ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PPES

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

INTRODUCTION
Mishaps, mistakes or accidents whatever we say; happens where a practical work is being done. These disasters, which can lead to a severe injury or a sudden death, are due to some following reasons: 1. Lack of intention 2. In appropriate method 3. Faulty apparatus No matter in which lab currently you are working, precautionary measures counts everywhere even while sleeping. Let's say if you are working in a Chemical Lab than you have to protect your body parts from chemicals, for the reason that some chemicals are there which are malignant in nature. Similar defense is essential in other workshops as well in order to avoid any serious wound by sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks etc. A remarkable institution OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is currently searching on such equipments, to ensure the absolute safety of an employ who put their life at risk to carry out important experiments. OSHA recommends the use of engineering or work practice controls to manage or eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible. Such gears are called PPE (Personal Protective Equipments). Selection of a PPE depends on the nature of the job and the extent of the danger which could be endured.

PPES
According to OSHA, complete self protection in harsh circumstances and serious accidents, could be avoided if following equipments are used habitually: HEAD PROTECTION: Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hardhat is one of the easiest ways to protect an employees head from injury. Hard hats are recommended by OSHA for such activities.

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT EYE AND FACE PROTECTION: OSHA requires employers to ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, potentially infected material or potentially harmful light radiation. Many occupational eye injuries occur because workers are not wearing any eye protection. Safety spectacles, goggles, Welding shields, face shields are some protective instruments strongly prescribed by OSHA during such exercise, having an imminent danger of eye injury. HAND AND ARM PROTECTION: If potential hazards like skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical or thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts, prick and fractures than it must be ensured that employees wear appropriate protection. Such protective equipments include: Gloves Finger Guards Elbow Length Gloves. FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION: Employee, who faces possible foot or leg injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating materials, should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose work involves exposure to hot substances or corrosive or poisonous materials must have protective gear to cover exposed body parts. Foot and leg protection choices include the following: Leggings Metatarsal guards Toe guards Combination foot and shin guards Safety shoes Electrically conductive shoes

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT BODY PROTECTION: Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls, must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace hazards that could cause bodily injury: Temperature extremes Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials Hazardous chemicals. There are many varieties of protective clothing available for specific hazards like: Laboratory coats Coveralls Vests Jackets Aprons Surgical gowns etc.

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To find out the Softening Point of Pitch Bituminous. To determine the Swelling Index of coal. To determine the Carbon Residue in the given samples of oil. To carry out the distillation of Gasoline. To determine the Flash Point of given sample of petroleum by Clevelands Open Cup Apparatus. 6. To determine the Flash Point of given sample of petroleum products by "Pensky Martens" Apparatus. 7. To report the effect of temperature on the viscosity of given sample by Saybolt Viscometer. 8. 9. To report the effect of temperature on the viscosity of given sample by Redwood Viscometer. To report the effect of temperature on the viscosity of given sample by Engler Viscometer.

10. To determine Aniline Point of a petroleum product. 11. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point of petroleum products.

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

LIST OF EQUIPMENT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Softening Point Apparatus Swelling Index Apparatus Carbon Residue Apparatus Distillation Apparatus Open Cup Flash Point Apparatus (Clevelands Apparatus) Closed Cup Flash Point Apparatus (Pensky Martens Apparatus) Saybolt Viscometer Redwood Viscometer Engler Viscometer

10. Aniline Point Apparatus 11. Cloud & Pour Point Apparatus 12. Solar Energy Minilab Apparatus

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

BRIEF DETAILS OF EQUIPMENT

SOFTENING POINT APPARATUS: This apparatus is used to measure softening point of bituminous coal. Softening point is the temperature degrees C at which a bitumen attains a particular degree of softness with reference to test conditions. Softening point will tell us that at what temperature the coal starts to soften. So, it will help us to know that at what temperature deterioration of roads would start. SWELLING INDEX APPARATUS: This apparatus is used to measure swelling index of coal. Swelling index indicates that how much the given amount of fuel swells after burning. It gives us an indication of the caking characteristics of the coal. More Swelling Good Quality Coal CARBON RESIDUE APPARATUS: This apparatus is used to find carbon residue of an oil sample. The un-burnt carbon after combustion is known as carbon residue. The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere. High carbon residue can cause knocking and affect engine performance. DISTILLATION APPARATUS: Distillation, a purification and separation technique, basically is successive vaporization and condensation of liquid phases. It depends upon difference in boiling points. Distillation is an important mass transfer operation in industry. CLEVELAND OPEN-CUP FLASH POINT APPARATUS: This apparatus is used to measure the flash point and fire point of an oil sample in an open environment. FLASH POINT of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air. The temperature at which a momentary flash/fire is seen in air fuel mixture. is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being ignited.

FIRE POINT

These are important temperatures in fuel storing. PENSKY MARTENS CLOSE-CUP FLASH POINT APPARATUS: This apparatus is used to measure the flash point of an oil sample in close environment. This temperature is also important in fuel storing. USE: Designing Devices for storage of fuels

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT SAYBOLT VISCOMETER: A device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. The Saybolt Viscometer controls the heat of the fluid and the viscosity. USE: Design calculations in Chemical Engineering. REDWOOD VISCOMETER: This equipment is used to study the variation of viscosity with respect to temperature. This works on the principle of allowing the fluid to run through an orifice of very accurate size in an agate block. ENGLER VISCOMETER: This equipment is used to study the variation of viscosity with respect to temperature. Because viscosity is used for various design calculations in chemical engineering. ANILINE POINT APPARATUS: This apparatus is used to measure aniline point of oil sample. ANILINE POINT is the temperature at which fuel and aniline become immiscible with each other. USE: Aniline point is used in the determination of octane number which tells us about the antiknocking properties of diesel fuel. CLOUD & POUR POINT APPARATUS: This equipment is used to measure cloud and pour point of oil sample. CLOUD POINT POUR POINT is the temperature at which waxy crystals in an oil or fuel form a cloudy appearance. can be defined as the minimum temperature of a liquid, particularly a lubricant, after which, on decreasing the temperature, the liquid ceases to flow. OR The temperature at which the fuel just solidifies. The initial stages of freezing. USE: Winter Storage Transporting of fuels

These temperatures are important for transportation and storage of fuels. SOLAR ENERGY MINILAB APPARATUS: Solar energy is energy directly from the Sun. This energy is in the form of heat and light. This energy drives the climate, weather and supports virtually all life on Earth. This equipment is used to study solar energy as an environmental friendly source of energy as other fossil fuels are causing serious environmental problems and the behavior of different solar cells connected in series and parallel arrangements.

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT #1 TITLE: TO FIND OUT THE SOFTENING POINT OF PITCH BITUMINOUS

APPARATUS: Bituminous Beaker Kerosene oil PROCEDURE: First fill the ring with bituminous & place on stand and cool for 30 min.. Then put a ball on the ring & place the stand in the water. Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50 mm above the upper surface of ring. Apply heat smoothly [starting temperature to 5C. Use glycerin in place of water if softening point greater than 80C When the first ball just passes through the ring, note the temperature. And then after some time when the second ball falls, stop heating and note the temperature. The average of the two readings to the nearest 0.5C is reported as the softening point. THEORY The softening point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the substance attains particular degree of softening. As per IS: 334-1982, it is the temperature in degree at which a standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5 cm, when heated under water or glycerin at specified conditions of test. The binder should have sufficient fluidity before it used in roads. The determination of softening point helps to know the temperature up to a bituminous binder should be heated for various road use applications. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE For hydrocarbon resins, softening does not takes place at definite temperature. As the temperature rises, these materials gradually changes from brittle solids or very viscous liquids to less viscous liquids. For this reason determination of softening point must be made by fixed, arbitrary and closely defined method, if the results obtained are to be comparable. Softening Point indicates the temperature at which the binders possess the same viscosity. Bituminous materials do not have a melting point. Rather, the change of state from solid to liquid is gradual over a wider range of temperature. Burner Iron ball Thermometer

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT Softening Point has particular significance for materials to be used as joints and crack filers. Higher softening point indicates or ensures that they will not flow during service. Higher the softening point lesser the temperature susceptibly Bitumen with higher softening point is preferred with warmer places. PRECAUTIONS: Distilled water should be used as the heating medium During the conduct of test the apparatus should not be subjected to vibrations The bulb of the thermometer should be at about the same level as the rings. Temperature is carefully noted when the balls falls..

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT #2 TITLE REPORT THE SWELLING INDEX OF COAL APPARATUS Transparent Crucible Gas Burner PROCEDURE I took the crucible and placed it directly on flame. After heating sometime it was transferred to the table and took the balance. Weight it in cold condition. Level it by tapping it on a solid surface rotating it between taps. Cover the crucible with a lid and place it upright in the silica triangle supported in the draft directly cover the gas flame for time required for the burning volatile meter to die out, but in any case not less than 2.5 minutes. Remove the coke button carefully and remove the carbon residue remaining in the crucible due to ignition. THEORY SWELLING INDEX Is a characteristic property of the coal, that tells us that how better amount of coke can be formed. The coal is swell because there is an volatile matter inside them. This volatile matter causes gases and expands because these gases entrapped in it and as a result they expand these gases which do not come out, so as a result the expansion of coal occurs. A coal that is more swelled or expand it has proportionally good caking capacity and vice versa SIGNIFICANCE AND USE Coal with very high FSI generally produces coke with poor strength and maybe blended with other caking coals with lower FSI to obtain a coke with enough strength. PRECAUTIONS Dont remove the lid after 2.5 minutes immediately because the gases evolving can ignite and due to ignition of these gases, combustion of coal can take place and hence coal integrity would damage. Kindly make sure the process of carbonization (combustion in absence of O2) The flame temperature must be strong and high. Stand

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT #3 TITLE TO DETERMINE THE CARBON RESIDUE IN THE GIVEN SAMPLES OF OIL APPARATUS Porcelain Crucible Skidmore Crucible PROCEDURE Weight approximately one gram of oil sample free of moisture and suspend material in a crucible. Place this crucible in the centre of Skidmore Crucible. Level the sand in the sand bath and set Skidmore Crucible on triangle in the exact centre of sand bath. Apply covers to bath Skidmore and Porcelain Air Crucible. The cover must have the arrangement for the free exit of vapors as formed. Heat with a strong flame from gas burner so that free ignition occurs in 10 minutes, smoke appears above the chimney immediately. Move or tight the burner so that the gas flame plays on the sides of the chimney for the purpose of igniting the vapors. When the vapor cease to burn and no further blue smoke can be observed read just the burner and increase the heat so that sand bath sheet is cherry red and maintain for exactly 7 minutes. The total period of heating shall be 30 + 2 minutes. Now remove the burner and allow the apparatus to cool until no smoke appear and then remove the cover of Skidmore Crucible. Take out the porcelain with tongs. Place in a desiccators, cool and weight. Calculate the percentage of carbon residue on the original. THEORY The type of carbon is more important than the quantity of carbon. The carbon residue provides information on the carbonaceous deposits which will result from combustion of the fuel. For fuels with a high carbon- high carbon/hydrogen ratio, it is proved more difficult to burn them fully, which results in increased deposits in the combustion and exhaust spaces. Fuels with a high carbon residue value may cause problems in older engines when they are operating under part load conditions. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Weight of Crucible Weight of Crucible with Oil Weight of Oil Weight of Carbon Residue % of Carbon Residue Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR) = = = = = = = 18.17 g 19.42 g 19.42 g 18.17 g 0.02 g 0.02 / 1.25 * 100 1.6 % 0.8 * CCR Chimney Wire Support Sand Bath

= = =

1.25 g 1.6 % 1.28 %

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

PRECAUTIONS The sample should be picked using holders or only with gloved hands. Care should be taken while lifting the lid off the Crucible, because if it is removed urgently the volatile matter vapors would combust causing decrease in the value of carbon residue. Thus resulting in error in the reading.

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT #4 TITLE TO CARRY OUT THE DISTILLATION OF GASOLINE APPARATUS 125 ml Conical Flask Condenser Cooling Bath PROCEDURE Take 100 ml of sample in flask, tight flask with cork and fit thermometer and condenser. Heat immediately at uniform rate, so regulated, that first drop falls from end of condenser is not less than 2 min nor more than 5 min, when the first drop falls from the end of condenser, move receiving cylinder so that the end of condenser tube touches the side of cylinder. Take readings after each 10 ml in cylinder. Then maintain rate of distillate at 4-5 ml/min. Record the reading. Do not apply the heat more and continue taking the reading. Take reading till 75 ml of cylinder is filled. Draw the graph between volume and temperature. THEORY Distillation is a method for separating mixtures on the basis of differences in their boiling points. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collected. Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is called Double Distillation. Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by liquefying components using changes in temperature. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Volume ( ml ) 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 69 Temperature ( C ) 48 58 60 76 82 90 102 118
80 69 70 60 Volume ( ml ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 48 58 60 76 82 90 102 118 Temperature ( C ) 1 10 20 30 40 50 60

Flask Support Graduated Cylinder Thermometer

Initial boiling point = 48 Mid boiling point = 76

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT RESULT The distillate indicates the effect of change in temperature to the volume. As the temperature increases, the volume of volume increases.

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT #5 TITLE TO DETERMINE THE FLASH POINT OF GIVEN SAMPLE OF PETROLEUM BY CLEVELANDS OPEN CUP APPARATUS APPARATUS Cleveland Apparatus Thermocouple PROCEDURE Clean the oil cup and dry and taking care that no traces of low flash point solvent used in the cleaning remains in the cup. The test cup of the apparatus is filled to a certain level with a portion of the given sample. Then, the temperature of this sample is increased rapidly and then at a slow, constant rate as it approaches the theoretical flash point. The increase in temperature will cause the chemical to begin to produce flammable vapor in increasing quantities and density. The lowest temperature at which a small test flame passing over the surface of the liquid causes the vapor to ignite is considered the samples flash point. The value of flash point is noted from the digital thermocouple which shows value of temperature in Degree C. Get the accurate reading.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS The Flash Point of given sample is 66C The Fire Point of given sample is 70C

RESULTS The value of flash point and the fire point indicates that the given sample is

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT #6 TITLE TO DETERMINE THE FLASH POINT OF GIVEN SAMPLE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY PENSKY MARTENS APPARATUS. APPARATUS Pensky Martens Apparatus Beaker PROCEDURE Clean the oil cup and dry and taking care that no traces of low flash point solvent used in the cleaning remains in the cup. Pour the lid in position and insert level indicated by the filling mark then place the lid in position and insert the thermometer in holder. Set the cup in the air bath, apply the heat at the rate of 9 to 11 F per minute and adjust the stirrer to rotate at the rate of one to two revolutions per second. Starting at the temperature of at least 60 F apply the test flame at the temperature intervals of 2F if the flash point is above 220 F in such a manner that flame must be lowered in one half second, let it in the position for one second. And quickly raise it up (while the test flame is being applied stirring is stopped). Continue the procedure till flash point is obtained then cool the apparatus and refill it with fresh oil and check the flash point by decreasing the range of temperature and get the accurate reading. THEORY FLASH POINT is the lowest temperature at which the vapors of a combustible liquid will ignite momentarily in air fuel mixture.. It measures the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material. There are two basic types of flash point measurement: Open cup Closed cup FIRE POINT is the temperature at which the complete fire will happen for 5-seconds in an air-fuel mixture. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material. IMPORTANCE: The flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature requirements for lubricants, fuels.. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect potential product contamination. A lubricant exhibiting a flash point significantly lower than normal will be suspected of contamination with a volatile product. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS The Flash Point of given sample of fuel is 60 C RESULTS The value of flash point indicates that that given sample of fuel is Kerosene Oil whose range is 37-65 C Thermocouple

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

ASTM
DESCRIPTION: ASTM Standards series ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world-a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Known for their high technical quality and market relevancy, ASTM International standards have an important role in the information infrastructure that guides design, manufacturing and trade in the global economy. HISTORY: ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), was formed over a century ago, when a forward-thinking group of engineers and scientists got together to address frequent rail breaks in the burgeoning railroad industry. Their work led to standardization on the steel used in rail construction, ultimately improving railroad safety for the public. As the century progressed and new industrial, governmental and environmental developments created new standardization requirements, ASTM answered the call with consensus standards that have made products and services safer, better and more costeffective. The proud tradition and forward vision that started in 1898 is still the hallmark of ASTM International. Today, ASTM continues to play a leadership role in addressing the standardization needs of the global marketplace. Known for its best in class practices for standards development and delivery, ASTM is at the forefront in the use of innovative technology to help its members do standards development work, while also increasing the accessibility of ASTM International standards to the world. ASTM continues to be the standards forum of choice of a diverse range of industries that come together under the ASTM umbrella to solve standardization challenges. In recent years, stakeholders involved in issues ranging from safety in recreational aviation, to fiber optic cable installations in underground utilities, to homeland security, have come together under ASTM to set consensus standards for their industries. MEMBERS Standards developed at ASTM are the work of over 30,000 ASTM members. These technical experts represent producers, users, consumers, government and academia from over 120 countries. Participation in ASTM International is open to all with a material interest, anywhere in the world SECTIONS Section 01 - Iron and Steel Products Section 02 - Nonferrous Metal Products Section 03 - Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures Section 04 - Construction Section 05 - Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels

ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT Section 06 - Paints, Related Coatings, and Aromatics Section 07 - Textiles Section 08 - Plastics Section 09 - Rubber Section 10 - Electrical Insulation and Electronics Section 11 - Water and Environmental Technology Section 12 - Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal Energy Section 13 - Medical Devices and Services Section 14 - General Methods and Instrumentation Section 15 - General Products, Chemical Specialties, and End Use Products