Product glossary of TV industry

INDUSTRY & SERVICES MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT The Indian Media & Entertainment Industry grew by US$ 12.9 billion in 2009 to US$ 14.4 billion in 2010, a growth of 11 per cent, according to a report by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and research firm KPMG. The report also states that backed by positive industry sentiment and growing media consumption, the industry is estimated to achieve growth of 13 per cent in 2011 to touch US$ 16.2 billion. As the industry braces for exciting times ahead, the sector is projected to grow at a CAGR of 14 percent to reach US$ 28.1 billion by 2015. Key Trends and Drivers for Growth Focus on Profitable Growth: Indian M&E companies implemented cost reduction strategies to weather the economic slowdown of 2008-09. In order to sustain profitable growth, several cost control initiatives implemented during the slowdown have continued to prevail despite the industry resuming its double digit growth rate. Incorporation of technology across key business performance areas such as planning, budgeting, CRM, strategic outsourcing, etc. could enable more consistent and profitable growth given the technological advancement in these areas. Increasing Media Penetration and Per Capita Consumption: Low media penetration particularly across SEC B, C and D segments offers significant headroom for growth. With increase in per capita consumption, discretionary spends are expected to grow and entertainment and leisure platforms are likely to beneficiaries of this trend. Moreover, as metros and tier 1 markets get saturated, media companies are looking to penetrate the tier 2 - tier 3 towns and rural markets. For e.g. multiplexes have expanded across tier 2 towns, while DTH players have helped achieve greater C&S penetration across rural India. Power of Digitisation: Digitisation continues to be a key growth driver for the Indian M&E Industry and this trend was even more pronounced in 2010. Film studios saw greater adoption of digital prints over physical and it was the first time in India that digital music sales surpassed that of physical units' sales. Consumer Understanding: With increasing fragmentation and increase in competition, a deeper understanding of cultural and social references through focused study groups would enable players to target their consumers specifically and build loyalty. Other factors: Regional media channels gaining popularity, different tastes of the audience and thereby different content, growth of the importance of the media are also few factors due to which the Media and Entertainment Sector is growing. Broadcasting Scenario in India The CAGR for television industry is estimated to be 16 per cent and the CAGR for the radio

industry is estimated to be 20 per cent from 2010 to 2015. India has 138 million TV house hold and is behind only China and USA in the world TV market. India had 600 million TV viewers in 2010, adding almost 140 million viewers from 460 million in 2009. Film Industry The Indian Film Industry stood US$ 1.9 billion in overall industry revenues in 2010, indicating a decline of 6.7 per cent with respect to 2009. The industry is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.6 per cent and reach US$ 2.6 billion in 2014. The key growth drivers for the sector would include expansion of multiplex screens resulting in better realisations, an increase in the number of digital screens facilitating wider releases, higher cable and satellite revenues, improving collections from the overseas markets and ancillary revenue streams like DTH, digital downloads, etc, which are expected to emerge in future. Television Sector in India Television Industry in India has gained new momentum due to liberalization and enhanced enthusiasm shown by the broadcasters to seize a huge share of the entertainment and media industry. In 2010, the television industry stood at a staggering US$ 6.5 billion, a rise of 15.6 per cent over 2009 estimate of US$ 5.7 billion. The industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 16 per cent to US$ 13.9 billion by 2015. Growth of TV channels: The total number of TV channels (both private and government owned) grew from 461 in 2009 to 626 in January 2011. The number of News and Current Affairs channels was 312 and that of Non-News and Current Affairs channels was 314 up till January 2011. Foreign Broadcasters: A total of 75 channels have been down-linked till January 2011 by a number of foreign broadcasters. Direct To Home (DTH) Service: DD DIRECT+ is India's first and only FTA Direct-To-Home (DTH) service being provided by Prasar Bharati (a public service broadcaster). Apart from Prasar Bharati, Dish TV India Ltd., Tata Sky Ltd, and Sun Direct TV Pvt. Ltd., Reliance Big TV Pvt. Ltd., Bharti Telemedia Ltd and Bharat Business Channel Ltd have also been granted license for operating DTH services. The eligibility conditions provide for total foreign equity holding, including FDI/ NRI/ OCB/ FII, in the applicant company not to exceed 49 per cent, and within the foreign equity, the FDI component not to exceed 20 per cent. It also provides that Applicant Company must have Indian management control with the majority representatives on the board as well as the chief executive of the company being a resident Indian. HD Growth Wave: Another trend witnessed in 2010 was the entry of HD channels. Apart from 'Food First', India's first HD food channel, 'Movies Now' was also launched in HD. Doordarshan

broadcasted the Commonwealth Games (CWG) in HD format. Sports, Movies and Events are expected to be the key demand drivers for HD content. India currently has channels like NGC HD, Discovery World HD, Star Plus HD, Zee TV HD, and two Tamil HD channels and others are expected. DTH operators like SUN Direct, Tata Sky, Dish TV and Reliance BIG TV are heavily promoting their HD services in India . Radio Sector In 2010, the total size of the Radio Sector was estimated to be about US$ 0.22 billion. It is expected to grow at a CAGR of about 20 per cent to US$ 0.44 billion. FM radio: In 2010, total 245 Channels are operational including the 25 channels operationalised in the phase I.

Satellite Radio: At present Worldspace India Private Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Worldspace Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore is providing services under Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval.

Community Radio: The policy on community radio was liberalized during the year 2008 to bring in the civil society and voluntary organizations working on not -for-profit basis under its ambit. Earlier only educational institutions were permitted to set up a community radio. Presently, 29 community radio stations are operational.

INDUSTRY & SERVICES Policy Initiatives DTH Service: Direct To Home (DTH) service is a comparatively recent entrant as compared to cable transmission. DTH is an addressable system and covers the entire country. The programmes transmitted through DTH can be directly be received at homes by installing small dish antennas at convenient locations in the building .DTH transmission does not require any intermediary, since an individual user is directly served by the DTH operator. Policy on IPTV : The government has put in place the policy on IPTV enabling another mode of distribution of close to 550 permitted satellite TV channels til date through the Telecom and Cable Networks. This is bound to give not only a new digital visual experience to the Indian viewer with various value added and interactive services to cater to the persisting demand of the subscriber for new and interactive services but also for the platform service providers. The policy on IPTV now offers greater clsrity on the issues involved and both the telecom operators as well as the cable operators will be able to provide IPTV services and will be regulated as per their respective licensing conditions. Head-end In The Sky (HITS) : To speed up the process of digitilisation of cable services located in non-CAS areas of the country, the Government is in the process of taking a view on the

recommendations of TRAI on the issue of the proposed policy framework on the Head-end In The Sky (HITS) mode of delivery of content to the cable operators. This system will enable the packaging of content in digital form at the level of HITS operator who will uplink it to a satellite to be received by the cable operators and thereafter distributed in digital mode through cable network. Mobile TV : Mobile TV is another mode of distribution of TV channels. A joint group of Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB) and Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has considered the regulatory and licensing issues of mobile TV and held that if mobile TV services are to be provided in the broadcasting mode using transmission of terrestrial or satellite broadcast signals, they will come under the domain of MIB and will be governed by the applicable laws. If they are provided by using the infrastructure of telecom service provider, they will fall in the domain of Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT).

Policy Framework Television Sector Segment Teleport (Hub) DTH HITS Cable Networks-MSOs Cable Networks-Local Cable operators FM Radio Downlinking of TV channels Uplinking of TV News and Current Affairs Channels Uplinking of TV Non-nes and Current Affairs Channels Mobile TV Existing Limit 49 per cent 49 per cent 74 per cent (49 per cent in automatic route) 49 per cent 49 per cent 20 per cent 100 per cent 26 per cent 100 per cent No policy

Source: FICCI-KPMG Indian Media and Entertainment Industry Report 2011 Print Media As per the master circular from RBI on Foreign Investment in India and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in print media is capped as follows:

Publications of newspaper and periodicals dealing with news and current affairs: FDI/NRI investment in Indian company up to 26 percent with prior approval from FIPB.

Publications of Indian editions of foreign magazines dealing with news and current affairs: FDI/NRI investment in Indian company up to 26 percent with prior approval from FIPB. Publications of scientific and technical magazines/ specialty journals/ periodicals: Upto 100 percent FDI with approvals from FIPB .

Future Outlook

It is expected to reach a size of US$ 13.9 billion in next five years i.e. by 2015 at a CAGR of 17 percent. The growth estimates till 2015 are due to a rapid growth in the subscriber base for DTH. Indian Film Industry is one of the world's largest with more than 1000 movie releases and over 3 million movie goers annually. In 2009, the print media industry stood at US$ 3.8 billion and showed a moderate growth of 2 per cent. The industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9 per cent and reach around US$ 5.9 billion by 2014.

Other Policies

Broadcasting Bill Foreign Investment Policy Advertisement Policy

Useful Web links

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting:www.mib.nic.in

History
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced in the Indian market. Indian small screen programming started off in the early 1980s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was government owned. The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both Indian mythological stories) were the first major television series produced. This serial notched up the world record in viewership numbers for a single program. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially.

PAS-1 and PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD programmes in half the regions of the world.An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe,Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.

Television channels and networks

The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, Star TV and domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1985 TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels. There are at least five basic types of television in India: broadcast, or "over-the-air" television, unencrypted satellite or "free-to-air", Direct Broadcast Satellite, cable television, and IPTV (internet protocol television). Over-the-air and free-to-air TV is free with no monthly payments while Cable, Direct Broadcast Satellite, and IPTV require a monthly payment that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for. Channels are usually sold in groups, rather than singly.

Cable television
As per the TAM Annual Universe Update - 2010, India now has over 134 million households (out of 223 million) with television sets, of which over 103 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million households which are DTH subscribers. In Urban India, 85% of all households have a TV and over 70% of all households have access to Satellite, Cable or DTH services. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%, while growth in Satellite/Cable homes exceeded 15% and DTH subscribers grew 28% over 2009. (However, some analysts place the number of households with television access at closer to 180 million since roughly a third of all rural families may watch television at a neighboring relatives home, and argue that Cable TV households are probably closer to 120 million owing to a certain percentage of informal/unregistered Cable Networks that aren't counted by mainstream surveys). It is also estimated that India now has over 500 TV channels covering all the main languages spoken in the nation. In 1992, the Indian government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao started a series of economic reforms including the liberalization of the broadcasting industry, opening it up to cable television. This led to an explosion in the Indian cable TV industry and saw the entry of many foreign players like Rupert Murdoch's Star TV Network, MTV, and others. Following the liberalization of the broadcasting industry, the Hong Kong-based Star TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolised by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan: MTV, STAR Plus, Star

Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel. Soon after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately-owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel made their foray into India. Later, Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of STAR World India, STAR Sports, ESPN, Channel V and STAR Gold. With the launch of the Tamil-language Sun TV (India) in 1992, South India saw the birth of its first private television channel. With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various South Indian languages, Sun TV network recently launched a DTH service and its channels are now available in several countries outside India. Following Sun TV, several television channels sprung up in the south. Among these are the Tamil-language channel The Raj Television Network and the Malayalam-language network Asianet Communications Limited, both launched in 1993. These three networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India. Throughout the 90s, along with a multitude of Hindi-language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service. In 19992003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak. The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more new channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.

Conditional Access System

CAS or conditional access system, is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a settop box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels. The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata. As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

The information and broadcasting ministry set March 31, 2015 as the deadline for shift from analog to digital systems. Digitization, where the feed will be received through set-top boxes, is expected to be executed in phases and the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have to shift to digital addressability by June 30, 2012[4]. Phase II will include 35 cities with population of more than one million, such as Patna, Chandigarh, Pune and Bangalore by March 31, 2013. All urban areas are expected to digitize by November 30, 2014 and the remaining areas by March 31, 2015. [5]

Satellite television
As of 2010, over 500 TV Satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asianet. Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital Tv, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, DishTV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. DishTV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

Tata Sky Dish India These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as[6] INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS 6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10. DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. As of July 2011, India had roughly 35 million DTH subcribers. DTH does not compete with CAS.[citation needed] Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content. CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels. Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box. India currently has 7 major DTH service providers and a total of over 35 million subscriber households in mid 2011. DishTV(a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Sky, Videocon D2H, Sun Network owned ' Sun Direct DTH', Reliance Digital TV,Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV'

and the public sector DD Direct Plus.As of 2010, India has the most competitive Directbroadcast satellite market with 7 operators vying for more than 135 million TV homes. India is set to overtake the USA as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market by 2012.[7] The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; aMap, the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.[8]

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

IPTV launched only in some cities around 2006-2007 by Mtnl/Bsnl and later expanded to many urban areas and is still expanding. Private Broadband provider Bharti Airtel also starts its IPTV service in Delhi,NCR region. At present (2009/2010) IPTV in India is hardly making any impact in the market. But IPTV and Online Video Services in India[9] are expected to expand. Screen Digest estimates broadband penetration of TV households to increase from 4.2 percent in 2009 to 13.4 percent in 2013.[10]

Audience Metrics
Television Metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again.

DART
During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India.[11] DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART till this date is the only rating system that still measures audience metrics in Rural India.[12]

TAM & INTAM

In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of DD (Doordarshan) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.[13] In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC Nielsen[14]) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics.[13] Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs. In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data.[13][15][16] This subsequently

led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM.[17] For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the defacto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.[18]

aMap
In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (aMap) was launched.[19][20][21] Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken. What differentiates aMap is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.[20]

Broadcast Audience Research Council

An even newer industry body called the Broadcast Audience Research Council seeks to set up an almost real-time audience metrics system. Plans for this was announced in march 2008 and work is said to be in progress.[21][22]

Television is one of the major mass media in India. It is a huge industry which has thousands of programmes in many languages. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities, some even attaining national fame. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women. Approximately half of all Indian households own a television.[1] As of 2010, the country has a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 515 channels of which 150 are pay channels.[2] According to Pioneer Investcorp, the Indian cable industry is worth 270 billion (US$5.39 billion) and is the third largest in the world after television in the People's Republic of China and television in the United States. The number of TV homes in India grew from 120 million in 2007 to 148 million in 2011. Cable reaches 94 million homes with 88 million analog connections and 6 million digital ones, while DTH has commanded 41 million subscribers.[3]

Contents

1 History 2 Television channels and networks o 2.1 Cable television o 2.2 Conditional Access System o 2.3 Satellite television o 2.4 Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) 3 Audience Metrics o 3.1 DART o 3.2 TAM & INTAM o 3.3 aMap

o 3.4 Broadcast Audience Research Council 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced in the Indian market. Indian small screen programming started off in the early 1980s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was government owned. The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both Indian mythological stories) were the first major television series produced. This serial notched up the world record in viewership numbers for a single program. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially. PAS-1 and PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD programmes in half the regions of the world.An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe,Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.

Television channels and networks

The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, Star TV and domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1985 TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels. There are at least five basic types of television in India: broadcast, or "over-the-air" television, unencrypted satellite or "free-to-air", Direct Broadcast Satellite, cable television, and IPTV (internet protocol television).

Over-the-air and free-to-air TV is free with no monthly payments while Cable, Direct Broadcast Satellite, and IPTV require a monthly payment that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for. Channels are usually sold in groups, rather than singly.

Cable television
As per the TAM Annual Universe Update - 2010, India now has over 134 million households (out of 223 million) with television sets, of which over 103 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million households which are DTH subscribers. In Urban India, 85% of all households have a TV and over 70% of all households have access to Satellite, Cable or DTH services. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%, while growth in Satellite/Cable homes exceeded 15% and DTH subscribers grew 28% over 2009. (However, some analysts place the number of households with television access at closer to 180 million since roughly a third of all rural families may watch television at a neighboring relatives home, and argue that Cable TV households are probably closer to 120 million owing to a certain percentage of informal/unregistered Cable Networks that aren't counted by mainstream surveys). It is also estimated that India now has over 500 TV channels covering all the main languages spoken in the nation. In 1992, the Indian government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao started a series of economic reforms including the liberalization of the broadcasting industry, opening it up to cable television. This led to an explosion in the Indian cable TV industry and saw the entry of many foreign players like Rupert Murdoch's Star TV Network, MTV, and others. Following the liberalization of the broadcasting industry, the Hong Kong-based Star TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolised by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan: MTV, STAR Plus, Star Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel. Soon after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately-owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel made their foray into India. Later, Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of STAR World India, STAR Sports, ESPN, Channel V and STAR Gold. With the launch of the Tamil-language Sun TV (India) in 1992, South India saw the birth of its first private television channel. With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various South Indian languages, Sun TV network recently launched a DTH service and its channels are now available in several countries outside India. Following Sun TV, several television channels sprung up in the south. Among these are the Tamil-language channel The Raj Television Network and the Malayalam-language network Asianet Communications Limited, both launched in 1993. These three networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India. Throughout the 90s, along with a multitude of Hindi-language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service. In 19992003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in

2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak. The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more new channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.

Conditional Access System

CAS or conditional access system, is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a settop box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels. The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata. As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB. The information and broadcasting ministry set March 31, 2015 as the deadline for shift from analog to digital systems. Digitization, where the feed will be received through set-top boxes, is expected to be executed in phases and the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have to shift to digital addressability by June 30, 2012[4]. Phase II will include 35 cities with population of more than one million, such as Patna, Chandigarh, Pune and Bangalore by March 31, 2013. All urban areas are expected to digitize by November 30, 2014 and the remaining areas by March 31, 2015. [5]

Satellite television
As of 2010, over 500 TV Satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asianet. Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital Tv, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, DishTV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. DishTV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

Tata Sky Dish India These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as[6] INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS 6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10. DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. As of July 2011, India had roughly 35 million DTH subcribers. DTH does not compete with CAS.[citation needed] Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content. CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels. Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box. India currently has 7 major DTH service providers and a total of over 35 million subscriber households in mid 2011. DishTV(a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Sky, Videocon D2H, Sun Network owned ' Sun Direct DTH', Reliance Digital TV,Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV' and the public sector DD Direct Plus.As of 2010, India has the most competitive Directbroadcast satellite market with 7 operators vying for more than 135 million TV homes. India is set to overtake the USA as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market by 2012.[7] The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; aMap, the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.[8]

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

IPTV launched only in some cities around 2006-2007 by Mtnl/Bsnl and later expanded to many urban areas and is still expanding. Private Broadband provider Bharti Airtel also starts its IPTV service in Delhi,NCR region. At present (2009/2010) IPTV in India is hardly making any impact in the market. But IPTV and Online Video Services in India[9] are expected to expand. Screen Digest estimates broadband penetration of TV households to increase from 4.2 percent in 2009 to 13.4 percent in 2013.[10]

Audience Metrics
Television Metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again.

DART
During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India.[11] DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART till this date is the only rating system that still measures audience metrics in Rural India.[12]

TAM & INTAM

In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of DD (Doordarshan) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.[13] In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by AC Nielsen[14]) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics.[13] Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs. In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data.[13][15][16] This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM.[17] For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the defacto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.[18]

aMap
In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (aMap) was launched.[19][20][21] Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken. What differentiates aMap is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.[20]

Broadcast Audience Research Council

An even newer industry body called the Broadcast Audience Research Council seeks to set up an almost real-time audience metrics system. Plans for this was announced in march 2008 and work is said to be in progress.[21][22]