14

14
Torsion Design Procedure
Torsion Design Example
Compatibility Torsion
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
Reinforced Concrete Design Reinforced Concrete Design
S U R A N A R E E INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Analysis and Design for Torsion 2
Torsion Design Procedure
STEP 1: Design section based on M
u
and V
u
STEP 2: Neglect torsion if / 4
u cr
T T
STEP 3: Check combined shear and torsion
max
2.1
c
c
w
V
f
b d

| |
+
|
\
STEP 4: Torsional stirrup area
2
u
t
o yv
T s
A
A f
=
STEP 5: Combined stirrup for shear and torsion
2
v t v t
v t v t
A A A
s s s
+
+
= +
STEP 6: Longitudinal reinforcement for torsion
1.3
yv c cp yv
t t
l h h
yl yv yl
f f A f
A A
A p p
s f f s f

| | | |
=
| |
\ \
STEP 7: Combined long. steel for bending and torsion
, , , l total l bending l torsion
A A A = +
Example 14-1: The 8-m span beam carries a cantilever slab 1.5 m. The beam
supports a live load of 1.2 t/m along the beam centerline plus 200 kg/m
2
over the
slab surface. The effective depth of beam is 54 cm, and the distance from the
surface to the stirrup is 4 cm. f
c
= 280 kg/cm
2
, f
y
= 4,000 kg/cm
2
8 m 1.5 m
60 cm
30 cm
15 cm
Load from slab:
w
u
= 1.4(0.15)(2,400)(1.5)+1.7(200)(1.5) = 1,266 kg/m
Eccentricity = 1.5/2 = 0.75 m
Load from beam:
w
u
= 1.4(0.6)(0.3)(2,400)+1.7(1,200) = 2,645 kg/m
(1,266 2,645)(8.0)
15.6 ton
2 2 1,000
u
wL
V
+
= = =

(1,266)(0.75)(8.0)
3.80 t-m
2 2 1,000
t
u
w L
T = = =

T
u
Diagram
3.80 t-m
3.80 t-m
8.00 m
2 2
(1,266 2,645)(8.0)
25.0 t-m
10 10 1,000
u
w L
M
+
= = =

Flexural Design
2
2 2
25(1,000)(100)
31.8 kg/cm
0.9(30)(54)
u
n
M
R
bd
= = =

min
= 0.0035,
max
= 0.0229
0.85 2
1 1 0.0086
0.85
c n
y c
f R
f f

| |

= =
|

\
OK
A
l,flexure
= bd = 0.0086(30)(54) = 13.9 cm
2
Shear Design
0.85(0.53) 280(30)(54) /1,000
12.2 ton < [ 15.6 ton] required stirrup
c
u
V
V
=
= =
15.6 12.2 3.4 ton
s u c
V V V = = =
3.4(1,000)
0.0185 cm
0.85(4,000)(54)
s v
y
V A
s f d
= = =
Cracking Torque
60 cm
45 cm
1.50 m
15 cm
30 cm
45 cm < 4 t
A
cp
= (30)(60)+(15)(45) = 2,475 cm
2
p
cp
= 2(60+75) = 270 cm
2
0.27 0.85 280 2,475
/ 4 0.87 t-m
270 1,000 100
cr
T

= =

Since T
u
> T
cr
/4 , need torsion reinforcement
For overhanging flange
use the smaller of
(a) Projection of beam
(b) 4 times slab thickness
Check combined shear & torsion
b
w
d = (30)(54) = 1,620 cm
2
x
o
= 30 - 2(4) = 22 cm
y
o
= 60 - 2(4) = 52 cm
A
oh
= x
o
y
o
= (22)(52) = 1,144 cm
2
A
o
= 0.85(1,144) = 972.4 cm
2
p
h
= 2(22+52) = 148 cm
2 2
2
15.6 3.8 100 148 0.85
(0.53 2.1) 280
1,620 1.7 1,144 1,000
| | | |
+ +
| |

\ \
0.0271 t/cm
2
< 0.0374 t/cm
2
OK
Torsional stirrup area
/ 3.8 1,000 100
0.0575 cm
2 0.85 2 4,000 972.4
t u
yv o
A T
s f A

= = =

Combined stirrup
2 0.0185 2(0.0575)
0.1335 [3.5 / 0.026]
v t t v
v t v t
w yv
A A A
s s s
b f
+
+
= + = +
= > = OK
Select close stirrup DB12 (A
v+t
= 2(1.13) = 2.26 cm
2
)
s = 2.26/0.1335 = 16.9 cm < [p
h
/8 = 18.5 cm] < 30 cm OK
USE Stirrup DB12 @0.16 m
Longitudinal Steel
2
0.0575(148) 8.51 cm
yv
t
l h
yl
f
A
A p
s f
| |
= = =
|
|
\
2
,min
1.33 280(2,475)
8.51 5.26 cm
4,000
l l
A A = = < OK
1.8 1.8(30)
0.0575 0.0135
4,000
t w
yv
A b
s f
(
(
= = =
(
(


OK
Total Longitudinal Steel
Bending: A
l
= 13.9 cm
2
(Top reinforcement)
Torsion: A
l
= 8.51 cm
2
(Distributed along perimeter)
Provide 4DB16 in the bottom half of beam
60 cm
30 cm
To satisfy 30 cm max. spacing of A
l
and add 8.51 4(2.01) = 0.47 cm
2
to flexural steel
Steel area required at top = 13.9 + 0.47 = 14.37 cm
2
USB 3DB25 (A
s
= 14.73 cm
2
)
2 2
(1,266 2,645)(8.0)
17.87 t-m
14 14 1,000
u
w L
M
+
= = =

At midspan:
Required A
s
= 9.68 cm
2
(2DB25)
Section @Supports
60 cm
3DB25
2DB25
DB12 @0.16 m
30 cm
2DB16
Compatibility Torsion Compatibility Torsion
Torsional moment results from the compatility of deformation between members
meeting at a joint.
P
A B
The simple beam A-B develops a slope at each end when loaded
M
0
Bending moment diagram
P
B
A
C
D
If, however, end A is built monolithically with a cross beam C D
P
B
A
T
AC
T
AD
M
A
T = M
A
T
AC
T
AD
M
A
T = M
A
M
0
Beam A B can develop an end slope at A only if
beam C D twist about its own axis.
ACI 11.6.2.2 ACI 11.6.2.2
In a statically indeterminate structure where reduction of the torsional moment in a
member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces upon cracking.
ACI permits T
u
for nonprestressed member to be reduced to
2
Max. 1.1
| |
=
|
|
\
cp
u c
cp
A
T f
p

at the sections located d away from the faces of supports.

EXAMPLE 14 2 Compatibility Torsion
The one-way joist system supports a total factored dead load of 750 kg/m
2
and a
factored live load of 800 kg/m
2
, totaling 1,550 kg/m
2
. Design the end span, AB, of
the exterior spandrel beam on grid line 1. The factored dead load of the beam and
the factored loads applied directly to it total 1.6 t/m. The spans and loadings are
such that the moments and shears can be calculated by using the moment
coefficients. Use f
y
= f
yt
= 4,000 ksc and f
c
= 280 ksc
1 2
6
.
6

m
7
.
0

m
0.2 m
Columns
40 cm x 40 cm
9.6 m
10 m
A
B
5
0

c
m
60 cm
Top slab of joists
Joist Spandrel beam
1. Compute the bending moments for the beam.
Joist reaction per meter of length of beam is
1.55 9.6
7.44 t/m
2 2

= =
wL
Total load on beam is w = 7.44 + 1.6 = 9.04 t/m
Exterior end negative:
2 2
9.04 6.6
24.6 t-m
16 16

= = =
u
wL
M
Midspan positive:
2 2
9.04 6.6
28.1 t-m
14 14

+ = = =
u
wL
M
First interior negative:
2 2
9.04 6.6
39.4 t-m
10 10

= = =
u
wL
M
2. Check b = 60 cm, d = 44 cm, and h = 50 cm.
Since b and h have already been selected, we shall check whether they are
sufficiently large.
From f
y
= 4,000 ksc and f
c
= 280 ksc
min
= 0.0035,
max
= 0.0229
Rn
23.5
26.9
37.7

0.0062
0.0072
0.0103
exterior end negative:
midspan positive:
first interior negative:
Mu
24.6
28.1
39.4
OK
OK
OK
Check
3. Compute the final M
u
, V
u
, and T
u
diagrams.
The designed joists have a clear span of 9.6 m. Because the exterior ends of the
joists are built integrally with a spandrel beam, gives the exterior negative
moment in the joists as
2 2
1.55 9.6
5.95 t-m
24 24

= = =
u
wL
M
This bending moment acts as a twisting moment on the edge beam.
1.6 t/m
30 cm
60 cm
10 cm
9.04 t/m
7.44 t/m
5.95 t-m/m
Joist
Edge beam
A
[ M
A
= 0 ]
Freebody diagram of edge beam
Moment transfer to column
1.6(0.1) + 7.44(0.4) + 5.95 = 9.1 t-m/m
9.1 t-m/m
For torsion design of edge beam, we need the torque about
the centroid of edge beam:
wt = 5.95 + 7.44(0.3) = 8.18 t-m/m
9.04 t/m
8.18 t-m/m
9.04 t/m
8.18 t-m/m
BMD
A B
- 24.6 t-m
- 39.4 t-m
+ 28.1 t-m
SHD
w = 9.04 t/m
9.04x6.6/2 = 29.8 t
1.15x9.04x6.6/2 = 34.3 t
TSD
wt = 8.18 t-m/m
8.18x6.6/2 = 27.0 t-m
27.0 t-m
4. Should torsion be considered? torsion can be neglect, if T
u
T
cr
/ 4
2
1.1
cp
cr c
cp
A
T f
p
| |
=
|
|
\
Effective cross section for torsion :
The projection of the flange is the smaller of
5
0

c
m
60 cm
15 cm
35 cm
35 cm
- height of web below flange = 50 15 = 35 cm
- four times flange thickness = 4(15) = 60 cm
A
cp
= 50x60 + 15x35 = 3,525 cm
2
p
cp
= 2(50 + 95) = 290 cm
2
cr
T 1.1 280 3,525
0.85
4 4 290
| |
=
|
\
= 167,591 kg-cm
= 1.67 t-m
Since the maximum torque of 27.0 t-m exceeds this value, torsion must be considered.
5. Compatibility Torsion?
Because the loading involves compatibility torsion, we can reduce the maximum
torsional moment, T
u
in the spandrel beam, at d from the faces of the columns to:
2
3,525
0.85 1.1 280
290
u
T
| |
=
|
\
= 670,364 kg-cm = 6.7 t-m
27.0 t-m
27.0 t-m
Torque
6.7 t-m
6.7 t-m
Reduced Torque
6. Is the section big enough for the torsion?
2 2
u u h c
c 2
oh
V T p V
Solid section: 2.1 f
bd 1.7A bd
| | | | | |
+ +
| | |
\ \ \
From shear diagram, at distance d from face of support B :
V
u
= 34.3 9.04(0.44) = 30.3 ton
5
0

c
m
60 cm
15 cm
35 cm
35 cm
covering 4 cm and use DB12 stirrup
A
oh
= (50 2x4 1.2)(60 2x4 1.2)
= 40.8 x 50.8 = 2,073 cm
2
p
h
= 2(40.8 + 50.8) = 183.2 cm
2 2
3 5
2
30.3 10 6.7 10 183.2
131.7 282.3
60 44 1.7 2,073
| | | |
+ = +
| |

\ \
= 20.3 kg/cm
2
c
c
V
2.1 f
bd
| |
+
|
\
0.85(0.53 2.1) 280 = + = 37.4 kg/cm
2
Since 20.3 kg/cm
2
is less than 37.4 kg/cm
2
, the section is large enough.
7. Compute the stirrup area required for shear in the edge beam.
c
V 0.53 280(60)(44) / 1,000 23.4 ton = =
u c v
yt
V / V A
s f d

=
30.3/ 0.85 23.4
4.0 44

= 0.0696 cm
8. Compute the stirrup area required for torsion.
t u
oh yt
A T /
s 2 0.85A f

5
6.7 10 / 0.85
2 0.85 2,073 4,000

=

= 0.0559 cm
Select close stirrup DB12 (A
v+t
= 2(1.13) = 2.26 cm
2
)
USE Stirrup DB12 @0.12 m ( A
v+t
/s = 2.26/12 = 0.1883 )
9. Combined stirrup
v t t v
A 2A A
0.0696 2 0.0559 0.1814
s s s
+
= + = + = > [3.5 b / f
yt
= 0.0525] OK
10. Design the longitudinal reinforcement for torsion . . .