Name of ions Copper(II) Ion Iron (II) Ion Iron (III) Ion Cobalt (II) Ion Nickel (II)

Ion Chromium (III) Ion Chromate Ion Dichromate Ion Manganese (II) Ion Permanganate Ion All other Ions

Color of Ions Blue/R.C. Green Pale Green Yellow/Brown Pink Green Green Yellow Orange Very Pale Pink (Near Colorless) Purple Presumed Colorless

Gemstone Responsible Turquoise Peridot Topaz

Emerald, Jade

Amethyst

Reaction Speed/Reactivity Wording Explosively More Vigorously Vigorously Moderately Slowly Very Slowly Reaction Description Priority Observable Reactions: Metal dissolves in HCl/Colorless bubbles are formed Olfactory reactions: Audible Reactions Touched Reactions

Examples

Simple Molecular Structure I2, H2, NH3,CCl4,H2O

Giant Ionic Structure NaCl, CaO, KOH

Giant Covalent Structure

Giant Metallic Structure All metals

Structure

Physical properties (State at r.t.p) Melting and Boiling Points Hardness of solid Solubility in water Solubility in non-aqueous/ non-polar solvents (benzene) Conductivity of heat Conductivity of electricity

Small discrete molecules. Attracted to neighboring molecules by weak intermolecular forces(Van der Waals forces) Gases, volatile liquids or solids with low melting points Low

Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond & Graphite ; SiO2 Oppositely Giant lattice (3 charged ions dim. giant held together by network) of strong ionic atoms. Each bonds, forming atom is a continuous, covalently and 3 dim. Giant bonded to other ionic structure atoms All solids All solids

Metals cores surrounded by a sea of moving delocalized electrons

Solids except Mercury

High

Very high

Soft Mostly insoluble (non-polar substance) Generally soluble

Hard Mostly soluble (polar substance) Insoluble

Usually hard Insoluble

Varies (Malleable and Ductile) Varies Insoluble

Insoluble

Insoluble

High Non-conducting Non-conducting when solid, Note: (H2SO4 good react with water conductors to form a when molten or conducting in aqueous solution solution Non-conducting except graphite. Graphite conducts electricity along the parallel graphene layers All good conductors regardless of state

Special Element Symbol Nomenclature Current Name Original Name Sodium Natrium Iron Ferrum Copper Cuprum Silver Argentum Tin Stannum Antimony Stibnite Tungsten Wolfram Gold Aurum Mercury Hydrargyrum Lead Plumbum Diamond-Graphite Comparison Hardness Diamond Very hard All carbon-carbon bonds are covalent bonds and no layers are available for sliding Graphite Very soft The bonds within the graphene layers are very strong but those between the layers are weak, enabling the layers to slide.

Current Symbol Na Fe Cu Ar Sn Sb W Au Hg Pb

Conductivity Non-Conductive No ions or freely moving electrons to carry electric charges

Melting and Boiling Pts. High Requires breaking of a large number of strong covalent bonds within the layers High Requires breaking of a large number of strong covalent bonds within the layers

Conductive Each carbon is covalently bonded to 3 other carbon atoms in one graphene layer. Delocalized electrons are present to conduct electricity

Metal Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc

Discovery date 1807 AD 1807 AD 1808 AD 1808 AD 1827 AD 1000 AD

Main ore/source Deposits/Sea Water Common salt/Rock salt Limestone Magnesite Bauxite Zinc Blende

Metal metallic component KCl NaCL CaCO3 MgCO3 Al2O3 . 2H2O ZnS

Extraction method Electrolysis of molten ore

Iron Lead Copper Mercury Silver Cations Charge 1+

Ancient times

Hematite Galena Copper Pyrite Cinnabar Silver glance

Fe2O3 PbS CuFeS2 HgS Ag2S

Heat sulphide in air, then Carbon Reduction Carbon Reduction Similar to Zinc Heat sulphide in air Displacement

2p+

3+

Formula Na+ K+ Cu+ Ag+ Hg+ H+ NH4+ (Polyatomic) Mg2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Pb2+ Fe2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Hg2+ Al3+ Fe3+ Cr3+

Name Sodium Ion Potassium Ion Copper (I) Ion Silver Ion Mercury (I) Ion Hydrogen Ion Only Non-Metal Cation Ammonium Ion Magnesium Ion Calcium Ion Barium Ion Lead (II) Ion Iron (II) Ion Cobalt (II) Ion Nickel (II) Ion Manganese (II) Ion Copper (II) Ion Zinc Ion Mercury (II) Ion Aluminium Ion Iron (III) Ion Chromium (III) Ion

Anions Charge 1-

2-

3-

Formula HFClBrIOHMnO4- Metal Anion CN NO3NO2HCO3HSO4H2PO4ClO4Chlorates ClO3 ClO2ClOO2S2SO42SO32S2O42CO32SiO32Zn(OH)42CrO42- Metal Cr2O72- Anion N3P3PO43PO33-

Name Hydride Ion Fluoride Ion Chloride Ion Bromide Ion Special Case Iodide Ion Hydroxide Ion Permanganate Ion Cyanide Ion Nitrate Ion Nitrite Ion Hydrogencarbonate Ion Hydrogensulphate Ion Dihydrogenphosphate Ion Perchlorate Ion Chlorate Ion Chlorite Ion Hypochlorite Ion Oxide Ion Sulphide Ion Sulphate Ion Sulphite Ion Thiosulphate Ion Carbonate Ion Silicate Ion Zincate Ion Chromate Ion Dichromate Ion Nitride Ion Phosphide Ion Phosphate Ion Phosphite Ion

Construction NH3-+H+ C (IV) + 3O2-

O2+H+

N(V) + 3O2H+ + CO32H+ + SO42H+ + PO43-

S(VI) + 4O2S(IV) + 3O2-

Cr (VI) + 4O2-

P(V) + 4O2-

Metal

Potassium 4K+O22KO2 Sodium 4Na+O22Na2 O Calcium Ca+O2CaO Magnesium Mg+O2MgO Aluminium 2Al+3O22Al2 O3 Zinc Zn+O2ZnO

Reaction Conditio n Gentle Heating

Flame

Powder

Reaction With Air Burn

Reaction With Reaction with water dilute acid Reacts with cold water Metal+H2O(l) Metal Hydroxide+H2 Explosive Reaction

Lilac Golden Yellow

Orange White

Strong Heating

Brick Red White Dazzling White Give out much heat Give out much heat White White Heated Metals React with Steam Metal+H2O(g) Metal Oxide+H2 Reacts with acid, more slowly down the series Metal + HSO4 Metal Sulphate+ H2 Metal + HCl Metal Chloride +H FeCl2/FeSO4

Powder Form Only

Yellow-Hot White-Cold

Iron 2Fe+3O22Fe2 O3 Lead Strong Pb+O22PbO Heating

Copper Cu+O2CuO Mercury Hg+O2HgO Silver Platinum Gold

Very Strong Heating N/A

Yellow Forms Showery Black Solid Sparks Melts Orange-Hot Do not into Yellow-Cold burn silvery On surface balls of the balls Its surface turns black A red powder forms on the surface No apparent change No even on strong heating reaction

No reaction

Very Slow Reaction

No reaction