Liquid Level Indicator Using Op Amp

LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR USING OP-AMP
A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY : NEERAJ KUMAR (07403) RISHABH PATIAL (07411) HARISH KUMAR (074I4) NIT HAMIRPUR, H.P.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of us, the success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines provided to us by our Linear Integrated Circuits lecturer from time to time. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the person who has been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. We would like to show our greatest appreciation to
Mr. Vinod Kumar (Faculty of Electronics and Communication Engineering) Under the guidance of whom We feel motivated and encouraged every time we attend his lectures. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized. We cant say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. We are grateful for his constant support and help. Thanking you for your kind anticipation in our project.
Dated: Place:
Neeraj Kumar (07403) Rishabh Patial (07411) Harish Kumar (07414) Nit Hamirpur, H.P.
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Introduction:
A liquid level indicator is basically a circuit which is used to indicate the level of liquid present in the conducting container. Basically we are using the comparator application of the Op-Amp, which compares a signal voltage on one input of an Op-Amp with a known voltage called the reference voltage on the other input and thereby enabling a particular Led to glow. In its simplest form, comparator is nothing more than an openloop Op-Amp, with two analog inputs and a digital output; the output may be (+) or (-) saturation voltage, depending on which input is the larger. The Op-Amp which we are using to build this liquid level indicator is LM393, a Low power dual voltage comparator. The liquid level indicators one of the purposes was to remotely monitor the water-level in a metal tank located in the attic by means of a very simple control unit placed in the kitchen, or at any other place some floors below. Secondarily we can use it to measure the level of petrol or diesel in a vehicle tank as well. The main features of this device are: * No separate supply for the remote circuit (if built in two parts). * Main and remote units connected by a thin two-wire cable. * Simple LED display for the main unit. * Battery operation to avoid problems related to mains supply and liquid proximity. * As the circuit was battery operated a low current consumption was obviously welcomed. The very small remote unit is placed near the tank and measures the liquid level in three ranges by means of two steel rods. Each range will cover one third of the tank capacity: * Almost empty - signaled by means of a red LED (D3) in the control unit display. * About half-level - signaled by means of a yellow LED (D2) in the control unit display. * Almost full - signaled by means of a green LED (D1) in the control unit display.
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Components used:
1) Resistors 2) Capacitor 3) Light Emitting Diodes (LED) 4) Transistor 5) Logic Gates 6) Op-Amp 7) Push button 8) Battery Clip 9) 9V Battery 10) Steel Rods 11) Zero PCB 12) Connecting Wires 13) Conducting Container
1) Resistors:
In all we are using around 15 resistors with all of them having a Power ratings of watts and are Axial head- Through hole - Carbon film fixed resistors. The individual values of each are as: a) R1, R2, R10-R12 15K 1/4W Resistors b) R3, R4 1K 1/4W Resistors c) R5 100R 1/4W Resistor d) R6 47K 1/4W Resistor e) R7, R8, R13 3K3 1/4W Resistors f) R9, R14, R15 2K7 1/4W Resistors
2) Transistor:
The specific transistor used in this is silicon epitaxial planar NPN Transistor having the value as: Q1 BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistor and its datasheet as follows :
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3) Capacitor:
The capacitor that we can use in this circuit can be either Polyester or Ceramic, but we are using Polyester in this circuit due to the easy availability. The dielectric used in this capacitor is polyester and various other characteristics of Polyester capacitor are given as: a) Capacitance Range: 500pF- 10F. b) Maximum Voltage: 600 V c) Maximum Operating Temperature: 125 C d) Tolerance: 10 e) Insulation Resistance: 10,000 M The specific value capacitor used is: C1 470nF 63V Polyester Ceramic Capacitor.
4) Light Emitting Diode (LED):

Conventional LEDs are made from a variety of inorganic semiconductor materials; the following table shows the available colors with wavelength range, voltage drop and material of the three LEDs we used: a) D1 3mm Green LED
>Wavelength: 500nm < < 570nm >Voltage (V): 1.9 < V < 4.0 >Material: Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP)
b) D2 3mm Yellow LED

>Wavelength: 570nm < < 590nm >Voltage (V): 2.10< V < 2.18 >Material: Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
c) D3 3mm Red LED

>Wavelength: 610nm < < 760nm >Voltage (V): 1.63< V < 2.03 >Material: Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
5) Operational Amplifier:
The specific Op-Amp used in this is Low power dual voltage comparators i.e. IC2 LM393 Dual Comparator IC and its datasheet as follows:
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6) Container:
The container used in this setup to measure the level of liquid is most preferably conducting in nature. The circuit can be used also with non-metal tanks, provided a third steel rod having the height of the tank will be added and connected to pin #7 of IC1, R3, R4.
7) Rods:
Two steel rods are used for the proper working of the device as such steel provides better conductivity or conductance. The two steel rods are supported by a small insulated (wooden) board. In case, we are using the indicator for non-metal tanks then three steel rods are required, the third one for the full length of the container. Moreover, the lengths of the rod must be appropriate according to the length of the container of whose liquid level is to be indicated.
8) In addition to the above specifications of the components given following are also
used in the liquid level indicator, P1 B1 SPST pushbutton 9V PP3 Battery
Clip for PP3 Battery
9) Logic Gate:
In this indicator, we can use two of the gates contained into 4001, 4011, 4093, 4049, 4069 etc. chips, provided all inputs of each gate are tied together and all inputs of unused gates are connected to the positive rail, leaving output pins open. The 4012 chip was chosen because it contains two gates and was at hand. The 4012 is a CMOS NAND gate having two nand gates inside it. And moreover we are using two numbers 4012 in our circuit at the remote part. Thus, IC1 4012 Dual 4 input NAND gate IC And its datasheet depicting working characteristics and other technical features of it are as follows:
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Circuit Diagram:
Working:
The circuit of the liquid level indicator, precisely utilizes the combined functioning of the 4012 Dual 4 input NAND gate IC at the remote unit and LM393 Dual Comparator IC at the main part to give us the faithful output i.e. indicating the proper level as the designated LED will glow out. In all , circuit working can be described as under: When the liquid-level is below the steel rods, no contact is occurring from the metal can and the rods, which are supported by a small insulated (wooden) board. The small circuit built around IC1 draws no current and therefore no voltage drop is generated across R5. IC2A, IC2B and Q1 are wired as a window comparator and, as there is zero voltage at input pins #2 and #5, D3 will illuminate.
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When the liquid comes in contact with the first rod, pin #13 of IC1 will go high, as its input pins #9 to #12 was shorted to negative by means of the liquid contact. Therefore, R4 will be connected across the full supply voltage and the remote circuit will draw a current of about 9mA. This current will cause a voltage drop of about 0.9V across R5 and the window comparator will detect this voltage and will change its state, switching off D3 and illuminating D2. When the liquid will reach the second rod, also pin #1 of IC1 will go high for the same reason explained above. Now either R3 or R4 will be connected across the full supply voltage and the total current drawing of the remote circuit will be about 18mA. The voltage drop across R5 will be now about 1.8V and the window comparator will switch off D2 and will drive D1. The battery will last very long because the circuit will be mostly in the off state. Current is needed only for a few seconds when P1 is pushed to check the liquid-level and one of the LEDs illuminates.
Applications:
The liquid level indicator can be used for a variety of purposes for small scale application at a very cheap and economical cost and some of its applications can be underlined below as: 1) It can be used as to indicate the amount of water present in a metal or non metal tank located in the attic by means of a very simple control unit placed in the kitchen, or at any other place some floors below. 2) It can be also used be used to indicate water level in standpipes and wells . 3) By using an auxiliary circuit with this level indicator we can switch pumps on and off to avoid overflow. 4) It can be used in the small scale food processing industry to keep a check on the amount of liquid filled in the bottle. 5) It can also be used to indicate the level of petrol or diesel present in the tank of a particular vehicle. x--------------------------x-----------------------------x

Liquid Level Indicator Using Op Amp

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LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR USING OP-AMP