Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

Kian Jahromi

May 31, 2012

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

1 / 19

Table of contents

VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES OF VARIABLES GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA Interpreting Graphs with a Critical Eye

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

2 / 19

VARIABLES AND DATA

Denitions
Denition A Variable is a characteristic that changes or varies over time and/or for dierent individuals or objects under consideration. Denition An experimental unit is the individual or object on which a variable is measured. A single measurement or data value results when a variable is actually measured on an experimental unit. Denition A population is the set of all measurements of interest to the investigator. Denition A sample is a subset of measurements selected from the population of interest.
Kian Jahromi () Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs May 31, 2012 3 / 19

VARIABLES AND DATA

Example Identify the experimental units on which the following variables are measured: a. Gender of a student The student b. Number of errors on a midterm exam The midterm exam c. Age of a cancer patient The patient e. Colour of a car entering a parking lot The Car

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

4 / 19

VARIABLES AND DATA

Denition Univariate data result when a single variable is measured on a single experimental unit. Denition Bivariate data result when two variables are measured on a single experimental unit. Multivariate data result when more than two variables are measured.

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

5 / 19

VARIABLES AND DATA

The following data set is a multivariate data set. Each column itself is a Univariate data set.

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

6 / 19

VARIABLES AND DATA

TYPES OF VARIABLES

Denition Qualitative variables measure a quality or characteristic on each experimental unit. Quantitative variables measure a numerical quantity or amount on each experimental unit. Denition Denition A discrete variable can assume only a nite or countable number of values. A continuous variable can assume the innitely many values corresponding to the points on a line interval.

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

7 / 19

GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA

Graphs for Categorical Data

After the data have been collected, they can be consolidated and summarized to show the following information: (i) What values of the variable have been measured (ii) How often each value has occurred For this purpose, you can construct a statistical table that can be used to display the Example A bag contains 25 candies:

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

8 / 19

GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA

So, the Statistical table for last page example is as follows:

Also, it is possible to express the frequency of each categories using following formulas: (i) Relative frequency= frequency (n is the total number of n measurements) (ii) Percent= 100 Relative frequency The following table contain the relative frequency and percent for each categories of last example:

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

9 / 19

GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

10 / 19

GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA

Example Fifty people are grouped into four categories A, B, C, and D and the number of people who fall into each category is shown in the table:

The following gure is the bar chart for upper table:

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

11 / 19

GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA

and the pie chart is as follows:

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

12 / 19

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

Line Charts When a quantitative variable is recorded over time at equally spaced intervals (such as daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly), the data set forms a time series. Time series data are most eectively presented on a line chart with time as the horizontal axis. The idea is to try to discern a pattern or trend that will likely continue into the future, and then to use that pattern to make accurate predictions for the immediate future. Example

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

13 / 19

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

Dotplots Many sets of quantitative data consist of numbers that cannot easily be separated into categories or intervals of time. You need a dierent way to graph this type of data! The simplest graph for quantitative data is the dotplot. For a small set of measurements for example, the set 2, 6, 9, 3, 7, 6 you can simply plot the measurements as points on a horizontal axis.

Example

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

14 / 19

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

Stem and Leaf Plots Another simple way to display the distribution of a quantitative data set is the stem and leaf plot. This plot presents a graphical display of the data using the actual numerical values of each data point. How Do I Construct a Stem and Leaf Plot? 1. Divide each measurement into two parts: the stem and the leaf . 2. List the stems in a column, with a vertical line to their right. 3. For each measurement, record the leaf portion in the same row as its corresponding stem. 4. Order the leaves from lowest to highest in each stem. 5. Provide a key to your stem and leaf coding so that the reader can recreate the actual measurements if necessary.
Kian Jahromi () Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs May 31, 2012 15 / 19

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

Example

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

16 / 19

GRAPHS FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA

Example

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

17 / 19

Interpreting Graphs with a Critical Eye

Denition A distribution is symmetric if the left and right sides of the distribution, when divided at the middle value, form mirror images.

Denition A distribution is skewed to the right if a greater proportion of the measurements lie to the right of the peak value. Distributions that are skewed right contain a few unusually large measurements.

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

18 / 19

Interpreting Graphs with a Critical Eye

Denition A distribution is skewed to the left if a greater proportion of the measurements lie to the left of the peak value. Distributions that are skewed left contain a few unusually small measurements.

Denition A distribution is unimodal if it has one peak; a bimodal distribution has two peaks.Bimodal distributions often represent a mixture of two dierent populations in the data set.

Kian Jahromi ()

Chapter I : Describing Data With Graphs

May 31, 2012

19 / 19