82

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1547

Shakedown of Subgrade Soil Under Repeated Loading

BORIS S. RADOVSKY AND NATALIE V. MURASHINA
A new model for predicting the performance of a subgrade during soil compaction by rollers as a function of contact pressure and the strength characteristics of soils was developed. The model can be used to develop improved methods of pavement design, considering that the accumulation of plastic strains may continue under additional load repetitions or may cease to increase with time, indicating adaptation or shakedown conditions. To develop the mechanistic model of a subgrade, the homogeneous semi-innite elastoplastic half-space under repeated loading was considered. By using a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the boundary loads for which shakedown conditions or the steady state will be attained were determined. The residual horizontal normal stresses in the half-space were calculated and were shown to be in agreement with the measured distribution with depth. The theoretical and experimental results as they apply to soil compaction and pavement design problems are discussed. The required compaction contact pressure and the thickness of the compacted zone are estimated. The structural pavement design approach, considering residual normal stresses in a subgrade, is presented.

cal algorithms have been used to search for a residual stress distribution by the nite-element method (6,7). However, these methods fall short of satisfying all constraints by the Melan theorem for an arbitrarily chosen distribution of residual stresses. The primary purpose of the present study was to assimilate the shakedown theory to predict the subgrade behavior under repeated loads. In this paper the analytical approach for the application of the shakedown theory to subgrade soils is presented.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SHAKEDOWN Subgrade soil is considered a homogeneous elastoplastic half-space that can be characterized by two elastic constants (E and ) and two plastic constants (C and ) by a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. A normal load Q and proportional tangential load T, equal to Q, were assumed to be applied to the surface of the half-space by a rolling rigid cylinder (the conditions of plane deformation) that moves on the free surface along the x-axis (Figure 1). A two-dimensional plane strain scheme is suitable for the roller compaction problem; the axisymmetric assumption is more common for wheel loading. However, in view of the lateral distribution or scatter of wheel passes over the traffic lane, a two-dimensional plain strain idealization of three-dimensional stress-strain conditions was adopted as a simplication for shakedown predictions. For a very small load a passage of the cylinder will cause only elastic deformations in the half-space. If the load achieves the rst boundary value, Q*, at the most critical (in the sense of shear) points belonging to the horizontal plane situated at some depth from the surface, plastic deformations will occur. If the load is greater than the rst boundary value (Q Q*), plastic deformations will occur in some zone bounded by horizontal planes parallel to the free surface. In this zone the residual stress eld will arise. If this load, however, is not greater than the second load, Q** (Q* Q Q**), after some number of repeated load applications the increased residual stresses will prevent the further plastic deformation and the elastoplastic halfspace will begin to behave elastically. Under this condition the halfspace material adapts to repetitive loads. If the load is greater than the second boundary value (Q Q**), plastic deformation will accompany every passage of the load and will continue indenitely. The analytical part of the present study has two main objectives: the determination of boundary loads Q* and Q** and the determination of the residual stresses that occur as a result of plastic deformation. The value of Q* is determined as a load at which the maximum reduced shear stress, m = max( n + n tan )
n

An adaptation of subgrade soil to repetitive loading has a direct bearing on two problems that are of interest to road engineers. First, although a variety of rollers are used to construct earth structures, soil compaction usually continues until no additional densication occurs under an additional number of roller passes. At the end of this process the plastic deformation does not increase appreciably with load repetitions and the resilient deformation approaches a constant value. Thus, the accomplishment of rolling compaction looks as if the soil adapts itself to the roller loading. Second, a pavement and subgrade are subjected to repetitive loading by moving vehicles, and because of the seasonal variation in moisture content, the subgrade bearing capacity may signicantly be reduced in comparison with that at the end of a soil compaction process. The performance of the pavement and the subgrade is affected by the pavement structure, load value, and mechanical properties of the soil and pavement materials. The accumulation of permanent deformations may continue under an additional number of load repetitions or may cease to increase. The cessation of plastic strain accumulation looks as if the structure adapts itself to the repetitive traffic loading. In terms of plasticity theory (1) the adaptation of an elastoplastic system under a cyclic loading is called the shakedown effect. According to the shakedown theory, a structure will adapt to repeated cyclic loads if a self-equilibrated residual stress eld could be found such that yield conditions and equilibrium conditions are satised at each point [the static shakedown theorem of Melan (2)]. The shakedown theory was rst applied to the case of an elastic, perfectly plastic half-space by Johnson (3) and has more recently been applied to plates (4,5) and pavement design problems (6,7). Various numeriB. S. Radovsky, 921 North Sierra Bonita Avenue #5, Los Angeles, Calif. 90046. N.V. Murashina, Department of Road Building Materials, Transportation University of Ukraine, 1 Suvorov Street, Kiev, 252010, Ukraine.

(1)

reaches the cohesion at the most critical point of the half-space

Radovsky and Murashina

83

p0 E

maximum contact pressure under normal load Q, modulus of elasticity, and Poissons ratio.

FIGURE 1 Representation of elastoplastic half-space under rolling cylinder.

Under a normal load only and for internal friction angle values in the range from 0 to 45 degrees, the rst boundary contact pressure varies between p* equal to 3.33C and 15.98C and the rst boundary 0 load varies between Q* equal to 11.09 and 255.3 . The second boundary load Q** was determined by using the static shakedown Melan theorem (2). At steady state the residual stresses introduced during early cycles of rolling load, in combination with the stresses in the elastic half-space due to the applied load, must satisfy a yield condition, equilibrium conditions, and boundary conditions. A study of the state of stress by Johnson (3) showed that because the system of self-equilibrated residual stresses can be taken only as horizontal normal stresses, which remain after load applications and which are functions of depth, other components of the residual stress tensor are lacking: ( x) r ( z) r fx(z) (xy)r ( y) r fx(z) ( yz)r (zx)r

M = max m = C
x,z

(2)

(5)

where
n

, n

C m M

normal and shear stresses, respectively, on the plain with normal n; angle of internal friction; cohesion; maximum reduced shear stress (active shear stress); and maximum reduced shear stress in the most critical (from the shear strength) point of a half-space; the compressive stresses are assumed to be negative, and this is reected in Equation 1.

From Equations 5 the residual stresses automatically satisfy the equilibrium and boundary conditions. In the analysis of a subgrade soil a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion seems to be useful. The shakedown condition of an elastoplastic material is given by ( 1) t ( 3)t [( 1)t ( 3)t ]sin 2C cos (6)

For the moving load, Q Q*, the limiting shear state will be achieved in points along a plane at some depth ZM from the free surface. At other points the material deforms elastically, allowing the use of elastic theory for stress determination. The expressions for stresses in elastic half-space, subjected to a normal load Q and tangential load T Q by the rigid cylinder, can be found in Equations 4.49 and 7.05 in the book by Johnson (8). If only normal load is applied, after maximizing m by using Equation 2, the following equations are obtained: p* 0 Q* where
1

where ( 1)t and ( 3)t are equal to total major and minor principal stresses, respectively. Total stresses are brought about by the residual stresses introduced during previous cycles of loading, in combination with the stresses due to applied load in the half-space as if it is elastic. These total stresses can be written as ( x) t ( z) t
x z

( x) r ( zx)t

( y) t zx

( y) r (7)

2 M

(1

2 M

) ][
1 2

2(1

2 M

)]
1 2 1

(3) (4)

where x, y, z, and zx are the stresses in the elastic half-space due to the applied load, and ( x)r and ( y)r are the residual horizontal stresses introduced during previous cycles of loading. Then the use of Equations 7 leads to the following equations for total principal stresses: ( 1) t ( 2) t
1 2

(p*/C)2 0

[ (
x

( x) r
z

1 2

{[

( x) r

]2

4 2 } zx
1

(8) (9)

( y)r
z

p* 0 Q*
M

ZM b p0 b R

[(5 4 sin ) 1] {4 [(5 4 sin ) 1]2} , rst boundary maximum contact pressure, rst boundary normal load per unit length of a cylinder, ZM/b dimensions of depth, depth of the most critical points, 2Q/ p0, 2)] , [QE/ R(1 2)/E, C 2R(1 semicontact width, radius of a cylinder,
1 2 1 2 1 2

( 3) t

1 2

( x) r

1 2

{[

( x) r

]2

4 2 } (10) zx
1 2

It follows from Equations 8 and 10 that the principal stresses ( 1)t and ( 3)t remain unaffected because of variation in residual stress ( y)r. Therefore, from Equation 9 the residual stress ( y)r could be chosen such that ( 2)t should be an intermediate principal stress. Equations 8 and 10 can be substituted into Inequality 6, {[
x 2 ( x)r 4 2 } z] zx [ x ( x)r z]sin
1 2

2C cos

(11)

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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1547

Inequality 11 is the shakedown condition and can be expressed in the form

( S + P )2 + D 0

(12)

Here the stresses x, z, and zx are determined as for the elastic halfspace. For a load moving along the x-axis the coordinate x of a point (x,z) varies. Therefore, during primary cycles of loading, plastic strains take place at the depth z if max m ( x, z ) > C
x

where S
1 2

(23)

( x)r

(13) (14) (15)

P = (C z tan ) tan D = (1 + tan 2 )[ 2 (C z tan )2 ] zx

A zone of plastic deformation, z1 z z2, is bounded by the planes z z1 and z z2, which are parallel to the free surface. The values of z1 and z2 may be estimated from the following equation: max m ( x, z1, 2 ) = C
x

(24)

Inequality 12 is fullled only when D is 0. From Equation 15 for compressive (negative) vertical stress z, this latter requirement implies that zx + z tan C (16)

It follows from Inequalities 12 and 16 that the shakedown condition for an elastoplastic half-space is fullled if the Mohr-Coulomb strength condition is satised for an elastic half-space on horizontal planes at all points. This result has a clear sense. For an elastoplastic half-space the residual horizontal normal compressive stress promotes the increase in the shear resistance at all planes except the horizontal plane. Therefore, shakedown is controlled by the maximum reduced shear stress on the horizontal plane in the elastic half-space due to applied load z = max( zx + z tan )
x,z

where z1,2 is the depth (z1 or z2) of plastic zone boundaries from the free surface. Figure 2 provides the values of depths z1 and z2 for a normal load value, which is the second shakedown boundary in pure rolling ( 0, Q Q**, and p0 p**). The lower boundary depth of the 0 plastic zone increases with the angle of internal friction. Residual horizontal normal stresses accompany plastic strains and remain after the removal of the load. If a load value is in the shakedown range, Q* Q Q**, the residual stresses increase with the number of repeated load applications until the moment when the character of deformation changes from elastoplastic to elastic. The condition of plastic strain cessation at a point (x,z) can be written as

(17)

[ m ( x, z )]t = C

(25)

The stresses zx and z vary in proportion to contact pressure p0. Thus, Equation 17 could be written in the form z = p0 max( zx / p0 + z / p0 tan )
x,z

where [ m(x,z)]t is the total active shear stress with allowance for residual stress is given by

(18)

[ m ( x, z )]t =

{[(

+ ( x )r z )2 + 4 2 ] zx

12

+ [ x + ( x )r + z ] sin }/ 2 cos

(26)

Then, from Equations 16 and 18, for the second boundary maximum contact pressure one obtains ** p0 C/max (|zx|/p0 x,z
z

/p0 tan )

(19)

Residual compressive stress is then necessary to suppress a further plastic strain at this point and may be obtained from Equations 25 and 26 as

Here zx and z are the stresses in the elastic half-space due to applied loads Q and T. The second boundary normal load per unit length of a cylinder is then given by Q** (p**/C)2 0 (20)

At a normal load only and for internal friction angle in the range of from 0 to 45 degrees, the second boundary contact pressure varies between p** 4.0C and p** 20.4C and the second boundary load 0 0 varies between Q** 16 and Q** 416 . Under the actions of 0 degrees, both loads Q and T 0.2Q, p** and Q** decrease. If 0 45 degrees, then p** then p** 3.2C and Q** 10.2 . If 0 0 12.9C and Q** 166 . During primary cycles of loading, plastic strains occur at such points of the elastoplastic half-space where an active shear stress m =

{[(

z )2 + 4 2 ] zx

12

+ ( x + z ) sin / 2 cos

(21)
FIGURE 2 Zone of plasticity due to normal load, where 0, Q Q**, and P0 P**. 0

is in excess of the cohesion m ( x, z ) > C (22)

Radovsky and Murashina

85

[ x ( x, z )]r = z x 2(C z tan ) tan

+ 2(1 + tan )
2 12

[(C

tan )
2

2 12 zx

(27)

The moving of load in the positive x-direction has the same effect as the variation of x from to . It follows that a residual compressive (negative) stress at depth z that remains after the removal of load may be expressed as

[ x ( z )]r = min[ x ( x, z )]r

x

(28)

where [ x(z)]r is equal to residual stress at depth z, and [ x(x, z)]r is equal to residual compressive stresses calculated from Equation 27 for the variable x and for a given value of z. If the angle of internal friction equals zero, Equation 28 reduces to

[ x ( z )]r = min{ z ( x, z ) x ( x, z ) + 2[C 2 2 ( x, z )] zx

x

12

(29)

The distribution of residual stresses in the elastoplastic half-space with depth for 0, 0, and p0 p** 4C is presented in Fig0 ure 3. A residual stress approaches zero for small and large depths and attains a single maximum value. For 0 the maximum residual stress occurs at depth z 0.5 and is equal to 0.134 p**. This 0 result coincides with that determined by Johnson (3,8) from the Tresca yield criterion.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Experimental studies were conducted to determine the applicability of the shakedown theory for an elastoplastic medium for soil behavior under repetitive loads. A laboratory test was set up to assess qualitatively the character of a residual stress increasing with the number of load repetitions. Under laboratory conditions sandy loam specimens of 100 mm in diameter by 130 mm in height were tested in a rigid cylindrical mold. A pressure cell of the diaphragm type of 26 mm in diameter

and 2.5 mm thick with a wire strain gauge transducer was used to measure horizontal residual stresses. For the measurement of the horizontal stress the pressure cell should not be cross sensitive. A substantial guard ring increased the radial stiffness to reduce the output from a stress applied along a diameter to 1 20 of that for the same stress applied to the cell face. Before installation the pressure cells were each calibrated under isotropic gas pressure, as a check of the linearity of output, and in the same soil. The cells were calibrated in the pressure range of 5 to 250 kPa. After a tentative compaction, the pressure cell was installed 45, 60, or 110 mm below the surface. Repeated loads were applied to the specimen through a rigid circular plate 98 mm in diameter with a compaction rammer with a 2500-g sliding weight with a free fall of 300 mm. The residual normal stress acting on the vertical plane was measured during each unloading. The results of one of the tests for residual horizontal stresses are presented in Figure 4. Under repeated vertical loading, the residual horizontal compressive stress rose. In this test, after a few dozen repetitions, the residual stress reached a constant value equal to 220 kPa. In Figure 4 the curve represents the best-t line through the datum points, having a horizontal tangent line at the point that corresponds to some nite number of load applications. This number is equal to 64 for the curve in Figure 4. The residual stress that increased with the number of loadings looks like the vertical strain accumulation. When the sum of the horizontal residual stress and the horizontal impact lateral stress approaches the vertical impact stress value, permanent deformations ceased. In the qualitative sense, the described residual stress variation with the number of load applications is consistent with the adaptation of an elastoplastic system under a cyclic loading, the shakedown (1,2). The full-scale experiment was designed to determine the general form of a residual horizontal stress distribution within soil. The experimental section was situated on the road between Kiev and Kharkov in Ukraine during road reconstruction. A pneumatic-tired roller was used for silty loam compaction. This semitrailer roller had ve tires with a wheel weight of 14.8 kN. The tires had a size of 14.0020, and the ination pressure was 310 kPa. The soil had a liq-

FIGURE 3 Distribution with depth z of the residual horizontal compressive stress ( x)r where ** 4C. 0, 0, and p0 p0

FIGURE 4 Variation of residual horizontal normal stress within sandy loam due to repeated-shock load compaction with number of load applications.

86

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1547

uid limit of 30 and a plastic limit of 21. The percentages of sand, silt, and clay were 10, 77, and 13, respectively. The soil had a moisture content of 15.0 percent. The initial and nal dry weights were 1.52 and 1.73 mg/m3, respectively. Pressure cells of the diaphragm type (9) with a soil strain gauge transducer were used to measure horizontal residual compressive stresses. The pressure cell had an overall diameter of 38.5 mm and an overall thickness of 9.5 mm. Before and after installation the soil pressure cells were individually calibrated under isotropic gas pressure to check that the output was a linear function of pressure in the pressure range of 1 to 50 kPa. Then the soil pressure cells were calibrated in the rigid cylindrical mold with the same soil as the subgrade to account for the inuence of stress concentration factor, dry density, and water content. After precompaction of the soil, pressure cells were installed in various lateral and vertical positions, shown in Figure 5 along the central line of a rolling strip with a diaphragm perpendicular to the rolling direction. For installing the cells, vertical slots were cut with a pair of parallel semicircular blades separated by pins, and the soil was removed from between the blades after cutting. When the cell was inserted, a good t resulted. The readings were taken after each pass of the roller. After 12 passes of the roller the residual stresses ceased to increase, and this coincided in time with the termination of soil compaction. The measured residual stresses for the steady state are presented in Figure 5. The curve represents the distribution of residual stresses in the elastoplastic half-space with depth calculated from Equation 28. The stresses were computed for the coefficient of friction in the contact of equal to 0.1 that corresponds to the towed wheel condition at the end of soil compaction. The contact pressure of 310 kPa

was taken to be equal to the ination tire pressure. The semicontact width b of 13.5 cm was estimated to be half of the length of the tires contact area. The angle of internal friction of 20 degrees was determined from the shear box text results. It is well known that cohesion is not constant but varies with changes in the rate and time of loading, which are difficult to evaluate for a moving load. Therefore, the cohesion was estimated in the following way. From Equations 4.49 and 7.05 of Johnson (8), the stresses zx and z were computed. For equal to 20 degrees the maximum reduced shear stress on the horizontal plane in the elastic half-space due to an applied load occurs at the point x 1.06b and z 0.40b. This is equal to max( zx /p0 + z /p0 tan ) = 0.1548
x,z

Termination of the rolling compaction process coincides with the shakedown of soil to the repetitive loads. Thus, the second boundary shakedown pressure can be taken to be equal to the contact pressure p** equal to 310 kPa. Then, from Equation 19 one obtains the 0 following for cohesion: C 310 0.1548 48 kPa. Eventually in Equations 27 and 28 is set equal to 0.1, p0 is 310 kPa, b is 13.5 cm, is 20 degrees, and C is 48 kPa. The data in Figure 5 demonstrate that the maximum residual horizontal stress does not occur immediately below the loaded area but occurs at a depthto-semicontact width ratio of 0.4. The agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of residual stresses shows the possibility of applying the shakedown theory to describe the behaviors of subgrade soils.

APPLICATIONS The results obtained in the present study were applied to provide a better understanding of the response of soil to repeated moving loads with reference to subgrade compaction and pavement design problems. For convenience, the calculated rst and second boundary contact pressures under the action of a normal load were closely approximated by the following expressions: p0 * p** 0 C(3.33 C(4 4.6 tan 5.9 tan 8 tan2 ) 10.4 tan
2

(30) ) (31)

For a pressure p0 p** the depth of the lowest plastic zone bound0 ary (Figure 2) was approximated by z2 (bp**/2.5C) tan (45 0 /2) (32)

FIGURE 5 (a) Test setup for determination of distribution of residual horizontal stresses within a soil; (b) comparison between computed and measured residual stresses after rolling compaction.

The deformation of soil as a function of the number of compactive loads may be divided into two distinctive phases: in phase 1 plastic strains are dominant over elastic strains, and in phase 2 plastic strains are smaller than elastic strains. In line with the shakedown theory, at the second phase of the rolling compaction process, the residual stresses increase with the number of load applications until no additional densication occurs. Thus, according to the foregoing theory and test results, there exists an unique relationship between the ground contact pressure, , and the strength characteristics of compacted soil p**(C, ) (33)

Radovsky and Murashina

87

The function p**(C, ) may be determined approximately from Equation 31. Considering Equations 31 and 33, the required ground contact pressure can be expressed as = Cd ( 4 + 5.9 tan d + 10.4 tan 2 d ) (34)

depending on the stress level of the subgrade as an elastoplastic solid. This prediction can be obtained within the scope of using the traditional elastic layered theory to determine the stresses in the subgrade. 1. The scheme of recoverable deformations is realized under the following condition: M < C (37)

where the angle of internal friction, d, and a cohesion, Cd, should conform to the desired compacted dry weight of soil and its moisture content during compaction. For instance, assume that for a desired compacted dry weight at an optimum moisture content the angle of internal friction of the soil is equal to 32 degrees and its cohesion is equal to 0.04 MPa. Then, to the end of the rolling compaction, the required ground contact pressure (controlled by tire ination pressure) is = 0.04( 4 + 5.9 tan 32 + 10.4 tan 2 32) = 0.47MPa which is easily met by a 20-in. rim with 16- or 18-ply tires in accord with current practice. The depth of accumulation of residual stresses (Figure 4) approximately corresponds to the active zone of compaction according to Kharkhuta (10). It looks like the active zone of compaction is the zone of small plastic strains and residual stresses caused by those strains. A compacted thickness of the subgrade soil, h, can be estimated as the depth of the lowest boundary of a plastic zone: h = z2 ( d , b ) (35)

where M is the maximum reduced (active) shear stress in the subgrade, as in the elastic solid due to applied load. 2. The scheme of small elastoplastic deformations is realized under the following conditions: M C ( M )t C (38) (39)

where (M)t is the total maximum reduced shear stress determined with allowance for both residual stresses and the stresses in the elastic solid due to the applied load. If a road structure is designed such that the limit of Equation 39 is never reached, then the rate of permanent deformations in the structure will decrease with the number of loads. 3. The scheme of large elastoplastic deformations (incremental collapse) is valid under the following conditions: ( M )t > C (40)

Use of Equations 32 and 35 leads to the following expression for the compacted thickness of soil: h = b1 (1.6 + 2.36 tan d + 4.16 tan 2 d ) tan( 45 d / 2) (36)

Here b1 is the semilength of the tires contact area (controlled by weight of a roller). For instance, take an angle of internal friction of 32 degrees ( d), a tire outside diameter (D1) of 1.32 m, and of the tire sinkage ( ) of 0.02 m. The semilength of the tires contact area may be estimated from (8) b1 = [( D1 ) ]
12

If a road structure is designed such that the limit of Equation 39 is exceeded (i.e., the inequality in Equation 40 is fullled), then the rate of permanent deformations in the structure may increase with the number of loads and the permanent deformations developing shortly after the opening of the road may be large. Within the scope of plane strain analysis, the maximum reduced shear stress due to applied load, M, and that with allowance for the residual horizontal compressive stress, (M)t, may be obtained from Equation 11 as M = (2 cos )1 max [( x ( x, z ) z ( x, z ))2 + 4 2 ( x, z )] zx + [ x ( x, z ) + x ( x, z )] sin }
x,z

12

= 0.16 m

(41)

Then the expected maximal depth of the compacted zone is to be h = 0.16(1.6 + 2.36 tan 32 + 4.16 tan 2 32) tan( 45 32 / 2) = 0.42 m It is noteworthy that according to Equation 36 the maximal depth of the compacted zone remains unaffected because of variation in cohesion and increases with the angle of internal friction. The latter is in accord with experimental data from the eld (10). Note that although there are no empirical constants in Equations 34 and 36, these equations nevertheless lead to reasonable results. The proposed analytical approach can be applied to pavement design problems for the consideration of the multilayered structure of pavement systems. A structural failure is generally associated with cracking or permanent displacements in either pavement layers or the underlying subgrade (rutting). Krivissky (11) proposed three pavement design schemes according to the main types of subgrade behavior with load repetition, as illustrated in Figure 6. The results presented in this paper can be used to predict a pavement behavior

FIGURE 6 Three schemes of deformation with load repetitions for pavement design.

88

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1547

( M )t = (2 cos )1 max{[( x ( x, z ) + ( x ( z ))r z ( x, z ))2 + 4 ( x, z )]

2 zx x,z 12

+ [ x ( x, z ) + ( x ( z ))r + ( x, z )] sin

(42) Here [ x(z)]r is the residual stress at depth z expressed by Equation 28. The elastic stresses x, z, and zx could be calculated by using several programs that have been developed for elastic layered structures. Note that for a given pavement thickness and subgrade strength, the mode of subgrade behavior with load repetitions depends on the magnitude of the load. If Q* Q Q**, permanent deformations (rutting) of the subgrade will cease to increase, indicating an adaptation. The ratio Q** Q* (4 5.9tan 10.4 tan2 )2 (3.33 4.6 tan 8 tan2 )2

The residual stresses increased with the number of roller passes and gradually ceased to increase by the termination of compaction. The residual stress distribution with depth computed by the proposed method was in good agreement with the residual stresses measured at various depths. Two applications were presented: 1. The nal phase of the soil compaction process is interpreted in terms of plasticity theory as the elastoplastic-to-elastic shakedown transition. Thus, according to the present analytical results, the required contact pressure and thickness of the compacted zone can be estimated as functions of the desired soil properties. 2. The structural design approach based on determination of the shear stresses in the subgrade in view of residual stresses was presented. If a road structure is designed so that a reduced shear stress determined with allowance for both residual stresses due to previous loading and elastic stresses due to applied load never reaches a cohesion, then the rate of permanent deformations in the structure will decrease with the number of traffic loadings. Further research by using shakedown theory for a threedimensional system is needed to improve and extend shakedown predictions of pavement structures.

increases only from 1.44 to 1.63 for internal friction angles ranging from 0 to 45 degrees. These values may be useful for determining the legal load limits to be posted on roads. Although the proposed analytical approach is rather simple, further research is needed to improve and extend shakedown predictions of pavement structures since a plane strain approximation of the actual three-dimensional problem was used. In the overall structural design system of exible pavements, the distribution of plastic strains in the lateral y-direction and all components of displacement are of relevance to the rutting problem. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The investigation described here was undertaken because of the interest in shakedown phenomenon for soils and the need for a procedure by which subgrade and pavement performances under repeated loads could be predicted. The results of the analytical part of the study are as follows: 1. The boundary loads and contact pressures in which the shakedown condition or steady state can be attained under repeated loading were determined. These boundary shakedown loads and pressures increase with an increase in subgrade shear strength. The ratio of the largest to the minimum boundary shakedown load depends only on the angle of internal friction and ranges from 1.44 to 1.63. 2. The distribution with depth of the residual horizontal stress generated in the half-space by repeated moving loads was determined. A residual compressive stress approaches zero at small and large depths and attains a maximum value, depending on the shear strength properties of the soil. A zone of plastic deformation is bounded by the planes that are parallel to the free surface. The residual stresses arise within this zone. The accumulated residual stresses can prevent further plastic deformation for additional load repetitions. The main results of the experimental part of the study are as follows: 1. The residual horizontal compressive stresses were measured in the repeated-shock-load soil compaction test. The residual stress increased with the number of loadings, and after a few dozen repetitions it reached a constant value. 2. Under eld conditions horizontal compressive stresses were measured in soil during soil compaction with a pneumatic tire roller.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank K. L. Johnson of the University of Cambridge for valuable discussions.

REFERENCES
1. Koiter, W. T. A New General Theorem on Shakedown of Elasticplastic Structures. Proc., Koninklishe Nederlandse Akademie van Weterschappen, Series B, Vol. 59, No. 1, 1956, pp. 2434. 2. Melan, E. Theorie Statisch Unbestimmter Systeme aus Ideal-Plastischen Baustoff. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Vol. 2a, 1936, pp. 145195. 3. Johnson, K. L. A Shakedown Limit in Rolling Contact. Proc., 4th U.S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics, Berkeley, Calif., Vol 2, 1962, pp. 971975. 4. Alwis, W. A. M., and P. Grundy. Shakedown of Plates Under Moving Loads. Proc., 7th Australian Conference on Mechanics of Structures and Materials, 1980, pp. 191196. 5. Konig, J. A. Shakedown Theory of Plates. Archiwum Mechaniki Stosowanej, Vol. 21, No. 5, 1969, pp. 623637. 6. Sharp, R. W., and J. R. Booker. Shakedown of Pavements Under Moving Surface Loads. Journal of the Transportation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. TE1, 1984, pp. 114. 7. Raad, L., D. Weichert, and W. Najm. Stability of Multilayer Systems Under Repeated Loads. In Transportation Research Record 1207, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1990, pp. 181186. 8. Johnson, K. L. Contact Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. 9. McMahon, T. F., and E. J. Yoder. Design of a Pressure Sensitive Cells and Model Studies of Pressures on a Flexible Pavement Subgrade. HRB Proc., Vol. 39, 1960, pp. 650682. 10. Kharkhuta, N. Y. Compaction Equipment for Soils (in Russian). Machinery Moscow, 1973. 11. Krivissky, A. M. New Flexible Pavement Design Schemes (in Russian). Transport Moscow, 1961. Publication of this paper sponsored by Committee on Soil and Rock Properties.