bqsic hydroulic volves

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iliTfi;rfifiih

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tl,lDEX

The following pages contain information about the folLowing hydraulic valves found in Caterpillar hydraulic systems:
PAGE

S{IBJECT

PACE

SUBJECT

5 7 9 13 15 19 ZL 23 25 27 29 33

Spool Valve

35 37 39

Orifice

Check Valve

Sinple Relief Valve

Pilot-Operated Relief Valve
Plston-Operated Relief Valve Rest,riction-Type Relief

Sinple l{echanical Protective Device tlechanical Protective Device with Spool Valve

Valve 43 47 51 55 57 59 5L 63 65

tlydraulic Protective Valve Co'mbined r'rith Neutralizer Function

Hydraulic Protective Valve Combined with
Seguence Valve

Make-Up

Valve Valve Valve Valve

Flow Control Flow Divider

Combiaation VaLve

Protective Reset Valve

NeutraLizer Valve

Pressure Reduclng Pressure Valve

Diffetential-

Hydraulic Shift Governor

PrioritY

Valve

l{odifLed Pilot-Operated

Relief Valve

Rotary Selector Spool

Modulatlng Relief

Valve

llodulating Reducing Valve

(Shown

in Valve Station)

**

* * * * * * *

INTROBUCTION
The

illustrations in this book will help you to recognize the type of valve, its purpose, how it operates, and where it is used. It is
suggested that you use a set of colored pencils to show oil flow through the valve diagrams.

Keep this book as a reference; use of hydraulic valves.

it will help you review the function and

Befqre cwrmencing the review of hydraulic valves, consider the following points, vhich will allow you to solve most problems:

t.

SPRINGS:

- Their

purpose

in hydraulic ci-rcuits.

A. B. 2.

Before pump commences oil flow, the springs will be fully expanded to the lfulit of the housing or compartment r*rere they are located.
They can be ccmpressed or expanded by oil pressure, but will return to t.heir original length r^rhen the system is depressurized.

VALVES:

3. 4.

Simply block or control oil flor+. (sornetimes at a predetermined rate)

PRESSURE: Comes

only r+ith resistance to oil flow,

HYDRAT'LIC CIRCUITS:

Read them
f ]-ow.

like a map; the valves are sign posts for oil

5.

TROI'BLESHOOTING:

A. B.

Get a clear pieture of the problem; write down factors concerned if it helps.

Try to understand what must be done. A few minutes of thought can save hours of labor.

C- Like any journey, start at the beginning and follor* through to the source of the problem.

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SPOOL VALVE

I. 2.

B16;f or direct the flow of oil to the desired circuit

PURPOSE:

ll-ftoo
B. C.

TY PES:

Positiqn (i.e., !'orward,

Reverse)

Three Position (i.e.,

Raise, llold, Lower) Raise, l{old, Lower, ftoat)

Four Position (i.e.,

3.

CONSTRUCTION:

A. B. C.

La"ds that can be moved to select a circuit,

(i.e.,

l, 2 ot

3)

Throttling slots machined in lands to allow Partial flow, (i.e., close blade control)
Ilachine grooves around the valve land to assist in lubricating, sealing and centering the spool in the bore
:

4.

\",IIIERE USED

A. - B"ll,tozer hydraulic controls B. C. D.

Track loader hydraulic controls
Transmission hydraulic controls
Implement hydraulic controls

TR(IUBLESHOOTING
I{ALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

CORRECTION

Blade or bucket drift

Jamming

in bore

A. Leakage between spool land and valve bodY B. Worn seals A. Foreign material B. Valve body improperly torqued at assembly C. ]lounting face not flat
jamming spool

Replacement
c omponent s

of

danaged

Replace Clean

Refer to speciflcation for torque and tightening sequence

NgTii: High pressure applj-cation spool is not available without a matched body.
Low pressure application spooJ- (such as power is many ti$es individually available.

shift transmi.ssion spool)

Parts Books, in some instances, list .020tt oversize bore and spool. Re;rson -- to s;rl vilge body machj.ned oversize in utattufacture.

SIMPLE RELIEF VALVE

TANK

BODY

VALVE
OPEN

\,
+

CLOSED
S

EAT

<b

PUI,P

SIMPLE RELIEF VALVE

I. 2, 3.

T6-T*TI
ffi,

PURPOSE:

maximum pressure

CONSTRUCIION:

sea,t and spring

OPEMTION:

Va'i-ve is upon the

initially held closed by spri.ng force. Pressure oil acts valve. Excessj.ve pressure (always sensed on upstream side of circuit) wlll overccne the spri-ng force and open the valve to allow the oil to be bypassed.

4.

WHERE USED:

d, ---[o]rEessure applieations wtrere exact pressure is not critical

B. '

Booster and lubricatlon systems

When

C.

noise frm operation is not critical

TftOUBLESHOOTING
}TALFUNCTION

POSSIELE CAUSE

CORRECTION

Pressure

A. Broken or weak spring B. Faulty seat C. Foreign matertal under valve seat D. Incorrect
shi.ms
jammed

Replaee

Replace or recut Clean or replace

Adjust
Warped body;

High pressure

A. Poppet

jammed

in valve
ust

dirt

B. Incorrect

shims

Adj

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PILOT-OPERATEII RELIEF UALVE T. A. B, ' 2. 3. m't

PURPOSE;

To limit maximum pre$sure

To

protect the hydraulie system from pressure created by excessive load or blocked line "alv%
two springs and unloading valve with orifice

CONS?RUCTTON:

Oil.nt"rs the relief valve housing and flows through the unloading valve orifice to contact the piJ-ot val-ve.
lihen oil pressure rises to the relief valve settj-ng, the pilot valve opers and dumps oi1 from the unloading valve spring charnber.
Since more oil can flow past the pilot valve than through the unloading valve orifice, the pressure lesseas in the unloading valve spring chamber. The unloading valve then moves up, allowi-ng full purnp flow to be dumped into the taak.

OPEMTION:

{QIE: Throttling holes in the base of, the unloading valve allow for
smooth dumping.

4.

WHERE USED:

A.

Ali tractor bydrarrlic coo[rol-s All track loarier hydraulic controls

B. C, 5. A. B.

AII scraper hydraulic eontrols

Less flutter or haurmering
Large volume of oil can be passed quickly through a large dump portn with use of only a smal-l spring and small mechanical cons t ruct ion,

WIIY USED:

C. llaintains uniforrn pressure with r,ridely dif ferent flow rates

TTOUBLESHOOTING

I{AT,FUNCTTON

POSST}LE CAUSIi

CORRECTION

Presgure setting high

A
B
C

Iixcess number

pilot valve
Pump

Incorrect spring

of

shi:ns
on

Remove

and reset
pump

Replace

Pressure

settlng

10$

Insufficient
shims

flow excessive
number of

tlatch valve to
Add and reset

Foreign material jammed under pilot valve seat

Leakage

Dlsmantle and clean

Replace O-rings
Replace Assenftble

valve
D E

frsn

unl"oading

Unloading valve

Pilot valve seat worn Pilot valve spring retalner toose

jammed oPen

chamber

correctly

Free valve 1n bore

Check for bore di,s tor t ion Check for foreign

Erratlc operation

Unloadlng valve sticking

llorn ptlot valve

material in oil
Replace

10

NOTES

11

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12

PISTOT{.OPEHATEI} HELIEF VALVE

I. gl_ l,i*:-t
PURPOSE:

maxi-mum

pressure

B. 2, 3.

Protect. the lines, cyllnders and vaLve fron pressure created by an external force on the bucket

ffiGIE",

CONSTRUCTION:

springs and shims

OPERATION:

OiT tr.pped in the hydraulic lines by the main control. valve can be pressurized by an external force on the track loader bucket cr by blocked bucket linkage, and is isolated fron the main relief valve.

enter the valve and act on the piston. hthen sufficient force is available, the valve will move against the spring and dump some oil until overpressure is relieved.
The pressr"lre oil will

4.

WHERT] USED:

i6iii-!l3Er "f rlier tilt circuit of botir the wheel and track-type loa<lers. ln some cases, two pistons are used to sense pressures irr diffcrlnt circults" Thc valve is then called "dual sensing.r'

TR0U BLE$H00Tll-lS
I{ALFUNCTlON

POSSISLE CAUSE

CORRiic'TION

dauage due to

tllt or lift cylinder failure or

Hose,

Relief valve inoperative

Rernove

and repair

exeessive pressure

Relief valve
inoperative

A
t)

Piston seized in
horrs

lle;r

lace

ing

Buckr:t drift

Hydraulie lock in spring charnber Ilurnp valve scized l,eakage of O-rlrrg seals, 0r pa$t, valve

C.lear drlitr pil$silgs

Replace lf daruaged Clean or repl;rce

Rese

geat llei ief valve opcning bclor,'r pr(}s$ur(} sctting of nrain reli-ef valve

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14

RESTRICTION-TYPE RELIEF VALVE

I. 2. 3.

ffi-ffially
CONSTRUCTION:

PURPOSE:

restrict

purnp

flow, and. establish the

system pressure

Valve with an orifice and chanber open to pump pressure flow and spring. Some have a piston (slug) in orifice chamber.

ffive cr"ates restriction to

opened.

OPEMTION:

purnp

flow by blocking the outlet.

As the system fllls, pressure rises through the orifice into the ehamber and moves the valve against the spring until tEe outlet is

0i1 ean then flow past the valve to limit pressure rise.
A pistou

(or slug) used in the orifice chamber will allow a light spring to control the actlon of the valve because the pressure oil will be acting on a reduced area.
closing rate.

A poppet may be used

to

dampen

the action of the valve by slowing its

4,

\JHER.E USED:

Transmission hydraulic controls for some traek-type type loaders, small and large wheel loaders

tractor$, track-

TROUBLE$HOOTING
I,lALFUNCTION

POSSIiLE

CAUS}J

CORRHCTION

Low pressure

Insufflclent number of
shims

Add and reset

Soft shins used

bcaten out
s
D E

and

pring Slug (if used) nissing I)r;rj-n p:rssages betrintl

Incorrect or broken

l{eplace wi th correct hardened shlns

Replace
l{ep I ace

tligtr pressure

slug blocked

Reruove

olrstruction

A
B

Excess number of shi.ms

L
D

orifice Valve scizcd in bore Slug ( if used) seized in valve Incsrrect sprlng

Pressure not entering

orificc lteplace iI tlarnaged Clean or rtlpl;rce

Dra

ilemove and reset Clear blockcd

in ;rntl

f 1 trsh

Erratic cond{tion

RelieI valve larrd worn frtm iiue abraslves in oil Interrnittent st ic.l<irrg

sys t cm

Deterrnine source of abrasives Replace vorn parts Hree valve irr bore

15

CHECK VALVE

TAPERED SEAT

16

CHECK VALVE

1. 2.

To control

PURPOSE:

oil to flow in

one

direct.ion only

valve.

Sprfng a"a;lve with a tapered seat; a round ball is sometimes used instead of the valve shown here. In other ci-rcuits, the check valve is free floating (has no sprJ-ngs) or has an orifice in the
OPEMTION:

CONSTR.UCTION:

3. .

The valve

spring force is
4 W}TERE USED:

will lift

off the seat and control the flow

vrhen

the slight

exceeded.

In dozer, ripper, tilt cylinder and track loader bucket circuits to seParate two circui-ts. In steering clutch clrcuits to prevent pressure loss during transmisslon range selection on power strift machines.
THOU BLE$HOOTII'IG

I{ALT'UNCTION

POSSISLE CAUSE

CORRECTIOI'I

Bucket

or dozer drops slightLy when ririse positions seleeted

A.

Worrr seat

Recrrt

or replace

B, Worn valve
C. Broken spring

Replaee Replace Clean

D. Dirt under valve

17

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18

MAKE.UP VALVE
I. 2. 3. ilf6"iloil ro bypass tire pump and flow directly to tle cylinder lines whenever reservoir pressure is greater than line pressure
m-egffiT;a-and light spring. Valve will ah+ays be located reservoir oil level. There will be one for each circuitCONSTRUCTION: PURPOSE;

below

ffi;

OPERATION:

oil pressure in lines is approximately 2 psi less than reservoir pressure, the make-up valve unseats, allowing oil to flow to lines. (Example: quick dropping blade or bucket.) This prevents cavitation in cylinders and lines.
US

r{ilERts

Do#; ripper aud track loader hydraulic circuits

ED:

TROUBLESHOOTING
I1ALI.'TJNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

COITR[C'I'ION

Itlade or bucket drift

Blade will" not lift

A. Valve
C. V:rlve

jammed opcn

Clean Clean
0k:"irrr

or or or

replirce replace
rep.Lacc

B. Valve jarurned open

jammed open

Blade lacks
pr essu re

down

1g

FLOW CONTROL UALUE

20

FLOW CONTROL VALVE

T. 2.
a predeterurined maximum flow bypass excess flow to another circuit

tloffiiae

PURPOSE:

rate to one circuit

and

An

oriEic" designed to pass a certain flow at a specified. pressure differenti,al, and a valve to bypass or restrict excess oil. The valve is loaded by a light spring and sometimes the orifice is contained in the valve.
OPERATION:

CON$TRUCTION:

3.

TE'[Tif?fce, beeause of its size, creates a pressure drop across it in.the direction of fl-ow. The force from tire higher pressure acts on the upstream side of the valve. The force frorn tire lower pressure plus the spring force act on the downstream side of the valve. When the force differential between the t\,/o pressures rises above the desired level (r+hen fl:r+ rises above de*ignecl amount), the valve will then move towards the low pressure side, overeoming spring force.
This action will either bypass cxcess oil ar restrict ttre flow of oil to the valve (dependlrrg on the constructton of the valve). Tl-re flow through thc orif ice will rhen be rnirintaincd ;lt a retluired value.

4.

\,iIi{ERE USEJ]:

'tlran"*i"'sion hydraulic controls, implement hydraulic controls

TROUBLESHOt}TING
}IAL!'UNCTION

POSSIBLU CAUSE

COITITIiCTION

I)oes not Limit flow

Valve seized irr body

Clean

or replace incorrect spring

Full flow plug i"ns tal l ecl

Flow rate too low
l\

Replace with orifice plu;i

Valve sprirrg brokerr or weak

Val.ve scized, p;rr:ti;rl closed
Ly

lleplace 6prlng
Cle:rn or replace
Rcpl;rce with higher flow rate plug

Orifiec plug inst;rllcd

21

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22

FLOW OIVIOER VALVE

I.
To .q"aily divide the oil flow frorn a single PumP, regardless of the difference in restrj-ction on the outlets, alLowing two separate circuits to be supplied sj-multaneously witir oil from a single pump
CONSTRUCTION;
PURPOSE:

2.

Sprol-A;ill.d tc-r atlmit o11 to center, then cross-dritled' to direct oil to each separate outLet '!{TTI'Toi[ outlets providing gqual restriction to the oil leavi.ng the outiet passaBes 1n the body, the flow dj-vider spool will be balanced in the center of the body"
I'Jhen
OPERAIION:

3.

the operator restricts oae outlet by applying one brake or steering clutch and upsetting the balanced flow, a pressure rise will cause the spool to move to tire low pressure side.
The spool itself r*ill then restrict the oil flow from the pump and cause a pressure rise equal to the restrj-ction caused by the action of the brake or steering clutch.
The oil flow fron the two outlets will

then be equal.

4.

lil{uitE

garty -oA;i track loader steering clutcli circuits and track-type traetor brake booster circuits

IJSED:

TNOUELESHOOTIHG
IlAL}'UNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

CORRECTIOT.I

oil pressure when one brake is applied, correc t rril pressure t+hen both br:akes are
Lotu

A. Valve seized in central position

Clean or replace

applied Pressure oil is ilatr le to onr boost er

ava

A.
bra ltt:

Va

crrrd

lvc r;e iz.ed irt uf tlody

oue

Clean or rttpl;rct:

Srake pressure is

lor.r

A. lr{ain roliel
l.ow

vslve

sel:

Itenove arrd ::ese t

B. Brake reli-ef valvc set

!uw

Repl.rcu :;pr itrg

23

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24

PRESSURE BEDUCING VALVE

I. 2. 3.

6*ie-dice

pressure (established by the nain relief valve), to the requirements of the system
pump
CONSTRUCTION:

PURPOSE:

ffildth;lug
OPEMTION:

cfflpartment orifice open to downstream pressure' The sprlng determines dovmstream system pressure.

the valve is held open to flow by the spring. ITEiiGtty, B. Pressure must build up in the gownstream side and in the

slug

ehamber.

C.'lJhen pressure builds up

moves

the reduced pressure.

sufficient force in chamber, the valve the spring, reducing the pump flow and maintaining against
hydraulic controls - D6C, 600 Series, 769, 824 and 834. TROUBLESHOOTING

4.

\{HERE USED:

ffiiEsi"n

ITALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

CORRECTIOI.I

Reduced pressure

not to

A. Incorrect

shimming

Add or remove shiins

speciflcation

B. Inlet pressure low

pressure is due to main relief valve setting or lack of

dorrnstream side of pre$sure reducing

Determi-ne if low

restriction

on

L
D

Spring failed Slug ornitted during

assembly

valve Replace spring Replace slug

Pressure by valve

not reduced

A.

Orifice blocked
Valve jammed open Slug seized in valve Valve jammed closed seized in valve holding valvt: closed Oil drain passage bettind slug blocked Orif ice open to irutnP Irre$sure f1ow, lroldlrrg valve closed

Clear blockage
F'ree valve

B.
C.

in

bore

No pressure sensed on dowrtstfeaur side

A.

Clcan or replaee Free valve itr bore

Clean

of valve

B. Slug
t,
-

or

replaec

Iletc rmine re;r son f or

trydraulic lock
te

D.

De

posslbly caused by pressure surgc from valve orifice into pump flow chamber
down.s t

rrnine

re& son ,

reanr pusirlrrg

25

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26

PRESSURE t}IFFEHENTIAL VALVE

t.
t

T6'suppry oil at a consrant pressure differential to two circuits

CONSTRUCTION:

PURPOSE:

Valve with passages leading to spring compartrTrent and to the second circui-t

3.

OPEMTION:

The-a;TEerential val-ve initlally blocks oil flow until pressure rises. This Pressure rise moves the valve against the spring and allows oil flow into the secondary circuit. As the pressure rises in tlre secondary cj-rcuit, oil will flow into the spripg comPartment aad this will" be at the same pressure,as the oil in the secondary circuit. The pressure of the oil in the spri-ng compartment cornbines with the action of the spring to move the valve back agalnst the presPure of the oil in the primary circuit. The valve rorill tlren f ind a position wirere the pressure in the pri:lary circuit equals the comtrined effect of the pressure in the secondary circuit and the spring force. Regardless of inlet pressure, the difference in pressure bet,n/een the primary and secondary circuits is always equal to the equivalent pressure of the spring and is called the "pressure tlifferential". It can only be altered by changing the spring rate. This can be <lone by changing the spring itself.
IJtr1EI{E US ED:

Sme power shift transmissi-on control circui"ts; 600 lJlreel Tractor torque divider transririssions
5. irlltY USIiD: a. Power shift engagelnenf

transnissions - to ensure correct scqulrnce of cl utclr

b. 600 Series transillissions; part of the autotnatic shif t circrr it TRt)UBLESHOOTING

I1ALFUNCTION
POSS

TIlLE CAUSE

CORi{ECTION

Pressure differential less t.han specified

Incorrect clr broken

spr ing

Replace spring
Determi-ne cause of lcakage

0iI leakrng from spring

chamber

Pressure dillerential greatcr than speeified Pressure not dropping in secon,lary circirit on transrnission whcn shift

on second circuit fncorrcct spring V;rlvc

Irrsuf ficient

restri{:t

i iln

Blimiu;rte

Le

akage

jarmmed open

Replace wiLll corrcct (r,reaker) spring Replace courponent if

d;rm;rged

Differential valve not opening dump port

Hnsure valve free in bore

is

rnadc

27

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28

MODIFIEO PILOT.OPERATED RELIEF VALVE

t.
PURPOSET

e.

.Get

maxj-mum

system pressure for nonnal operating conditions

B. Relieve pressure surges at a lower value 2,

CONSTRUCTION:

Ltad pGt"n, load piston orifice, load piston chamber, two springs, pilot valve and unloading valve with orifice
OPEMTION:

3.

Oil enters the relief valve housing and flows through the unloading valve orifice to the face of the pilot valve and through a passage and orifice to the load piston.
As pressure rises and is sensed in the load piston chamber, the load piston moves to the right, eompressing pilot valve spring; this increases the pilot valve pressure setting.
The load piston moves before the pilot valve because the area of the load piston is larger than the face of the pilot valve.
When

the load piston is hard against the stop, the pilot valve setting is at the normal operating value.

The reroainder of the operation is identical to the operation of the pilot-operated relief valve.

B. Pressure Surges ffie1iefvalvehousingan<lflowsthroughtheun1oarl1ng valve orifice to the face of the pi-lot valve and to the ori"fice of the load piston chamber.
Because of the size of the orifice

ln the load piston chamber, flow ls restricted, creatlng a delay in pressure to the load plston and resulting in a build-up of pressure along the passage to the faee of the pilot valve.

Consequently, when a pressure surge exlsts, the pilot valve will always open first.
The pilot valve opens and dumps oll frt-rn the unloading valve sprlng charnlrer. The remainder of the operatlon 1s ldentical to the operation of the pilotoperated rellef valve.

4,

WHERE USED:

il?ITEie";

scraper portion of hydraultcs

B.

9BB

main pressure

rellef valve (loader portion)

29

TROUBLE$HOOTING

ITALFUI{CTTON

POSSIB

I-U CAUSE

CORRTCTION

Itressrrre seIting low

A.

lllockcd lcad piston ch;rmber or lf i.ce

Fcreign rnaterial j,ammed under pilot valvc seat

Itismantle and clean

Dlsmantle and ctean
Replace
Replace

B.

valve
D

Leukage ftrm unloading

chambur f

0-ring

ilot valve seat worrr

jammed

Unloadlng valve
open

Free valve
lleplace
Replace

ln

bore

!' Pressure setting high

A

Pllot valve spring broken

valve

Incorrect spring on Pilot

Punp flow excessive

llatch valve to
pLmp

Erratic operation

Unloadlng valve

Check

sticki.ng

for bore dlstortion; check for forelgn naterlal in oil

Replace

!.loru

pilot

valve

30

NOTES

3t

E:< ou ftLJ
ll.I

{kE_

"

*u (9llJ
< u

<tr{ ao)
L o F o
0r

{n-> o5-t

LJ

z o
IL

CI

lrt
J
LJ-

F
LJ

IJ
E.

o o J

ut J ul
I

z o
U

lll

Etr

g
g o
F

f5 z, F J q J cr

lrl

o
=

<-

fr :l CI {t Ltj tr (L

32

MOIIULATING RELIEF VALVE

l.
2. 3.

tuRPosE: fo get a variable system pressure and, depending on the application,

a delayed pressure buildup

CONSTRUCTION:

BasiEa

Tt a relief valve htith a load piston behind the spring

in the case of the nornal relief valve, it creates restriction to flow by closing the outlet. If there is no pressure acting on the load plston it relieves at a low pressure (usually called primary pressure). When the load piston is charged with oil, the relief pressure inereases. The maximum pressure is reached when the load piston is against the stop.
As
pump

OPEMTION:

If used in conjunction with an orifice check valve, the pressure buildup will be slo',r, yet the pressure drop will be rapid'' 4.
WHERE USED:

ffiE'ift

transmission hydraulic controls TROU

B

LESH O()TING
POSSIBLE CAUSE

IlALFUNCTION

Pressure remains

at initial setting

A. Load piston sticking or seized

ts. No pressure buildup beyond the load piston A. Load piston sticking or seized

No modulation

Slow pressure buildup and slow,

instead of rapid relief

A. Load piston binding

B. Orifice

check valve binding

NOTE:

l'or further troubleshooti.ng,

see "Restriction-Type

Relief Valve" (page 15).

33

PF

uo oil U)(] o< <o

0-J

trJ

J
CJ
UJ

E
T

CJ

lr| g: r

E o

lJ-

34

ORIFICE CHECK VALVE

1. 2. 3.

6-li6-niae a different rate of flow to and from a load piston

CONSTRUCTION:

PURPOSE:

ChE;relv.-"ithout spri-ng but with

OPERATION:

an

orifiee

the supply side moves the valve over and clgses the drain port. Only a metered amount can pass through the orifice. When the flow reverses, the valve i-s moved to the left and uncovers the draj-n port. The discharge through the drain will be rapid.
WHERE USED:

0ffro"

4.

Frdeffi'Ift

transmj.ssion hydraulic eontrols

TROUBLESHOOTING
ITALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE

CAI.'SE

No pressure buildup

A. Check valve stuck, leaving drain open B. Orifice blocked

Slow pressure

relief

A. Check valve stuck with the drain closed

I.IOIE: See also modulating relief valve (page 33).

35

LJ

J {
F

a
Lrl

v
T

u
IJ

CJ TT l&I \

UJ

EI

lrJ
CJ

F F

o E
J

lrJ

tr

lrl

CL

g
z,
I I

{ I CJ

Ltl
=

lr| J c-

hJ

'o(n
UJ

tr

{ts

ct) -

tr
t?

7 o z
ld
(n

36

$ITUPLE MECHANICAL PROTECTIVE DEVICE

I.
PURPOSE:

ldffi;er pressure in a system drops below a minimum value for a length of time, the selector is moved to a safe or neutral posi-tion.
CONSTRUCTION:

2. 3.

Station"ry piston with a spring-ioaded cyllnder

OPERATION:

Ttle oj-lrthat cornes in through the rod fills the space between the piston and the cylinder. As it compresses the spring, it allows free movement of the selector spool valve. Ilhen the oil pressure is lost or the engine is stopped, the spring moves the seleetor lever to neutral. A check valve in the piston allovs quick charging during pressure increases, but the oil in the cylinder can onl"y leak out at a controlled rate when the sensing pressure decreases. Therefore, the control does not act upon a short pressure drop (as could happen, for instance, r*hen a gear is changed).
I'IH8RE
USED :

4.

P"wer shift transmissions of scme early machines

TR0U BLESH00TII'lG
IIALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

Selector lever cannot be moved into

any gear

A. Linkage obstructed mechanically B. Transmission

pump defect

C. Spring broken in modulating

relief valve

Piston and cylinder seized

Passage for oil supply to protective device blocked

Leaking protectice device

tor lever is Ilot returned to neutral r^rhen the englne is stoppcd

Se]ec

A. Tlght Iinkrge or spool valve

B, Piston arrd cylinder

C. Spring broken
Selector lever jumps to lower gear on deeelerating the engine

protective devicc seized

r:f

A. Transmission
output

pump has low

B. Suction screen blocked C. Aeration irt suction line

37

LJ

lr| J
J (3
(= .L

J {
U lll

rJ
t9

z
tr

I L-U QZ l-r bl z->

uJ-

5 trt [t9

AF =ll t CJ -

eil z6

CN

lr|

EI lll

l= CJ

l,Il

e E
J

l-

N
(D

IJ

J J o

tr F

CL

z o (J
Lrj

:)
CI

z {
I

tn
LJ

{L

L CJ

ut
=

o tr tt
2

o <7)
FF<

tLrj

Hxi' Z}/UJ
38

z*ulO o eo u oh

MECHANICAL PROTECTIUE DEUICE WITH SPOOL VALVE

1. ffiT6'e oil pressure is low in the system, it prevents oil flow to the dlrect.ional clutches. ATCpG tnechanical protective device with spool valve
OPERATION
COI.ISTRUCTION: PURPOSE:

2. 3.

i,ihen there is no oil pressure, the piston is extended, making it inpossible for the speed selector to be placed in any gear which also means tlrat the passage (A) to (B) will be closed.

llhen the devi-ce is charged, it cnmpresses the spring whieh now gets shorter, so that a speed may be selected if desired.
Should the engi-ne be stopped with the selector lever in any gear' or the oll pressure be lost for any reason, the device pushes tire spool valve to the left to Neutral position, which interrupts the passage (A) to (B).

A check valve in the piston allows quick charging during pressure lncreases, but the oil in the cylinder can only leak out at a controlled rate when the sensing pressure is lower. Therefore, the control does not act upon a short pressure drop (as eould happen, for instance, when a gear is changed).

4.

I'IHERE USED

Polrd-shift transmissions of some early rnachines

39

TROUBLESHOOTING

ITALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

Selector lever cannot be moved into

any gear

A. Linkage obstructed mechanically B. Transmission

pump defect

C. Spring broken in modulatlng

reli-ef

valve

D. Plstorr

arrcl

eyllnder seized

E. F.
Selector ls not returned to Neutral when the engine is
stopped

Passage Leaki"ng

protective device blocked

for oll supply to

protective device

A. Tight linkage or spool valve

B. Piston

and cylinder

of protective

device seized

C. Spring broken
Sel-ector lever juurps to lower gear on decelerating the engine

A. Transmission

pump

has low output

B. Suction screen blocked

C. Aeration i-n suction line

40

NOTES

41

b
()

>bJ

td

J
u
N
bJ

f
= E

(l

F -

z
F

bJ

J
,rf

H= J=
1Il lll

Id

Z'r
3H z
t-

F: of
Fu ttd en ia
JI

tr nc trt
o:3 E IIJ
CJ

l-J -

FF

a-=
I

JF

;g

Ecr cr ur ==
qr-

JrEtl
C3 = CJ

64

6P

42

HYORAULIC PNOTECTIVE VALUE OOMBINEO WITH NEUTRALIZER FUNCTII)N

l.
PURPOS[:

A. B.

To prevent the rnachine from rnoving when the engine is started vith the selector lever in a gear position To neutralize the transmission when tire left brake pedal is depressed, in conjunction with the neutralizer valve

CONSTRUCTIOI{:

Spo6T

;ive*with various lands; in reset position, held by a spring to close the passage to the directional clut.ches
't^Jh""

5.

A.

OPERATIOII:

the machine is started r*ith the selector lever not in lleutral , oil witl not be able t.o get from passage (A) to (B) which eventually leads to the directional clut.ches.
Placing the selector lever in Neutral provides pressure frotn passage In reaction' (C) which can reach cavity (E) through the orifice (l). puehed to the left, opening the passage (A) to (B). If the valve 1s now the selector lever i-s moved to }.'orward or Reverse, the increasirrg pressure at (A) can open the valve completely and we have pressure at (B) and pressure in a directionaL clutch.

B.

There is a connection from the neutralizer valve to passage (D). In nornal operation, the valve closes tl'ris passage, but if the Left brake pedal is applied, (D) is connected to drain' Because more oil can drain out than gets int{) cavity (E) , the valve rnoves to the ::iglrt separating passages (A) and (B) but not so far that the orifices (2) are covered by the land, This interrupts the po\rer flora tltrough tire transrnission. l.lhen the neutraLieer valve i.s released ' passage (D) will t:e blockeii and the oil that enters the hole's (2) shifts tlre valve open again.

4.

WIIERE USED:

ffie?=Ei?t

transrnission hydraulic controls; for instance,

980

0n scraper transrnissions, s similar type of valve is used, but without the neutraLtzer function.

ReviseiJ 2184

43

TROUBLESHOOTING

IIALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

llachine rnoves when the engine is started with the seleetor lever in a gear position

A. Direction clutch, binding B. Spool valve rnisadjusted C. Combination valve sticking that holes (2) communicat,e with (A) D. Spring of protective valve
broken

Ilachine does not move when the selector is moved to Forward or

Reverse

A. Linkage

probleru

B. Wrong spool valve adjustment C. Leak in the directional clutch or in the llne to it

D. Protective valve sticking E. Neutralizer valve sticking

l'. llodulating relief valve spring

broken

C. llodulating relief valve stuck

open

Load piston of modulat.ing relief valve stuck in the

I
J

Transmission pump failure

Torque converter failure

reset position

44

HOTES

45

ul

lrl J

z F

llj i

(J

Pd o-)
a
ur

H* F>

z lll u 3> al J

E< ea)

CJt
rrr

lll

z,;! U,J
J(n

[fJ

F 6 IU

OH UJo
U)F
I l=
n

(t
U)

(t) o-

a E o

e lrl
EN

z,
(e = CJ
& E

c
o-

lrl J

o E
TJ

= o E
lt

r{
F lI

o
NC

z o (J
UJ

l,Il
CJ

E
cr) q

3
UJ

e
J I

lrJ

E to F

NE

tr-

(J
J
Etr

6?

CP

c6P

a
I

t'

6F 6f EF 6F 6F 6F 6F 6P

.I46

HYDRAULIC PROTECTIVE VALVE COMBINED WITH SE(IUENCE VALVE

1.
PURPOSE:

A. B.
)

To prevent the machine from moving wiren the engine is started rsith

the selector lever in is lost

gear

To interrupt power flow lirrough the transmission when oil pressure

CONSTRUC?1OII:

TroE;ing-loaded spool valves. In reset posit.ion, the sequence valve closes the passage to the pressure control group and clutches.
J. OPER!{TION:

E.

tlhen the engine is stqrte

, the reset. ure to enter at TA),

The protective valve rernains at reset position and the oil coming in at {B) goes to drain at the protective valve. There is not enough force createcl in the slug cav j.ty ( 1) to inove the sequence valve to the 1eft.
lJhen the selector lever is moved to lieutral, i-zed oil to enter parisage This moves the protective valve to tlie left and closes the drain
si"ug

the reset valve, which is

(A), port.

Tiie oil entering passage (ll) builds up pressure and the reactitrn in cavity ( 1) moves the sequence v;rlve to tlie lef t.
The oil now has tire prissage open and oil can f lor+ from {B) to (C).

If the enginr: is stopped or if the oil pressure drops below a safe level, tire protective valve spring iorces tire valve spool over to tire right, relievlng tire pressure in tire slug cavity (l) to drain. The seqirence valve is then forced to tlle right by its spring and separates the passaCe (B) to (C).
lihen the engine is stiirted or tire l)ressurc reBititred, the selector Iever must be moved to l{eutral position first in order te reset the protective v;:lve and open tire passaSe {B) to (C) by tite sequence valve.
4. $ltERH Utiiio: Power -irilt transntlss j-r:n trycl rar;llc 8?_4, Bl4)

corlf,rol:j ( for instartce, 9uS, t)92,

47

TROUBLESHOOTING

IIALFUNCTION

PROBA.BLE CAUSE

ilachine moves when the englne is started with the selector lever in gear

A. ilirectional clutch binding B. Reset valve mlsadjusted C. Protective valve seized at the Left positiorr D. Protective valve sPring broken E. F.
Sequence Sequence

valve stuek

oPen

valve sPring broken

Itaehine does not move \.rhen the

selector lever is moved to or Reverse fr<rm Neutral

A. Reset valve misadjusted B. Spool valves misadjusted C. Leak in the directional clutch or line to it D. Clutch fai-lure E. Protective valve sticking in reset position F. Sequence valve sticking in reset
posit.ion

Forward

C. Passage to slug cavity (l) blocked

H. llodulating relief valve spring
broken

I. l{odulating relief valve stuck

open

J. Load piston of modulating relief valve stuck in reset Position K. NeutraLizer val-ve stuck in' applied position L. Transrnission
11. Torque
PumP

failure

converter failure

48

NOTES

49

u z
F
f

o
Id I

L o

o F g
&

o o Jg1

lrT

s) 3u OJ
<LJ

oi l-<
rJ

z
a g o
CI
LJ

(n

bl

0-tr

tr

I
I

z, e
I-

3 J
U

t o
UJ

lI I

z,
atr = e (J
J

J z o F u
lrj

o z

ll-

I F
o
IL

CI

fr

z
E

e ilE 3 fr$
=
rLtlA

o I
tn

o
F
td =

rr Pd ., o
H H6
(r(n
F JhJ

1\ ri / r\ilr,

'i$(
,)ff,

=tr

o+E
o t L
J

ee

6
50

COMBINATION VALVE
1.
PURPOSE:

valve al-Eotective B. Differential valve C. Flow control valve D. Check valve

2.

*etering orifices loaded by two springs of which only Vafi;;ith one is in contact in reset position. Passagas to or from the modulating relief valve, the directional spool valve, the load piston of the directional spool valve, directional clutches and drains.
OPflRATION:

CONSTRUCTIOI'I:

3.

A.

Prtt.ctive Valve ffiiSStartedwiththetransmissionseIectorlever to the selector lever position, will (B) where it can pass through the holes (2). erter passage I{aving equal pressure on both sides of the spool' the spring will keep it in the reset position and passage (C) cannot receive oil. The machine cantt move. llovj-ns, the selector lever to Neutral connects passage (B) to drain the selector valve gio"p. Oil entering Passage (A) now moves the valve until 1t relieves into passage (B). The load piston of the modulating relief valve is connected to drain via (C) or (F) depending upon the application. This establishes the primary pressure in Neutral. Differential Valve is taken out of the Neutral position' ffier passage (B) is again connected to pump flow and system pressure. This same pressure enters passage (A). llora the valve can move tu the right to sequence the clutch engagement. The difference between tire speed and directional clutch pressures is controlled by the eombined force of the two springs. Flow Control Valve ices (l) allows only a speeific arnount of oil ffiir pass through into the directional clutches during filling' to
P"ss"ge CT is blocked when the valve works, as explained under B. This allows pressure buildup behind the load piston of tile modulating relief valve In Neutral position of the spool valve, and tlhen gears are changed, passage (3) is connected to drain (C) or (F) (depending on the application) which quickly lowers the system pressure.
L2

B.

C.

D.

Check Valve

4.

L.iI{EITE USED:

So-" p"r"t sirift transmission controls (for instance'

966C, 950, D4D, 94L, 9518)

14

llotor Graders,

NOTE:

llo oil can pass through orlfj-ees (1) in the Neutral position.

51

TROUBLESHOOTING
I{ALFIJNCIION

POSSIBLE CAUSE
A
B
C

l{achine moves when engine is started with selector lever in a gear position

Li,nkage problem Wrong spool valve adjustment

Directional clutch binding

Combination valve stuck open

position so that holes (2) are

in

to

passage (C)

Machlne does noE move when the selector is moved lo fonrard or revelse or from

A
B
C

Linkage problem
Wrong spool valve adjustrnent

Neutral to a

speed

in the directional or the passage to it

Leak

cLutch

Cornbination valve stuck in

reset position
broken

Itodulating relief valve spring

_r

llodulating relief valve stuck

open

piston of modulating relief valve stuck in reset position

Load

Transmission pump failure

Rough

shifting

A
B

Binding cluteh plates

Combination valve sticking

52

NOTES

53

lrl
J llll v)
LLI
L

:) = o. = o
G lt.

E
lII

CJ
UJ C=

F G

o-

tc

LrJ

z
q)
uJ

F o (r

o
F-

PROTEGTIVE RESET VALVE

1.
PURPOSE:

G-pr"".nt the machine from moving when the engine is started with the selector lever in a gear
CONSTRUCTION:

2.

Normal spo"1 valvel meehanically connected to the speed control spool valve

3.

OPERATION:

positJ-on can ffiETeutral valve spool to reset it.

\FItl[RE
US

pump

oil enter the passage to the protective

4.

ED:

Po"d;hlTt
834)

transmission hydraulic controls (for instance, 988, gg2, g|q,

TROUBLESHOOTIHG
MALFUNCTION PROBASLE CAUSE

llachine moves when the engine is started with the selector in a gear position llachine does not move when the selector lever is moved to Forward or Reverse out of Neutral

A.

Protectlve reset valve

misadj ust
ed

A.

Protective reset valve

misadj
us

ted

NOTE:

!'or further troubleshooting hintsi see Protective Valve combined Sequence Valve (page 47).

r^ritir

55

L.

$F
H

oil
5E

l(n

J {

sf <sl

tlr J
CE,

3B o J 5
(n

& &

IJJ

N r
J
q

G F
4

c2
d*4"
tg o tr

62

td

u
F

lII

z
.a

6f

J o J

64

z o
U
bJ

e-

x,

dP EP 62 GP
-

e 6p

o o

c? G2
{9

z
&

56

IIIEUTRAIIZEil VALVE
I. 2. ffiI*otf
PURPOSE:

the oil flor.i to the directional clutches in a power shift transmission when the left brake pedal is depressed

Cpoof A1'v-e is held by spri-ag force in such a position that the oil golng to the clutches has a direct passage through to the directional
clutches.

CONSTRUCTION:

3.

G-G reset position, the oil can pass straight thro$gh to the directional clutches. When the left brake is appl-ied, oi!- or air pressure shifts the valve over and, in so doing, blocks the passage to the directional clutches and opens the cluteh to drain. This will interrupt the power flow through
the transnission.
WHSRE USED:

OPEMTIoN;

4.

Por{d;fri3t transmissions of

wtreel loaders

TRBUBLESHOOTIHG
MALFUNCTION

POSSISLE

CAUSE

Transmission does not neutralize

B

Leak i-n oj-l or brake systectr

air line of

Neutralizer valve sticking

Mechanical fallure ia transmission
Torque eonverter

Transmission does
Power

not transmit

B.

fallure

llodulating relief valve sticking Neutralizer valve sticking applied posit,ion

Broken neutralizer valve
Ln

spring

57

o
E ul
=
CD

rd

2e p 6= o
t--

cgt

Hg q E3 A
LH
I-!Z-

]-

g!
v) CJ J J J-

urd 5$ il otr : OtL tr

o 6

E
I

a
.I-

H:

58

HYBRAULIC SHIFT GOVERNOR

I.
PURPOSE:

Iffiaing upon transmj-ssion output shaft rpm, variable pressures are created -- working against the reference pressures.
COI{STRUCTION:

2.

R"t"ti"gT;sing with 3 reducing val-ve spools of different weights. Two of the valve spools contain slugs which are different in size.
OPERATION:

3.

Basicalit, each of the 3 reducing valve spools represents a normal reducing valve. Since the whole governor rotates, the reducing valve spools are subject to centrlfugal force" The centrifugal force replaces the spring action in a normal reducing valve because it is trying to open the incoming pressure to the outlet side.
The outlet pressure, as in a normal reducing valve, is acting to close off the inlet. yhen it has reached a certai_n value.

to the design of the reducing valve spools, there are various outlet Pressures produced at. any given speed, The pressures are not adjustable. These pressures work against a fixed reference pressure in the selector valve spool group (not shown).
Due

4.

WHERE USED:

uya;;m;controls

of semiautomatic scraper transmissions

TR()UBLESHOOTING
I{ALFUNCTION

POSSIBLE CAUSE

at 4th or 6th

Transmission does not automatically shift up at all or stops shifting up

speed

A.

One

incoming pressure

of the three reducing valve spools is stuck, closing off the

Transmission selects 4th, 5th or Bth speed as soon as the shift lever is placed lnto the second gear

A.

of the 3 reducing valve spools is stuck in a position so that the incorni"ng pressure goes directly to the outlet
One

side

59

oo-

f tJ)

5 C)
E E

lII J lG G -

= E
o-

e
CL

ttl.l
oo-

o o(9

.a

a CL
E.

za o6
$<-l a

o:l

60

PRIORITY VALVE
I.
PURPOSE;

To mak. sure that o!1 ls supplied to a particular circuit pennitted to flor^T to a second circuit
CONSTRUCTION:

before it is

2.

Th" *"st b""ic priority valve group has one inlet and two outlet. passages. There are several varlalions of this design, but the results of valve operation are the same for all types.
0.P9MTrON:

3.

Supply oil enters the inlet passage and flows to the prJmary circuit. At the same time, the oil opens the poppet valve and fills the slug chamber. lJhen the pressure of the oil in the prlrnary circuit and in the slug chamber increases to a specific value, the spool moves against the spring force and permits oil to flow to the secondary circuit. A pressure desrease (during a shift for example) will cause the valve to close and block flow to the secondary circuit,
WHERE USED:

4.

Tra"smis.sion hydraulic controls -- L Series Tractors, 8-speed semiautomatic transmissions, and 7-speed automatic transmisslons
WHY USED:

5.

alEeries Tractor transmissions -- to make sure that oil is available for operation of the steering clutches and brakes before any transmission clutches are engaged B, B-speed semiautomatic and 7*speed automatic transmissions -- to make sure that oil is ;:vailable for operation of the automatic eomponents (autornatic pressure control group, hydraulic governor, and automatic sel-ector group) before any transmission clutches are engaged
TROUB LESHOOTING
]IALFUNCTION

POSSIILE

Ci\USE

CORI{.ECTION

do not

Trarrsmission c-Lutches
engage

A. Valve stuck closed

1l

Free valve in bore

, Opening pressure
il J-8il

lr->o

Transmission clutches

slip during

A, Valve stuck
low

opcn

Adjust pressure setting (remove shims) ur replace s1:rlrrg l'rue v;r'l ve in l:ore
At-l;ust pressure st: [, t ing (.rdd shirns) or repLace spring Detennine cause of

eilgageulent

B'. Openirrg pressure too

Brakes release

slowly or not at all (L Series)

A. l{estriction or blockage in primary circuit

restricti()rl

()r

blockage and remove

61

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62

ROTARY SELEGTOR SPOOL

I

Direct" the flow of pilot oil to inltiate clutch engagement; provides drain ports to initj-ate clutch decay and prevent clut.ch engagement ffi rotary selector spool j-s basically a rotating shaft. lrith a hollow center. A plug and screen assembly divides the cent.er cavity into two separate charnbers. A detent cam is lnstalled in one end of the spool.
OPEMTIOI'I:
CONSTRUCTION:

PI]RPOSE:

2.

3.

The ce"ter chamber which houses the screen is normally filled with pilot oil. The chamber which does not contain the screen is always open to drain. i'lhen the spool is rotated to a gear position, pilot oi1 from the outlet ports is directed to a pressure control valve group to inj-t.iate engagement of the appropriate clutches.. At the same tirne, the drain ports cause the clutches which uere engaged in the preceding gear range to decay. The detent cam helps to locate each gear position of the spool.
I.]HERE
US

ED;

semiaut.ornatic transmissions with individial ffi-peed modulation (ICl{)

clutch

TROUBLESHOOTING
I1ALFUNCTlON

POSSIBLE CAUSE

CORRECTION

Transmission reroains

in a particular

A. Spool stuck in
position
Screen in pilot
chamber plugged

one

Free valve

gear

in

bore

Transmisslon clutches do not engage

and clean screen

Disassemble valve group

Pilot chamber outlet ports plugged llore than two clutches try to engage
One

Disassemble valve group and clean ports

Disassemble valve group and clean ports

or more drain ports plugged

63

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64

MODULATINO REDUCING VALVE

(sH0wN rN vALvE sTATl0N)

PURPOSE:

ffitrofs the pressure rise, maximum pressure, and rate of decay for a specific transmission clutch The;A;T?irng reducing valve consists of a spool , a ball check valve, a slug, a load pistont two load plston springs, and a load piston orifice. In the application shown, the modulatlng reducing valve is part of a "valve station.tr The additional components in a va,l-ve station include: an outer Some modulating reducing cover, a select.or piston, and a decay orifice. as shown with a pin in the center of the load piston valves are equipped springs; other valve groups do not have the pin.
l-

CONSTRUCTION:

mer start-rp, supply oil is always avall-able at the reducj-ng valve spool. Valve movement and clutch engagement cannot begin, however, until p1lot oi1 frorn the rotary selector spool moves the selector piston to the left. llovement of the selector piston accomplishes tvo purposes: (l) the drain passage at the decay orifi.ce is blocked, and (2) the load piston springs are eompressed.
Compressing the load pi-ston spr ings rnoves the reducing valve spoo-l to the left against the force of the j-nner spring. This opens the supply passage (fron the pump) and permits pressure oil to flow to the clutch. As the clutcir fil1s, pressure oil opens the ball check valve and fills the slug cnanber at the left end of the reducing valve spool. At the sane *.ine, oil flows through the load piston orj.fice and fills the chamber betneen ihe end of tire load pi-ston and the selector piston. The load

OPERATION:

piston oriflce provides a pressure drop and time delay in the flow of oil to tlte ioad pistc-rn chamber. This helps control the rate of modulatlon. l'ril-i-ng the Load piston chamber is made possible wiren tire selector piston coL'ers tire irain p;rssagc at ti-re decay orifice.

Tite ciuicir pressure ancl the pri-.ssurc in the slug chanber increase at the the pressure irr the sLug s.r::re rrrte. Just atter t.he clutch j-s filled, This novernent restricts cita:.',:er ::ioves tlre rerlucing v;ilve spr:rol to the right. t:re.i.-;; of 1.lressurt', qil to ti-re clutch and briefly limits the irrcrease of cLutc:: pressure. The pressure in the load piston ch;lrnber tllell moves tite Loau.;l-ston iurtirer to thrr 1eft. This increases tl're spring force and reopens tlte suppil' passage perntit ling tlre clrrLt:[r pres;r;ur(: to agai"n incrcase. Iliis c_!,cle continuesi until thc load piston iras rnoved courpleteLy lo Llre l.eIt( aga in:; I tire stop) , Thc cltrtch pressllre is then at its nsxiululn se t titlg. Drrrir: :rodulatlon, t1:e retluciug valve spooL riloves lcl L ;tnd riiltrt wht.tc thrr Ioatt pi-sLort rnLlves srntlotlrly tr; tittt Lcft,

,\s Liie - irrtt:ir prcssrlrr.l incrcases to naxinunt, the operation of valve $fatiolrs titat are equipped with;1. pin in the center of their load piston springs is sli.;;iLi_r il i l ii:rent th;rn thc opr:r.ation of statiorrs that do rrot have p,irts. lleirr the enci oi the modtrlation cyclc, the pin corrtacts the reducirrg valve spool , noves tire spool completely to the lef t, and opens the clutch passage tr.r supply oi-l. At this point, modulation ends and the clutch pressure

->
65

immediately increases to the maximurn, During the time that the clutch is engaged, the reduclng valve spool remains conpletely to the left (as shown) and the clutch pressure ls equal to the system Pressure. Valve stations.that do not have pins in the cent.er of thelr load piston spri-ngs control" clutch pressure settings that are lower than the system pressure. At 1he end of the modulation cycle, the pressure in the slug chamber moves the reducing valve spool a small distance to the right to restrict the flolt of supply oll to the clutch. This is the "metering positiontt of the redueing valve spool. In this positicn, the valve naintairrs precise eontrol of the clutch Pressure.

shtft, the pressure of a clutch being dlsengaged does rrot imrnecliatety drOp to uero, Instead, ttre clutch pressure decreases at a controlled rate, Clutch release (decay) is lnitlated when the pilot oil chamber at the rl-ght end of the selector piston is draincd' This permlts t.tre selector piston and the load pJ-ston to move to ttre right' CLutch pressure starts to decrease, but cannot drop to zeto until the ehamber between the load piston and the selector piston is drained' The only way that oil can flow out of thls chamber is through the deeay orifice wtrich waa uncovered when the selector piston moved to the right. As the load piston springs force the oll frorn the load piston chamber,
During a

the clutch pressure gradually decreases. lJhen the load piston moved conpletely to the rtght, the clutch Pressufe is zero.

has

4.

WHERE USED:

An

(rGr)

,g'E!-_ed semiautquatic transmissions

with individual clutch

modulation

66

TROUELESHOOTING

}IAI,FUNCTION

POSSI3LN CAUSE

CORRECTION

Clutch slips during

engagement

Lortr

clutch pressure setting

A$just pressure setting

(add shinrs) spr ings

or replace

Partially restricted load piston orifice

One

Clean

or replace load piston orifice

do not

or more clutehes
engage

Pl1ot ptessure low or

at

Chbck operation 0f

zero

priority reducing valve and neutralLzer valve; Check for partial

Clean

restrictlon of pi.lot oil supply port and passage

or replace load piston orifice

Restricted load piston

orifice

Reduclng valve spool stuck closed

Free spool

in valve body

Selector piston stuck

in

bore

Free selector piston outer cover

Free load piston

Load piston stuck in

selector plston
settLng

Transmlsslon harshly

shifts

tligh clutch pressure

Adjust pressur setting (remove shins) or replace springs

Free spool

Reducing valve spool

in valve body

stuck

open

87

NOTES

68

fATERPILIAR'

SEBVO526

November, '19i{l