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What is the condenser duty if the cooling capacity is 350 kW? Condenser duty = cooling capacity x factor = 350 x 1.22 = 427 kW 2. A condenser uses water from a river with a temperature rise of 5.2 K. Total duty at the condenser is 930 kW. How much water flow is required? If, however, water is used once through only, and is then rejected to a drain, the range will be much higher, possibly 1012 K. 3. A small water-cooled condenser uses mains water at 13C and heats this to 24C before it goes to waste. The evaporator duty is 4.2 kW and the motor output is 1.7 kW. What is the water mass flow? Condenser load = 4.2 + 1.7 = 5.9 kW Mass flow =
5. What is the cooling duty to freeze water from 15C to ice at 0C, at the rate of 20 t/day? Q=
6. What duty is required to cool 8 t of lean meat (specific heat capacity 3.1 kJ/(kg K)) in 14 h from 22C to 1C? Q=
7. The required plant capacity is 218 kW and the running time is 2000 h/year at an electricity cost of 5 p/ (kW h) and a motor efficiency of 75%. In order to achieve the condensing temperature of 85F (29.4C) the condenser would cost 7250, while a smaller condenser for a temperature of 100F (37.8C) would cost 4600. (Prices of evaporative condensers at April 1987) Estimate the break-even time if the larger condenser is fitted. Condensing temperature Rated capacity of plant (kW) Running time for 218 kW 2000 h Compressor power (kW) Electricity cost per year () Electricity saving per year ()
= 0.13
4. A water tower serves a condenser rated at 880 kW and the water-circulating pump takes another 15 kW. What will be the evaporation rate, the approximate circulation rate, and the air mass flow? Total water tower duty = 880 + 15 = 895 kW Evaporation rate = 895 0.41 = 0.37 kg/s Circulation rate, 80 times = 30 kg/s (T =7.1K) 160 times = 60 kg/s (T = 3.6 K) Air flow = 895 0.06 = 54 kg/s
Break-even time =
system hold a total of 115 kg of R.717. Determine the receiver size and dimensions, pressure relief specification, and the total refrigerant charge for the plant. Required working refrigerant mass = 115 kg [This must be accommodated in a space 68% (85% less one-sixth) of the proposed receiver shell.] Gross capacity of receiver = = 169 kg
water from 11.5C to 6.4C. What is the logarithmic mean temperature difference and what is the heat transfer if it has a surface area of 420 m 2 and the thermal transmittance is 110 W/(m 2 K)?
Tmax = 11.5 3 = 8.5 K Tmin = 6.4 3 = 3.4 K LMTD = Q= = 5.566 K = 257 K
Volume of receiver for 169 kg gross = 0.283 = 2.83 L 10. R.22 condenses in a circuit at 34C and is sub cooled to 30C before it leaves the condenser. How much liquid lift can be tolerated before bubbles appear in the liquid line? Saturation pressure at 34C = 13.21 bar Saturation pressure at 30C = 11.92 bar Permissible pressure drop = 1.29 bar (129 000 Pa) Specific mass of liquid = 1162 kg/ Possible loss in static head = (Where g = 9.81 m/s2) = 11.3 m 11. The specific enthalpy of water at 80C, taken from 0C base, is 334.91 . What is the average specific heat capacity through the range 080C?
= 4.186
14. A refrigeration circuit is to cool a room at 0C using outside air at 30C to reject the heat. The refrigerant is R134a. The temperature difference at the evaporator and the condenser is 5 K. Find the Carnot COP for the process, the Carnot COP for the refrigeration cycle and the ideal vapor compression cycle COP when using R134a. Carnot COP for 0C (273 K) to 30C (303 K)
For R134a Cooling effect = 395.6 249.7 = 145.9 Compressor energy input = 422.5 - 395.6 = 26.9 Ideal R134a vapor compression cycle COP
bar is 2257 kJ/kg, the quantity of heat which must be added to 1 kg of water at 30C in order to boil it is:
temperature rise of 5.5 K. Total duty at the condenser is 930 kW. How much water flow is required?
heat at a condensing temperature of 50C when the maximum outdoor temperature is 35C, what is the rating and what will be the approximate condensing temperature when the outdoor temperature is at 15C and the load is reduced to 8 kW? Condensing Rating =
= 0.8 kW/K
19. If a store has two pallet truck doors, dimensions of 2.2 m x 3.2 m, each with 300 traffic movements per day each of 30 seconds, what is the air infiltration? What is the number of air changes per day if the store measures 50 m x 70 m x 10 m high? The cross sectional area is 7.04 and the door openings are 18 000 seconds per day. The resulting infiltration at 1.0 m/s is ( ) The store volume is 35 000 of air change is 3.6 per day. . Hence the rate
kW and the water-circulating pump takes another 15 kW. What will be the evaporation rate, the approximate circulation rate, and the air mass flow? Total Tower duty = Evaporation Rate = Circulation Rate, 80 times =
160 Times
20. For the store in example 15.1, assuming the air enters at 5C what is the infiltration load without dehumidification, and with dehumidification using two air locks, each supplied with 600 m 3 /h of dehumidified air, and all of this air is assumed to enter the cold store? (Take air specific volume = 0.8 /kg) Without dehumidification the air change is
=
Air flow =
18. R404A condenses in a circuit at 34C and is sub cooled to 30C before it leaves the condenser. How much liquid lift can be tolerated before bubbles appear in the liquid line? Saturation pressure at 34C = 15.69 bar Saturation pressure at 30C = 14.18bar Permissible pressure drop = 1.51 bar (151 000 Pa) Specific mass of liquid = 1022 kg/ Possible loss in static head = (Where g = 9.81 m/s2) = 15.1 m
To this the energy required to regenerate the desiccant wheel has to be added. 21. What is the cooling duty to freeze water from 15C to ice at 0C, at the rate of 20t/day? ( )
meat (specific heat capacity 3.1 kJ/(kg K)) in 14 h from 22C to 1C?
( )
at 270 K and rejects heat at 300 K. (a) Calculate the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle. (b) If the cycle is absorbing 1130 kJ/min at 270 K, how many kJ of work is required per second. (c) If the Carnot heat pump operates between the same temperatures as the above refrigeration cycle, what is the coefficient of performance? Given: T1 = 270 K; T2 = 300 K
23. An R12 refrigeration system works between pressure limits 1.83 bar and 9.63 bar respectively. The heat transfer from the condenser is found to be 80 kJ/min. The refrigerant vapor leaves the evaporator in the saturated state. The condensate leaves the condenser in just saturated state. The refrigerant flow through the system is found to be 0.6 kg/min. find a) COP, b) capacity of the plant and c) the energy input to the compressor.
From the saturation property tables or p-h diagram, the enthalpies are obtained as:
Then, From the first law: The negative sign indicates work input to the compressor. COP = Capacity = = 15.70/60 = 262W
when working between 6C and 25oC. Determine the mass of ice produced per day from water at 25C. Also find the power required to drive the unit. Assume that the cycle operates on reversed Carnot cycle and latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg. Given: Q = 200TR; T1 = - 6C = - 6 + 273 = 267 K; T2 = 25C; Tw = 250 C: hfg = 335 kJ/kg Mass of ice produced per day. We know that heat extraction capacity of the refrigerator = 200 210 = 42000 kJ/min Heat removed from 1 kg of water at 25C to form ice at 0C (1 TR = 210 kJ/min) = Mass Sp. heat Rise in temperature + hfg (ice) =1 4.187 (25 0) + 335 = 439.7 kJ/kg Mass of ice produced per min
Power input =
= And mass of ice produced per day = 95.52 tons 60 24 = 137550 kg = 137.55
27. 20 lb of water at an initial temperature of 80 F are heated until the temperature is increase to 190 F. Compute the quality heat supplied Q=m
t
28. Determine the shaft power required by the compressor if the theoretical power is 2.66 HP and the overall efficiency of the compressor is 80%
26. Five hundred kgs of fruits are supplied to a cold storage at 20oC. The cold storage is maintained at 5C and the fruits get cooled to the storage temperature in 10 hours. The latent heat of freezing is 105 kJ/kg and specific heat of fruit is 1.256 kJ/kg K. Find the refrigeration capacity of the plant. Given: m = 500 kg; T2 = 20C = 20 + 273 = 293K; T1 = 5C = 5 + 273 = 268 K; hfg = 105 kJ/kg, cF = 1.256 kJ/kg K We know that heat removed from the fruits in 10 hrs, Q1 = m cF (T2 T1) = 500 268) = 15700 kJ 1.256(293
=
29. Determine the estimated condenser load for an open-type compressor having a cooling capacity of 16 500 BTU/hr and a heat rejection factor of 1.32 Condenser load = Compressor Capacity x Heat Rejection Factor = (16 500) (1.32) = 21 780 BTU/hr 30. Calculate the piston displacement of a two cylinder compressor rotating at 1450 rpm if the diameter of the cylinder is 2.5 in. and 2in. the length of stroke
Total heat removed in 10 hrs, Q = Ql + Q2 = 15700 + 52500 = 68200 kJ And total heat removed in one minute = 28 470.68 Refrigeration capacity of the plant = 113.7/210 = 0.541 TR (1 TR = 210kJ/min)
31. Suppose that 30kg/s of water are cooled from 35 C to 10 C. Compute the required energy flow rate in kJ/s.
t
Q=m
= (30kg/s)(
= 3140.25 kW = 3140kJ/s 32. In an ammonia condensing machine (compressor plus condenser) the water used for condensing is 55F and the evaporator is at 15F. Calculate the ideal COP T1 = 15 + 460 = 475 R T2 = 55 + 460 = 515 R COP = = = 11.875
33. 7500 lb of fresh beef enter a chilling cooler at 102F and are chilled 45F each day. Compute the product load in BTU per 24 hours. The specific heat of beef above freezing is 0.75 btu/lb-F. Product Load = (7500)(0.75)(102-45) = 320 600 BTU per 24Hours 34. 20 kg of water at an initial temperature of 25 C are heated until the temperature is increase to 80C. Compute the quality heat supplied Q=m
t
= (30kg/s)(
= 3140.25 kW = 3140kJ/s