CHE 440: Catalysis and Catalytic Processes

Dr. Mohammad Mozahar Hossain

Department of Chemical Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Experimental Reactors p
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR FINDING RATES Theexperimentalstrategyinstudyingcatalytickinetics Th i l i d i l i ki i usuallyinvolvesmeasuringtheextentofconversionofgas passinginsteadyflowthroughabatchofsolids. passinginsteadyflowthroughabatchofsolids Anyflowpatterncanbeused,aslongasthepatternselected i k ifi i k h h ki i b isknown;ifitisnotknownthenthekineticscannotbe found.

Experimental Reactors p
Inturnwediscussthefollowingexperimentaldevices: Differential(flow)reactor Integral(plugflow)reactor Mixedflowreactor Batchreactorforbothgasandsolid

Experimental Reactors
Differential(flow)reactor Wehaveadifferentialflowreactorwhenwechooseto co s de considertheratetobeconstantatallpointswithinthe e a e o be co s a a a po s e reactor.

Sinceratesareconcentrationdependentthisassumption Sinceratesareconcentration dependentthisassumption isusuallyreasonableonlyforsmallconversionsorfor shallowsmallreactors. Butthisisnotnecessarilyso,e.g.,forslowreactionswhere thereactorcanbelarge,orforzeroorderkineticswhere thecompositionchangecanbelarge.

Experimental Reactors
Differential(flow)reactor:Example

Experimental Reactors
Differential(flow)reactor:Example

Experimental Reactors
Differential(flow)reactor:Example

Experimental Reactors
Differential(flow)reactor:Example

Experimental Reactors p
Integral(flow)reactor Whenthevariationinreactionratewithinareactorisso largethatwechoosetoaccountforthesevariationsinthe a ge a e c oose o accou o ese a a o s e methodofanalysis,thenwehaveanintegralreactor. Sinceratesareconcentrationdependent,suchlarge variationsinratemaybeexpectedtooccurwhenthe compositionofreactantfluidchangessignificantlyin passingthroughthereactor. Wemayfollowoneoftwoproceduresinsearchingfora rateequation.

Experimental Reactors p
Integral(flow)reactor IntegralAnalysis:

DifferentialAnalysis:

Example: Integral Reactor p g

Example: Integral Reactor p g

Example: Integral Reactor p g

Example: Integral Reactor

Example: Integral Reactor

Example: Integral Reactor

Example: Integral Reactor

Experimental Reactors p
MixedFlowReactor Amixedflowreactorrequiresauniformcompositionof fluidthroughout, ud oug ou , Onesimpleexperimentaldevicewhichcloselyapproaches thisidealhasbeendevisedbyCarberry (1964).Itiscalled thebaskettypemixedflowreactor,
Theperformanceequation:

Experimental Reactors p
MixedFlowReactor:Berty Reactor

Theperformanceequation: Th f ti

Experimental Reactors p
RecycleReactor Theperformanceequation:

Experimental Reactors p
BatchReactor Inthissystemwefollowthechangingcompositionwith timeandinterprettheresultswiththebatchreactor ea d e p e e esu s e ba c eac o performanceequation.

Comparison of Experimental Reactors p p

Theintegralreactorcanhavesignificanttemperature variationsfrompointtopoint,especiallywithgas solid variationsfrompointtopoint especiallywithgassolid systems,evenwithcoolingatthewalls.Thiscouldwellmake kineticmeasurementsfromsuchareactorcompletely p y worthlesswhensearchingforrateexpressions.Thebasket reactorisbestinthisrespect. Theintegralreactorisusefulformodelingtheoperationsof largerpackedbedunitswithalltheirheatandmasstransfer effects,particularlyforsystemswherethefeedandproduct consistofavarietyofmaterials.

Comparison of Experimental Reactors p p

Sincethedifferentialandmixedflowreactorsgivetherate directlytheyaremoreusefulinanalyzingcomplexreacting systems.Thetestforanythingbutasimplekineticform canbecomeawkwardandimpracticalwiththeintegral reactor. Thesmallconversionsneededindifferentialreactors requiremoreaccuratemeasurementsofcompositionthan theotherreactortypes. Therecyclereactorwithlargerecycleactsasamixedflow reactorandsharesitsadvantages.Actually,tominimize heateffectsthecatalystneednotbeallatonelocation,but h t ff t th t l t d tb ll t l ti b t canbedistributedthroughouttherecycleloop.

de Lasa, US Patent 5, 102, 628, 1992

de Lasa, US Patent 5, 102, 628, 1992

CRECRiserSimulator

de Lasa, US Patent 5, 102, 628, 1992

CRECRiserSimulator