduate was captain of Great Britain 2009 World Championship team and now combines his time as member of the Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers team with delivering talks at schools and for corporate companies, coaching at Brunel university and mentoring elite athletes. Achike has set his sights on the London 2012 Olympics and is currently looking for a sponsor. how did you first become involved in athletics? My Pe teacher used to be a triple jumper and was an england rugby player and he recognized my sporting potential and encouraged me to try the triple jump and rugby. When I was in my last year at college my Pe teacher promised me a bottle of champagne if I jumped further than his personal best. Which I did by nearly a metre. Im still waiting for that bottle! More importantly my Pe teacher used to drive me to the local running track every Tuesday and Thursday so I could train with the best athletes in the county. He did all of this in his spare time. Im very grateful for his encouragement and support. Despite reaching county level in rugby I had more success as a triple jumper so from the age of 19 I decided to focus on my athletics career having just won the World Junior Championships. I am confident I made the right decision. what has been your greatest achievement in athletics so far? Winning gold at the Commonwealth Games was my first senior medal and this gave me real confidence in my abilities to be a world class athlete. Also making two Olympic finals and despite not winning medals I made the last eight best triple jumpers in the world and both Olympic finals were my most memorable and greatest achievements. For both finals I was ranked outside of the top 12 best triple jumpers and I performed under tremendous pressure to outperform and showed that I am a true championship performer. had to compete against one of the best triple jumpers of all time. In 2009 at the World Athletics Championships in Berlin I was awarded the honour of being the Captain of the GB team which was a hugely significant achievement for me and one which I relished tremendously; my main role was to deliver the team talk. My talk was about empowering the athletes to believe in their capabilities as limitless. I ended with the slide I always end with in my inspirational speeches and thats Dream and dream big. Lots of people told Barack Obama he wouldnt make it but he proved them wrong. In addition to your own hard work, what two factors would you say most helped you to progress in athletics? Advice that I have given to myself to have the utmost faith in myself when others have not believed in my abilities to succeed. When I was 17 I had a disastrous first Junior World Championships where I tried to experiment in the final and peformed poorly. I was utterly distraught and this taught me a valuable lesson. Following this I vowed to myself that I would return in two years time and win which is exactly what I did. This was a defining lesson for me that once I commit to something and believe and trust in my abilities I can make it happen and this has stuck with me throughout my career. I have been with my coach Frank Attoh for 18 years and his advice and encouragement has been invaluable for my success. have you ever experienced racism during your time as an athlete?
In the beijing Olympics I was the only athlete in the final who had a full time job to support my Olympic dream of winning a medal.
The Sydney Games in 2000 was a bittersweet experience as I was in third place going into the last round of the final but was outperformed by two great athletes in the very last two jumps of the competition and was pushed down to fifth place. Jonathon edwards won this competition and I am thankful for every opportunity Ive
Interview very hostile crowd so I decided to withdraw myself from the competition after the second round. There has been much focus of late on racism in football. Do you think athletics also has a problem with racism? If so, what do you think can be done to address this? In athletics it is harder for racism to prevail, because selection times and distances are the ways in which athletes automatically qualify to compete for their country. Racism comes in many different forms. I have often seen very successful athletes struggle to secure sponsorship. In the Beijing Olympics I was the only athlete in the final who had a full time job to support my Olympic dream of winning a medal. Also the administration structure within athletics is not reflective of the ethnic diversity represented by the athletes in the sport. how do you stay motivated? I still believe that I have not jumped my true potential. I feel the distances I have jumped so far in my career are not reflective of my talent and it is this hunger to perform my best that keeps me going. I still need to put in that big jump which will truly validate my career and the London 2012 Olympic Games gives me that opportunity. I am very thankful for the rich and positive experiences athletics has given me and the young people I coach and deliver talks to keep me motivated. I believe its massively important to give back to the community and I enjoy giving inspirational talks in schools and believe it makes a real difference to children.
I experienced racist taunts and threats during a rugby tournament as a young player, and I remember my coach wanting the team to pull out of the competition. I was also on the receiving end of racist name-calling when I competed in an international triple jump competition in Greece about nine years ago. The officials did not challenge it and it was a
I have been an athlete for twenty years and have been to lots of team talks and as a black man I wanted to be able to represent a positive image as the team Gb captain.
Measuring the Impact of Public Service Reform

The coalition government has decided to make unprecedented cuts to government spending, over 83 billion within the course of one parliament. The impact that this will have on communities is only just becoming apparent and the effect on equality within the public sector workforce needs to be charted. Runnymede has been commissioned by the TuC, uNISON, unite, PCS and NASuWT to track the impact of public service reform on equality in the workplace. Current figures suggest that the number of NHS workers fell by almost 20,000 between 2010 and 2011 and 71,000 people employed within the education sector lost their jobs in 2011. It is likely that no real assessment of the impact on whole groups of people took place before the decision to make these cuts to the public sector. emerging research suggests that these cuts will not affect all public sector workers equally. We already know that public service cuts to
the workforce are likely to impact negatively on those most likely to be found working within the sector namely women and minority ethnic staff. Thirty per cent of all Black Caribbean women are employed within the public sector and when unemployment rises during periods of recession, it begins earlier among Black groups. When the economic situation begins to improve, it takes longer for the impact to be felt among Black groups as unemployment remains higher for them for a longer period of time. This project will use crowdsourcing (distributed problem-solving) to generate data to help us map the trends nationally, highlighting where inequalities in the public sector are occurring and targeting action to address it. Weve developed an online guide to help people measure the impact of public sector cuts and it is available online at: www. runnymedetrust.org/projects-andpublications/projects/employment-2/ in-this-together.html
The guide was launched at the TuC Black Workers conference on Saturday 28 April 2012 at Congress House and includes useful information on how to monitor the impact of these reforms, as well as how to use the information collected to hold employers to account. There are suggestions, tools and video interviews of activists who have already started this work. We are asking union branch representatives to monitor how the cuts are affecting people in their workplace and to share the information with us through an online survey. The survey is open now and available through http://rminsight. co.uk/surveys/RunnymedeSurvey and the deadline to fill in the survey is 27 July 2012. There will be a final report published this autumn that will include findings from the survey and human interest stories from public sector workers. If you would like more information about the project please contact: debbie@runnymedetrust.org
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Sporting Multiculturalism
There is no denying that sport is woven into British culture it forms part of our daily lives here in the uK and across the globe. You only need look at the amount of coverage sport receives on television, in newspapers, and across social media to see its influence on society. With London hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Games this summer, and with Poland and ukraine hosting the forthcoming euro 2012 football tournament, coverage will undoubtedly increase and our interest in sporting matters will inevitably intensify. If we also consider the recent racism controversies we have seen in english football which have resulted in David Cameron hosting a summit at Downing Street and the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee launching an inquiry into the issue, it is perhaps timely to reassess how the worlds of race, sport and politics collide. In his recent extensive study, the British academic Ben Carrington looks into the history of how race, sport and politics have interacted in the uK and internationally. This is an academic text and so non-academics will need to invest some time and effort to truly understand the issues being discussed. Originally from South London, Carrington has been teaching sociology at the university of Texas in the uS since 2004 and, over four chapters looking at sporting resistance, sporting redemption, sporting negritude and sporting multiculturalism, he sets out how the rise of the black athlete has impacted on race and politics. One of the core themes of Carringtons book is the idea of sport reducing race, whereby sport provides the environment for reshaping the race debate around themes such as freedom, equality and identity. Furthermore, he says that by being apolitical, the very nature of sport is political and has an impact on wider society. Carrington begins by saying that the idea of the black athlete was born in a Sydney boxing ring on 26 December 1908 when the black Texan boxer, Jack Johnson, beat his white Canadian opponent, Tommy Burns, to become the first black heavyweight champion of the world. Johnsons victory was seen to overturn the long-held notion of white colonial supremacy forcing the reconsideration of race and politics.
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diversity was blamed by some as the very reason for the terrorist attacks
A particularly interesting section of the book is where Carrington looks at the 1989 and 1996 fights between the boxers Mike Tyson and Frank Bruno, comparing the differing portrayals they received in the media, what they symbolised, and how they reinforced racial stereotypes. elsewhere, Carrington argues that black athletes are at the vanguard of how contemporary sports are increasingly hyper-commercialised and profit-driven to the exclusion of other values and non-market ethics. To make this and other points in the book, Carrington provides examples of athletes from a range of sports such as Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods and, from a uK perspective, Lewis Hamilton and Monty Panesar. Later in the book, Carrington tries to show how the two days in July 2005 when London first won the right to stage this years Olympic and Paralympic Games and then, less than 24 hours later, fell victim to a suicide bombing campaign by radical British Islamist extremists resulting in the loss of 52 innocent lives are connected by the theme of multiculturalism. Carrington notes that London had won its bid partly
Race, Sport and Politics: The Sporting black Diaspora By Ben Carrington Sage Publications 2012 Book review by Hitesh Patel
through celebrating its successful multiculturalism but, that this diversity was blamed by some as the very reason for the terrorist attacks. Sport is seen to be disconnected from formal politics and, because he feels that participation in sport is seen by some as a way of promoting social cohesion and community integration during times of national crises (note that this book was written before last years riots), Carrington suggests that, as far as sport is concerned, the concept of multiculturalism is itself contested. Carrington goes on to recognise that the London 2012 Games do provide an opportunity which could signal the revival of a truly multicultural nation finally at ease with itself, a nation able to honestly confront the past in order to produce a more progressive and egalitarian, twenty first century society. However, speaking to the BBC when his book was first published, Carrington was asked if he saw a future when activity such as sport would be devoid of any racial meaning. He replied saying that this probably wouldnt happen until the uK has its first black Prime Minister. After reading his book, you may think he has a point.
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Black Olympians
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London will be the first city in the world to host the Olympic Games for the third time. Much of the modern day Olympics and Paralympics originated in Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries: Many of the games codes (from small-bore shooting to table tennis) were formulated by British sportspeople. Some recent experiences of Black people in the British Olympic team have reflected the racial and cultural inequalities which exist within society more generally. Daley Thompson (the double-gold medal winning decathlete) found himself without sponsorship or endorsements at the height of his career and ended up briefly playing football for Mansfield Town. The sprinter, Joice Maduka holds the record for winning the most medals of any athlete at the British Athletics Championships yet she believes has missed out on publicity opportunities declaring if I had blond hair and blue eyes they would love me. Diane Modahl and Linford Christie have also cited racism as a factor in their exclusion from the Olympic spotlight. In 2012 a significant number of British Olympians (particularly athletes) will be Black. The Ahmed Iqbal ullah education Trusts publication Britains Black Olympians is a celebration of these sportsmen and women. Through the biographies of Olympic heroes like Tessa
Sanderson, Mo Farrah and Colin Jackson Britains Black Olympians demonstrates how young people can actively engage with Black Olympic heritage whilst acknowledging the battles against discrimination on which it is built. As well as focusing on familiar stars of track and field, Britains Black Olympians takes a timely look at personalities in lesser known areas such as Alexandra Rickham, a Paralympic yacht racer and Shanaze Reade a professional British BMX racer and track cyclist.
Ade Adepitan Kris Akabusi Darren Campbell Becky Downie Mo Farah Winston Gordon Ashia Hansen Kelly Holmes Phillips Idowu Colin Jackson Amir Khan Denise Lewis Jayant Mistry Fiona May Diane Modahl Christine Ohuruogu Shanaze Reade Alexandra Rickham James Roberts Tessa Sanderson Mandip Sehmi Imran Sherwani Louis Smith Daley Thompson
Britains Black Olympians
In poetry, prose and pictures, children from fifteen Manchester primary schools have posed the question: What makes a champion? In the lives of these Black Olympians who have overcome racial discrimination and adversity they have an answer:
britains black Olympians work created by children from fifteen primary schools in Manchester Published by the Ahmed Iqbal ullah education Trust, 2012 Book review by Stephen Martin
REvIEwS
exposition of Identity
The aim of this 400+ page text is to provide a meaningful overview of the burgeoning material on identity. The handbook enables the reader to appreciate the intellectual terrain and provides an entry point to deeper reading. This is to be welcomed, especially as other texts can lose the reader in the complexity of theoretical expositions. The emphasis of the writing is on considering claims of wider structural changes which, it is claimed, have unsettled and transformed identities. The book is divided into three sections which focus on: theories of identity; the analysis of identities (based on empirical work); and the politics of identity. The exposition of various theories of identity in Part 1 is a real strength. Lemerts opening chapter is a very useful historical overview of the development and conceptualisation of identity. This chapter is essential reading; placing the concept of identity in its historical context is a very useful device to prevent the reader from uncritically adopting dominant conceptual frameworks and thought. Sam Hams chapter on fragmentation of identity is a superbly selected overview of post-structuralist and postmodern influence on thoughts on identity. Ham allows the reader to glimpse the importance for identity of Derridas thoughts of centre and the frame which holds such a centre, and powerful ideas such as the impossibility of origin and arrival, all of which undo the notion of a unified self. Derrida leads into Judith Butlers work on the performativity followed by some criticism of this school by writers such as Nancy Fraser who introduce a note of material and political critique. Stephen Froshs chapter on psychoanalysis is a brilliant study into the heart of the debates concerning psychosocial thought and the conceptualisation and role of the unconscious. The accessible exposition of Lacan is compelling and allows the reader to make connections with other parts of the work. Additionally there are chapters in Part 1 which provide a good overview of the differences and differing emphasis around the interlocking ideas of individualisation, modernity and risk. These are good solid chapters in which one can capture the main thrust of the theories of Giddens and Beck. Daniel Chaffees chapter on reflexive identities is fascinating as it dwells on the key concept of reflexivity. Chaffee provides a way of appreciating the multifaceted nature of this concept along with a rejoinder to those too easily tempted to join the theoretical bandwagon. Insights into the quality of reflexivity, such as Jeffrey Alexanders claim that reflexivity is inherent in social action challenges the notion of a radical shift to reflexive identities associated with wider structural changes. How the self is made and remade is questioned and a more measured consideration of this concept is sought. Drawing on the editors and Charles Lemerts work, eric Hsus chapter on new individualism is a useful supplement in considering the importance of speed and temporality in Identity formation. In Part 2, chapters cover race and ethnicity, virtual identities and consumer identities. Stevensons discussion of the media and its role in developing informed participating citizens is a succinct and welcome distillation of the thoughts of a number of writers from the Frankfurt school and those, like Habermas, who were influenced by them. Stephenson manages to capture the terms of the debates of the critical possibilities of the media (all communicative forms) as an aid to democratic processes. This he takes right through to present discussions around internet technology and the proliferation of non-hierarchical forms of communication. This chapter works very well along with Sam Hams discussion of theorists consideration of how computer mediated technologies may be developing new forms of virtual identities that are freed from many of the constraints of embodied living and temporality. In line with the general format of the book there is criticism of a particular perspective in each chapter and Ham utilises Slavoj Zizeks thoughts to good effect to critique the idea that identities have been radically shifted
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Routledge handbook of Identity Studies edited by Anthony elliot Routledge, 2011 Reviewed by Rizwan Butt
through computer mediated technology. Instead, he argues, such technology does not crucially transform our sense of self, but rather the inherently decentred self is provided yet another place to find expression. Such shards of clarity give strength to this text and the editors selection of pieces is judicious in allowing readers to make connections across the range of chapters. Part 3 covers areas such as the politics of Islam, Black freedom struggles and African American identity and sexual identity. Part 3 on the whole is less compelling, perhaps in comparison to the force of Parts 1 and 2. With its stated emphasis on considering the nature and impact of wider social changes the handbook perhaps misses some of the growing literature on personal life and emotions in the making of identities, but taken as a whole this is an excellent text for breadth of thought on the subject of identity and a catalyst for further reading.
REvIEwS
Pointing at Islamophobia
Whether you call it hate against Muslims or targeted racism, Islamophobia in the media and the blogosphere continues to grow. In Pointing the Finger: Islam and Muslims in the British Media, leading commentators came together to look at the state of Muslims representation in the British media and describe how moral panic has worked as a binding factor to build up a collective nightmare so strong as to justify restrictive policies and even the military intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan. Julian Petley and Robin Richardson present a multi-faceted analysis which includes a study conducted in 20062007 for the GLA and contributions from experts in the field. It also includes press articles and broadcast programmes used as case studies. The editors research and language analysis leads them to argue that media discourse is characterised by Islamophobia, which undermines efforts to fight extremism. Furthermore, the editors arguments are based on detailed media monitoring of issues related to Muslims in Britain. This monitoring measures both the attention given to this topic and also how reporters handle speeches and chronicle events. Aside from registering an increase of media attention toward stories featuring Muslims, the analysis includes a qualitative evaluation that takes into account socio-cultural dynamics as well as the national and international political environment in which these media events took place. The news coverage analysis spotlights the use of terrorism as a news hook that enhances extremism, and photos featuring a single Muslim male in locations such as courts and police stations have been used to portray Islam as a threat. Misleading headlines, especially when they are printed in huge capital letters, have a deep effect in encouraging a collective panic. Political correctness, originally invented to support vulnerable victims, has been interpreted by illiberal media as a censorship tool, and has been associated with anxiety about Britishness and Multiculturalism. Nevertheless, there is a huge difference between political correctness and prompting panic through hate speech. The editors contend that the debate about ethnicity in Britain has moved on from multiculturalism to the 4Ps strategy: pursue prevent protect prepare. Such a shift ran on the tracks of gender equality and threat, symbolised by the veil. Indeed, the burqa became the symbol of womens oppression, but no Western government invested any money in girls education. Instead, narratives of salvation endorse the already marked dichotomy between a progressive West and an archaic Middle east. Deconstructing and analysing the clusters used against British Muslims, the authors try to shape a (journalistic) model of the overlapping of cultures, to oppose the popular theory of the Clash of Civilisations. Considering both the Christian West and Islam as multi-faceted issues and drafting specific codes of conduct are some of the suggestions presented to tackle Islamophobia. The final part of the book is based on Muslim journalists experiences whose contributions put forward critical and challenging propositions. One of them suggests: theres an element of truth in every stereotype, but that doesnt mean you have to accept it. The volume is completed by guidelines for journalists and would-be journalists, including tips on dealing with the anxiety that evidently emerged from the study and a call for a more critical understanding of religion. Also, some authors suggest changes to make the Press Complaint Commission (PCC) more effective from the point of view of Muslims fair representation. Overall a good resource for academia and the media sector, this book offers an insight into how media-fuelled myths influence
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Pointing the finger: Islam and Muslims in the british Media edited by Julian Petley and Robin Richardson Oneworld Publications 2011 Book review by Claudia Santoro
public and political agendas, and it is therefore also interesting for those keen to go beyond sensational or misrepresentational headlines. Indeed, the book defines the actors who play the stories described in the press and doing so offers a great contribution to reflect on them. For example, when arguing whether the Muslim Council of Britain is the right entity for representing different Muslim groups, the authors of that particular article quote a 2007 article by the Guardians Madeline Bunting, who pondered: Why should ethnic minority politics be any less complex and compromised than the Labour party? Pointing the Finger suggests paths to link up the West and Islam. The first step is admitting that considering them as two monolithic concepts is a sparkle that generated Islamophobia. Factual reporting, produced by journalists with diverse backgrounds or more importantly by accurate reporters, is presented as part of the solution. As Robin Richardson suggests: Demonisation is not an option.
REvIEwS
Institutional Failure
This book addresses a very topical issue given the recent outcomes regarding the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. Indeed the entire topic which Pilkington covers in this book has its origins in the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, the subsequent Macpherson Report (1999) and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act (2000). Macpherson (1999) defined institutional racism as the collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. The Race Relations (Amendment) Act (2000) upheld that it was unlawful for public authorities and institutions to discriminate in carrying out their functions. In this book Pilkington reports on the ground level impact of these reports and legislation by documenting findings from his own empirical case study upon two institutions: the police and the academy. His research is located in one area in Northern england he investigates one Midshire police service and the local Midshire university. This book is topical and necessary as institutional racism within the academy is under-researched. Pilkingtons book explores how far institutions have taken steps to address institutional racism and promote racial equality. He considers the broader social context of racism and the challenging nature of racial discourse in Britain as well as debating the value of the term institutional racism. Pilkington highlights the practical complexities in improving racial equality by focusing upon the race equality procedures and experiences within a particular university and police service. Separate chapters are devoted to the police and the academy; both include interview transcripts to evidence and substantiate the contrast between the occupational cultures of these organisations. The chapters on Midshire police include interviews with Black, Asian and White police officers. Pilkington also examines the procedures for reporting racist incidents within the force and concludes that although appropriate policies were put in place at senior level the practical implementation of the policies has been less straightforward due to limited training and lack of resourcing. Pilkinton then concentrates on the academy and considers how one particular institution has addressed racial inequality. Within this section, Pilkington also explains and discusses the contested nature of equal opportunities. He compares liberal procedures which are deemed fair because they are the same for everyone and radical approaches, which focus on the redistribution of rewards specifically because treating everyone the same ignores differences between individuals and their social agency. This book is thorough and descriptive, it defines and explores the concept of institutional racism and provides an overview of relevant policy. Pilkingtons own research also gives insight into the more practical, real-life situations. Pilkington uses his research findings to raise awareness of ongoing issues regarding race equality. He proposes his own recommendations and suggests that society must consider Britain as a community of communities in order to challenge the conventional view whereby Britain is divided into two seemingly homogenous groupings: white majority and ethnic minorities. The book is well written and a very interesting read. Pilkington does a great job of explaining all the influencing political, economic and social factors that intertwine to challenge race equality. This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in race equality, those who work in public institutions, as well as students, teachers, managers and practitioners.
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Institutional Racism in the academy : a case Study Andrew Pilkington, 2011 Trentham Books Limited. Reviewed by Kate DArcy
Society must consider britain as a community of communities in order to challenge the conventional view whereby britain is divided into two seemingly homogenous groupings
Directors cOlUMN
Runnymede director Rob berkeley on sport as a powerful metaphor for our struggles in life
As a prematurely retired rugby player, brother to an Olympian, and son of a West Indian cricket fan, sport holds an important place in my life. I dont support a premiership football team but somehow cannot avoid having a view on the relative merits of Arsenal or Chelsea, Man City or united. Sport is often a site for our national conversation, bringing colleagues together at the water cooler, or providing a backdrop for those collective national moments. From Jonny Wilkinsons last minute drop goal, to Maradonnas Hand of God, or Coe v Ovett at the Moscow Olympics, sporting moments can become etched on the national imagination, and act as a unifying force. Sport is a powerful metaphor for our struggles in life. The epic stories of human endeavour that emerge from sporting events remain the source for inspiration on many fronts. unsurprisingly sport has been a key prism through which to see our struggles for race equality. From CLR James in Beyond a Boundary, to Norman Mailers The Fight, sport has been the site for much considered thinking about racial injustice in our societies. Sportsmen and women have often been able to use the profile gained through sport to challenge racism; from Victorian professional footballer Arthur Wharton, to Jesse Owens at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, or Tommie Smith and John Carloss Black Power salute at the 1968 Olympics, and the more recent interventions of Amir Khan, Rio Ferdinand, Isa Guha, and Sol Campbell in the uK; Zinedine Zidane in France or Cathy Freeman in Australia. 2012 is an exceptional sporting year with the formerly dominant West Indies cricket team touring england,
the most exciting end yet to a Football Premiership season, and ahead, euro 2012 and of course the Olympics in London. It is however not an exceptional year in terms of racism. Indeed it is depressingly familiar. The former england football captain awaits trial, accused of a racist public order offence; shocking investigations into violent far right activity in the ukraine and Poland threatens euro 2012, with the foreign office advising Black and Asian england fans to exercise caution; and critics of the Olympic jamboree claim it will benefit international big business much more than the ethnically diverse communities on whose doorstep the event is being held. Sport can provide a platform to emphasise our collective investment in meritocracy and the rule of law, but as in our political and economic life the mismatch between our aspirations in these areas and the reality of experience is great. It is clear sport is not immune to the patterns of racism in our society. Inequality in positions of power, mob mentality driving exclusion on the basis of ethnic background, sclerotic responses from governing bodies, and exploitation of the marginalised can all be found in sport as much as in our political and economic systems. The contrast between aspiration and reality is somehow more stark on the sporting field. Perhaps this is based on our sense of fair play and visceral disgust at injustices that mean we are all cheated of the best outcomes. Aside from the exceptional sporting moments that will undoubtedly be generated over this summer, I fervently hope that the sporting legacy will include greater readiness to take action to address the racial injustices off the field as well as on it.
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Spring 2012 Runnymede Bulletin (Sport)

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Spring 2012 Runnymede Bulletin (Sport)

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RUNNYMEDE

SPRING 2012 / ISSUE 369

Intelligence for a multi-ethnic Britain

2 | RUNNYMEDE bUllETIN | SPRING 2012 / ISSue 369

17 cUTS TO PUblIc SERvIcES

Culture Minister called to resign; 55.5% of young black males unemployed

10 a 1000 YEaRS aMNESIa:

12 TaSha DaNvERS, Olympic

16 laRRY (ONOchIE) achIkE,

11 clENch: whaT aRE YOU

18 REvIEwS 23 DIREcTORS cOlUMN

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Police racism under scrutiny

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NEwS EDITED bY klaRa SchMITz RESEaRch bY SOlOMON SchONfIElD

Swedens culture Minister called to resign

55.5% of young black males unemployed

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footballs unsung pioneer

Race, Sport and legacy

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On the Sporting Margins

Photo: Flickr/FARe network

a 1000 years amnesia: Sports in Muslim heritage

The Greeks Century BC

The Romans 5th

Did modern Civilisation really rise from nothing?

When Amnesia is eliminated

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Dark Ages Northern Europe

Photo: Flickr/Fox Tongue

clENch what are you fighting for?

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Photo: Riffat Ahmed & Jake Scott

Olympic Medalist & Mother

Photo: John Ord

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Photo: John Ord

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Photo: ByTamsin Slater Flickr

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KeY FACTS ABOuT...

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JUMPING MY TRUE POTENTIal

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Measuring the Impact of Public Service Reform

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Britains Black Olympians

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Photo:Flickr/Cheetah 100 Photo: Flickr/Karmadude

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Photo: Flickr/Voyages Provence

Photo: Flickr/Ian@The Papperboy.com

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