http://archive.org/stream/elementsofxraydi030864mbp- page view of shared book http://archive.org/stream/elementsofxraydi030864mbp- to view the book http://www.metafysica.nl/derivation_32.

html- for the classes of crystal

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/printall.php - for miller indices.

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/MuellerMatrix.html- to get details of various fields of phy.

https://www.lumosity.com/app/v4/personalization/accounts/new- new memory develop training http://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/physics.htm- phy related job , higher studies site.
http://www.niir.org/projects/search.php- for searching project reports

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PHYSICS CAREERS

including astronomy, astrophysics and space science

Destinations of Kent Physics Graduates Postgraduate Study Physics-related Jobs Astronomy and Space Science Physics Careers Links See our science careers page for

Vacancy sources for scientists Applications and interviews for science jobs Science vacation work and placements Careers outside science for scientists

Physics is widely regarded as a demanding degree to get and employers know that to get a good physics degree, you have to be bright! A physicist looks to understand how things work: the reasons that things happen the way they do, which requires the ability to analyse problems. This is a highly marketable skill which is applicable to a wide range of careers. A degree in Physics gives you an excellent grounding in many areas, what you make of it after you graduate is up to you! One survey in The Times suggested that Physics was in fact the most employable of degrees.

DESTINATIONS OF RECENT KENT PHYSICS GRADUATES (includes M.Phys, Space Science & Astrophysics, and Physics with Forensic Science)
These statistics only cover the first six months after graduation. The latest destinations for all subjects (1999-2010) including postgraduates can be found atwww.kent.ac.uk/careers/fdrbases/destinations.htm

Destinations of Kent Physics, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science graduates

YEAR
FURTHER STUDY

06 07 08 09 2010

MSc MSc Biomedical Imaging - Kent, France MSc Biomedical Imaging - Kent, MSc Physics - University of Kent (lots!), MSc Science Communication- Kent, MSc Fusion Energy York, MSc Quantum Fields - Imperial, MSc Computational Geodynamics - Imperial, MSc Radiation & Environ'l Protection - Surrey, MSc Mathematics & Computational Science 5 Manchester, Birmingham, MSc Nanotechnology Leeds, MSc Space Science -Kent, Spacecraft Engineering Course, MSc Computer Science Kent, MSc Astronautics & Space Engineering Cranfield, MSc Aeronautical Engineering Cranfield, MSc Engineering - Cranfield, MRes Earth Science - Reading, MSc Meteorology Reading, MSc Biomaterials - Imperial, MSc Management Science - Kent (3), MBM Business Studies - Portsmouth , MA Mysticism and Religious Experience - Kent

6 10

PhD Physics - University of Kent (lots!), Royal Holloway, Applied Mathematics - Kent, Kings College (London Univ.), Cambridge, Imperial College, Sheffield, Lancaster, Leicester, Loughborough, Surrey (2), Open University, Indiana USA, Planetary Physics - Oxford, Solar Physics - Mullard Space Lab. UCL, DEng Cranfield, Astrophysics - Warwick, Medical Physics - UCL Teacher Training PGCE Science - Christ Church (lots), East Anglia Univ., Aberystwyth, Kingston, London Institute of Education, PGCE (Post compulsory) Physics - Univ. of East London Other Study e.g. BA Classical & Arch. Studies Kent, Dip French Language - University of Poitiers, France, postgraduate diploma Physics, Electronics at Kent, MBBS Graduate Entry Medicine - Berkshire West PCT

EMPLOYMENT

Science-related employment

Defence: Graduate Trainee: DESG, Scientist DSTL, Systems Scientist/Engineer DSTL, Research Scientist - Qinetiq, Project Manager - GCHQ, Aeronautics: Research Scientist - BAe Systems; Systems Engineer - BAe Systems Rochester (3), Graduate Engineer - Lockheed Martin, Rolls Royce, Energy: Nuclear Safety Case Engineer Magnox South Ltd, Health Physicist - Power Station; Reactor Physicist - Nuclear Energy; Geophysicist - Western Geophysical, Graduate Trainee - SafeRad, Geophyiscal Engineer Gardline Geosurvey Ltd Hospital Scientist: Health Physicist DSTL, Medical Physicist - Maidstone NHS Trust, Assistant Physicist (radiotherapy) Maidstone NHS Trust,Medical Physics Technician - Sandwell NHS Trust; Clinical Engineering Technician - Portsmouth Hospitals, Analyst - Red Scientific; Scientist - Aligent Technologies; Engineer: WS Atkins (Consultants), HVR, Simulations Engineer - Terma, Germany, Observations Scientist - Met Office; Ass't Scientist - Quotient Bioresearch Quality Control Manager - Water Services Ltd. Lab. Technician - Amphenol (Kent),

6 11

Teacher - School School Science Technician (2), Research Analyst - Civil Service Technical Sales - Knight Optical Ltd

Computing-related employment

e.g. Data Cleanser - RS Components, Customer Service Technician - Fujitsu, Games Tester Electronic Arts, IT Consultant - IBM, Logica, Lucent Technologies, IT Assistant - British Heart Foundation, IT Executive - Paribas Bank, Programmer - British Airways, Analyst Easams Defence,Web Page Designer

Finance- related employment:

Banking Trainee Manager - Barclays, Graduate Trainee Financial Services - Abbey National, Securities Administrator J.P.Morgan Chase,Business Associate Coutts & Co. Accountancy Trainee - Royal Mail, Chartered Accountant - Richard Watson & Co, Certified Accountant - Lakin Clark Revenue Ass't - Inland Revenue Account Manager - Euromoney Institutional Investor Insurance Sales - ABC,

Other employment e.g.

Residential Teaching Ass't - Bootham School, Recruitment Consultant - Hays Accountancy Personnel, Airline Pilot Training - Air New Zealand Training Centre, Army Officer Police Community Support Officer Surrey Police Retail Manager - Curry's Marketing - Emtec Chubb Corporate Sales Executive - Pragmatech Legal Assistant - Coopers Legal Leisure Manager - Buckmore Park Medical Secretary, Ski Representative Crystal Holidays, Support Worker Benefits Dept, Customer Adviser Sainsbury, Sales Assistant -M&S, B&Q, Currys, Jessops, Orange, WHS, Bar

work, Floor Manager - Little Italy, Office Temp - NAG, Admin Ass't - Westparks NHS Trust,Metering Executive - Spirax Sarco Flow, Boots Team Mngr, Healthcare Ass't

VOLUNTARY WORK Digital Mentor - TimeBank

NOT AVAILABLE to work e.g. traveling SELF EMPLOYED Arclight Entertainment/Arcadian Enterprises - Managing Director STILL LOOKING for work or study 6 months after graduation UNKNOWN TOTAL

4 -

2 -

1 1 -

2 2

2 5

1 9

3 6 26

15 18 20 38

POSTGRADUATE STUDY.
About 34% of physics graduates from Kent have opted to postgraduate study for a PhD or Masters degree in recent years. This is partly because grants are more easily available in the Sciences for postgraduate study than in the Arts or Social Sciences. It should be remembered though that postgraduate study is not an easy option and research for a PhD will require dedication and determination to see things through over a period of 3 or more years - especially when experiments are not going right! See our section on Postgraduate Study www.kent.ac.uk/careers/postgradmenu.htm

PHYSICS-RELATED JOBS
A large proportion of physics graduates entering permanent jobs after graduation go into research, design and development. Although you can get a job as a trainee research scientist with a good first degree, for those wanting a long term career in research it may be advisable to study for a doctorate as promotion within research may be hindered without one. However, many junior research staff use research as a stepping stone to other functions within the company, such as marketing, patent work and production management, and for graduates with these ambitions a postgraduate degree would not be necessary. Many of these jobs are with electronics, telecommunications and defence companies and may be nearer engineering than pure physics. See the section on Research and Development.

Areas of growth include nuclear and renewable energy, environmental jobs and defence but employers such as Rolls-Royce, AWE and RM Consulting also actively seek to employ physicists. A survey by the Institute of Physics asked physicists "What do you do for your living?"

By industry the largest proportion were in AEROSPACE, foll owed by:

The main function of their job in 2007 was, in order:

46% were doing research 16% Teaching 15% Engineerin g 12% IT 6% Communica tions 5% Business

electronics/IT software, instrumentatio n, telecomms, electrical, nuclear fuel processing manufacturing petrochemical s/oil transport publishing information systems engineering construction chemical and finally food, drink and tobacco

research teaching development management technical support consultancy administration other production marketing/retail/distr ibution

TEACHER TRAINING. A Postgraduate Certificate of Education Course (PGCE) lasts one year. It's still not that difficult to obtain a place on a science PGCE provided that you can show some evidence of interest in teaching such as voluntary work at a school. Remember though that you need to apply well in advance for courses. Remember that you can also teach physics in Colleges of Further Education, private schools and the Armed Forces. There is a shortage of science teachers, who are eligible for an enhanced bursary during training. Seewww.kent.ac.uk/careers/siteach.htm See the new Institute of Physics "Love Physics Teaching Guide" (pdf file) MEDICAL PHYSICIST

These use a variety of physics and computing skills in diagnosis and treatment of illness including such techniques as radiography and ultrasound. Tasks include introducing, calibrating, using and maintaining medical equipment. Entry is sometimes direct into a job, but often now after a relevant Masters degree. Normal entry route is via the National Scheme for Training Clinical Scientists advertised in February each year with a closing date in March. There are also jobs with medical equipment suppliers in designing, developing and marketing equipment. Related jobs include Health (Radiation) Physicist in the nuclear industry (see below) and Biomedical Engineer - designing heart valves, artificial limbs etc. See the websites below for more information on what the jobs involve

National Scheme for Training Clinical Scientists www.nhsclinicalscientists.info Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine www.ipem.ac.uk Society of Radiographers www.sor.org Audiological Scientists www.baaudiology.org Association of British Healthcare Industries (ABHI) www.abhi.org.uk the trade association for medical device technology in the UK

For more information see the AGCAS Sector Briefing booklet on the Science Sector www.prospects.ac.uk/links/ScienceSB or you can pick one up from the Careers Service.

Nuclear Energy
The nuclear energy industry recruits large numbers of physicists. See our energy industry page www.kent.ac.uk/careers/sitesemp.htm for full details of jobs and employers. Trident Nuclear Submarines
The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) supplies and maintains the warheads for the submarines. Other players are the Ministry of Defence, BAe Systems, Babcock and Rolls Royce

Atomic Weapons Establishment www.awe.co.uk/careers/careers_awe_0fbdf.html recruit for design physics, chemical technology, materials science research, plasma physics and radiation science. Babcock International www.babcock.co.uk/pages/careers/default.aspx engineering support services company. Rolls Royce www.rolls-royce.com/careers BAe Systems www.baesystems.com/careers global aerospace and defence

Nuclear and Alternative Energy Recruiters

See our page on Oil, Energy and Utilities

COMMUNICATIONS. Radio, optoelectronic and microwave communication are all important here, and there are jobs with both equipment manufacturers and suppliers of services.

BT www.btplc.com/Careercentre have a huge research site near Ipswich Thales www.thalesgroup.com (formerly Thompson CSF and Racal) Vodafone www.vodafone.co.uk/graduates Siemens www.siemens.co.uk Roke Manor Research www.roke.co.uk Research Laboratory of Siemens specialising in communications

COMPUTING and IT

Tessella http://jobs.tessella.com recruit scientific software developers Logica www.logica.com Major computer consultancy that regularly recruits Kent science and IT graduates. IBM UK jobs www-5.ibm.com/employment/uk For research opportunities see IBM UK Laboratories, Hursley, Winchester www5.ibm.com/employment/uk/hursleygrads Sharp Laboratories of Europe www.sle.sharp.co.uk/careers/careers.php "We are always interested to hear from people with a first or 2(i) in Physics, IT, Chemistry or Mathematics. Please send your CV to jobs@sharp.co.uk for consideration.` Xerox UK www2.i-grasp.com/fe/tpl_xerox04.asp

DEFENCE. This overlaps with communications.

GCHQ www.gchq.gov.uk Government Communications Headquarters - national intelligence and security. BBC article about GCHQ and another HM Government Communications Centre www.hmgcc.gov.uk near Milton Keynes QinetiQ www.qinetiq.com formerly the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (an agency of the Ministry of Defence) - big recruiter of physicists, especially at its Malvern Laboratory Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (dstl). Part of the Ministry of Defence. Farnborough, Porton Down near Salisbury, Portsdown West near Portsmouth and Sevenoaks, Kent (explosives/weapons technology) www.dstl.gov.uk/pages/150 Defence Engineering and Science Group (DESG) www.desg.mod.uk big recruiters of physics graduates. Part of the Ministry of Defence. BAe Systems www.baesystems.com/careers global aerospace and defence AWE www.awe.co.uk (Atomic Weapons Establishment) MBDA www.mbdacareers.co.uk global missile systems company: designs and produce missiles and missile systems for army, navy and air forces. Selex Galileo www.selexgalileo.com/SelexGalileo/EN/Corporate/Careers/inde x.sdo leader in defence electronics markets, airborne mission critical systems and capabilities for battlefield and for homeland security applications. Defence Jobs www.defencejobs.com

MATERIALS. This includes designing advanced instrumentation/microprocessor controls, integrated

circuits and semiconductor materials, also glass technology and metallurgy.

International Rectifier (Semiconductor Manufacturer) www.irf.com Snell & Wilcox www.snellwilcox.com Digital Signal Processing Manufacturer Corus (formerly British Steel) www.corusgroup.com RAPRA (Rubber and Plastics Research) www.rapra.net

METEOROLOGY

The Met Office www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/jobs The Royal Meteorological Society www.rmets.org Occupational Profile www.prospects.ac.uk/links/ Meteorologist Interview with a research scientist at the Met. Office http://plus.maths.org/issue3/career/2pdf/index.html/op.pdf Interview with a military weather forecaster http://education.independent.co.uk/careers_advice/article214196 6.ece Royal Navy www.royalnavy.mod.uk career roles include Meteorological Specialists Natural Environmental Research Council Laboratories www.nerc.ac.uk research global warming.

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Institute of Nanotechnology www.nano.org.uk POSTGRADUATE COURSES M. Res Nanomaterials - Imperial College. 8 to 12 EPSRC funded plus several industrially funded studentships available MSc Nanoscale Science and Technology - University of Leeds/Sheffield www.ee.leeds.ac.uk/nanomsc MSc Nanophysics and Low Temperature Physics, Royal Holloway, London.

OTHERS

Optics www.optics.org Production and Quality Assurance Medical Laboratory Scientific Officer (MLSO) Science Teaching Technical Sales and Marketing including Medical sales for pharmaceutical companies Information Scientist Patent Work European Patent Office www.european-patent-office.org Marks & Clerk www.marks-clerk.com patent attorneys Haseltine Lake & Co. www.HaseltineLake.com patent attorneys. Scientific Journalism and Publishing much of this is now web-based. Roles include editorial, production, sales and marketing. Ergonomics (also called human factors) involves making life easier for people. This includes the products you use at home and at work, transport and systems that keep day-to-day life functioning properly. As an ergonomist, you could:

design products to make them easier or more comfortable to use train people to work safely in hazardous places like oil rigs and power plants examine the physical strength and endurance of athletes analyse pilots tasks to ensure maximum performance under stress design protective equipment for people working in extreme environments improve accessibility for disabled people.

Ergonomists may have qualifications in psychology, science, engineering, design or anatomy. MSc Ergonomics - Loughborough University www.lboro.ac.uk/prospectus/pg/courses/dept/hu/index.htm Postgraduate Cert. In Applied Ergonomics: University of Nottingham www.virart.nott.ac.uk/ioe/distancelearning/applying.html See the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors for further information www.ergonomics.org.uk

Clinical Trials Environmental Health Officer British Antarctic Survey www.antarctica.ac.uk CERN www.cern.ch/jobs/ Laboratory for Particle Physics, Switzerland. Current vacancies are at http://ert.cern.ch National Physics Laboratory www.npl.co.uk Factory Inspector Operational Research www.kent.ac.uk/careers/workin/operationalresearch.htm Pilot Air Traffic Controller. National Air Traffic Services www.nats.co.uk

Detailed descriptions of many science and non-science jobs can be found at Prospects Web www.prospects.ac.uk/links/Occupations Other employers of physics graduates include:

Oxford Instruments www.oxinst.com/careers/Pages/careers.aspx Core competencies lie in analysing and manipulating matter at the atomic level and focus on developing high-technology tools and systems TTP www.ttp.com/jobs technology and product development company: bring new products to market. Recruit physics graduates Thermo Fisher Scientific www.thermofisher.com/global/en/about/careers/careers.asp provid er of analytical instruments, equipment, reagents and consumables, software and services for research, analysis discovery and diagnostics. Ultra Electronics www.ultra-electronics.com/careers group of specialist businesses designing, manufacturing and supporting electronic and electro-mechanical systems, subsystems and products for defence, security, transport and energy applications worldwide. Fraser Nash Consultancy www.fnc.co.uk systems and engineering technology organisation with 400 permanent employees Provide advice to customers in the defence, nuclear, power & energy, civil aerospace, rail, marine, petrochemical and industrial sectors.

ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE

A report from Oxford Economics consultancy commissioned by the UK Space Agency says that UK space companies have grown by 10% a year since 2007 and predicts the growth will continue in 2010. The space business now has a turnover of 7.5bn, with employment rising at 15% a year. 80,000 UK jobs are dependent on space in some way.

Downstream uses space technology: satellite broadcasting and telecommunications, satnav. The best performance was in downstream activities (6.6bn of the total) Upstream provides space technology: satellite manufacturing, their components, ground control systems; research, etc. Upstream also had annual growth of 3%.

Over 70% of employees in the sector are degree-qualified. The UK space sector could create up to 100,000 new UK jobs and increase revenues to 40bn a year. Growth areas are likely to include Earth observation, space tourism and broadband internet via satellite. Space Science Sites

Space Careers www.space-careers.com contains the Space and Industry Directory, and vacancies. International Space University www.isunet.edu Space Innovation and Growth Strategy (S-IGS) www.spaceigs.co.uk 20-year vision for UK Space Industry sponsored by UK industry and government UK Space umbrella group representing the industry.

Employers

European Space Agency www.esa.int/careers develops launchers and spacecraft. Takes about 100 graduates a year as for example software engineers, propulsion engineers, navigation system engineers and launcher systems engineers. Establishments in Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Spain and France European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/homepage BAe Systems www.baesystems.com/careers/index.htm global aerospace and defence European Space Agency www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html Will soon be opening a major research centre at Harwell, Oxfordshirewww.harwell.org.uk/news/news_archive/news_detail.asp?News_ ID=1494 BT www.btplc.com/Careercentre satellite communications Logica www.logica.com software design Thales www.thalesgroup.com (formerly Thompson CSF and Racal) Rolls Royce www.rolls-royce.com SciSys www.scisys.co.uk design mission control systems. Based in Wiltshire

Other companies involved include BSkyB, Inmarsat, Pace, Qinetiq, Fugro and Avanti Communications who operate the new Hylas satellite.

Astronomy

The Royal Observatory Greenwich : How to be a professional astronomer www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.2417 The Royal Astronomical Society: Careers in Astronomy, Geophysics and Planetary Science www.ras.org.uk European Astronomical Society http://eas.iap.fr NASA www.nasa.gov news, links to current and past space missions, and a wealth of information on astronomy and space science. The International Planetarium Society www.ips-planetarium.org information about the Planetarium Industry, plus links to planetaria all over the world. Astronomy Now online magazine www.astronomynow.com Sky & Telescope magazine www.skyandtelescope.com The Sky at Night www.skyatnightmagazine.com news, forums and Sir Patrick Moore

Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.Einstein A stitch in time would have confused Einstein.

PHYSICS LINKS

The Institute of If it weren't for time, Physics www.Iop.org Membership for everything would happen at physics students is free throughout the once. duration of their course. The IOP's website contain information on career 2 + 2 = 5 (for extremely opportunities available to physics large values of 2) studentswww.iop.org/careers/directi ons/index.html. 'Working Life' contains profiles of physicists that are using their physics, and those whose careers have taken them away from a physics environment. The IoP has a booklet with 40 employers who will take physicists as summer students. brightrecruits.com http://brightrecruits.com Institute of Physics site which offers a range of opportunities for jobseekers with a background in physics or engineering. At all stages of your career - whether you're an undergraduate, graduate, researcher or industry professional Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council www.epsrc.ac.uk largest funding body for postgraduate study in science. Inside Careers www.insidecareers.co.uk/patent Patent Agency Careers Information ScienceCareers.org http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_developmen t/europe Physics World http://physicsweb.org has a physics jobs section SCom www.scom.com Recruitment agency for avionics, telecoms, air traffic and defence

Physics graduates can enter a very wide range of careers both inside and outside science. Once you have read this page, visit the Careers Centre (in Keynes Driveway). You can browse in the Careers Centre as you would a library. You can ask at our helpdesk if you need help. I am normally on duty there TUESDAY MORNINGS (10.30 am - 12.30 p.m.) and WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY AFTERNOONS (2.00 - 5.00 p.m.) for short discussions etc. You do not need to book an appointment to see me at these times. Bruce Woodcock - Careers Adviser for Physics

Last fully updated 2011

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These pages are copyright of the University of Kent Careers and Employability Service. The information and advice given in these pages is primarily for the benefit of University of Kent students and graduates. You are most welcome to link to these pages but should not use content in other ways without our permission. Page maintained by Bruce Woodcock B.E.Woodcock@kent.ac.uk Please email me if you wish to make any suggestions which would improve our services.

See also www.prospects.ac.uk/links/Occupations where you will find detailed job descriptions of many of the above jobs.

Young scientist video careers profiles www.vega.org.uk/video/series/10 14 short award winning programmes first shown on BBC2 give an excellent insight into what it is like to work as scientist. Include biochemist, cosmologist, ecologist, entomologist, environmental scientist, food scientist, physicist, quantum chemist and robotics engineer. Careers Help for Postgraduates and Contract Researchers