Qs. Discuss the application of composite materials in different industries.

Select one example and explain it in detail from manufacturing to application? Ans. Chobham armour is a special type of composite armour used in military applications. Carbon composite is a key material in today's launch vehicles and heat shields for the reentry phase of spacecraft. It is widely used in solar panel substrates, antenna reflectors and yokes of spacecraft. It is also used in payload adapters, inter-stage structures and heat shields of launch vehicles dental composites are used for: Filling gaps (diastemas) between teeth using a shell-like veneer or, Minor reshaping of teeth, Partial crowns on single teeth. Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields, such as Formula One. The compound is also used in sailboats, modern bicycles, and motorcycles. Wattle and daub (or wattle-and-daub) is a composite building material used for making walls

Wattle and daub (or wattle-and-daub) is a composite building material used for making walls, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw.The wattle is made by weaving thin branches (either whole, or more usually split) or slats between upright stakes. The wattle may be made as loose panels, slotted between timber framing to make infill panels, or it may be made in place to form the whole of a wall. Daub is generally created from a mixture of certain ingredients from three categories: binders, aggregates and reinforcement. Binders hold the mix together and can include clay, lime, chalk dust and limestone dust. Aggregates give the mix its bulk and dimensional stability through materials such as earth, sand, crushed chalk and crushed stone. Reinforcement is provided by straw, hair, hay or other fibrous materials, and helps to hold the mix together as well as to control shrinkage and provide flexibility. The daub may be mixed by hand, or by treading either by humans or livestock. It is then applied to the wattle and allowed to dry, and often then whitewashed to increase its resistance to rain. Qs. Why some carbon fiber epoxy composite laminates are designed with the carbon fibers of different layers oriented at different angles to each other? Ans. Fibers of high strength and stiffness are widely used in lightweight structures. Continous fibers embedded in a polymer matrix form the building blocks of laminated composites.When there is a single ply or a lay-up in which all of the layers or plies are stacked in the same orientation, the lay-up is called a lamina. When the plies are stacked at various angles, the lay-up is called a laminate. Continuous-fiber composites are normally laminated materials in which the individual

layers, plies, or laminae are oriented in directions that will enhance the strength in the primary load direction. Unidirectional (0) laminae are extremely strong and stiff in the 0 direction. However, they are very weak in the 90 direction because the load must be carried by the much weaker polymeric matrix. While a high-strength fiber can have a tensile strength of 500 ksi (3500 MPa) or more, a typical polymeric matrix normally has a tensile strength of only 5 to 10 ksi (35 to 70 MPa) . The longitudinal tension and compression loads are carried by the fibers, while the matrix distributes the loads between the fibers in tension and stabilizes the fibers and prevents them from buckling in compression. The matrix is also the primary load carrier for interlaminar shear (i.e., shear between the layers) and transverse (90) tension. Thus it is usually necessary to balance the load-carrying capability in a number of different directions, such as the 0, +45, -45, and 90 directions. Such composites can be tailored to meet various in-plane stiffness or strength requirements by appropriately stacking together similar orthotropic piles of dissimilar orientations.