Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. 30 West University Drive Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
2007 by Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Executive Director, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. at 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
Forward ANSI/AMCA Standard 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, provides a basis for accurately rating the performance of fans when tested under standardized laboratory conditions. The actual performance of a fan when installed in an air moving system will sometimes be different from the fan performance as measured in the laboratory. The difference in performance between the laboratory and the field installation can sometimes be attributed to the interaction of the fan and the duct system, i.e., duct system design can diminish the usable output of the fan. AMCA Publication 201 Fans and Systems, introduced the concept of System Effect Factor to the air moving industry. The System Effect Factor quantifies the duct system design effect on performance. The System Effect Factor has been widely accepted since its inception in 1973. It must be remembered, however, that the "factors" provided are approximations as it is prohibitive to test all fan types and all duct system configurations. The major revision to this edition of AMCA Publication 201 Fans and Systems, is a change to the use of SI units of measure, with Inch-Pound units being given secondary consideration.
AMCA 201 Review Committee Bill Smiley James L. Smith Tung Nguyen Patrick Chinoda Rick Bursh Sutton G. Page Paul R. Saxon The Trane Company / LaCrosse Aerovent, A Twin City Fan Company Emerson Ventilation Products Hartzell Fan, Inc. Illinois Blower, Inc. Austin Air Balancing Corp. AMCA Staff
Disclaimer AMCA International uses its best efforts to produce standards for the benefit of the industry and the public in light of available information and accepted industry practices. However, AMCA International does not guarantee, certify or assure the safety or performance of any products, components or systems tested, designed, installed or operated in accordance with AMCA International standards or that any tests conducted under its standards will be non-hazardous or free from risk.
Objections to AMCA Standards and Certifications Programs Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. will consider and decide all written complaints regarding its standards, certification programs, or interpretations thereof. For information on procedures for submitting and handling complaints, write to: Air Movement and Control Association International 30 West University Drive Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A. or AMCA International, Incorporated c/o Federation of Environmental Trade Associations 2 Waltham Court, Milley Lane, Hare Hatch Reading, Berkshire RG10 9TH United Kingdom
Publication 200
AIR SYSTEMS System Pressure Losses Fan Performance Characteristics System Effect System Design Tolerances
Air Systems is intended to provide basic information needed to design effective and energy efficient air systems. Discussion is limited to systems where there is a clear separation of the fan inlet and outlet and does not cover applications in which fans are used only to circulate air in an open space. Publication 201 FANS AND SYSTEMS Fan Testing and Rating The Fan "Laws" Air Systems Fan and System Interaction System Effect Factors Fans and Systems is aimed primarily at the designer of the air moving system and discusses the effect on inlet and outlet connections of the fan's performance. System Effect Factors, which must be included in the basic design calculations, are listed for various configurations. AMCA 202 and AMCA 203 are companion documents. Publication 202 TROUBLESHOOTING System Checklist Fan Manufacturer's Analysis Master Troubleshooting Appendices Troubleshooting is intended to help identify and correct problems with the performance and operation of the air moving system after installation. AMCA 201 and AMCA 203 are companion documents. Publication 203 FIELD PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS OF FAN SYSTEMS Acceptance Tests Test Methods and Instruments Precautions Limitations and Expected Accuracies Calculations Field Performance Measurements of Fan Systems reviews the various problems of making field measurements and calculating the actual performance of the fan and system. AMCA 201 and AMCA 202 are companion documents.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2 Some limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. Symbols and Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2.1 Symbols and subscripted symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2.2 Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3. Fan Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3.1 ANSI/AMCA Standard 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3.2 Ducted outlet fan tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3.3 Free inlet, free outlet fan tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 3.4 Obstructed inlets and outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4. Fan Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4.1 The Fan Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4.3 Fan performance curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 5. Catalog Performance Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 5.1 Type A: Free inlet, free outlet fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 5.2 Ducted fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 6. Air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 6.1 The system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 6.2 Component losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 6.3 The system curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 6.4 Interaction of system curve and fan performance curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 6.5 Effect of changes in speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 6.6 Effect of density on system resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 6.7 Fan and system interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 6.8 Effects of errors in estimating system resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
6.9 Safety factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 6.10 Deficient fan/system performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 6.11 Precautions to prevent deficient performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 6.12 System effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 7. System Effect Factor (SEF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 7.1 System Effect Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 7.2 Power determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 8. Outlet System Effect Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 8.1 Outlet ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 8.2 Outlet diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 8.3 Outlet duct elbows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 8.4 Turning vanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 8.5 Volume control dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 8.6 Duct branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 9. Inlet System Effect Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 9.1 Inlet ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 9.2 Inlet duct elbows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 9.3 Inlet vortex (spin or swirl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 9.4 Inlet turning vanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 9.5 Airflow straighteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 9.6 Enclosures (plenum and cabinet effects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 9.7 Obstructed inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 10. Effects of Factory Supplied Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 10.1 Bearing and supports in fan inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 10.2 Drive guards obstructing fan inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 10.3 Belt tube in axial fan inlet or outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 10.4 Inlet box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 10.5 Inlet box dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 10.6 Variable inlet vane (VIV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Annex A. Annex B.
SI / I-P Conversion Table (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Dual Fan Systems - Series and Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
B.1 Fans operating in series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 B.2 Fans operating in parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Annex C. Definitions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
C.1 The air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 C.2 The fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 C.3 The system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Annex D. Examples of the Convertibility of Energy from Velocity Pressure to Static Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
D.1 Example of fan (tested with free inlet, ducted outlet) applied to a duct system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 D.2 Example of fan (tested with free inlet, ducted outlet), connected to a duct system and then a plenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 D.3 Example of fan with free inlet, free outlet - fan discharges directly into plenum and then to duct system (abrupt expansion at fan outlet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 D.4 Example of fan used to exhaust with obstruction in inlet, inlet elbow, inlet duct, free outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Annex E. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) values inconsistent with the values presented. Mechanical design of the fan is not within the scope of this publication.
3. Fan Testing
Fans are tested in setups that simulate installations. The four standard installation types are as shown in Figure 3.1. AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE A: Free Inlet, Free Outlet
1.1 Purpose
This part of the AMCA Fan Application Manual includes general information about how fans are tested in the laboratory, and how their performance ratings are calculated and published. It also reviews some of the more important reasons for the "loss" of fan performance that may occur when the fan is installed in an actual system. Allowances, called System Effect Factors (SEF), are also given in this part of the manual. SEF must be taken into account by the system design engineer if a reasonable estimate of fan/system performance is to be determined.
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) Table 2.1 - Symbols and Subscripted Symbols UNITS OF MEASURE SI I-P m2 mm m kw ft2 in. ft hp
DESCRIPTION Area of cross section Diameter, impeller Diameter, Duct Fan Power Input Hub-to-Tip Ratio Compressibility Coefficient Loss Coefficient Speed of Rotation Fan Static Pressure Fan Total Pressure Fan Velocity Pressure Corrected Barometric Pressure Plane of Measurement Airflow Fan Reynolds Number System Effect Factor Dry-Bulb Temperature Wet-Bulb Temperature Air Viscosity Velocity Power Input to Motor Fan Static Efficiency Fan Total Efficiency Air Density Table 2.2 - Subscripts
Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless rpm Pa Pa Pa kPa --m3/s rpm in. wg in. wg in. wg in. Hg --ft3/min
Dimensionless Pa C C Pas m/s watts % % kg/m3 in. wg F F lbm/fts fpm watts % % lbm/ft3
V W
s t
SUBSCRIPT a c x 1 2 3 5 6 8
DESCRIPTION Atmospheric conditions Converted Value Plane 0, 1, 2, ...as appropriate Fan Inlet Plane Fan Outlet Plane Pitot Traverse Plane Plane 5 (nozzle inlet station in chamber) Plane 6 (nozzle discharge station in chamber) Plane 8 (inlet chamber measurement station)
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) of ANSI/AMCA 210 is to establish uniform methods for laboratory testing of fans and other air moving devices to determine performance in terms of airflow, pressure, power, air density, speed of rotation and efficiency, for rating or guarantee purposes. Two methods of measuring airflow are included: the Pitot tube and the long radius flow nozzle. These are incorporated into a number of "setups" or "figures". In general, a fan is tested on the setup that most closely resembles the way in which it will be installed in an air system. Centrifugal and axial fans are usually tested with an outlet duct. Propeller fans are normally tested in the wall of a chamber or plenum. Power roof ventilators (PRV) are tested mounted on a curb exhausting from the test chamber. It is very important to realize that each setup in ANSI/AMCA 210 is a standardized arrangement that is not intended to reproduce exactly any installation likely to be found in the field. The infinite variety of possible arrangements of actual air systems makes it impractical to duplicate every configuration in the fan test laboratory. The angle of the transition between the test duct and the fan outlet is limited to ensure that uniform airflow will be maintained. A steep transition, or abrupt change of cross section would cause turbulence and eddies. The effect of this type of airflow disturbance at the fan outlet is discussed later. Uniform airflow conditions ensure consistency and reproducibility of test results and permit the fan to develop its maximum performance. In any installation where uniform airflow conditions do not exist, the fan's performance will be measurably reduced. As illustrated in Figure 3.3 Plane 2, the velocity profile at the outlet of a fan is not uniform. The section of straight duct attached to the fan outlet controls the diffusion of the outlet airflow and establishes a more uniform velocity as shown in Figure 3.3 Plane X. The energy loss when a gas, such as air, passes through a sudden enlargement is related to the square of the velocity. Thus the ducted outlet with its more uniform velocity significantly reduces the loss at the point of discharge to the atmosphere. A manufacturer may test a fan with or without an inlet duct or outlet duct. For products licensed to use the AMCA Certified Ratings Seal, catalog ratings will state whether ducts were used during the rating tests. If the fans are not to be applied with the same duct(s) as in the test setup, an allowance should be made for the difference in performance that may result.
Transition Piece
Straightener
FOR FAN INSTALLATION TYPES: B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet Figure 3.2 - Pitot Traverse in Outlet Duct 3
calculated from the performance of smaller fans in the series using the appropriate equations. Because of the relationship between the airflow, pressure and power for any given fan, each set of equations for changes in speed, size or density, applies only to the same Point of Rating, and all the equations in the set must be used to define the converted condition. A Point of Rating is the specified fan operating point on its characteristic curve. The Fan Law equations are shown below as ratios. The un-subscripted variable is used to designate the initial or test fan values for the variable and the subscript c is used to designate the converted, dependent or desired variable. Qc = Q (Dc/D)3 (Nc/N) (Kp/Kpc) Ptc = Pt (Dc/D)2 (Nc/N)2 (c/) (Kp/Kpc) Pvc = Pv (Dc/D)2 (Nc/N)2 (c/) Psc = Ptc - Pvc Hc = H (Dc/D)5 (Nc/N)3 (c/) (Kp/Kpc)
(SI) (I-P)
These equations have their origin in the classical theories of fluid mechanics, and the accuracy of the results obtained is sufficient for most applications. Better accuracy would require consideration of Reynolds number, Mach number, kinematic viscosity, dynamic viscosity, surface roughness, impeller blade thickness and relative clearances, etc.
4.2 Limitations
Under certain conditions the properties of gases change and there are, therefore, limitations to the use of the Fan Laws. Accurate results will be obtained when the following limitations are observed: a. Fan Reynolds Number (Re). The term Reynolds number is associated with the ratio of inertia to viscous forces. When related to fans, investigations of both axial and centrifugal fans show that performance losses are more significant at low Reynolds number ranges and are effectively negligible above certain threshold Reynolds numbers. In an effort to simplify the comparison of the Reynolds numbers of two fans, the fan industry
4. Fan Ratings
4.1 The Fan Laws
It is not practical to test a fan at every speed at which it may be applied. Nor is it possible to simulate every inlet density that may be encountered. Fortunately, by use of a series of equations commonly referred to as the Fan Laws, it is possible to predict with good accuracy the performance of a fan at other speeds and densities than those of the original rating test. The performance of a complete series of geometrically similar (homologous) fans can also be 4
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
PL 2
PL X
AXIAL FAN Figure 3.3 - Controlled Diffusion and Establishment of a Uniform Velocity Profile in a Straight Length of Outlet Duct
38mm 6mm (1.5in. 0.25 in.) PL.5 PL.6 0.2M MIN. 0.5M MIN. PL.8 PL.1 PL.2
0.5 M MIN. 0.2 M MIN. 0.3 M MIN.
t d2
AIRFLOW
FAN
t d3 0.1 M MIN.
Pt8
Figure 3.4 - Inlet Chamber Setup - Multiple Nozzles in Chamber (ANSI/AMCA 210-99, Figure 15) 5
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Description
Fan Configuration
1 SWSI
For belt or direct drive. Impeller overhung on shaft, two bearings mounted on pedestal base. Alternative: Bearings mounted on independant pedestals, with or without inlet box.
2 SWSI
For belt or direct drive. Impeller overhung on shaft, bearings mounted in bracket supported by the fan casing. Alternative: With inlet box.
3 SWSI
For belt or direct drive. Impeller mounted on shaft between bearings supported by the fan casing. Alternative: Bearings mounted on independent pedestals, with or without inlet box.
3 DWDI
For belt or direct drive. Impeller mounted on shaft between bearings supported by the fan casing. Alternative: Bearings mounted on independent pedestals, with or without inlet boxes.
4 SWSI
For direct drive. Impeller overhung on motor shaft. No bearings on fan. Motor mounted on base. Alternative: With inlet box.
5 SWSI
For direct drive. Impeller overhung on motor shaft. No bearings on fan. Motor flange mounted to casing. Alternative: With inlet box.
AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A
AMCA 201-02
Page 2 of 2
Description
Fan Configuration
7 SWSI
For coupling drive. Generally the same as Arr. 3, with base for the prime mover. Alternative: Bearings mounted on independent pedestals with or without inlet box.
7DWDI
For coupling drive. Generally the same as Arr. 3 with base for the prime mover. Alternative: Bearings mounted on independent pedestals with or without inlet box.
8 SWSI
For direct drive. Generally the same as Arr. 1 with base for the prime mover. Alternative: Bearings mounted on independent pedestals with or without inlet box.
9 SWSI
For belt drive. Impeller overhung on shaft, two bearings mounted on pedestal base. Motor mounted on the outside of the bearing base. Alternative: With inlet box.
10 SWSI
10
For belt drive. Generally the same as Arr. 9 with motor mounted inside of the bearing pedestal. Alternative: With inlet box.
AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A
Page 1 of 1
Description
Fan Configuration
For belt or direct drive. Impeller overhung on shaft, two bearings mounted either upstream or downstream of the impeller. Alternative: Single stage or two stage fans can be supplied with inlet box and/or discharge evas.
For belt or direct drive. Impeller mounted on shaft between bearings on internal supports. Alternative: Fan can be supplied with inlet box, and/or discharge evas.
For direct drive. Impeller overhung on motor shaft. No bearings on fan. Motor mounted on base or integrally mounted. Alternative: With inlet box and/or with discharge evas.
For direct drive. Generally the same as Arr. 3 with base for the prime mover. Alternative: With inlet box and/or discharge evas.
M
For direct drive. Generally the same as Arr. 1 with base for the prime mover. Alternative: Single stage or two stage fans can be supplied with inlet box and/or discharge evas.
For belt drive. Generally same as Arr. 1 with motor mounted on fan casing, and/or an integral base. Alternative: With inlet box and/or discharge evas
M
AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) has adopted the term Fan Reynolds Number. Re = (ND2) / (60) where: N = impeller rotational speed, rpm D = impeller diameter, m(ft) = air density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3) = absolute viscosity, (SI) 1.8185 10-3 Pas (5C to 38C) (1.22 10-05 lbm/fts (40F to 100F)) (I-P) The threshold fan Reynolds number for centrifugal and axial fans is about 3.0 106. That is, there is a negligible change in performance between the two fans due to differences in Reynolds number if both fans are operating above this threshold value. When the Reynolds number of a model fan is below 3.0 106, there may be a gain in efficiency (size effect) for a full size fan operating above the threshold compared to one operating below the threshold. This occurs only when both fans are operating near peak efficiency. Therefore, when a model test is being conducted to verify the rating of a full size fan, the Reynolds number should be above 3.0 106 to avoid any uncertainty relating to Reynolds number effects. b. Point of Rating. To predict the performance of a fan from a smaller model using the Fan Laws, both fans must be geometrically similar (homologous), and both fans must operate at the same corresponding rating points on their characteristic curves. Two or more fans are said to be operating at corresponding points of rating if the positions of the operating points, relative to the pressure at shutoff and the airflow at free delivery, are the same. c. Compressibility. Compressibility is the characteristic of a gas to change its volume as a function of pressure, temperature and composition. The compressibility coefficient (Kp) expresses the ratio of the fan total pressure developed with an incompressible fluid to the fan total pressure developed with a compressible fluid (See ANSI/AMCA 210). Differences in the compressibility coefficient between two similar fans must be d. Specific Heat Ratio (Cp). Model fan tests are usually based on air with a specific heat ratio of 1.4. Induced draft fans may handle flue gas with a specific heat ratio of 1.35. Even though these differences may normally be considered small, they make a noticeable difference in the calculation of the compressibility coefficient. Refer to AMCA Publication 802, Annex A, for calculation procedures. e. Tip Speed Mach Parameter (Mt). Tip speed Mach parameter is an expression relating the tip speed of the impeller to the speed of sound at the fan inlet condition. When airflow velocity at a point approaches the speed of sound, some blocking or choking effects occur that reduce the fan performance. calculated using the proper specific heat ratio for the gases being handled.
Air density (), fan size (D), and fan rotational speed (N) are usually constant for the entire curve and must be stated. A typical fan performance curve is shown in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.2 illustrates examples of performance curves for a variety of fan types.
Pt
100
Ps
90
PRESSURE, P
80 70 60 50 40
s
H
10
EFFICIENCY, PERCENT
POWER, H
TYPE
IMPELLER DESIGN Highest efficiency of all centrifugal fan designs. Ten to 16 blades of airfoil contour curved away from direction of rotation. Deep blades allow for efficient expansion within blade passages Air leaves impeller at velocity less than tip speed. For given duty, has highest speed of centrifugal fan designs Efficiency only slightly less than airfoil fan. Ten to 16 single-thickness blades curved or inclined away from direction of rotation Efficient for same reasons as airfoil fan.
HOUSING DESIGN Scroll-type design for efficient conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure. Maximum efficiency requires close clearance and alignment between wheel and inlet
AIRFOIL
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
BACKWARDINCLINED BACKWARDCURVED
Higher pressure characteristics than airfoil, backward-curved, and backward-inclined fans. Curve may have a break to left of peak pressure R and fan should not be operated in this area. Power rises continually to free delivery.
M M
RADIAL
Scroll. Usually narrowest of all centrifugal designs. Because wheel design is less efficient, housing dimensions are not as critical as for airfoil and backward-inclined fans.
Flatter pressure curve and lower efficiency than the airfoil, backward-curved, and backward-inclined. Do not rate fan in the pressure curve dip to the left of peak pressure. Power rises continually toward free delivery. Motor selection must take this into account.
FORWARDCURVED
Scroll similar to and often identical to other centrifugal fan designs. Fit between wheel and inlet not as critical as for airfoil and backward-inclined fans.
PROPELLER
Low efficiency. Limited to low-pressure applications. Usually low cost impellers have two or more blades of single thickness attached to relatively small hub. Primary energy transfer by velocity pressure.
Simple circular ring, orifice plate, or venturi. Optimum design is close to blade tips and forms smooth airfoil into wheel.
AXIAL FANS
TUBEAXIAL
Somewhat more efficient and capable of developing more useful static pressure than propeller fan. Usually has 4 to 8 blades with airfoil or singlethickness cross section. Hub usually less than transfer by velocity pressure.
Good blade design gives medium- to high-pressure capability at good efficiency. Most efficient of these fans have airfoil blades. Blades may have fixed, adjustable, or controllable pitch. Hub is usually greater than half fan tip diameter.
VANEAXIAL
Cylindrical tube with close clearance to blade tips. Guide vanes upstream or downstream from impeller increase pressure capability and efficiency.
SPECIAL DESIGNS
CENTRIFUGAL
TUBULAR
Performance similar to backward-curved fan except capacity and pressure are lower. Lower efficiency than backward-curved fan. Performance curve may have a dip to the left of peak pressure.
Cylindrical tube similar to vaneaxial fan, except clearance to wheel is not as close. Air discharges radially from wheel and turns 90 to flow through guide vanes.
Low-pressure exhaust systems such as general factory, kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial installations. Provides positive exhaust ventilation, which is an advantage over gravity-type exhaust units. Centrifugal units are slightly quieter than axial units. Low-pressure exhaust systems such as general factory, kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial installations. Provides positive exhaust ventilation, which is an advantage over gravity-type exhaust units.
CENTRIFUGAL
Normal housing not used, since air discharges from impeller in full circle. Usually does not include configuration to recover velocity pressure component.
Essentially a propeller fan mounted in a supporting structure Hood protects fan from weather and acts as safety guard. Air discharges from annular space at bottom of weather hood.
AXIAL
Figure 4.2 - Types of Fans Adapted with permission from 1996 ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook (SI) 11
PERFORMANCE CURVES
10
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Highest efficiencies occur at 50 to 60% of wide open volume. This volume also has good pressure characteristics. Power reaches maximum near peak efficiency and becomes lower, or self-limiting, toward free delivery.
APPLICATIONS General heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning applications. Usually only applied to large systems, which may be low-, medium-, or high-pressure applications. Applied to large, clean-air industrial operations for significant energy savings. Same heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning applications as airfoil fan. Used in some industrial applications where airfoil blade may corrode or erode due to environment.
PRESSURE-POWER
8 6 t 4 2 0 0 10 2
PRESSURE-POWER
8 6 4 2 0 0 10 2 4 6 8
2 0 10
PRESSURE-POWER
10 EFFICIENCY 8 6 4 2 0 10
Higher pressure characteristics than airfoil and backwardcurved fans. Pressure may drop suddenly at left of peak pressure, but this usually causes no problems. Power rises continually to free delivery.
Primarily for materials handling in industrial plants. Also for some high-pressure industrial requirements. Rugged wheel is simple to repair in the field. Wheel sometimes coated with special material. Not common for HVAC applications.
8 6 4 2 0 0 10 2 4 6 8
Pressure curve less steep than that of backward-curved fans. Curve dips to left of peak pressure. Highest efficiency to right of peak pressure at 40 to 50% of wide open volume. Rate fan to right of peak pressure. Account for power curve, which rises continually toward free delivery, when selecting motor. High flow rate, but very low-pressure capabilities. Maximum efficiency reached near free delivery. Discharge pattern circular and airstream swirls.
PRESSURE-POWER
Primarily for low-pressure HVAC applications, such as residential furnaces, central station units, and packaged air conditioners.
PRESSURE-POWER
10 EFFICIENCY 8 6 4 2 0 10
For low-pressure, high-volume air moving applications, such as air circulation in a space or ventilation through a wall without ductwork. Used for makeup air applications.
PRESSURE-POWER
10 EFFICIENCY 8 6 4 2 0 10
High flow rate, medium-pressure capabilities. Performance curve dips to left of peak pressure. Avoid operating fan in this region. Discharge pattern circular and airstream rotates or swirls.
Low- and medium-pressure ducted HVAC applications where air distribution downstream is not critical. Used in some industrial applications, such as drying ovens, paint spray booths, and fume exhausts.
10 EFFICIENCY 8 6 4 2 0 10
High-pressure characteristics with medium-volume flow capabilities. Performance curve dips to left of peak pressure due to aerodynamic stall. Avoid operating fan in this region. Guide vanes correct circular motion imprated by wheel and improve pressure characteristics and efficiency of fan.
General HVAC systems in low-, medium-, and high-pressure applications where straight-through flow and compact installation are required. Has good downstream air distribution Used in industrial applications in place of tubeaxial fans. More compact than centrifugal fans for same duty.
PRESSURE-POWER
8 6 4 2 0 0 10 2 4 6 8
Performance similar to backward-curved fan, except capacity and pressure is lower. Lower efficiency than backward-curved fan because air turns 90. Performance curve of some designs is similar to axial flow fan and dips to left of peak pressure.
PRESSURE-POWER
Primarily for low-pressure, return air systems in HVAC applications. Has straight-through flow.
PRESSURE-POWER
10 EFFICIENCY 8 6 4 2 0 10
Usually operated without ductwork; therefore, operates at very low pressure and high volume. Only static pressure and static efficiency are shown for this fan.
Low-pressure exhaust systems, such as general factory, kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial installations. Low first cost and low operating cost give an advantage over gravity flow exhaust systems. Centrifugal units are somewhat quieter than axial flow units.
PRESSURE-POWER
10 EFFICIENCY 8 6 4 2 8 0 10
Usually operated without ductwork; therefore, operates at very low pressure and high volume. Only static pressure and static efficiency are shown for this fan.
Low-pressure exhaust systems, such as general factory, kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial installations. Low first cost and low operating cost give an advantage over gravity flow exhaust systems.
a: These performance curves reflect general characteristics of various fans as commonly applied. They are not intended to provide complete selection criteria, since other parameters, such as diameter and speed, are not defined.
Figure 4.2 - Types of Fans Adapted with permission from 1996 ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook (SI) 12
1) Type B: Free inlet, ducted outlet 2) Type C: Ducted inlet, free outlet 3) Type D: Ducted inlet, ducted outlet The performance of fans intended for use with duct systems is usually published in the form of a "multirating" table. A typical multi-rating table, as illustrated in Figure 5.2 shows: a) the speed (N) in rpm b) the power (H) in kw (hp) c) the fan static pressure (Ps) in Pa (in. wg) d) the outlet velocity (V) in m/s, (fpm) e) the airflow (Q) in m3/s (cfm) Figure 5.3 shows constant speed characteristic curves superimposed on a section of the multi-rating table for the same fan. A brief study of this figure will assist in understanding the relationship between curves and the multi-rating tables.
AIRFLOW (m3/s) @ STATIC PRESSURE (Pa) 0 31 62 93 124 155 186 217 2.02 1.58 0.58 2.25 1.87 0.97 2.51 2.18 1.76 0.76 2.86 2.57 2.24 1.70 0.81 2.89 2.36 1.05 3.17 2.68 1.94 0.76 3.71 3.30 2.85 1.56 0.95 4.18 3.83 3.44 3.01 1.60 1.10 4.36 3.76 3.04 1.27 4.99 4.48 3.92 2.38 1.42 5.23 5.08 4.57 4.01 2.31 1.52 6.29 5.90 5.47 5.01 4.48 2.79 1.94 6.91 6.53 6.15 5.75 5.32 4.81 3.05 2.24 FOR A SERIES OF BELT-DRIVEN PROPELLER FANS
248
1.84
SIZE No. of Motor Peak AIRFLOW (ft3/min) @ STATIC PRESSURE (in. wg) rpm (in.) Blades hp bhp 0 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1/4 862 0.18 4,283 3,350 1,230 1/4 960 0.27 4,770 3,960 2,050 24 3 1/3 1071 0.36 5,321 4,620 3,730 1,600 1/2 1220 0.54 6,062 5,450 4,750 3,600 1,710 1/4 806 0.27 6,123 4,990 2,230 1/3 883 0.36 6,708 5,675 4,100 1,620 27 3 1/2 1035 0.57 7,862 7,000 6,035 3,315 2,020 3/4 1165 0.83 8,850 8,110 7,290 6,385 3,400 2,330 1/2 825 0.56 9,240 7,970 6,430 2,700 3/4 945 0.83 10,580 9,500 8,300 5,040 3,010 1 1045 1.1 11,710 10,755 9,685 8,490 4,890 3,215 33 3 1 1190 1.6 13,335 12,490 11,580 10,610 9,500 5,905 4,100 2 1306 2.2 14,630 13,845 13,030 12,185 11,280 10,200 6,470 4,740 3,900 TYPICAL RATING TABLE FOR A SERIES OF BELT-DRIVEN PROPELLER FANS Figure 5.1 - Propeller Fan Performance Table 13
313 327 343 360 378 398 419 441 464 488 511 535 559 585 633 682
0.39 0.45 0.53 0.63 0.73 0.86 1.00 1.16 1.33 1.53 1.75 1.99 2.25 2.54 3.20 3.98
352 366 382 399 417 437 457 479 501 525 538 571 595 644 693 742 791
0.55 0.64 0.74 0.85 0.98 1.13 1.30 1.49 1.69 1.92 2.16 2.44 2.74 3.41 4.20 5.13 6.20
389 403 419 436 454 473 494 515 537 560 584 607 654 703 752 801 850
0.75 0.86 0.98 1.11 1.26 1.44 1.63 1.86 2.09 2.35 2.62 2.93 3.63 4.44 5.38 6.47 7.70
411 424 438 455 472 489 509 529 550 572 595 616 665 712 761 810 859 908
0.87 0.98 1.10 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.79 2.01 2.26 2.54 2.82 3.14 3.85 4.68 5.64 6.73 7.99 9.40
443 458 472 489 506 524 543 564 585 606 629 675 721 769 818 867 916 965 1015
1.10 1.19 1.39 1.56 1.74 1.95 2.18 2.43 2.71 3.01 3.34 4.07 4.93 5.90 7.01 8.27 9.70 11.30 13.06
494 507 522 538 555 572 590 610 630 651 695 741 788 834 883 932 981 1030 1072 1129
1.52 1.68 1.86 2.06 2.28 2.53 2.78 3.07 3.39 3.74 4.52 5.40 6.41 7.57 8.87 10.32 11.95 13.77 15.78 17.98
540 554 568 584 600 617 635 654 674 715 759 805 852 898 946 995 1044 1093 1142
1.99 2.18 2.39 2.62 2.89 3.16 3.45 3.78 4.15 4.96 5.89 6.94 8.11 9.47 10.96 12.62 14.46 16.50 18.76
TYPICAL MULTISPEED RATING TABLE FOR A SINGLE WIDTH, SINGLE INLET CENTRIFUGAL FAN
313 327 343 360 378 398 419 441 464 488 511 535 559 585 633 682
0.519 0.608 0.716 0.840 0.981 1.149 1.340 1.553 1.780 2.048 2.346 2.665 3.017 3.403 4.289 5.335
352 366 383 399 417 437 457 479 501 525 538 571 595 644 693 742 791
0.743 0.856 0.992 1.144 1.314 1.514 1.741 1.993 2.269 2.570 2.901 3.275 3.672 4.577 5.632 6.885 8.308
389 1.01 403 1.15 419 1.31 436 1.49 454 1.69 473 1.93 494 2.19 515 2.49 537 2.80 560 3.15 584 3.52 607 3.93 654 4.87 703 5.96 752 7.22 801 8.67 850 10.32
411 1.17 424 1.31 443 438 1.48 458 455 1.68 472 472 1.89 489 489 2.12 506 509 2.40 524 529 2.70 543 550 3.03 564 572 3.40 585 595 3.78 606 618 4.21 629 665 5.16 675 712 6.28 721 761 7.56 769 810 9.03 818 859 10.71 867 908 12.50 916 965 1015
1.48 1.60 1.86 2.09 2.34 2.61 2.92 3.26 3.64 4.04 4.48 5.46 6.61 7.91 9.40 11.09 13.01 15.16 17.52
494 507 522 538 555 572 590 610 630 651 695 741 788 834 883 932 981 1030 1072 1129
2.04 2.25 2.49 2.76 3.06 3.39 3.73 4.12 4.55 5.02 6.06 7.24 8.60 10.15 11.89 13.84 16.03 18.47 21.16 24.11
540 554 568 584 600 617 635 654 674 715 759 805 852 898 946 995 1044 1093 1142
2.67 2.92 3.20 3.52 3.87 4.24 4.63 5.07 5.56 6.65 7.90 9.30 10.88 12.70 14.70 16.92 19.39 22.13 25.16
TYPICAL MULTISPEED RATING TABLE FOR A SINGLE WIDTH, SINGLE INLET CENTRIFUGAL FAN Figure 5.2 - Centrifugal Fan Performance Tables 14
1/4 SP
3/8 SP
1/2 SP
5/8 SP
3/4 SP
7/8 SP
1 SP
1-1/4 SP
1-1/2 SP
1-3/4 SP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
RPM
BHP
390 RPM
490 RPM
VOLUME CFM
222 236 253 272 292 270 284 300 317 313 .519 327 .608 343 .716 352 .743 366 .856 389 1.01 403 419 436 454 473 494 515 537 560 584 607 654 703 752 801 3.93 4.87 5.76 7.22 8.67 850 10.32 618 665 712 761 810 2.19 2.49 2.80 3.15 3.52 509 529 550 572 595 2.40 2.70 3.03 3.40 524 543 564 585 606 4.21 5.16 6.28 7.56 9.03 859 10.71 908 12.60 629 675 721 769 818 1.15 1.31 1.49 1.69 1.93 424 438 455 472 489 1.31 1.48 1.58 1.89 2.12 443 458 472 489 506 1.48 1.60 1.86 2.09 2.34 2.61 2.92 3.26 3.84 4.04 4.48 5.46 6.81 7.91 8.48 411 1.17 332 .992 399 1.144 417 1.314 437 1.514 457 1.741 479 1.995 501 2.269 525 2.570 538 2.901 571 3.276 596 644 4.577 693 5.632 742 6.885 791 8.308 360 .840 378 .981 398 1.149 419 1.340 441 1.553 464 1.78 488 2.048 511 2.346 535 2.665 559 3.017 584 3.403 633 4.289 682 5.335 337 .695 358 .822 379 .988 482 1.163 426 1.360 449 1.587 473 1.837 493 2.115 522 2.424 547 2.767 571 3.744 629 4.003 .334 .400 .483 .579 314 .560 338 .682 361 .826 335 .988 409 1.175 434 1.387 456 1.626 482 508 2.19 .185 .233 .292 .365 .450
OUTLET VELOCITY
585 RPM
2.04 2.25 2.49 2.76 3.06 3.49 3.73 4.12 4.55 651 5.02 695 6.06 741 7.24 788 8.60 834 10.15
540 2.67 554 2.92 568 3.28 584 600 617 635 654 3.52 3.87 4.24 4.63 5.07 674 5.56 715 6.65 759 7.90 9.30 852 10.88
584 3.37 598 3.66 612 627 643 661 678 3.99 4.36 4.76 5.18 5.63 696 6.11 736 7.24 778 822 10.02 867 11.65 867 11.09 883 11.89 898 12.70 914 13.48 916 13.01 932 13.84 946 14.70 960 15.56 965 15.16 981 16.03 995 16.92 1009 17.83 1015 17.52 1030 18.47 1044 19.39 1057 20.35 1079 21.16 1093 22.13 1106 23.12 1129 24.11 1142 25.16 1155 26.18
CFM
810 RPM
Figure 5.3 - Typical Fan Performance Table Showing Relationship to a Family of Constant Speed Performance Curves
15
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) Most performance tables do not cover the complete range from no delivery to free delivery but cover only the typical operating range. Figure 5.4 illustrates the recommended performance range of a centrifugal fan. Comparison of Figure 5.4 with Figure 5.3 will show that the published performance table also covers only the recommended performance range of the fan. It should be remembered that fans are generally tested without obstructions in the inlet and outlet and without any optional airstream accessories in place. Catalog ratings will, therefore, usually apply only to the bare fan with unobstructed inlet and outlet. Fan performance adjustment factors for airstream accessories are normally available from either the fan catalog or the fan manufacturer. Fans are usually tested in arrangement 1, or similar (see Figure 3.5). Rating tables will, therefore, also apply only to the tested arrangement. Allowances for the effect of bearing supports used in other arrangements should be obtained from the manufacturer if not shown in the catalog.
6. Air Systems
6.1 The system
An air system may consist simply of a fan with ducting connected to either the inlet or outlet or to both. A more complicated system may include a fan, ductwork, air control dampers, cooling coils, heating coils, filters, diffusers, sound attenuation, turning vanes, etc. See AMCA Publication 200 Air Systems, for more information.
PRESSURE
CU RV E
SY
DU CT
DU
Y TS
ST
EM
CU
E RV
ST
EM
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) In a later section, the effects of some system components and fan accessories on fan performance are discussed. The System Effects presented will assist the system designer to determine fan selection. The system curve of a "fixed system" plots as a parabola in accordance with the above relationship. Typical plots of the resistance to flow versus volume airflow for three different and arbitrary fixed systems, (A, B, and C) are illustrated in Figure 6.1. For a fixed system an increase or decrease in airflow results in an increase or decrease in the system resistance along the given system curve only. Also, as the components in a system change, the system curve changes. Refer to Figure 6.1, Duct System A. With a system at the design airflow (Q) and at a design system resistance (P), an increase in airflow to 120% of Q will result in an increase in system resistance P of 144% since system resistance varies with the square of the airflow. Likewise, a decrease in airflow Q to 50% would result in a decrease in system resistance P to 25% of the design system resistance. In Figure 6.1, System Curve B is representative of a system that has more component pressure loss than System Curve A, and System Curve C has less component pressure loss than System Curve A. Notice that on a percentage basis, the same relationships also hold for System Curves B and C. These relationships are characteristic of typical fixed systems.
200 180
160 140
SY E ST M C
120 100
B
80
SY
60 40 20 0 0 20 40
SY
ST
ST
EM
EM
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
is now at Point 3 (the intersection of the fan curve and the new System C), with the airflow at approximately 120% of Q.
200
EM
180
SY
ST
SY
E ST
FAN CURVE
2 1
SYSTEM DESIGN POINT
120
140
160
180
200
18
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) 6.5.1 Fan Laws - effect of change in speed - (fan size and air density remaining constant) For the same size fan, Dc = D and, therefore, (Dc/D) = 1. When the air density does not vary, c = and the air density ratio (c/) = 1. Kp is taken as equal to unity in this and following examples. Qc = Q (Nc/N) Ptc = Pt (Nc/N)2 Psc = Ps (Nc/N)2 Pvc = Pv (Nc/N)2 Hc = H (Nc/N)3 air density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3) is standard in the fan industry throughout the world. Figure 6.4 illustrates the effect on the fan performance of a density variation from the standard value. 6.6.1 Fan Laws - effect of change in density - (fan size and speed remaining constant) When the speed of the fan does not change, Nc = N and, therefore, (Nc/N) = 1. The fan size is also fixed, Dc = D and therefore (Dc/D) = 1. Qc = Q Ptc = Pt (c/) Psc = Ps (c/) Pvc = Pv (c/) Hc = H (c/)
DU
CT
SY
ST
EM
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 50 1 100
PRESSURE
S (AT 1.1N)
H (AT 1.1N)
S (AT N) PRESSURE
2 H (AT N)
110%
PERCENT OF POWER
133
19
100 80 60 40 20 0
FAN PRESSURE CURVE @ DENSITY /2
100
PERCENT OF POWER
POWER @ DENSITY
80 60 40
POWER @ DENSITY /2
20
condition results in an actual airflow at Point 2, which is at a higher pressure and lower airflow than was expected. If the actual duct system pressure loss is greater than design, an increase in fan speed may be necessary to achieve Point 5, the design airflow. CAUTION: Before increasing fan rotational speed, check with the fan manufacturer to determine whether the fan rotational speed can be safely increased. Also determine the expected increase in power. Since the power required increases as the cube of the fan rotational speed ratio, it is very easy to exceed the capacity of the existing motor and that of the available electrical service. 6.8.2 Lower system resistance. Curve C in Figure 6.6 shows a system that has less resistance to airflow than designed. This condition results in an actual airflow at Point 3, which is at a lower pressure and higher airflow than was expected.
1
FAN PRESSURE CURVE
DESIGN RESISTANCE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
the fan speed, adjusting the variable inlet vane (VIV), if installed, or inlet dampers. The system resistance could also be increased to Point 1 on Curve A, Figure 6.6. The change in fan operating point should be evaluated carefully, since a change in fan power consumption may occur. The system designer should also evaluate the fan performance tolerance and system resistance tolerance to determine if the lower or upper limits of the probable airflow in the system are acceptable. The combination of these tolerances should be evaluated to ensure that the high-side system resistance curve does not fall into the unstable range of performance. Operation in this area of the curve should be avoided and precautions taken to ensure operations outside of the unstable area, especially at the highest expected system resistance.
5
CURVE C ACTUAL SYSTEM PEAK FAN PRESSURE
2 1
ACTUAL SYSTEM LESS THAN DESIGN
3 DESIGN RESISTANCE 4
DESIGN AIRFLOW
Include adequate allowance for the effect of all accessories and appurtenances on the performance of the system and the fan. If possible, obtain from the fan manufacturer data on the effect of installed appurtenances on the fan's performance (See Section 10). Use field measurement techniques that can be applied effectively on the particular system. Be aware of the probable accuracy of measurement and conditions that affect this. Refer to AMCA Publication 203 Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems; for more precise measurement see AMCA Standard 803 Industrial Process/Power Generation Fans: Site Performance Test Standard. Also, refer to AABC National Standards, Chapter 8, Volume Measurements, Associated Air Balance Council, 5th Edition, 1989.
to
prevent
deficient
Use appropriate allowances in the design calculations when space or other factors dictate the use of less than optimum arrangement of the fan outlet and inlet connections (See Sections 8 and 9). Design the connections between the fan and the system to provide, as nearly as possible, uniform airflow conditions at the fan outlet and inlet connections (See Sections 8 and 9).
23
2
SYSTEM EFFECT LOSS AT DESIGN AIRFLOW
4 1 3
DESIGN RESISTANCE
AIRFLOW DEFICIENCY
DESIGN AIRFLOW
24
FG H I J K L
300 T U 200
100 90 80 70 60 50 40
30
20 2.5
9 10
20
30
25
FG H I J K L 5.0
O P
0.15
0.1
8 9 10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
26
Dynamic Pressure Loss Coefficient C 16.00 14.20 12.70 11.40 9.50 7.90 6.40 4.50 3.20 2.50 1.90 1.50 1.20 0.75 0.50 0.40 0.25 0.17 0.10
SI
V SEF = C 1097
I-P
27
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) The SEF is given in Pascals (in. wg) and must be added to the total system pressure losses as shown on Figure 7.2. The velocity used when entering Figure 7.1 will be either the inlet or the outlet velocity of the fan. This will depend on whether the configuration in question is related to the fan inlet or the fan outlet. Most catalog ratings include outlet velocity figures but, for centrifugal fans, it may be necessary to calculate the inlet velocity (See Figure 9.14). The inlet velocity and outlet velocity of an axial fan can be approximated by using the fan impeller diameter to determine the airflow area. The necessary dimensioned drawings are usually included in the fan catalog. In Sections 8 and 9, typical inlet and outlet configurations are illustrated and the appropriate System Effect Curve is listed for each configuration. If more than one configuration is included in a system, the SEF for each must be determined separately and the total of these System Effects must be added to the total pressure losses. The System Effect Curves are plotted for standard air at a density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3). Since the System Effect is directly proportional to density, values for other densities can be calculated as below: d SEF2 = SEF1 2 d1 Where: SEF2 = SEF at actual density SEF1 = SEF at standard density d2 = actual density d1 = standard density Alternatively, the SEF may be calculated by the method shown in Table 7.1. Determine the configuration being evaluated and use the appropriate loss coefficient, Cp, and application velocity, V. The SEF can then be calculated using the equations shown in Table 7.1.
FAN POWER
SEF
FAN PRESSURE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
should examine catalog ratings carefully for statements defining whether the published ratings are based on tests made with A: free inlet, free outlet; B: free inlet, ducted outlet; C: ducted inlet, free outlet or D; ducted inlet, ducted outlet. ANSI/AMCA 210 specifies an outlet duct that is no greater than 105% or less than 95% of the fan outlet area. It also requires that the slope of the transition elements be no greater than 15 for converging elements or greater than 7 for diverging elements. Figure 8.1 shows changes in velocity profiles at various distances from centrifugal and axial flow fan outlets. By definition, 100% "effective duct length" is a minimum of two and one half (2) equivalent duct diameters. For velocities greater than 13 m/s (2500 fpm), add 1 duct diameter for each additional 5 m/s (1000 fpm).
25% 50% 75% CENTRIFUGAL FAN 100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH AXIAL FAN
To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2 duct diameters for 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm) or less. Add 1 duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000 fpm). EXAMPLE: 25.4 m/s (5000 fpm) = 5 equivalent duct diameters. If the duct is rectangular with side dimensions a and b, the equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/)0.5. Figure 8.1 - Fan Outlet Velocity Profiles 29
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) 8.1.1 Axial flow fan - outlet ducts. Most exhaust axial flow fans are tested and/or rated with two to three equivalent duct diameters attached to the fan outlet. Often, fans are installed without an outlet duct, either because of available space or for economic reasons. Tubeaxial fans installed with no outlet ducts have System Effect Factors (SEF) approaching zero. Vaneaxial fans, however, do not perform as cataloged when they are installed with less than 50% "effective duct length." System Effect Curves for tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans with less than optimum outlet duct are shown in Figure 8.2. To determine the applicable SEF, calculate the average velocity in the outlet duct and enter the System Effect Curve (Figure 7.1) at this velocity, utilizing the appropriate System Effect Curve selected from Figure 8.2, then read over horizontally to the System Effect Factor, Pascals (in. wg) on the ordinate. 8.1.2 Centrifugal flow fan - outlet ducts. Centrifugal fans are sometimes installed with a less than optimum outlet duct. If it is not possible to use a full-length outlet duct, then a SEF must be added to the system resistance losses. System Effect Curves for centrifugal fans with less than optimum outlet duct length are shown in Figure 8.3.
AXIAL FAN
100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2 duct diameters for 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm) or less. Add 1 duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000 fpm). EXAMPLE: 25.4 m/s (5000 fpm) = 5 equivalent duct diameters 12% Effective Duct --V 25% Effective Duct --W 50 % Effective Duct ----100% Effective Duct -----
No Duct
--U
Determine SEF by using Figure 7.1 Figure 8.2 - System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts - Axial Fans 30
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) velocity as it approaches the larger area, and a portion of the change (reduction) in velocity pressure is converted into static pressure. This process is called static regain, and is simply defined as the conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure. The efficiency of conversion (or loss of total pressure) will depend upon the angle of expansion, the length of the evas section, and the blast area/outlet area ratio of the fan. The fan manufacturer will, in most cases, be able to provide design information for an efficient diffuser. See AMCA Publication 200 Air Systems, for an example showing the effect of a diffuser on a duct exit.
CENTRIFUGAL FAN To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2 duct diameters for 2500 fpm or less. Add 1 duct diameter for each additional 1000 fpm. EXAMPLE: 5000 fpm = 5 equivalent duct diameters. If the duct is rectangular with side dimensions a and b, the equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/)0.5. No Duct Pressure Recovery Blast Area Outlet Area 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P P R-S S T-U V-W R-S R-S S-T U V-W W-X 0% 12% Effective Duct 50% 25% Effective Duct 80% System Effect Curve U U U-V W-X X W W W-X 50% Effective Duct 90% 100% Effective Duct 100%
Determine SEF by using Figure 7.1 Figure 8.3 - System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts - Centrifugal Fans 31
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) Since the velocity profile at the outlet of a fan is not uniform, an elbow located at or near the fan outlet will develop a pressure loss greater than the industryaccepted value. The amount of this loss will depend upon the location and orientation of the elbow relative to the fan outlet. In some cases, the effect of the elbow will be to further distort the outlet velocity profile of the fan. This will increase the losses and may result in such uneven airflow in the duct that branch- takeoffs near the elbow will not deliver their design airflow. (See Section 8.6) Wherever possible, a length of straight duct should be installed at the fan outlet to permit the diffusion and development of a uniform airflow profile before an elbow is inserted in the duct. If an elbow must be located near the fan outlet then it should be a radius elbow having a minimum radius-to-duct-diameter ratio of 1.5. 8.3.1 Axial fans - outlet duct elbows. Tubeaxial fans with two-piece and four-piece mitered elbows at varying distances from the fan outlet have a negligible SEF (see Figure 8.4). Vaneaxial fans with two and four-piece mitered elbows at varying distances from the fan outlet resulted in System Effect Curves as shown in Figure 8.4. 8.3.2 Centrifugal fans - outlet duct elbows. The outlet velocity of centrifugal fans is generally higher toward one or adjacent sides of the rectangular duct. If an elbow must be located near the fan outlet it should have a minimum radius-to-duct-diameter ratio of 1.5, and it should be arranged to give the most uniform airflow possible. Figure 8.5 gives System Effect Curves that can be used to estimate the effect of an elbow at the fan outlet. It also shows the reduction in losses resulting from the use of a straight outlet duct.
90 Elbow
No Duct
2 & 4 Pc 2 Pc 4 Pc
--U W
Determine SEF by using Figures 7.1 and 8.1 Figure 8.4 - System Effect Curves for Outlet Duct Elbows - Axial Fans 32
POSITION C
POSITION D
POSITION B
INL
ET
POSITION A
Note: Fan Inlet and elbow positions must be oriented as shown for the proper application of the table on the facing page. Figure 8.5 - Outlet Elbows on SWSI Centrifugal Fans
33
No Outlet Duct N M-N L-M L-M O-P N-O M-N M-N Q P N-O N-O R-S Q-R P P S R-S Q-R Q-R T S R R T S-T R-S R-S
12% Effective Duct O N M M P-Q O-P N N Q-R Q O O S R-S Q Q S-T S R R T-U S-T S S T-U T S S
25% Effective Duct P-Q O-P N N R Q O-P O-P S R Q Q T S-T R-S R-S T-U T S S U-V T-U S-T S-T U-V U T T
50% Effective Duct S R-S Q Q T S-T R-S R-S U T S S V U-V T T W V U-V U-V W W V V W W V V
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURES 7.1 AND 8.1 For DWDI fans determine SEF using the curve for SWSI fans. Then, apply the appropriate multiplier from the tabulation below MULTIPLIERS FOR DWDI FANS ELBOW POSITION A = P 1.00 ELBOW POSITION B = P 1.25 ELBOW POSITION C = P 1.00 ELBOW POSITION D = P 0.85 Figure 8.5 - Outlet Elbows on SWSI Centrifugal Fans 34
0.6
a large plenum or to free space a parallel blade damper may be satisfactory. For a centrifugal fan, best air performance will usually be achieved by installing an opposed blade damper with its blades perpendicular to the fan shaft; however, other considerations, such as the need for thrust bearings, may require installation of the damper with its blades parallel to the fan shaft. When a damper is required, it is often furnished as accessory equipment by the fan manufacturer (see Figure 8.6). In many systems, a volume control damper will be located in the ductwork at or near the fan outlet. Published pressure drops for wide-open control dampers are based on uniform approach velocity profiles. When a damper is installed close to the outlet of a fan the approach velocity profile is nonuniform and much higher pressure losses through the damper can result. Figure 8.7 lists multipliers that should be applied to the damper manufacturer's catalog pressure drop when the damper is installed at the outlet of a centrifugal fan. These multipliers should be applied to all types of fan outlet dampers.
35
BLAST AREA OUTLET AREA 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
PRESSURE DROP MULTIPLIER 7.5 4.8 3.3 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.2
Figure 8.7 - Pressure Drop Multipliers for Volume Control Dampers on a Fan Discharge
36
In Figure 8.8 branch takeoffs or splits are located close to the fan outlet. Non-uniform airflow conditions will exist and pressure loss and airflow may vary widely from the design intent. Wherever possible a length of straight duct should be installed between the fan outlet and any split or branch takeoff.
Note: Avoid location of split or duct branch close to fan discharge. Provide a straight section of duct to allow for air diffusion. Figure 8.8 - Branches Located Too Close to Fan
37
loss of energy, or even a flat flange (e) on the end of the duct or fan will reduce the loss to about one half of the loss through an un-flanged entry. ANSI/AMCA 210 limits an inlet duct to a crosssectional area no greater than 112.5% or less than 92.5% of the fan inlet area. The slope of transition elements is limited to 15 converging and 7 diverging.
a.
IDEAL SMOOTH ENTRY TO DUCT ON A DUCT SYSTEM
b.
BELL MOUTH INLET PRODUCES FULL FLOW INTO FAN
c.
VENA CONTRACTA AT INLET REDUCES EFFECTIVE FAN INLET AREA
d.
CONVERGING TAPERED ENTRY INTO FAN OR DUCT SYSTEM
e.
FLANGED ENTRY INTO FAN OR DUCT SYTEM
Figure 9.1 Typical Inlet Connections for Centrifugal and Axial Fans 38
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) 9.2.1 Axial fans - inlet duct elbows. The System Effect Curves shown in Figure 9.2 for tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans are the result of tests run with two and four piece mitered inlet elbows at or in close proximity to the fan inlets. Other variables tested included hubto-tip (H/T) ratio and blade solidity. The number of blades did not have a significant affect on the inlet elbow SEF. 9.2.2 Centrifugal fans - inlet duct elbows. Nonuniform airflow into a fan inlet, Figure 9.3A, is a common cause of deficient fan performance. The System Effect Curves for mitered 90 round section elbows of given radius/diameter (R/D) ratios are listed on Figure 9.4, and the System Effect Curves for various square duct elbows of given radius/diameter ratios are listed on Figure 9.5. The SEF for a particular elbow is found in Figure 7.1 at the intersection of the average fan inlet velocity and the tabulated System Effect Curve. This pressure loss should be added to the friction and dynamic losses already determined for the particular elbow. Note that when duct turning vanes and/or a suitable length of duct is used (three to eight diameters long, depending on velocities) between the fan inlet and the elbow, the SEF is not as great. These improvements help maintain uniform airflow TUBEAXIAL FAN SHOWN
DUCT LENGTH
DUCT LENGTH
VANEAXIAL FAN SHOWN H/T Tubeaxial Fan Tubeaxial Fan Tubeaxial Fan Vaneaxial Fan Vaneaxial Fan Notes: [1] Instability in fan operation may occur as evidenced by an increase in pressure fluctuations and sound level. Fan instability, for any reason, may result in serious structural damage to the fan. [2] The data presented in Figure 9.2 is representative of commercial type tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans, i.e. 60% to 70% fan static efficiency. Figure 9.2 - System Effect Curves for Inlet Duct Elbows - Axial Fans 39 .25 .25 .35 .61 .61 90 Elbow 2 piece 4 piece 2 piece 2 piece 4 piece No Duct U X V Q-R W
[1][2]
0.5D
[1][2]
3.0D -----
T-U ---
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) into the fan inlet and thereby approach the airflow conditions of the laboratory test setup. Occasionally, where space is limited, the inlet duct will be mounted directly to the fan inlet as shown on Figure 9.3B. The many possible variations in the width and depth of a duct influence the reduction in performance to varying degrees and makes it impossible to establish reliable SEF. Note: Capacity losses as high as 45% have been observed in poorly designed inlets such as in Figure 9.3B. This inlet condition should be AVOIDED. Existing installations can be improved with guide vanes or the conversion to square or mitered elbows with guide vanes, but a better alternative would be a specially designed inlet box similar to that shown in Figure 9.6. 9.2.3 Inlet boxes. Inlet boxes are added to centrifugal and axial fans instead of elbows in order to provide more predictable inlet conditions and to maintain stable fan performance. They may also be used to protect fan bearings from high temperature, or corrosive / erosive gases. The fan manufacturer should include the effect of any inlet box on the fan performance, and when evaluating a proposal it should be established that an appropriate loss has been incorporated in the fan rating. Should this information not be available from the manufacturer, refer to Section 10.4 for an approximate System Effect. A counter-rotating vortex at the inlet may result in a slight increase in the pressure-volume curve but the power will increase substantially. There are occasions, with counter-rotating swirl, when the loss of performance is accompanied by a surging airflow. In these cases, the surging may be more objectionable than the performance change. Inlet spin may arise from a great variety of approach conditions and sometimes the cause is not obvious.
LENGTH OF DUCT
Figure 9.3A - Non-Uniform Airflow Into a Fan Inlet Induced by a 90, 3-Piece Section Elbow-No Turning Vanes
Figure 9.3B - Non-Uniform Airflow Induced Into Fan Inlet by a Rectangular Inlet Duct
40
LENGTH OF DUCT +
R/D
R
NO DUCT N
Figure 9.4A - Two Piece Mitered 90 Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned
SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES R/D NO DUCT O Q R R-S S 2D 5D DUCT DUCT Q R-S S-T T T-U S T-U U-V U-V V
LENGTH OF DUCT +
0.5
D
Figure 9.4B - Three Piece Mitered 90 Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES R/D NO DUCT P-Q Q-R R R-S S-T 2D 5D DUCT DUCT R-S S S-T T U T U U-V U-V V-W
LENGTH OF DUCT +
0.5
D
0.75 1.0
R
2.0 3.0
Figure 9.4C - Four or More Piece Mitered 90 Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned
DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURE 7.1 Figure 9.4 - System Effect Curves for Various Mitered Elbows without Turing Vanes 41
NO DUCT O P R S
SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES R/D H NO DUCT S T V 2D 5D DUCT DUCT T-U U-V V-W V W W-X
LENGTH OF DUCT +
0.5
R
1.0 2.0
Figure 9.5B - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - 3 Long Turning Vanes
SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES R/D NO DUCT S T V 2D 5D DUCT DUCT T-U U-V V-W V W W-X
LENGTH OF DUCT
H
R
Figure 9.5C - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - Short Turning Vanes D = Diameter of the inlet collar The inside area of the square duct (H x H) should be equal to the inside area of the fan inlet collar. * The maximum permissible angle of any converging element of the transition is 15, and for a diverging element, 7. DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURE 7.1 Figure 9.5 - System Effect Curves for Various Square Duct Elbows 42
Figure 9.6 - Improved Flow Conditions with a Special Designed Inlet Box
IMPELLER ROTATION
IMPELLER ROTATION
IMPELLER ROTATION
PRE-ROTATING SWIRL
COUNTER-ROTATING SWIRL
airflow entering a duct elbow with turning vanes will leave the duct elbow with non-uniform airflow.
TURNING VANES
TURNING VANES IMPELLER ROTATION CORRECTED PREROTATING SWIRL TURNING VANES IMPELLER ROTATION
44
0.45D
DUCT
DUCT
45
one-half impeller diameter between an enclosure wall and the fan inlet. Adjacent inlets of multiple double width centrifugal fans located in a common enclosure should be at least one impeller diameter apart if optimum performance is to be expected. Figure 9.11 illustrates fans with restricted inlets and their applicable System Effect Curves.
2L
INLET DIA.
EQUAL
EQUAL
DIAMETER OF INLET
DWDI
0.75 x DIA. OF INLET 0.50 x DIA. OF INLET 0.40 x DIA. OF INLET 0.30 x DIA. OF INLET
V-W U T S
X V-W V-W U
Figure 9.11 - System Effect Curves for Fans Located in Plenums and Cabinet Enclosures and for Various Wall-to-inlet Dimensions 46
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) The manner in which the air stream enters an enclosure in relation to the fan inlets also affects fan performance. Plenum or enclosure inlets or walls that are not symmetrical with the fan inlets will cause uneven airflow and/or inlet spin. Figure 9.12A illustrates this condition that must be avoided to achieve maximum performance from a fan. If this is not possible, inlet conditions can usually be improved with a splitter sheet to break up the inlet vortex as illustrated in Figure 9.12B. For proper performance of axial fans in parallel installations minimum space of one impeller diameter should be allowed between fans, as shown in Figure 9.13. Placing fans closer together can result in erratic or uneven airflow into the fans. common inlet obstructions. Some accessories such as fan bearings, bearing pedestals, inlet vanes, inlet dampers, drive guards and motors may also cause inlet obstruction and are discussed in more detail in Section 10. Obstruction at the fan inlet may be defined in terms of the unobstructed percentage of the inlet area. Because of the shape of the inlet cones of many fans it is sometimes difficult to establish the area of the fan inlet. Figure 9.14 illustrates the convention adopted for this purpose. Where an inlet collar is provided, the inlet area is calculated from the inside diameter of this collar. Where no collar is provided, the inlet plane is defined by the points of tangency of the fan housing side with the inlet cone radius. The unobstructed percentage of the inlet area is calculated by projecting the profile of the obstruction on the profile of the inlet. The adjusted inlet velocity obtained is then used to enter the System Effect Curve chart and the SEF determined from the curve listed for that unobstructed percentage of the fan inlet area.
SPLITTER SHEET
Figure 9.12A - Enclosure Inlet Not Symmetrical with Fan Inlet. PreRotational Vortex Induced
Figure 9.12B - Flow Condition of Figure 9.12A Improved with a Splitter Sheet. Substantial Improvement Would Be To Relocate Enclosure Inlet as Shown in Figure 9.11A
1 DIA. MIN
IN
SI
DE
I
DI
AM
T
ET
ER
AR
CO
LL
E NL
INLET PLANE
ER T ET N AM GE DI AN T OF
INLET PLANE
Table for Figure 9.14 System Effect Curve (Figure 7.1) Distance from obstruction to inlet plane Percentage of unobstructed inlet area 100 95 90 85 75 50 25 0.75 Inlet diameter X W-X V-W U-V 0.5 Inlet diameter X W-X V U T 0.33 Inlet diameter X V-W V-W U S-T S-T 0.25 Inlet diameter W U-V U-V S-T R-S Q-R At Inlet plane V T-U S-T R-S Q P
Figure 9.14 - System Effect Curves for Inlet Obstructions (Table based on Fans and Fan Systems, Thompson & Trickler, Chem Eng MAR83, p. 60)
48
If possible, the necessary information should be obtained directly from the manufacturer. The data presented in this section are offered only as a guide in the absence of specific data from the fan manufacturer. See Figure 10.1 for terminology.
When variable inlet vanes are supplied by the fan manufacturer, the performance should include the effects of the variable inlet vane unit. The System Effect of a wide-open VIV (see Figure 10.2) must be accounted for in the original fan selection. If data are not available from the fan manufacturer the following System Effect Curves should be applied in making the fan selection.
VANE TYPE
120
80
75% OPEN
60
40
75% OPEN
20
20
40
60
80
100
120
Figure 10.2 - Typical Variable Inlet Vanes for a Backward Inclined Fan
51
Quantity Length Mass (weight) Time Velocity Acceleration Area Volume Flow Rate Density (ft) 0.3048 = m
SI to I-P
(lbs) 0.4536 = kg
(kg) 2.2046 = lbs. The unit of time is the second in both systems
(ft-s) 0.3048 = ms (ft/min) 0.00508 = ms (in./s2) 0.0254 = m/s2 (ft2) 0.09290 = m2 (cfm) 0.000471948 = m3/s (lb/ft3) 16.01846 = kg/m3 (in. wg) 248.36 = Pa (in. wg) 0.24836 = kPa (in. Hg) 3.3864 = kPa
(ms) 3.2808 = ft-s (ms) 196.85 = ft/min (m/s2) 39.370 = in./s2 (m2) 10.764 = ft2 (m3/s) 2118.88 = cfm (kg/m3) 0.06243 = lb/ft3 (Pa) 0.004026 = in. wg (kPa) 4.0264 = in. wg (kPa) 0.2953 = in. Hg
Pressure
(lbm/ft-s) 1.4882 = Pa s (ft2/s) 0.0929 = m2/s (ft lb/lbm-R) 5.3803 = J-kg/K (F - 32)/1.8 = C (BHP) 746 = W (BHP) 0.746 = kW
(Pa s) 0.6719 = (lbm/ft-s) (m2/s) 10.7639 = ft2/s (j-kg/K) 0.1858 = (ft lb/lbm-R) (1.8 C) + 32 = F (W)/746 = BHP (kW)/0.746 = BHP
52
These types of systems normally have common inlet and outlet sections, or they may have individual ducts of equal resistance that join together at equal velocities. In either case, the characteristic curve is the sum of the separate airflows for a given static or total pressure (Figure B.2). The total performance of the multiple fans will be less than the theoretical sum if inlet conditions are restricted or the airflow into the inlets is not straight (see Section 9.6). Also, adding a parallel fan to an existing system without modifying the resistance (larger ducts, etc.) will result in lower than anticipated airflow due to increased system resistance. Fans that have a positive slope in the pressurevolume curve to the left of the peak pressure curve, typical of some axial and forward curved centrifugal fans (see Figure 4.2), can experience unstable operation under certain conditions. If fans are operated in parallel in the region of this positive slope, multiple operating conditions may occur. Figure B.2 illustrates the combined pressure-volume curve of two such fans operating in parallel. The closed loop to the left of the peak pressure point is the result of plotting all the possible combinations of volume airflow at each pressure. If the system curve intersects the combined volume-pressure curve in the area enclosed by the loop, more than one point of operation is possible. This may cause one of the fans to handle more of the air and could cause a motor overload if the fans are individually driven. This unbalanced airflow condition tends to reverse readily with the result that the fans will intermittently load and unload. This "pulsing" often generates noise and vibration and may cause damage to the fans, ductwork or driving motors. Aileron controls in forward curved fan outlets or dampers near the inlets or outlets may be used to correct unbalanced airflow or to eliminate pulsations or reversing operation (See Figure B.3).
53
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
200%
100%
SINGLE FAN PRESSURE CURVE
54
100
PARALLEL FANS - FAN PRESSURE AT COMBINED VOLUME
UN STA BL ES YS TE M
STA BL ES YS TE M
AILERON
55
C.1.8 Temperature. The dry-bulb temperature (td) is the air temperature measured by a dry temperature sensor. Temperatures relating to air density are usually referenced to the fan inlet. The wet-bulb temperature (tw) is the temperature measured by a temperature sensor covered by a water-moistened wick and exposed to air in motion. Readings shall be taken only under conditions that assure an air velocity of 3.6 to 10.2 m/s (700 to 2000 ft/min) over the wet-bulb and only after sufficient time has elapsed for evaporative equilibrium to be attained. Wet bulb depression is the difference between drybulb and wet-bulb temperatures (td - tw) at the same location.
56
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) Where the fan inlet is open to atmospheric air or where an inlet bell, as shown in the Figure C.1 is used to simulate an inlet duct, the total pressure at the fan inlet (Pt1) is considered to be the same as the total pressure in the region near the inlet (Pta) where no energy has been imparted to the air. This is the location of "still air". The following equations apply: Pta = 0 Pt = Pt2 - Pt1 Pt1 = Pta = 0 Pt = Pt2 Where the fan outlet is open to atmospheric air or where an outlet duct three diameters or less in length is used to simulate a fan with an outlet duct and the outlet duct is open to atmospheric air, the total pressure at the fan outlet is equal to the fan velocity pressure (Pv). The following equations apply: Pt = Pt2 - Pt1 Pt2 = Pv Pt = Pv - Pt1
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Pt2
Pt = Pt2
Figure C.1 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
57
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Figure C.2 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type C: Ducted Inlet, Free Outlet
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Pt1
Pt
Pt2
Pt = Pt2 - Pt1
Figure C.3 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
58
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) C.2.7 Fan velocity pressure. Fan velocity pressure (Pv) is the pressure corresponding to the average air velocity at the fan outlet. Pv = Pv2 Assuming no change in air density or area between the plane of measurement and the fan outlet, Figure C.4 illustrates fan velocity pressure. C.2.8 Fan static pressure. The difference between the fan total pressure and the fan velocity pressure. Therefore, fan static pressure is the difference between the static pressure at a fan outlet and the total pressure at a fan inlet (per AMCA 99-0066). Ps = Pt - Pv Ignoring losses between the planes of measurement and the fan, Figure C.5 illustrates the fan static pressure for a fan with ducted inlet and outlet. Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 (Algebraic) Where the fan inlet is open to atmospheric air, (free inlet, ducted outlet), the fan static pressure (Ps) is equal to the static pressure at the fan outlet. Ps = Ps2 Where the fan outlet is open to atmospheric air (ducted inlet, free outlet), ignoring the SEF, the fan static pressure (Ps) is equal to the inlet static pressure (Ps1) less the inlet velocity pressure (Pv1). Ps = -Ps1 - Pv1 Ps = -(-Ps1) - Pv1 Ps = Ps1 - Pv1
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Pv = Pv2
Pv2
Figure C.4 - Fan Velocity Pressure for Installation Type B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
59
AMCA 201-02 (R2007) curve. This is a graphical representation of static or total pressure and power input over a range of volume airflow at a stated inlet density and fan speed. It may include static or total efficiency curves. The range of volume airflow that is covered generally extends from shutoff (zero airflow) to free delivery (zero fan static pressure). The pressure curves that appear are generally referred to as the pressurevolume curves. C.3.4 Normalized fan curve. A normalized fan curve is a constant speed curve in which the fan performance values appear as percentages, with 100% airflow at free delivery, 100% fan static pressure at shutoff, and 100% power at the maximum power input point. C.3.5 Point of duty. Point of duty is a statement of air volume flow rate and static or total pressure at a stated density and is used to specify the point on the system curve at which a fan is to operate. C.3.6 Point of operation. The relative position on a fan or air curtain performance curve corresponding to a particular airflow, pressure, power and efficiency (per AMCA 99-0066). C.3.7 Point of rating. The specified fan operating point on its characteristic curve (per AMCA 99-0066). C.3.8 System. A series of ducts, conduits, elbows, branch piping, etc., designed to guide the flow of air, gas or vapor to and from one or more locations. A fan provides the necessary energy to overcome the resistance to flow of the system and causes air or gas to flow through the system. Some components of a typical system are louvers, grills, diffusers, filters, heating and cooling coils, air pollution control devices, burner assemblies, sound attenuators, the ductwork and related fittings. C.3.9 System curve. A graphic representation of the pressure versus volume airflow characteristics of a particular system. C.3.10 System Effect Factor (SEF). A pressure loss, which recognizes the effect of fan inlet restrictions, fan outlet restrictions, or other conditions influencing fan performance when installed in the system (per AMCA 99-0066).
PLANE 1
PLANE 2
Ps1
Ps2
Figure C.5 - Fan Static Pressure for Installation Type D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
60
HOUSING
DIVERTER
CU TO FF
CENTER PLATE BLAST AREA DISCHARGE OUTLET AREA SIDE SHEET BACKPLATE
BLADE INLET
CU
TO
FF
61
CASING
BLADE IMPELLER
INLET BELL
MOTOR
HUB
62
Annex D. Examples of the Convertibility of Energy from Velocity Pressure to Static Pressure
SI CONVERSION was done using 249 Pa = 1 in. wg, 1 m3/s = 2118 cfm, 1m/s = .00508 ft/min
The Ps required at the fan outlet (C) will be equal to the pressure drop at the desired airflow. Since there are no inlet obstructions and the duct near the fan outlet is the same as used in the test setup, the published fan performance can be used with no additional system effect factors applied.
D.1 Example of fan (tested with free inlet, ducted outlet) applied to a duct system
The overall friction of the duct system results in a 747 Pa (3.0 in. wg) pressure drop at an airflow of 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm). SI A B-C Free inlet Outlet with straight duct attached for two or more diameters. Duct friction at Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm). 0.00 Pa (no SEF) I-P 0.0 in. wg
0.00 Pa
(no SEF)
0.0 in. wg
C-D
747.00 Pa 747.00 Pa
(duct design)
REQUIRED FAN Ps
Select a fan for Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) and Ps = 747 Pa (3.0 in. wg). Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
Pt
2
Ps
1 0 A B C ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE D
D.2 Example of fan (tested with free inlet, ducted outlet), connected to a duct system and then a plenum
This example includes the same duct system as described in Example C.1. However, there is a short outlet duct on the fan followed by a plenum chamber with cross-sectional area more than 10 times larger than the area of the duct. The velocity in the duct from E to F is 14.4 m/s (2830 fpm), equal to a velocity pressure of 124.5 Pa (0.5 in. wg). At point "F" the Pv is 124.5 Pa (0.5 in. wg), the Ps is 0.0 Pa (0.0 in. wg), and the Pt is 124.5 Pa (0.5 in. wg). The friction of duct will cause a gradual increase in Ps and Pt back to point E. If the duct has a uniform cross-sectional area the Pv will be constant through this part of the system. Since there is an energy loss of 49.8 Pa (0.2 in. wg) as a result of the abrupt contraction from the plenum
to the duct, the Pt requirement in the plenum is 871.15 Pa (3.5 in. wg), Pt at duct entrance = 49.8 Pa (0.2 in. wg) in contraction loss, or 921.3 Pa (3.7 in. wg) Pt. Air flowing across the plenum from D to E will have a relatively low velocity and the Pv in the plenum will be 0.0 Pa (0.0 in. wg) since the velocity is negligible. At point D, there is an abrupt expansion energy loss equal to the entire Pv in the duct discharging into the plenum. The outlet duct between the fan and the plenum is 2.5 equivalent diameters long. It is the same as used during the fan rating test. The Ps in the outlet duct (also the Ps in the plenum) is the same as the Ps as measured during the rating test. This example requires a fan to be selected for 921.30 Pa (3.7 in. wg) at 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm). Compare this with the previous selection of 747 Pa (3.0 in. wg) Ps at 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm).
SI C-D D Outlet duct on fan as tested Pv loss (also Pt loss) as result of air velocity decrease. Ps does not change from duct to plenum at D. Contraction loss - plenum to duct Ps energy required to create velocity at E Duct friction at Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 0.00 Pa (no SEF)
0.00 Pa
0.0 in. wg
49.80 Pa
0.2 in. wg
124.50 Pa
0.5 in. wg
E-F
747.00 Pa 921.30 Pa
Select a fan for Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) and Ps = 921.30 Pa (3.7 in. wg) Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
64
2.5 DIA.
NEGLIGIBLE LOSS
Pv = 124 Pa (0.5in.wg)
FRICTION 747 Pa (3.0 in.wg) AT 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 1046 Pa (3.7 in.wg)
4 3 2
747 Pa (3.0 in.wg) Ps 922 Pa (3.7 in.wg) Pt
Pv
124 Pa (0.5 in.wg)
1 0 A B C D E
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
65
D.3 Example of fan with free inlet, free outlet - fan discharges directly into plenum and then to duct system (abrupt expansion at fan outlet)
This example is similar to the plenum effect example except the duct at the fan outlet has been omitted. The fan discharges directly into the plenum. It may seem unreasonable that the System Effect loss at the fan outlet is greater than the defined fan outlet velocity. Fans with cutoffs must generate higher velocities at the cutoff plane (blast area) than in the outlet duct (outlet area). This higher velocity (at cutoff) is partially converted to Ps when outlet ducts are used as on fan tests. When fans with cutoffs are "bulk-headed" into plenums or discharge directly into the atmosphere as with exhausters, all
the velocity energy is lost. In these applications, the energy loss and the System Effect Factor may exceed the fan outlet velocity pressure as defined in terms of "fan outlet area". The SEF for fans without outlet duct was obtained as follows: GIVEN: Fan Blast Area = 0 .6 Outlet Area
Fan outlet velocity = 14.4 m/s (2830 fpm) No outlet duct System Effect Curve = R-S, (from Figure 8.3) SEF = 149.4 Pa (0.6 in. wg), (from Figure 7.1) at 14.4 m/s (2830 fpm) velocity and system curve R)
SI B-C SEF (see above) Pv loss (also Pt loss) as result of air velocity decrease. Ps does not change from duct to plenum at C contraction loss - plenum to duct Ps energy required to create velocity at D duct friction at Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 149.40 Pa
B-C
0.00 Pa
0.0 in. wg
49.80 Pa
0.2 in. wg
124.50 Pa
0.5 in. wg
D-E
747.00 Pa 1070.70 Pa
(duct design)
REQUIRED FAN Ps
Solution: Select a fan for 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) Q and 1070.70 Pa (4.3 in. wg) Ps. Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
66
FRICTION 747 Pa (3.0 in.wg) AT 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 922 Pa (3.7 in.wg)
4 3
Pt
2
747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)
1 0 A B C D
Ps
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
67
D.4 Example of fan used to exhaust with obstruction in inlet, inlet elbow, inlet duct, free outlet
This example is an exhaust system. Note the entry loss at point A. An inlet bell will reduce this loss. On the suction side of the fan, Ps will be negative, but Pv is always positive. Fan Pv = 124.5 Pa (0.5 in. wg)
Three SEFs are shown in this example: 1) System Effect Curve R (see Figure 9.5 for a 3 piece inlet elbow with R/D ratio of 1 and no duct between the elbow and the fan inlet). 2) System Effect Curve U (see Figure 9.14 for a bearing in the fan inlet which obstructs 10% of the inlet). 3) System Effect Curve R (from Figure 8.3 for a fan discharging to atmosphere with no outlet duct).
SI A Entrance loss - sharp edge duct Duct friction at 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) SEF 1 SEF 2 Fan Pv SEF 3
I-P
0.4 in. wg 3.0 in. wg 0.6 in. wg 0.2 in. wg 0.5 in. wg 0.6 in. wg 5.3 in. wg
A-B B C E E
REQUIRED FAN Pt
Fan Ps = fan Pt - fan Pv Fan Ps (SI) = 1319.70 Pa 124.5 Pa = 1195.2 Pa Fan Ps (I-P) = 5.3 in. wg - 0.5 in. wg = 4.8 in wg Solution: Select a fan for 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) Q and 1195.2 Pa (4.8 in. wg) Ps Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
68
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
0 -249 -498 -747 -996 0 -1 -2 -3
224 Pa (0.9 in.wg) Ps 100 Pa (0.4 in.wg) Pt Pv 149 Pa (0.6 in.wg) REQUIRED -847 Pa (-3.4 in.wg)
-4
-1245 -5
-971 Pa (3.9 in.wg) -1171 Pa (4.7 in.wg)
A
-1121 Pa (4.5 in.wg)
FAN INLET
69
Annex E. References
These references contain additional information related to the subject of this manual: 1. ANSI/AMCA 210-99, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1999. 2. AMCA Publication 200-95, Air Systems, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1995. 3. AMCA Publication 202-98, Troubleshooting, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1997. 4. ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment, 1996, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1996, (Chapter 18 Fans). 5. Traver, D. G., System Effects on Centrifugal Fan Performance, ASHRAE Symposium Bulletin, Fan Application, Testing and Selection, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1971. 6. Christie, D. H., Fan Performance as Affected By Inlet Conditions, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 77, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1971. 7. Zaleski, R. H., System Effect Factors For Axial Flow Fans, AMCA Paper 2011-88, AMCA Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1988. 8. Roslyng, O., Installation Effect on Axial Flow Fan Caused Swirl and Non-Uniform Velocity Distribution, Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), 1 Birdcage Walk, London SW1H 9JJ, England, 1984. 9. Clarke, M. S., Barnhart, J. T., Bubsey, F. J., Neitzel, E., The Effects of System Connections on Fan Performance, ASHRAE RP-139 Report, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1978. 10. Madhaven, S., Wright, T., J. DiRe, Centrifugal Fan Performance With Distorted Inflows, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New, York, NY, 10017 U.S.A., 1983. 11. Cory, W. T. W., Fan System Effects Including Swirl and Yaw, AMCA Paper 1832-84-A5, AMCA Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1984. 12. Cory, W. T. W., Fan Performance Testing and Effects of the System, AMCA Paper 1228-82-A5, AMCA Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1984. 13. Galbraith, L.E., Discharge Diffuser Effect on Performance - Axial Fans, AMCA Paper 1950-86-A6, AMCA Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1986. 14. Industrial Ventilation 23rd Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 U.S.A., 1998. 15. Fans and Systems, John E. Thompson and C. Jack Trickler, The New York Blower Company, Chemical Engineering, March 21, 1983, pp. 48-63 16. AABC National Standards, Chapter 8, Volume Measurements, Associated Air Balance Council, 1518 K Street NW, Suite 503, Washington, DC 20005 U.S.A. 70
The Air Movement and control Association International, Inc. is a not-for-profit international association of the worlds manufacturers of related air system equipment primarily, but limited to: fans, louvers, dampers, air curtains, airflow measurement stations, acoustic attenuators, and other air system components for the industrial, commercial and residential markets.