Adobe Photoshop CS5 Booklet

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE
Web Design (PhotoShop CS5) DG 505
SCHOOL OF ICT
Edition 1 -- 2011
Table of Contents
USING PHOTOSHOP ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 FILE TYPES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Raster and Vector graphics .......................................................................................................................................... 1 GIFs .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 JPEG ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Vector Graphics ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 PSD Format .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 THE PHOTOSHOP ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 3 THE PHOTOSHOP TOOLBAR............................................................................................................................................... 4 TOOLS: A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Selection Tools ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Crop and Slice Tools .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Retouching Tools ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Painting Tools .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Drawing and type tools .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Notes, measuring and navigation tools ................................................................................................................... 8 Foreground / Background Colours ........................................................................................................................... 8 3D tools ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 PHOTOSHOP FUNDAMENTALS .............................................................................................................................. 10 CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 10 UNDO AND THE HISTORY PANEL ..................................................................................................................................... 12 THE ZOOM AND HAND TOOL ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Changing Resolution .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Changing Image Size.................................................................................................................................................. 15 TRANSFORMING IMAGES ................................................................................................................................................. 16 CROPPING AN IMAGE ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 REVISION EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21 USING THE SELECTION TOOLS ............................................................................................................................ 21 USING THE MARQUEE TOOLS .......................................................................................................................................... 21 The Rectangle Marquee tool ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Elliptical Marquee Tool.............................................................................................................................................. 23 THE LASSO TOOLS: ........................................................................................................................................................... 25 REFINING THE EDGES OF A SELECTION ........................................................................................................................... 27 THE QUICK SELECTION TOOL ......................................................................................................................................... 29 THE MAGIC WAND TOOL ................................................................................................................................................ 31 REVISION EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 35 WORKING WITH LAYERS .......................................................................................................................................... 35 NEW DOCUMENTS AND THE BACKGROUND LAYER......................................................................................................... 35 Limitations ................................................................................................................................................................ 36 The Reasons for the Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 36 Converting a Background Layer to a Normal Layer ................................................................................................... 36 Converting a Normal Layer to a Background Layer ................................................................................................... 36 BACKGROUND AND FOREGROUND COLOURS.................................................................................................................. 37 ADDING LAYERS AND GRAPHICS ..................................................................................................................................... 38 THE LAYERS PANEL ......................................................................................................................................................... 39 VARYING OPACITY, ROTATING AND MERGING LAYERS................................................................................................ 41 SCALING AND FLIPPING GRAPHICS ................................................................................................................................. 42 LAYER STYLES ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 LAYER AND VECTOR MASKS............................................................................................................................................. 46 Description of Define Mask box Features ................................................................................................................. 49 LOCKING LAYERS ............................................................................................................................................................ 50 REVISION EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 53 MAKING CHANGES (RETOUCHING TOOLS) .................................................................................................... 53 CLONING WITH THE CLONE STAMP TOOL ...................................................................................................................... 53 CLONING WITH THE HEALING BRUSH TOOL .................................................................................................................. 55 The History Panel ....................................................................................................................................................... 56 CONTENT AWARE FILL .................................................................................................................................................... 57 THE RED EYE TOOL ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 REVISION EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................... 60
Page 1 of 66
Using Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop CS5 is an image editing program that enables you to create and modify digital images. A digital image is a picture in electronic form. Using Photoshop you can create original artwork, manipulate colour images, and retouch photographs. You can repair and restore damaged areas within an image, combine images and create graphic and special effects for the web. Photoshop allows you to work with images from a variety of sources. You can create your own original artwork in Photoshop, use images downloaded from the web, or use images that have been scanned or created using a digital camera
File Types
When you finish working with an image you can save it in a format appropriate for Web or Print use.
Raster and Vector graphics

Most of the images you will work with in Photoshop are composed of pixels. The word pixel comes from a combination of the words picture and element. A pixel is the smallest measurable unit of an image. An image is made up of a grid (or some will say a raster) of pixels that is known as a bitmap or raster graphic. Each pixel is given its own colour and brightness or intensity. The two most common bitmap file types on the Web today are graphical formats-GIF and JPEG. GIFs The GIF image format uses a popular compression algorithm called Lempel-Ziv-Welsh, the easiest and most efficient way to compress files into the smallest possible size. The Lempel-Ziv-Welsh algorithm is the equivalent of stuffing all of your clothes into a suitcase and filling it to its limits. You are left with a reasonably sized file that is universally recognized on all computers and by almost every graphics program. By far, GIFs are the most popular image file type in the world. By compressing, and subsequently decompressing (unpacking your suitcase) your file, you don't lose any detail, all of the colours remain the same, and your image never changes its appearance from its original look. The drawback to using GIFs is that they are not particularly efficient when you are saving photographs, or any other images that have many different colours and shades in them. GIFs perform best when there's only a handful of different colours to display. If you scan a photograph into your computer and save it as a GIF, you'll be surprised how large your file might end up particularly when compared to the other major WWW graphics standard JPEG. Additionally, GIF images can only have a maximum of 256 different colours in any one file.
Page 2 of 66 JPEG A more recent development, JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. Also commonly known as JPG, this format was developed to be significantly more efficient than GIFs in several circumstances, especially larger images with many colours. JPEG uses a more advanced compression algorithm than the GIF format, and this algorithm shrinks your graphics into a smaller file. The JPEG compression algorithm works much differently than the GIF format but also has some drawbacks. GIFs take the original image and shrink it as tight as it can be shrunk. JPEGs use a "lossy" algorithm, which means there is some loss of detail when saving and looking at images in this format. It's the equivalent of having somebody take out a few items of clothing from your packed suitcase in order to make your suitcase smaller. As a result, JPEG files often are not as detailed as GIF images, but can offer as much as a 35% improvement in file size and compression. Additionally, since JPEGs were built to handle photographs, they are much more efficient at handling lots of colours and shades. This means that JPEG files tend to be smaller and, consequently, they download quicker when browsing the WWW. This makes JPEG images more attractive to Web developers because visitors can see their images much quicker. The JPG image format supports up to 16.7 million different colours-significantly more than GIF files. Vector Graphics Vector Graphics are defined by mathematical formulas that generate geometric shapes. Vector graphics are used to create logos and other types of artwork that include discrete geometric objects, rather than photographic images that contain subtle gradation of shades and colour. Because vector graphics are defined by a series of mathematical instructions so if you increase their size by any conceivable amount they still look smooth on screen or in print. Bitmap graphics on the other hand will pixelate i.e. their edges will become jagged and the picture will lose clarity. PSD Format PSD stands for Photoshop Document format. It is the default file format for files created from scratch in Photoshop and supports files up to 2 gigabytes. The PSD format also maximizes portability among other Adobe applications. Other file formats when opened in Photoshop can also be Saved As to a PSD format.
Page 3 of 66
The Photoshop Environment

Tools Panel Document Tab Application Bar Options Bar Workplace Switcher Panel Doc
Component
Tools Panel
Function
Contains tools to select, draw, paint, edit and view images. You can also choose foreground and background colours, create masks, rotate , move, and zoom an image. Displays the name of the file youre currently working on, the current magnification, the documents colour mode and allows you to switch to other open files. Contains tools to launch Adobe Bridge, to show guides, grids and rulers, to select image magnification, hand, zoom and rotate tools and menus to arrange documents and change screen modes. Displays the various options for a selected tool. The options vary according to the active tool. (the tool that has been click on) Contains panel groups, which displays options and commands you can use to modify images. Panels can be docked or free floating. Panels can be opened from the Windows menu. Contains options for displaying panels related to specific operation, such as image analysis, colour and tone or painting. Essentials is the initial selection. Preset options are available or you can save custom layouts.
Document Tabs Application Bar
Options Bar Panel Dock
Workplace Menu
Page 4 of 66
The Photoshop Toolbar

Button to display panel in 2 columns
Gripper bar Rectangle Marquee Tool
Move Tool Lasso Tool Quick Selection Tool Crop Tool Eyedropper Tool Spot Healing Brush Tool Brush Tool Clone Stamp Tool History Brush Tool Eraser Tool Gradient Tool Blur Tool Dodge Tool Pen Tool Horizontal Type Tool Path Selection Tool Rectangle Tool 3D Rotate Tool 3D Orbit Tool Hand Tool
Default Foreground & Background Colours
Zoom Tool
Switch Foreground & Background Colour
Set Foreground Colour Edit in Quick Mask Mode
Set Background
Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 5 of 66
Tools: a brief description Selection Tools

The M ove tool: moves selections, layers, and guides The m arquee tools: make rectangular, elliptical, single row, and single column selections. The lasso tools: make freehand, polygonal (straight-edged), and magnetic (snap-to) selections. The Quick Selection tool: lets you quickly paint i.e. make a selection using an adjustable round brush tip which you move over a graphic. The M agic W and tool: selects similarly coloured areas.
Crop and Slice Tools

The Crop tool: trims images The Slice tool: creates slices The Slice Select tool: selects slices
Retouching Tools
The Spot Healing Brush tool: removes blemishes and objects or The Healing Brush tool: paints with a sample pattern to repair imperfections in an image. The P atch tool: repairs imperfections in a selected area of an image using a sample or pattern. The Red Eye tool: removes the red reflection caused by a flash.
The Clone Stam p tool: paints with a sample of an image. The P attern Stam p tool: paints with part of an image as a pattern.
Page 6 of 66
The Eraser tool: erases pixels and restores parts of an image to a previously saved state. The Background Eraser tool: erases areas to transparency by dragging. The M agic Eraser tool: erases solidcoloured areas to transparency with a single click. The Blur tool: blurs hard edges in an image. The Sharpen tool: sharpens soft edges in an image. The Sm udge tool: smudges data in an image. The Dodge tool: lightens areas in an image. The Burn tool: darkens areas in an image. The Sponge tool: changes the colour saturation of an area.
Painting Tools
The Brush tool paints brush strokes. The P encil tool: paints hard-edged strokes. The Colour Replacem ent tool: replaces a selected colour with a new colour. The M ix er Brush tool: Simulates realistic painting techniques such as blending canvas colours and varying paint wetness. The History Brush tool: paints a copy of the selected state or snapshot into the current image window. The Art History brush tool: paints with stylized strokes that simulate the look of different paint styles, using a selected state or snapshot.
Page 7 of 66
The gradient tools create straight-line, radial, angle, reflected, and diamond blends between colours. The P aint Bucket tool: fills similarly coloured areas with the foreground colour.
Drawing and type tools

The path selection tools: make shape or segment selections showing anchor points, direction lines, and direction points.
The type tools: create type on an image. The type m ask tools: create a selection in the shape of type.
The pen tools: let you draw smooth-edged paths. Also Add and Delete anchor points on drawings
The shape tools and Line tool: draw shapes and lines in a normal layer or a shape layer.
The Custom Shape tool: makes customized shapes selected from a custom shape list.
Page 8 of 66
Notes, measuring and navigation tools

The Eyedropper tool: samples colours in an image. The Colour Sam pler tool: displays colour values for up to four areas. The Ruler tool: measures distances, locations, and angles. The Note tool: makes notes that can be attached to an image. The Count tool: counts objects in an image. The Hand tool: moves an image within its window. The Rotate View tool: non-destructively rotates the canvas. The Zoom tool: magnifies and reduces the view of an image.
Foreground / Background Colours

Foreground / Background Colours
Photoshop uses the foreground colour as the colour for paint, fill, and stroke selections and the background colour to make gradient fills and fill in the erased areas of an image. The foreground and background colours are also used by some special effects filters. Note: The background fills in the erased areas of an image can only be done on a Background layer. You can designate a new foreground or background colour If you double click on the Foreground colour box or the Background colour box and then using the Colour Picker. The default foreground colour is black, and the default background colour is white.
Page 9 of 66
3D tools
The 3D Object Rotate tool: rotates the object around its x-axis. The 3D Object Roll tool: rotates the object around its z-axis. The 3D Object P an tool: pans the object in the x or y direction. The 3D Object Slide tool: moves the object laterally when you drag horizontally, or forward and back when you drag vertically. The 3D Object Scale tool: scales the object larger or smaller.
The 3D Rotate Cam era tool orbits the camera in the x or y direction. The 3D Roll Cam era tool: rotates the camera around the z-axis. The 3D P an Cam era tool: pans the camera in the x or y direction. The 3D W alk Cam era tool: moves laterally when you drag horizontally, or forward and back when you drag vertically. The 3D Zoom Cam era tool: changes the field of view closer or farther away.
Page 10 of 66
Chapter 1 Photoshop Fundamentals

Creating a new Document
Task: 1. Click on the applications bar and select New. The new document window opens. See: Figure 1-1 ( Short Cut Keys Ctrl + n )
Figure 1-1
2. Name the new file Practice.psd 3. Set the Preset to Custom
4. Make the Width 800 Pixels, the Height 600 Pixels and the Resolution 300 5. Set the Colour Mode to CMYK.
6. Set the Colour Profile to Dont colour manage this Document 7. 8. Leave Pixel Aspect Ratio on Square Pixels Click OK and save the document.
Points to Note :
Color modes
RGB Color mode RGB images use three colours, Red, Green and Blue (Channels) With 24-bit images, the three channels can reproduce up to 16.7 million colours per pixel. With 48-bit (16-bits-per-channel) and 96-bit (32-bits-per-channel) images, even more colours can be reproduced per pixel. In addition to being the default mode for new Photoshop images, the RGB model is used by computer monitors to display colours. This means that when working in colour modes other than RGB, such as CMYK, Photoshop converts the CMYK image to RGB for display on screen. To summarise : RGB Colour mode should be used for full colour work to be displayed on monitors.
Page 11 of 66 CMYK Color mode In the CMYK mode, each pixel is assigned a percentage value for each of the process inks. The lightest (highlight) colours are assigned small percentages of process ink colours; the darker (shadow) colours higher percentages. For example, a bright red might contain 2% cyan, 93% magenta, 90% yellow, and 0% black. To summarise : Use the CMYK mode when preparing an image to be printed using process colours. Lab Color mode The CIE L*a*b* colour model (Lab) is based on the human perception of colour. The numeric values in Lab describe all the colours that a person with normal vision sees. Because Lab describes how a colour looks rather than how much of a particular colorant is needed for a device (such as a monitor, desktop printer, or digital camera) to produce colours, Lab is considered to be a device-independent colour model. Colour management systems use Lab as a colour reference to predictably transform a colour from one colour space to another colour space. Grayscale mode Greyscale mode uses different shades of grey in an image. In 8-bit images, there can be up to 256 shades of grey. Every pixel of a greyscale image has a brightness value ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). In 16 and 32-bit images, the number of shades in an image is much greater than in 8-bit images. Greyscale values can also be measured as percentages of black ink coverage (0% is equal to white, 100% to black). Greyscale mode uses the range defined by the working space setting that you specify in the Colour Settings dialog box. Bitmap mode Bitmap mode uses one of two colour values (black or white) to represent the pixels in an image. Images in Bitmap mode are called bitmapped 1-bit images because they have a bit depth of 1.
Colour Profile
Are a group of preset settings for controlling how colour will appear on your monitor and in printed documents.
Page 12 of 66
Undo and the History Panel

When using a new program one of the first things that will happen is that the user will make mistakes. No problemthat is a part of the learning process. You may just change your mind and want to do something a different way. In most programs one would click on the UNDO button ( Short cut keys Ctrl + z ) until you get back to where you want to be. In Photoshop UNDO works only once then no more! What to do? Photoshop uses the History Panel. To open it click on the Windows menu then go down and click on History. Below from left to right.it shows no changes then in the middle the same document with 13 changes. At this point the user decides that he wants to undo the last eight changes back to Elliptical Marquee. And so all that he has to do is click once on the Elliptical Marquee change and the last eight actions are undone. No guessing no watching as the changes are undone with Ctrl + z. You just click and its done. Also if you change your mind and want to go backwards or forwards you can just click on the change and youre there.
Page 13 of 66
The Zoom and Hand tool

When we work with various sized graphics in Photoshop the zoom and the hand tools can be essential for making the task easier. Task: 1. Click on File in the applications Bar, click Open, browse to the chapter 1 graphics file and open Dove.jpg (See: Figure 1-2.) 2. Click View on the applications bar, click Fit on Screen. This reduces the image to fit onto your screen. The magnification is shown in the bottom left of your screen. 3. Click the Zoom tool and click once on the pictureThe magnification increases with each click. To decrease the magnification hold down the ALT key and click on the picture. 4. Save as Your file as Dove.Psd Short Cut Keys Fit to screen : Ctrl 0 Zoom In : Ctrl + Zoom Out : Ctrl Access Hand Tool : Press and hold the spacebar then move with the hand
Figure 1-2.
Page 14 of 66
Changing Resolution and Image size

Resolution is a measurement of the number of pixels per square inch (ppi). Generally speaking the higher the resolution the higher the quality of the picture.
Changing Resolution
Task: 1. Open the Dove.Psd file 2. 3. Click Image Size on the Application bar. Figure 1-3 appears as shown : Click the Resample Image check box To remove the check tick.
Figure 1-3
To Resample means to change the total pixel Count of an image. When the Resample Image check box is not checked the total number of pixels in the image will remain the same no matter what changes you make to its size. 4. Change the Resolution to 30 and the width increases to 85.333 and the height to 64 cms. As the number of pixels in the picture Must stay the same. See: Figure 1-4 5. To Reset the picture press and hold the Alt key and the Cancel button will change to A Reset buttonClick it. And the settings will return to what they were before the last change.
Figure 1-4
Page 15 of 66
Changing Image Size

Image size refers to the dimensions of the Photoshop file. Image size is not dependant on resolution. Resolution refers to the dots per square inch of the graphic. Any original graphic will have a set number of pixels. If the dimension of the graphic is increased the same number of pixels will have to show the picture spread over a larger area. The picture quality will suffer. To help diminish this loss of quality Photoshop uses a process called interpolation which when the graphic is enlarged creates additional pixels in between the original pixels. These additional pixels are given an average colour and brightness of the surrounding original pixels. If there are too many created pixels compared to the original pixels the result will be a poor quality larger graphic. Figure 1-5. Task: 1. Open the Dog1 Image Resize.psd file in Photoshop. 2. Click Image Size on the Application bar (See: Figure 1-5.) 3. Make sure that the check box is checked. 4. Change the dimensions to those shown In Figure 1-6.
Figure 1-6. 5. The resolution has not changed But notice that the Pixel dimension has gone from 33.8K to 1.27M. Interpolation has added the vast majority of the pixels in the new enlarged picture. And the quality of the picture has dropped to an unacceptable level as well.
6. Return the dimensions to the original settings and then use the Zoom Tool to enlarge the picture to 500%. You will notice that the whole picture is pixelated and the edges are stepped. The lesson to be learned is that pixels created by interpolation can be good but only in relatively small doses. This will vary from image to image. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 16 of 66
Transforming Images
When an image is opened in Photoshop it usually take up the whole canvas. The canvas can though be enlarged exposing additional canvas around the original image. This space can then be used for other purposes. Images on the canvas can also be transformed which include: scaled, skewed, rotated and flipped (horizontally and vertically). Task: 1. Open Forbidden City.jpg from the Chapter 1 graphics folder. Save it as Forbidden City.psd 2. On the application bar click Image then Image Rotation than select 90 degrees CW 3. On the Application bar click Image then click Canvas size.
4. Change the settings to those shown Figure 1-7 in Figure 1-7. Note that the Anchor grid has been clicked on the centre column and the bottom row. This will move the image to the bottom of the enlarged canvas and will expose an empty row of canvas at the top of the Image. 5. Open the North Entrance.jpg file in the Chapter 1 Graphics folder. 6. Click Select on the applications bar Then click on All. You have now selected the image, copy it (ctrl + c or Edit, Copy) 7. Move to Forbidden City.psd. Then Paste the North Entrance.jpg (ctrl + v or Edit, Paste). Move the graphic into position as shown in Figure 1-8. using the Move tool. 8. Click on the Horizontal Type Tool then on the Options Bar select Arial, Bold and 12pt font. Now click and type into the area shown North Entrance Forbidden City 9. While you are still clicked on the text tool high light the text you just typed, Click on a style from the Styles Panel. (See: Figure 1-9). Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 17 of 66
10.
Save your work.
Figure 1-8. Figure 1-9.
Note: The Information panel is useful when you want to know statistics about a graphic. It is available as all other panels are under the Windows menu on the Applications bar.
Page 18 of 66
Cropping an Image
Cropping an image is where you define a part of an image that you want to keep and then discard the rest of the image. Photoshops Crop Tool has the feature of giving you the option of previewing the result before you execute it. Cropping a picture can enhance or feature a particular aspect of the picture. Task : 1. Open SkyTower1.JPG from the graphics Chapter 1 folder and save it as SkyTower1.psd. 2. Change the percentage view to 50%.
Figure 1- 9.
3. You will notice on the crop option bar (See Figure 1-9 ) that you can force the cropped picture to a specified Height and width and resolution. Remember that if you are going to significantly increase the size of the cropped Figure 1_10 image that the image will begin to suffer a loss of quality with the additional pixels being created by interpolation. For this example leave the boxes blank. 4. Using Figure 1-10 as a guide position the crop tool click And drag the crop marquee around the tower. If it is not positioned correctly you can use the arrow keys on the keyboard to reposition it. Otherwise press the Esc key and start again. 5. Once you have the crop marquee positioned youll notice that the tower is leaning slightly to the right. Move your mouse pointer out side of the marquee and it will change to a rotate pointer click and drag it CCW to straighten the tower. 6. When you are satisfied with the crop marquee double Click inside the crop marquee. Your cropping has finished. 7. Save your work.
Page 19 of 66
Revision Exercises.
Exercise 1: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter1 Task: In Photoshop you are to make a file called KiafengPets.psd. It is to appear As Figure9 shown below. The dimensions of the picture is 600 pixels wide x 450 pixels high. The pictures that make up KiafengPets are indicated below as well. These pictures are available in the Chapter1 graphics folder. You will have to adjust each image size and the canvas size as well. Cat.jpg
Figure 1- 9.
Dog2.jpg
Dog3.jpg
Chickens.jpg
Page 20 of 66
Exercise 2: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter1. Task: In Photoshop you are to make a file called Dog2CloseUp.psd. It is to appear as Figure10 shown below. You are to use the crop tool to modify Dog2.JPG which is available in the Chapter1 graphics folder.
Figure 1-10.
Page 21 of 66
Chapter 2 Using the selection Tools

To make any changes to a graphic you must first select what you want to change. The Toolbar has three types of selection tools. The Marquee Tools, the Lasso Tools and the Magic Wand tools.
Using the Marquee Tools
The Marquee tools are basic tools for making a selection. The Rectangular tool will select any size or shape rectangular area or a square, when used with the Shift key. The Elliptical tool will select any size oval or circular shaped area when also used with the Shift key. Single Row or Column selects a one pixel row or column. For the Rectangle Marquee tool or the Elliptical Marquee tool you can choose a style in the options bar: See Below:
Normal : Determines marquee proportions by dragging. Fixed Ratio : Sets a height-to-width ratio. Enter values (decimal values are valid) for the aspect ratio. For example, to draw a marquee twice as wide as it is high, enter 2 for the width and 1 for the height. Fixed Size : Specifies set values for the marquees height and width. Enter pixel values in whole numbers.
Note: To deselect any object that is selected click on the Select Menu and then click
on Deselect OR use the short cut keys Ctrl + D
Page 22 of 66
The Rectangle Marquee tool

Task: 1. In Photoshop Open Tiger.jpg in the Chapter 2 graphics folder. 2. Click on the Rectangular Marquee Tool and draw a rectangle around the tigers Figure 2-1. head as shown in Figure 2-1 3. Go to the Edit Menu And select Copy or use the Short cut Keys Ctrl + C. 4. Now paste the tigers head, Ctrl + V. You will notice that another layer has been created and shown in the layers panel. See Figure 2-2 Layers are covered in detail in Chapter 3.
Figure 2-2.
5. Use the move tool and shift the tigers head to the bottom right hand corner of the picture.
Figure 2-3.
6. Click on the Tigers head with the move tool then click on the Edit menu and go down and select Free Transform. You can then use the corner handles of the tool around the tigers head to drag outwards and make a larger head. It should now appear as it does in Figure 2-3 7. Save as your work as Tiger.psd
Page 23 of 66
Elliptical Marquee Tool

Task: 1. In Photoshop Open Man1.jpg in the Chapter 2 graphics folder. 2. Save as your file as Man 1.psd.
Figure 2-4.
3. Click on the New Layer button located at the bottom of the layers panel. See Figure 2-4 4. While you are clicked on layer 1 in the layers panel press and hold the Alt key and press the Delete key. This will activate the foreground colour for the layer. New Layer Because Layer 1 is above the background layer you will now only see the foreground colour of Layer 1. We are now going to cut a hole in Layer 1 using the Elliptical Marquee Tool to see some of the background layer behind it. 5. Hide the foreground colour of layer 1 by clicking its show / hide button . 6. Click on the Elliptical Marquee Tool and draw an ellipse around the man as shown in Figure 2-5. Hint: Hold the Alt key down, place the cross hair in the middle of the picture then click and drag to the bottom of the Figure 2-5. picture. When you have released you can then use the keyboard arrow keys to move the Marquee around the picture. To deselect the Marquee you can use the short cut keys Ctrl + D. 7. Once you are happy with the position of the Marquee go to the marquees option bar at the top of the screen and change the Feather option to 32.
8.
Show Layer 1 again by clicking on the show /
hide button . Then delete the area within the marquee by pressing the Delete key on the keyboard. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 24 of 66 Your picture will now look like what appears in Figure 2-6. And the layer panel should look like Figure 2-7
Figure 2-6. Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-8.
If you are not happy with your foreground colour you will have to change it and redo the exercise from that point. To change the foreground colour click on the Foreground Colour Button on the Tool Bar which will bring up the Colour Swatch from which you can change the colour. See Figure 2-8. 9. Save your work.
Foreground Colour
Note: The easy way to fill a layers Foreground and Background with your new colour is to use short cut keys : Foreground.Alt + Delete BackgroundCtrl + Delete
Page 25 of 66
The lasso tools:
The Lasso tools are used to draw freehand selection borders around objects. The lasso tools provide more flexibility than the marquee tools with their standardized shapes and might be more suitable than the quick selection tool when the object has a non contrasting back ground. There are three kinds of lasso tools. The Lasso Tool (default) allows you to create a selection by using the mouse to drag around any object in the document window. You select the Lasso Tool (L) button on the tools panel. You then begin to drag around the desired area. When your release the mouse left button Photoshop connects the selection border to the point where you began dragging and where you finished the loop. The Lasso tool is useful for a quick rough selection. The Polygon Lasso Tool is chosen from the Lasso tools context menu. It is similar to the Lasso Tool however it uses straight line segments. To use the Polygonal Lasso, choose the tool, click on the document window then release the mouse button, move the pointer to another position on the document and click again by repeating these steps you can draw a border around the most complex of objects. When you reach the last click, double click to complete the selection. The Magnetic Lasso Tool can also be chosen from the context menu. To use it you click close to the edge of the object that you wish to select. The Magnetic Lasso tries to find the edge of the object by looking for the closest colour change. It then attaches the marquee to the pixel on the edge of the colour change. As you move the mouse around the edge of the object the Magnetic Lasso follows laying the marquee around the object as you go. You can create more fastening points by clicking as you go thus forcing a change in direction as required. By double clicking at the end of your selection the selection is completed. This tool is probably best used on pictures containing objects of higher contrast. Once the Lasso Tool is selected you can use the keys Shift + L and you can cycle through the three lasso tools. You will note that each of these tools when clicked on will have a different set of options on the Option Bar available to it. See Figure 2-9
Page 26 of 66
New Selection Subtract from Selection
Figure 2-9.
Add to Selection
Intersect with selection
Remember that when you make a selection it is indicated by the marquee. When you deselect (Ctrl + D) you no longer have a selection. The New Selection Button: enables you to start a new selection The Add to Selection Button: enables you to add additional selections to what you have already selected The Subtract from Selection: enables you to make deselect an area within an already existing selection. The Intersect with Selection Button: enables you to select a part of an existing selection. Task: 1. In Photoshop Open Flowers.jpg in the Chapter 2 graphics folder. 2. Use what ever lasso tool that you want to use to select the red flowers. Once selected use the bucket tool to change the colour of the flowers. See what effects that you can create. 3. Save as your file as Flowers.Psd
Task: 1. In Photoshop Open Lion.jpg in the Chapter 2 graphics folder. 2. Use what ever lasso tool that you want to use to select the Lion. Once selected use the bucket tool to change the colour of the Lion. See what effects that you can create. 3. Save as your file as Lion.Psd
Page 27 of 66
Refining the edges of a Selection

Figure 2-10.
Refining the edges of a selection is the way that Photoshop cleans up and makes the edges of you selection much more precise. Note how rough the selection of the flower is in Figure 2-10. There is a fairly quick way to rectify the situation and that Is to click on the Refine Edge Button on the selection tools Option bar. as shown in Figure 2-11, When you do This the selection is opened in an edit window and the Refine Figure 2-11 Edge Panel is opened as Shown in Figure 2-12 Next You click on the Refine Radius Tool as also shown in Figure 2-12.
Figure 2-12.
Refine Radius Tool
Page 28 of 66 Note: the size of the Refine Radius tool brush can be changed on the Option Bar at the top of the screen. Moving the brush around the edge of the flowers We would notice how the missing parts of flowers (that were cut off by the rough selection) start to appear again As we paint around the flowers we should try to keep to the edge and not go very far into the image. Just cover the area of transition, from the edge outwards. The last step would be to select the Decontaminate Color check box and output to New Layer and Layer Mask. Then click OK. Figure 2-13 shows the finished selection with all of the finer details restored. This selection could then be used for what ever purpose that the user had in mind.
Figure 2-13.
Note: Once the Refining of the edge of your selection has been completed the file can be Saved as a JPEG/JPG file or any of quite a few other picture file formats. An important thing to remember is that the new picture file will only show the layers that are (at the time of saving) marked visible . in the Layer Panel Your Task is to complete this exercise. The Flowers.JPG file is in the Chapter 2 graphics folder. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 29 of 66
The Quick Selection Tool
The Quick Selection Tool is used to make a selection quickly using the tool with the mouse. As you drag the tool around an object a selection is created automatically, expanding around the border of the object following its defined edges. It looks for a contrast in colour and aligns the selection border to that contrast. The end result is that everything outside of the object is selected. Task: 1. In Photoshop Open Frangipani.JPG in the Chapter 2 graphics folder. 2. Drag the Quick Selection tool around the flower as shown in Figure 2-14
Note: the Marquee around the flower and the border.

Figure 2-14.
3. Now hit the Delete Key on the Keyboard to delete the selected area. Because you are on a background layer it cannot be deleted (see Background Layers in Chapter 3) and Photoshop offers to fill the deleted area. See Figure 2-15
Page 30 of 66
Figure 2-15.
4. Choose the foreground Colour and an Opacity of 50 %. The result should look something like Figure 2-16 depending upon which foreground colour you have chosen. 5. Save your work as Frangipani.psd
Figure 2-16.
Page 31 of 66
The Magic Wand Tool

The Magic Wand Tool lets you select a consistently coloured area with a single click. For example, if you wanted to select the blue sky in an image, clicking with the magic wand tool anywhere on the blue sky would automatically select it, no matter the shape the blue area. To use the Magic Wand Tool, you click the Magic Wand Tool on the Tools panel. When you use it and click in the image Photoshop selects every pixel that contains the same or similar colours at the location that you clicked. Just how similar the colours are that are selected depends upon the Tolerance level that you select in the Magic Wand Tool options bar. (See Below). A low value selects fewer similar shades of colour while a larger number selects a greater range of similar colours.
The default setting is to select contiguous pixels only (i.e.) pixels that are all next to each other. Photoshop does give you the option of choosing all pixels of the same colour in the picture by un-checking the Contiguous Check Box. The anti alias Check Box smooths the jagged edges of a selection by softening the colour transition between the edge and the background. Note: By holding down the Shift key you can add to your existing selections. Also by holding down the Alt key you can subtract from your selection. And by holding down the Ctrl key you can drag and move your selection Task: 1. In Photoshop Open BlueSky.JPG in the Chapter 2 graphics folder.
2. Click on the Magic Wand Tool change the option bar settings to those shown below. Now with the Magic Wand Tool selected click on the blue sky. The blue sky will now be selected as shown in Figure 2-17
Page 32 of 66
Figure 2-17
Notice that only the blue sky has been selected the kite within the selection has not been selected. Had the tolerance been set higher a part of it or maybe all of it would have been selected. 3. Click on the paint bucket in the tools panel. Its option bar will appear at the top of the screen. Change its opacity to 50% as shown below.
Change the Foreground colour to the colour that you want your sky to become. With the bucket selected click on the blue sky and its colour will change to your current foreground colour. You can experiment with different colours. Figure 2-18 shows the difference with using light blue. Note: to change the Foreground colour, remember to click on it in the Tools Panel.
Foreground Colour
Page 33 of 66
Figure 2-18.
4.
Save as your work as BlueSky.psd
Page 34 of 66
Revision Exercises.
Exercise 1: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 2 Task: In Photoshop you are to open the file WhiteRose.jpg from the Chapter 2 Revision exercises graphics folder. Use what ever tools that you wish to select the white rose. Then change the colour of the rose to what ever colour and shades of that colour that you want. An example is shown below:
Save your work as ColouredRose.psd
Page 35 of 66
Chapter 3 Working with Layers

Layers allow the user to separate different graphics / components onto different virtual layers within a single document. Adding layers to your document allows you to make changes and add effects to the individual components on each layer without them interfering with each other. Each layer is independent of the others and components can be moved around the document however the user wishes. There can be just one component per layer.
New Documents and the Background layer

The Background layer is a special type of layer which is the default layer when White or Background Colour are chosen for the Background Contents in the New document window. If Transparent is chosen a Normal layer will be started with the name Layer1. See Figure 3-1. What makes it different to other layers is that it has strict limitations put on it which the normal layers don't Figure 3-1. have. In a nut shell whenever you create a new document or open a digital photo in Photoshop; Photoshop creates a new document for us with one layer in the Layers Palette, a special layer named "Background". The only exception to this is if we choose "Transparent" as our background for the new document, in which case the single layer we're presented with in our new document will be a normal, transparent layer named "Layer 1". The Background Layer and Why It's Special Now that we've looked at the one and only way that will prevent Photoshop from giving us our special Background layer, we can look at why this layer is considered "special" in the first place. The reason for it is that the Background layer has limitations placed on it which normal layers don't have. So what are these limitations?
Page 36 of 66
Limitations
1. Background layers cannot be transparent and cannot contain transparent areas. They serve as the background for our document, and as backgrounds it would not be very good if we could not see them. 2. You can't delete any selected part of them without replacing the deleted part with a colour or pattern ect. When you hit the delete button the following box to the right will appear showing your options to fill the deleted area. 3. Background Layers can't be moved. If you try youll receive the message shown below:
The Reasons for the Limitations When you open a digital photo in Photoshop to work on it, your photo is placed on the Background layer in the new document that Photoshop opens. It is as it says a background layer, which is a relatively secure space for what ever is placed in it designed to be a background. Any more suggestions are welcomed. Converting a Background Layer to a Normal Layer If, for some reason, you decide that your work in Photoshop would be better served without the limitations of a Background layer, you can easily convert the Background layer to a normal layer simply by holding down the Alt key and double-clicking on the name "Background" in the Layers panel. Photoshop will automatically change the name to "Layer 0", and all limitations that were once placed on the layer as a Background layer will be instantly removed, leaving you with a normal layer. Converting a Normal Layer to a Background Layer With the bottom-most layer in the layer stack selected (this only works on the bottom layer) go up to the Layer Menu at the top of the screen, select "New" from the list of options, and then select "Background from Layer". Photoshop will convert the layer to a Background layer and rename it "Background".
Page 37 of 66
Background and Foreground Colours

Photoshop uses the foreground colour to paint, fill, and stroke selections and the background colour to make gradient fills and fill in the erased areas of an image. The foreground and background colours are also used by some special effects filters. You can designate a new foreground or background colour using the Eyedropper tool, the Colour panel, the Swatches panel, or the Adobe Colour Picker. If you click on the Foreground colour box or the Background colour box the Colour Picker box will appear as shown to the right. You will then be able to select a new colour for your background or foreground.
Note: The easy way to fill a layers Foreground and Background with your new colour is to use short cut keys : Foreground.Alt + Delete BackgroundCtrl + Delete The default foreground colour is black, and the default background colour is white. Foreground and background colour boxes in toolbox A. B. C. D. Default Colours icon Switch Colours icon Foreground colour box Background colour box To reverse the foreground and background colours, click the Switch Colours icon in the toolbox. To restore the default foreground and background colours, click the Default Colours icon in the toolbox. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 38 of 66
Adding Layers and Graphics

When in Photoshop you go to File and then Open, a dialog box opens and you can either open an already existing .PSD file or you can open a graphic file of many different file types. As shown on the previous page when you select one it will be placed in a Background Layer or Layer1 if you choose a Transparent Background. And you can swap them around between the two types as you please. New layers can be added by clicking on Layer in the applications bar and then on New and Layer which then brings up the New Layer box, from which you can set some of its properties if you want to. A second way to create layers is to click on the Create New Layer button at the bottom of the Layers Panel. Once you have created a new layer all you have to do is add a new graphic to itbut how? A simple way is to go to File once again and Open and choose a graphic. The graphic will open in a separate .psd file. In this second file go to Select on the applications bar and choose All. With the graphic now selected copy it (Ctrl + C on the keyboard) or Edit then Copy. Change to your first file by Clicking on its file Tab at the top of the screen Click on your new layer in the Layers Panel and paste Your graphic into it. You may then have to resize your new graphic to suit the size of your document.
Create New Layer
Note: Graphics can also be pasted directly from other

applications into Photoshop layers. But be sure to select the layer in the layers panel first then paste.
Tabs
Page 39 of 66
The layers Panel

The Layers panel lists all layers, layer groups, and layer effects in an image. You can use the Layers panel to show and hide layers, create new layers, and work with groups of layers. You can access additional commands and options in the Layers panel menu. Task: 1. Open WorkingWithlayers1.psd . 2. Right Click on any one of the picture thumbnails within the layers panel and choose MediumThumbnails. 3. Click the layer visibility button will make it visible again on the Forbidden City layer. Clicking it again
4. Double Click text Layer 2 in the layers panel and rename the layer Pagoda Park. 5. Click on the Great Wall layer in the layers panel and drag it to just below the Pagoda Park layer. See Figure 3-2
Figure 3- 2.
You now notice that the Great Wall graphic has moved behind the Pagoda Park graphic. The order from top to bottom in the layers panel determines the front to back order within the document.
6. Click on the Binoculars layer then click on the Move Tool and drag the Binoculars to the centre of the document. 7. Right Click on the Passport layer then select Duplicate Layer. A new duplicate layer including the passport graphic is created.
8. Click on the new duplicate layer and with the Move Tool drag the second Passport to a position next to the original passport. See Figure 3-3
Page 40 of 66
9.
Save as your work as WorkingWithlayers2.psd
Figure 3- 3.
Page 41 of 66
Varying Opacity, Rotating and Merging Layers

Opacity in Photoshop refers to how opaque artwork is and can be altered from 100% ( Solid ) to 0% ( Totally transparent ). Merging layer does what it says two or more layers will be come one layer and their content will be shown on the one layer. Rotating an object pivot an object clockwise or counter clockwise around its centre point. Task: Figure 3- 4. 1. Open WorkingWithlayers2.psd. Save as it as WorkingWithlayers3 2. Click on the Forbidden City layer then change its Opacity from 100% to 60%. See Figure 3-4 3. Click on the Passport Copy layer then click on Edit Menu/Transform/Rotate. The Passport will then appear as in Figure 3-4. The cursor will change to an ached arrow. You can then pivot the passport to the left or right. Change and Move both passports to appear as shown in Figure 3-5. 4. The last thing to do is merge the two passport Layers. Click on the Passport Layer and while holding down the Shift key click on both layers. Then right click on the layers and select Merge Layers. If necessary change double click on the layer name and change it to Passport as shown in Figure 3-6.
Figure 3- 6
Figure 3- 5.
Page 42 of 66
Scaling and Flipping Graphics

Scaling or resizing graphics is a very commonly used function available in Photoshop. Flipping a graphic produces a mirrored image of the original graphic. Task: 1. Open WorkingWithlayers3.psd. Save it as WorkingWithlayers4 2, Click on the Compass layer then click Edit Menu /Transform/Scale. The Transform Bounding box now appears around the Figure 3- 7. Compass See Figure 3-7 shape of the compass. To maintain the proportions of the graphic you must press and hold the Shift key then click and drag on one of the corner handles. To deselect the compass move the pointer to within the Bounding Box and double click. 3. Click Edit Menu /Transform/Scale again. At the centre of the Compass graphic is a cross hair whose position determines from where the graphic is scaled. Press and hold the Alt key then move the cross hair to the bottom left corner of the Bounding Box and release it. Then again Press and hold the Alt key now drag out the bottom right handle of the Bounding Box. Notice how the compass expand away from the cross hair. Return the compass to its original size. Double click on the compass to deselect it. The cross hair by default returns to the centre position. 4. Click Edit Menu /Transform/Scale. On the Option bar double click the W text box and type 110 then type 110 in the H text box and press enter. The graphic is now at 110% of its original size scaled from the centre where the cross hair is now located.
Page 43 of 66
5. Click on the Binoculars Layer then click Edit Menu /Transform/Horizontal Flip. The Binoculars are now a mirror image of what they were. Figure 3-8 shows how your document should be looking at this point of time.
Figure 3- 8.
6.
Save your work.
Page 44 of 66
Layer Styles
Layer Styles are built in effects that a user can apply to layers. These styles include Chiselled edges, bevels, embosses, shadows and glows to name but a few. When you apply a layer style to a layer, all of the graphics on that layer inherit the layer style that has been applied. The layer styles that have been applied to any particular layer are shown on the layers panel just below the layer. Task: 1. Open WorkingWithlayers4.psd. Save as it as WorkingWithlayers5.psd We are now going to add styles to some of the graphics in this file. 2. Click on the layer Beijing a city of History. Then the Layer menu/LayerStyle/Stroke which brings up the Layer Style dialogue box See Figure 3-9 Figure 3-9. Click on stroke and check the check box as shown. Dont just check the box only. If you do you will not get the Stroke options. Set the size to 3 and the Colour to Black. 3. Click on the Pocket Watch layer and bring up the Layer Style dialogue box. Select and check the Outer Glow check box. Change the colour to Orange. Change the size to 110 px. Change the range to 50% 4. Click on the Shaolin Temple Layer and bring up the Layer Style dialogue box. Select and check the Drop Shadow check box. Change the colour to Green, Opacity to 75%, Angle to 161degrees, Distance to 25 px. and Size 79 px. 5. Click on the Compass Layer and bring up the Layer Style dialogue box. Select and check the Outer Glow check box. Change the Opacity to 76% Change the colour to Orange. Change the size to 92 px. Change the range to 50% Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 45 of 66 6. Click on the Pagoda Park Layer and bring up the Layer Style dialogue box. Select and check the Inner Shadow check box. Change the Opacity to 75% Change the Angle to 161degrees Select and check the Outer Glow check box. Change the Opacity to 75%, Change the colour to Yellow, Spread to 30 %, Size 50 px. and Range 50% 7. Click on the Great Wall Layer and bring up the Layer Style dialogue box. Select and check the Bevel and Emboss check box. Change the Style to Inner Bevel, Size to 30 px and Soften to 3 px. Your WorkingWithlayers5.psd should now look similar to Figure 3.10.
Figure 3- 10.
8.
Save your work.
Page 46 of 66
Layer and vector masks

You can use masks to hide portions of a layer and reveal portions of the layers below. You can create two types of masks: Layer Masks which are resolution-dependent bitmap images that are edited with the painting or selection tools. Vector Masks which are resolution independent and are created with a pen or shape tool. Layer and Vector masks are non-destructive, which means you can go back and re-edit the masks later without losing the pixels they hide. In the Layers panel, both the layer and vector masks appear as an additional thumbnail to the right of the layer thumbnail. For the layer mask, this thumbnail represents the greyscale channel that is created when you add the layer mask. The vector mask thumbnail represents a path that clips out the contents of the layer. Note: To create a layer or vector mask on the Background layer, first convert it to a regular layer (Layer / New / Layer from Background). Task: 1. Creating a Selection Layer Mask: Open WorkingWithMasks1.psd. from the Chapters 3 PSD Files folder Save as it as WorkingWithMasks2.psd This task will show you how to create and manipulate Create Layer masks. You will note that in this file there are two layers. Mask Figure 3- 12. One is the background layer which holds a picture of Auckland harbour. It is the bottom layer as all background layers must be. The layer that is above it and so in front of it as the viewer sees it, contains a picture of Max the German Shepherd. The Max layer is going to become your mask layer which will contain only the dog and no grass. 2. Use a selection tool, best would be either the Polygonal Lasso tool or the Lasso tool and make a selection just within Maxs out line as shown in Figure 3-11 3. With the Max layer selected open the Layer Panel and click on the Create Layer Mask Button See Figure 3-12
Page 47 of 66
Figure 3-11
3. Now unfortunately for Max he looks as though someone has given him a very rough hair cut. See Figure 3-13 Some adjustments need to be made. In the Masks Panel Click on the Mask Edge button and the Refine Edge box appears. See Figure 3-14 You are now going to look at Two basic ways to fix Maxs Problem.
4. Within Edge Detection check Figure 3- 13. the Smart Radius check box and and slide the Radius to about 60px. Youll notice that Max is now showing the hair that was cut off when you selected him in task 2. What has happened is Photoshop has expanded out Maxs border and only included in that expansion what ever it determines to be a part of Max. That is what ever was shown in the mask. 5. The second way of fixing Max is to use the Refine Radius tool ( See Figure 3-14) which gives you much more control over the operation. Return the controls to the settings that are shown and click on the Refine Radius tool. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 48 of 66 Note: the size of the Refine Radius tool brush can be changed on the Option Bar at the top of the screen. Move the brush around the edge of Max. Notice how Maxs hair is revealed and the grass background is excluded and he starts to look like his old self once again. As you paint around Max try to keep to the edge and not go very far into the image. Just cover the area of transition. From the edge outwards. 6. In the Output section of the Refine Mask box check the Decontaminate Colour check box. You will then be able to use the Amount slide and a % amount will show. This function increases the strength of colour in the transition area at the edge of the mask which you have painted with the Refine Radius tool. Use the Amount slide and note the difference in Maxs colouring. 7. When you have finished making your changes click OK. A new layer will be created containing your changed image. See Figure 3-16
Figure 3- 16. Figure 3- 15. Figure 3- 14.
Refine Radius Tool
Note: Layer masks can be enabled and disables without deleting the mask. Go to Layer/LayerMask/Enable/Disable Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 49 of 66
Description of Define Mask box Features

View Mode
From the pop-up menu, choose a mode to change how the selection is displayed. For information about each mode, hover the pointer over it until a tool tip appears. Show Original displays the original selection for comparison. Show Radius displays the selection border where edge refinement occurs.
Refine Radius
and Erase Refinements tools Let you precisely adjust the border area in which edge refinement occurs. To quickly toggle from one tool to the other, press Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS). To change the brush size, press the bracket keys. Note: Brush over soft areas such as hair or fur to add fine details to the selection.
Smart Radius
Automatically adjusts the radius for hard and soft edges found in the border region. Deselect this option if the border is uniformly hard- or soft-edged, or if you want to control the Radius setting and refinement brushes more precisely.
Radius
Determines the size of the selection border in which edge refinement occurs. Use a small radius for sharp edges, and a large one for softer edges.
Smooth Feather
Reduces irregular areas (hills and valleys) in the selection border to create a smoother outline. Blurs the transition between the selection and surrounding pixels.
Contrast
When increased, soft-edged transitions along the selection border become more abrupt. Typically, the Smart Radius option and refinement tools are more effective.
Shift Edge Moves soft-edged borders inward with negative values or outward with positive
ones. Shifting these borders inward can help remove unwanted background colours from selection edges.
Decontaminate Colours
Replaces colour fringes with the colour of fully selected pixels nearby. The strength of colour replacement is proportionate to the softness of selection edges. Note: Because this option changes pixel colour, it requires output to a new layer or document. Retain the original layer so you can revert back to it if needed. (To easily see changes in pixel colour, choose Reveal Layer for the View Mode.)
Amount
Changes the level of decontamination and fringe replacement.
Output To Determines whether the refined selection becomes a selection or mask on the
current layer, or produces a new layer or document.
Page 50 of 66
Locking Layers
You can lock layers fully or partially to protect their contents. For instance, you may want to lock a layer fully when you finish with it. You may want to lock a layer partially if it has the correct transparency and styles, but you are still deciding on positioning. When a layer is locked, a lock icon appears to the right of the layer name. The lock icon is solid when the layer is fully locked and hollow when the layer is partially locked. Lock all properties of a layer or group 1. Select a layer or group of layers. 2. Click the Lock All icon Partially lock a layer 1. Select a layer. 2. Click one or more lock options in the Layers panel. See Figure 3.16 Lock Transparent Pixels Confines editing to the opaque portions of the layer. This option is equivalent to the Preserve Transparency option in earlier versions of Photoshop. Lock Image Pixels Prevents modification of the layers pixels using the painting tools. Lock Position Prevents the layers pixels from being moved. Note: For type and shape layers, Lock Transparency and Lock Image are selected by default and cannot be deselected. Apply lock options to selected layers or a group 1. Select multiple layers or a group. 2. Choose Lock Layers or Lock All Layers In Group from the Layers menu the Layers panel menu. 3. Select lock options, and click OK. Open WorkingWithlayers5.psd and try out these locking options but do not Save the changes.
Lock Options
Figure 3-16.
option in the Layers panel.
Note: Layers in a locked group display a dimmed lock
or
Page 51 of 66
Revision Exercises.
Exercise 1: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 3 Task: In Photoshop you are to start a new psd file and save it as Collage.psd. Then make a collage of photographs of world leaders, past and present. The photos that you are to use are located in Chapter Graphics / Chapter3 / Revision exercises graphics. Change / Improve the look of the Collage by using Layer Styles. An example for you to consider is shown below.
Save your work.
Page 52 of 66 Exercise 2: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 3 Task: In Photoshop you are to open the file Grass.JPG which is located in Chapter Graphics / Chapter3 / Revision exercises graphics. Save as the file as DogOnGrass.psd. Also in the folder there is the file DogOnFootPath.JPG. You are now to copy the picture of the dog into the DogOnGrass.psd file. Then use a mask to make it look as though the dog is laying on the grass. As shown in the picture below.
Save your work.
Page 53 of 66
Chapter 4 Making Changes (Retouching Tools)

Cloning with the Clone Stamp Tool
Cloning can be defined as copying pixels from one area to the other. The Clone stamp tool is a brush and so that when you use it to clone pixels you get the options (in the Options Bar) of brush size, hardness and opacity to factor into the clone that you create. Cloning and object has two partsthe original and the clone (copy). The original is what you clone from and what you copy is the pixels that make up the original object. In Photoshop cloning (copying) the original onto another layer is the best way to go. The clone can be changed e.g. resized, moved independently of the original and its layer. If necessary you can revert to the original with its unchanged content.
Note: Aligned Check box on the Option Bar

If the check box is unchecked, the initial sampling point re establishes itself each time the mouse button is released when you are painting / cloning.. If the check box is checked, the sampling area (shown by the cross) will not re establishes itself each time the mouse button is released when you are painting / cloning. Task: 1. From within Photoshop open Mango.jpg which is in the chapters 4 graphics folder. Save it as Mango.psd. 2. 3. Create a new layer and name it Clone Click on the Clone Stamp Tool.
4. In the Clone Stamp Tool option bar (See below) Set the brush size to 100 px and the Sample box to Current and Below.
The Current and Below setting will enable you to easily place the clone onto a separate layer. Note: When repairing / making changes to photos using the Healing Brush and Cloning Tools it is often very useful to increase the viewing magnification of the photo. With some photos you may even go up to 200% or more depending upon the resolution of the photo. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 54 of 66
5. While you have the new Clone layer selected and the Clone Stamp Tool clicked on, point at the mango while holding down the Alt key. Youll notice that the pointer changes to a cross. Click in the middle of the mango graphic then release the Alt key. Move the clone brush (circle) to where you wish to paint your clone of the mango. Notice the cross over the original indicates the area that is currently being painted. Move the brush around and paint the entire mango. Beware of painting too much outside of the mango as you will be including the bench top, which the mango is sitting on, in your cloned image. When you have finished youre image should look similar to that shown in Figure 4-1
Figure 4-1.
6. You can now add another mango to your scene. This will require a third layer. Name it Clone 2 and if it is closer to the front scale its size to 105%. How to scale: Edit / Transform / scale and then make the change on the scale Option Bar (See below). Note that you scale both the width and the height.
7.
Save your work.
Page 55 of 66
Cloning with the Healing Brush Tool

Like the Clone Stamp Tool the Healing Brush Tool is also a cloning tool. But the Healing Brush Tool is more complex and has a different purpose. As with the Clone Stamp Tool you use the Healing Brush Tool to sample pixels from one area and clone to another. The Healing Brush Tool does not create and exact copy. It samples the texture, lighting, colour and shading of the source and then applies that to the destination, matching the destination surrounding pixels as much as possible. One way of putting it would be that it tries to blend the two areas. Task: 1. From within Photoshop open Women1.jpg which is in the chapters 4 graphics folder. Save it as Women1.psd. 2. 3. Create a new layer and name it Repair Click on the Healing Brush Tool.
4. In the Healing Brush Tool option bar (See below) Set the brush size to what ever suits the task and the Sample box to Current and Below.
5. While you have the new Repair layer selected and the Healing Brush Tool clicked on, point at the Sample while holding down the Alt key. Youll notice that the pointer changes to a cross. Click in the Sample area then release the Alt key. Move the Healing brush (circle) to the area that you wish to repair. Notice the cross over the sample indicates the area that is currently being sampled. Repair first the damage to her right side of her face down near her chin and mouth. (See Figure 4-2) Then the damage to her right side of her Forehead. Lastly repair the water mark to the left of her neck. Remember that the Healing brush blends the two areas. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Figure 4-2.
Page 56 of 66
The History Panel

This task may take a while and a fair bit of experimenting. Figure 4-3. Because of this you will make a lot of use of the History Panel to try and then delete your actions multiple times. (See Figure 4-3) Using the History Panel makes it very easy to delete one or more of your actions. Just click on the action and then the rubbish bin in the bottom right hand corner of the panel. Do not press the delete key on the key board as this will delete what ever else you have selected on the screen which will probably be a layer. Note: If you select and delete an action in the middle of a group of actions all the actions below the selected action will also be deleted. It can be a good thing if thats what you want to do. When you have finished youre image it should look similar to (or hopefully better than) that shown in Figure 4-4. 6. If you have time use the Healing Brush Tool and maybe the Clone Stamp Tool to take the name and creases off the womens shoulder. 7. Save your work.
Figure 4-4.
Note: Sample on the Option Bar

Samples data from the layers you specify. To sample from the active layer and visible layers below it, choose Current And Below. To sample only from the active layer, choose Current Layer. To sample from all visible layers, choose All Layers. To sample from all visible layers except adjustment layers, choose All Layers and click the Ignore Adjustment Layers icon to the right of the Sample pop-up menu.
Page 57 of 66
Content Aware Fill

In the previous section we looked at the Healing Brush tool which uses content awareness technology that lets Photoshop examine the actual contents of your image as it tries to figure out the best way to remove or repair the damaged or unwanted area you've clicked on. This time, we look at another new feature in Photoshop CS5 Content-Aware Fill. But even with its new Content-Aware abilities, the Healing Brush tool is still best suited for smaller areas that we can easily click on or paint over. Content-Aware Fill, on the other hand, lets us repair or replace larger, more complex areas, and even multiple areas at once, simply by drawing selections around them and letting Photoshop do the rest! In the task below you will remove an unsightly track from the scene and replace it with similar content from the adjacent area. To do this with the Healing Brush Tool or Clone Tool would be very time consuming so we are going to use the ContentAware Fill function. If there are any small areas to clean up afterwards the Healing Brush Tool or Clone Tool could be used. Task: 1. Open TrackFill.JPG from the chapters 4 graphics folder. Save as it as TrackFill.psd. 2. Use a selection tool (perhaps the Lasso tool) to select the track as shown in Figure 4-5
Figure 4-5.
Page 58 of 66
Figure 4-6.
3. With the track selected, click on Fill in the Edit Menu (Shift + F5) The Fill dialogue box will appear See Figure 4-6 Select Content-Aware in the top drop down box and then click OK. Photo shop will then do its calculations and fill the selected area. See Figure 4-7 If there any areas of the fill that you are not happy with you can further change them using the Clone Tool or the Healing Brush Tool.
Figure 4-7.
Page 59 of 66
The Red Eye Tool

In photographs, red-eye is when the pupils of the subjects eyes appear red. Red-eye is caused in flash photography where the flash of a camera is bright enough and at the right angle to cause a reflection off the retina. The colour comes from the blood vessels in the eye. Red eye can be corrected in Photoshop using the Red Eye Tool. It works by simply recolouring all contiguous red pixels. The Red Eye option bar (see below) has settings to change the pupil size and the degree of darkening. The Red Eye tool can be used on photos in the RGB and Lab colour formats but not with the CMYK colour mode.
Task: 1. Open RedEyes1.jpg from the chapters 4 graphics folder. Save it as RedEyes1.psd. 2. 4. 5. 6. Click on the Red Eye Tool. In the Red Eye Option Bar drag the Darken Amount slider to15%. Leave the Pupil Size on 50%. Change the view to 200%...This will usually make the action easier.
7. Move the cross hair mouse pointer and centre it on the first eye and left click the mouse button. The red pixels are replaced with darker pixels.
Before
After 8. Save your work.
Page 60 of 66
Revision Exercises.
Exercise 1: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 4 Task: In Photoshop you are to open the file WaterFowl.JPG which is located in Chapter Graphics / Chapter4 / Revision exercises graphics. Use the clone tool to clone the extra two water fowl as shown below. Notice they are each slightly facing a different direction. Their shadows are also each a little different as well. And they are each a different size.
Save your file as WaterFowl.psd. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011
Page 61 of 66
Exercise 2: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 4 Task: In Photoshop you are to open the file Brighton.jpg which is located in Chapter Graphics / Chapter4 / Revision exercises graphics. Use the Healing Brush Tool and other tools that you may need to take the red line out of the scene. It should look something like the picture shown below.
Save as your work as BrightonRepaired.psd
Page 62 of 66
Exercise 3: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 4 Task: In Photoshop you are to open the file WomenRepair.jpg which is located in Chapter Graphics / Chapter4 / Revision exercises graphics. Save the file as WomenRepair.psd. Use the Healing Brush Tool and other tools that you may need to use to repair the photograph. It should look something like the picture shown below.
Save your Work.
Page 63 of 66
Exercise 4: This exercise is designed to help you re-enforce what you have learned in Chapter 4 Task: In Photoshop you are to open the file TreeWithRail.JPG which is located in Chapter Graphics / Chapter4 / Revision exercises graphics folder. Save the file as TreeWithRail.psd. Use the Content Aware Fill function to remove and replace the rail and posts located at the bottom of the picture. If necessary use the Healing Brush tool or others to tidy up any small faults after the fill has been done. It should look something like the picture shown below.
Save your Work. Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Adobe Photoshop CS5 Booklet

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Adobe Photoshop CS5 Booklet

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Web Design (PhotoShop CS5) DG 505

Raster and Vector graphics

The Photoshop Environment

Document Tabs Application Bar

Options Bar Panel Dock

The Photoshop Toolbar

Gripper bar Rectangle Marquee Tool

Set Foreground Colour Edit in Quick Mask Mode

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Tools: a brief description Selection Tools

Crop and Slice Tools

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Drawing and type tools

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Notes, measuring and navigation tools

Foreground / Background Colours

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Chapter 1 Photoshop Fundamentals

2. Name the new file Practice.psd 3. Set the Preset to Custom

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Undo and the History Panel

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

The Zoom and Hand tool

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Changing Resolution and Image size

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Changing Image Size

Save your work.

Figure 1-8. Figure 1-9.

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Chapter 2 Using the selection Tools

Using the Marquee Tools

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

The Rectangle Marquee tool

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Elliptical Marquee Tool

Show Layer 1 again by clicking on the show /

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

The lasso tools:

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Intersect with selection

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Refining the edges of a Selection

Refine Radius Tool

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

The Quick Selection Tool

Note: the Marquee around the flower and the border.

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

The Magic Wand Tool

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Save as your work as BlueSky.psd

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Save your work as ColouredRose.psd

Author Graham Gleich Version - 01/2011

Chapter 3 Working with Layers